高考英语考纲词汇表用法

高考英语考纲词汇表用法

高考英语考纲词汇表(用法版)‎ A ‎ ‎ a[E,eI], an[En,An] art. 1.一(个，件，…) 2.任何…都3.每(一) 4.某，某一个：I have got a ticket. 我有一张票。/ an awful noise 一种可怕的噪音 / A bird can fly. 鸟会飞。/ We often go to school two times a day. 我们常常一天两次去学校。/ A Mr. Brown wishes to see you. 一位叫布朗的先生想见你。‎ ‎【注意】1.单数可数名词若泛指，其前需加 a / an，不要从汉语习惯出发，漏掉此不定冠词(高考短文改错中常考查此知识点，许多同学在做书面表达时也常犯此错)，如不能说Mr. Smith is interesting man.(需在 is后 加 an) 2.在序数词之前使用a(an)，可以表示数量或序数的增加：Do you want to read it a third time? 你还想看第三次吗? ‎ able[5eIbl] adj.能…的，有才能的，能干的，能够的：She’s as clever and able as her sister. 她像她姐姐一样聪明能干。‎ ‎【句型】be able to do sth 能做某事 ‎【说明】比较级和最高级可以是 abler 和 ablest 或 more able, better able 和 most able，但不如前者常见。‎ ‎【辨析】be able to 与 can的区别，见 can。‎ about[E5baJt] prep.在附近，关于，在…周围，忙于 adv.附近，大约，转向，左右，周围：She sat up and looked about her. 她坐了起来，环顾四周。/ I had no money about me. 我身边没有带钱。/ She likes to walk about. 她喜爱四处走走。/ There were few people about. 附近几乎无人。‎ ‎【句型】1. be about to do 即将，就要(不能与 tomorrow 等具体时间状语连用) 2. How [What] about…(你认为)…怎么样? ‎ ‎【辨析】about与on：前者指泛泛地或非正式地谈论某事，后者指比较系统、深入地论述某事：It is a book on birds. 那是一本论及鸟类的书。(可能是一本学术著作) / It is a book about birds. 那是一本关于鸟的书。(可能是一本供小孩看的关于鸟类的故事书)‎ above[E5bQv] prep.在…上方，过于，超出 adv. 在上面 adj. 上面的，上述的，上文的：We were flying above the clouds. 我们在云层上面飞行。/ Health is above wealth. 健康胜过财富。/ He is above doing such things. 他不至于做出这样的事来。‎ ‎【辨析】above与over：over 表示垂直在上的正上方，above 则不一定表示正上方(即表示正上方时两者均可用，不表示正上方时要用 above)。 ‎ abroad[E5brR:d] adv. 到(在)国外：He has gone abroad. 他出国了。/ He has just returned from abroad. 他刚从国外归来。‎ ‎【用法】1.是副词，不是形容词，不置于名词前作定语，但可置于名词后作定语：one’s recent tour abroad 某人最近的国外之行。2.是副词，不是名词，所以不说 go to abroad之类的。‎ accept[Ek5sept] vt. 接受，承认：Much to my regret, I’m unable to accept your kind invitation. 我不能接受你盛情的邀请, 非常遗憾。‎ ‎【辨析】accept 与receive：前者指主观上接受，后者指客观上收到：He received the gift, but he did not accept it. 他收到这件礼物，但没有接受。‎ accident[5AksIdEnt] n.[C]事故：She was injured badly in an accident during the work. 她在一次工伤事故中受了重伤。‎ ‎【短语】by accident偶然，无意中 according to[E5kR:dIN tu:] prep.按照，根据：from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs 各尽所能，按需分配 / According to my watch it is 10 o’clock. 按我的表是10点钟。‎ ‎【注意】1.不能用于第一人称，即不能说according to me (us)。2.其后不能接view, opinion等表示观点或看法的词，要表示类似意思可改用in one’s opinion等。‎ ache[eIk] n. [C]疼痛 vi. 痛；渴望：Her head ached all night. 她的头整夜都疼。/ I am aching to join in the game. 我渴望参加比赛。‎ achieve[E5tFi:v] v. 1.达到，取得 2.完成，实现：He hopes to achieve all his aims soon. 他希望尽快达到所有目标。‎ across[E5krRs] prep.& adv. 穿过，在另一边，在对面：We swam across the river. 我们游到河对岸。/ Across the street from the school is the library. 从学校穿过大街就是图书馆。‎ ‎【辨析】across与cross：前者为介词或副词，后者为动词。‎ act[Akt] n.[C]动作；举动；节目；(戏剧的)幕；法案，法令 vi.行动；产生…的效果；表演；表现；见效 vt.扮演(角色)：People praised his brave act. 人们赞扬他的勇敢行为。/ Think before you act! 三思而后行！/ Does the drug take long to act? 这药要很久才能起作用吗?‎ ‎【短语】act as 充当 / act for 代理，代表 active[5AktIv] adj.积极的，活泼的，活跃的：She is very active. 她非常活跃。/ He is an active member of the club. 他是俱乐部的积极分子。 ‎ actor[5AktE] n.[C](男)演员：professional actor 专业演员 actress[5AktrIs] n.[C]女演员：an experienced actress有经验的女演员 actual[5AktFJEl] adj. 实际的，真实的，现实的，目前的：I can not give the actual figures. 我不能举出实际数字。/ What’s the actual price? 实价多少?‎ add[Ad] vi.&vt. 加，增加，增进，补充说：“I felt sorry for her,” Bob added. “我为她感到惋惜，”鲍勃又说道。‎ ‎【短语】add in 包括 / add to 增加 / add up 加起来 / add up to 加起来等于，总之就是…‎ address[E5dres] n. [C]住址，通迅处 vt.向…致辞，演说，写姓名地址：What’s your home address? 你的家庭住址呢? / Write the address clearly. 地址请写清楚。‎ admire[Ed5maIE] vt. 钦佩，赞美，羡慕：I admire her for her bravery. 我钦佩她的勇气。‎ ‎【注意】其后不能接双宾语，也不接that 引导的宾语从句。‎ admit[Ed5mIt] vt. 接纳，让…进入，承认：He admitted that it was really his fault. 他承认这确实得怪他。‎ ‎【用法】后接动词要用动名词，不用不定式：She admitted having read the letter. 她承认看过这封信。‎ advance[Ed5vB:ns] vi.前进，进展 vt. 推进，促进，提升，提前，预付 n.[C,U]前进，进展，进步，提升，预付款：The general commanded his men to advance. 将军命令他的士兵向前挺进。‎ ‎【短语】in advance 在前头，事先，提前 / in advance of 在…前面，比…进步，超过 / on the advance (物价)在上涨 / advance on 朝…前进 advantage[Ed5vB:ntIdV] n.[C,U]优势，长处，有利条件，利益：A better education gave us the advantage. 良好的教育使我们处于有利地位。/ The advantage of the idea was its simplicity. 这个主意的优点就在于它简单明了。‎ ‎【短语】have [gain, get] the [an] advantage over [of] 胜过，优于 / take advantage of 乘机利用，利用别人的弱点，占便宜 ‎ adventure[Ed5ventFE] n.[C,U]冒险，冒险活动，奇遇 v. 冒险，胆敢：He lived for adventure. 他平生喜欢冒险。/ No man would adventure it. 没有人敢冒险做这种事。‎ ‎【用法】表示抽象意义的“冒险”，不可数；表示具体意义的“冒险的经历或事件”，则可数。‎ advice[Ed5vaIs] n.[U]忠告，建议：Your advice was a great help to me. 你的建议对我有很大的帮助。 / I don’t know who ask advice from. 我不知道该向谁讨教。‎ ‎【用法】1.不可数，不与不定冠词或数词连用，也不用复数形式，如说a piece of advice, some advice，但不说an advice, some advices。2.表示征求意见，通常用ask (for) advice；表示听从或接受某人的意见，通常用follow [take] one’s advice。‎ advise[Ed5vaIz] vt.劝告，建议：Be advised! 接受意见吧! / They will advise you what to do. 他们将给你出主意怎么办。‎ ‎【用法】1.其后接动词作宾语，要用动名词，不能用不定式，即说advise doing sth，不说 advise to do sth。2.表示建议某人做某事，要用 advise sb to do sth(此时的不定式作宾语补足语)；若表示建议某人不要做某事，则用advise sb not to do sth 或 advise sb against doing sth。3.后接 that 引导的宾语从句时，从句谓语要用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气：We advised her that she (should) wait. 我们劝她等。‎ affair[E5fZE]n.[C]事件，事情，事务，私事，恋爱事件：foreign affairs 外交事务 / school affairs 校务 / How are your affairs going? 你的情况怎么样?‎ afford[E5fR:d] vt. 买得起，经受得住，承担得起：I can’t afford to buy a car. 我买不起汽车。/ We can’t afford to pay such a price. 我们付不起这个价钱。‎ ‎【用法】1.常与can, could, be able to 连用。2.其后可接名词、代词或不定式作宾语，若意思明确，可省略有关成分：afford to buy a car =afford a car 买得起小车 / afford the time for a holiday=afford a holiday 抽得出时间去度假 afraid[E5freId] adj.(用作表语)害怕的，担心的；恐怕：Don’t be afraid. 不用怕。/ He is afraid to say that. 他不敢说那事。/ I was afraid of waking him. 我担心会把他吵醒。/ I’m afraid you’re wrong. 恐怕是你错了。‎ ‎【比较】1. be afraid to do sth与be afraid of doing sth：前者指害怕(不敢)做某事，而后者有两个意思，一是表示害怕做某事(此时可be afraid to do sth 互换)，二是表示担心会发生某情况(所担心的情况不一定会发生，此时不能与 be afraid to do sth 互换)。2. I’m afraid not 与 I’m not afraid：前者为委婉的否定回答，意为“恐怕不…”；后者意为“我不怕”。‎ Africa[5AfrIkE]n.非洲：Africa is a continent. 非洲是个大陆。‎ African[5AfrIkEn] adj.非洲的，非洲人的 n.[C]非洲人 after[5B:ftE] prep.在…后面 conj.在…以后 adv.在后，后来：What did you do after leaving school? 离开学校之后你干什么了? / I will tell them after you leave (have left). 你走了之后我再告诉他们。/ We arrived soon after. 我们随后就到了。‎ ‎【辨析】1. after与behind：前者指位次的先后，后者指位置的前后。2. after与in：前者以过去时间为起点，通常连用过去时态；而in 则以现在时间为起点，通常连用将来时态。但是，若表示在某一点时间之后，则只能用after(无论是现在还是过去)：I’ll leave here after 6 o’clock. 我6点后离开这儿。‎ afternoon[5B:ftE7nu:n] n.[C,U]下午，午后：He returned in the late afternoon. 他是在傍晚时分回来的。/ This afternoon will be cloudy, turning clear. 今天下午阴转晴。‎ again[E5geIn] adv.再一次，又，再：After the storm it became calm again. 暴风雨过后，天气又恢复平静无风。/ Look to it that this doesn’t happen again. 注意不要再发生这种事。‎ ‎【短语】again and again 再三地，反复地 / once again 再一次 against[E5ge(I)nst] prep. 相反，反对，逆着，靠着，倚着：Are you for or against it? 你是支持它还是反对它? / Drug taking is against the law. 吸毒是违法的。/ It is a great joy to battle against nature. 与大自然作斗争，其乐无穷。‎ ‎【注意】against 是介词，不是动词，所以不能说 Do you against…之类的。‎ age[eIdV] n.年龄，时代，(用复数表示)长时间：What is your age? 你年纪多大?/ She died in 1936 at the age of 84. 她死于1936年，享年84岁。/ I haven’t seen him for ages. 我已好长时间没有见到他了。‎ ‎【注意】不要按汉语习惯将“他年纪轻”说成He age is young. 可说成 He is young.‎ ago[E5gEJ] adv.以前：That was some twenty years ago. 那大约是20年前。/ We came a week ago, since when the weather has been bad. 我们一星期前来到这里，从那时起天气一直不好。‎ agree[E5gri:] v.同意，赞成，答应：She agreed to my idea. 她同意我的想法。/ I quite agree with what you say. 你所说的我很赞成。/ If you agree, so; if not, so. 如果你同意，就这样；如果你不同意，也这样。‎ ‎【比较】agree to do sth 同意做某事 / agree with sb 赞成某人的意见，与某人意见相同 / agree on (upon) 对…持相同观点 / agree to 同意(某项计划、建议、安排等)‎ ‎【注意】不要将汉语的“同意某人做某事”直译为agree sb to do sth，可改说agree to let sb do sth等。‎ agriculture[5AgrIkQltFE] n.[U]农业，农艺，农学：United States Department of Agriculture 美国农业部 ahead[E5hed] adv.在前面，向前：Walk straight ahead until you reach the river. 一直朝前走到河边。‎ ‎【短语】ahead of 在…之前；超过 / ahead of time [schedule] 提前 / Go ahead! 前进，有进展，继续干下去 ‎【注意】ahead 是副词，不是名词，所以不能说 in the ahead, at the ahead等。‎ aim[eIm] n.[U]瞄准，对准 [C]目标 v.瞄准，对准，以…为目标：It is now our aim to set up a factory. 我们现在的目标是创办一座工厂。/ I aim to be a lawyer. 我要当个律师。‎ ‎【用法】1.表示“瞄准”时，不可数，所以在 take aim at, take careful aim at 这类短语中没有不定冠词。2.表示“想做某事”或“以做某事为目标”，动词aim后可接不定式或接at doing sth，即aim to do sth=aim at doing sth。‎ air[ZE] n.[U]空气，大气，天空，空中 [C]样子，神态，气氛：Birds fly in the air. 鸟在空中飞翔。/ Better let in some fresh air. 最好放些新鲜空气进来。/ He came into the room with an air of importance. 他带着一副了不起的神情走进室内。‎ aircraft[5ZEkrB:ft] n.[C]飞机，航空器：There are enemy aircraft on the radar screen.雷达荧屏上出现了敌人的飞机。‎ ‎【注意】单复数同形，所以不要说 five aircrafts，some aircrafts 之类的。‎ airport[5ZEpR:t] n.[C]航空站，飞机场：At the airport, the customs officers searched his case. 在机场，海关人员检查了他的箱子。‎ alive[E5laIv] adj. 活着的，活跃的，充满…的，通着电流的：The fish we caught is still alive. 我们捉的鱼还活着。/ The wire is alive. 这条电线带电。‎ ‎【注意】1.可用作表语，不作前置定语，但有时可用作后置定语：the greatest man alive当今伟人 2.通常不用 very 修饰，但可用 much 或 very much 修饰。‎ all[R:l] adj.全部的，所有的 pron. 全体，全部 adv. 全部地，都，更加：Are all the students here today? 今天所有的学生都到了吗? / I know that all is well with her. 我知道她一切都好。/ She is all in favor of my suggestion. 她完全赞同我的建议。/ She hated him all the more. 她更加恨他了。‎ ‎【短语】all along 自始至终 / all the same 依然，仍然 / not…at all 一点也不，从来不 / all over 到处，结束 / in all 总计，全部 / above all 首先，最重要的是 / after all 毕竟，终究 allow[E5laJ] v.允许，准许：Smoking is not allowed here. 此处不准吸烟。/ He doesn’t allow cats in the room. 他不允许猫进入房内。‎ ‎【用法】可接不定式作宾语补足语，但不接不定式作宾语，即可说allow sb to do sth，但不说allow to do sth(可改为 allow doing sth)。‎ ‎【辨析】allow 与 permit：permit 通常指上级、规则或法令等表示的准许，其语气较重；而 allow 通常指消极地不加反对，有时含有听任或默许之意，语气较轻。如：Nothing is permitted; everything is allowed. 一切都没明文规定可以做，但一切做了也无妨。‎ almost[5R:lmEJst] adv. 几乎，差不多：It was almost dark when they got there. 他们抵达那里时，天几乎黑了。‎ ‎【辨析】almost与nearly：almost 可用于 any 以及 no, none, nobody, nothing, never 等否定词之前，但 nearly 一般不这样用。而nearly 前可用 very, pretty, not 等词修饰，但 almost 之前不能用这些词。‎ alone[E5lEJn]adj. 单独的，独自的adv.独自，单独，仅仅：She watches TV when she is alone. 独自一人时，她便看电视。/ He alone knows the secret. 只有他一人知道秘密。‎ ‎【短语】leave…alone 听其自然，不要去管 / let alone 至于，更不必说 ‎【用法】用作副词表示“仅仅”时，要放在被修饰词语之后，比较：He can do it alone. 他一个人可以做此事。/ He alone can do it. 只有他能做此事。‎ along[E5lRN] prep.沿着，顺着 adv. 向前，往前；一起：We walked along the river. 我们沿着河走。/ I took my brother along. 我带着弟弟。‎ ‎【短语】all along一直，始终 / along with 和…一起[一道]，随着，除…以外(还)‎ aloud[E5laJd] adv. 出声地，大声地：He read the poem aloud. 他高声朗诵那首诗。‎ ‎【短语】think aloud 自言自语 ‎ already[R:l5redI] adv.已经：I’ve already forgiven you. 我已经原谅了你。/ It is already the middle of summer. 现在已是仲夏了。/ She had already gone when I arrived. 我到的时候她已经走了。‎ ‎【注意】一般用于肯定句，不用于否定句或疑问句(此时用 yet)，不过有时在疑问句中也用它，用于表示惊讶(且多用于句末)。‎ also[5R:lsEJ] adv. 也 conj. 又，并且：He also asked to join the army. 他也要求去参军。/ Also, he has gone abroad. 而且，他已去了国外。‎ ‎【短语】not only…but also …不但…而且 ‎【用法】用于肯定句或疑问句，但通常不用于否定句(在否定句中用either)。‎ although[R:l5TEJ] conj.虽然，然而：Although he was ill, he worked hard. 他虽然生病，但仍努力工作。/ I did not know that then, although I learned it later. 当时我不知道那件事，但我后来知道了。‎ ‎【用法】不能按汉语习惯在主句前用连接词 but, 但可用副词yet, nevertheless 等。‎ altogether[7R:ltE5geTE] adv. 完全地，总共：I am altogether on your side in this matter. 在这个问题上我完全支持你。/ Altogether there were 36 people in the bus. 在公共汽车上一共有36人。‎ ‎【注意】altogether与 all together不同，后者表示“一起”、“同时”。‎ always [5R:lweIz] adv.总是，永远：He always keeps to his promises. 他总是说话算数的。‎ ‎【注意】与否定词连用构成部分否定(not always=并非总是)，且只能位于否定词之后：Money doesn’t always bring happiness. 财富并不一定总带来幸福。‎ America[5EmerIkE] n.美国，美洲：the Voice of America (VOA) 美国之音 / Columbus discovered America in 1492. 哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。‎ American[E5merIkEn] n.[C]美国(洲)人 adj.美国(洲)的：American English 美国英语 / He’s an American citizen but lives in Canada. 他是美国公民，但住在加拿大。‎ among[E5mQN] prep.在…中间，在(三者或三者以上)之间，…之一：They live among the mountains. 他们住在群山之中。/ Baseball is very popular among Americans. 棒球运动很受美国人的欢迎。/ She is among the best of our typists. 她是我们最好打字员之一。‎ ‎【辨析】among与between：前者主要用于三者或三者以上之间，后者主要用于两者之间。‎ and[And, End] conj.和，又；然后，接着：Let’s go and play basketball. 我们去打篮球吧。/ She read for an hour and went to bed. 她读了一小时的书，然后就去睡了。‎ ‎【用法】1.用于连接两个比较级，表示“越来越”：colder and colder 越来越冷 2.用于 good, nice, fine 等之后，表示“很”、“挺”：good and fast 很快 anger[5ANgE] n.[U]生气，愤怒 v. (使)发怒：Anger showed in his face. 他脸上露出怒容。/ His loud radio angered me. 他大声放收音机使我很生气。‎ angry[5AgNrI] adj.生气的；愤怒的：He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意，这使我很生气。‎ ‎【用法】注意其后所接介词：be [get] angry at sth 因某事而生气 / be [get] angry about sth 因某事而生气 / be [get] angry with sb 生某人的气(注：不要想当然地用be angry to sb 来表示此义)。‎ animal[5AnImEl] n. [C]动物，兽 adj.动物的：plants and animals 动植物(注意词序) / The lion is a wild animal. 狮子是一种野生动物。‎ announce[E5naJns] vt.宣告，宣布，发表：He announced the good news to her. 他向她宣布了这个好消息。/ He announced to her that he would go soon. 他告诉她不久就离开。‎ ‎【注意】不能后接双宾语，即不用于announce sb sth，要表示类似意思可用announce sth to sb。‎ another[E5nQTE] adj.再一，另一，别的 pron.另一个：Please give me another. 请给我另一个。/ You’d better stay in hospital for another few days. 你最好在医院再住几天。‎ ‎【用法】1.泛指不确定数目中的“另外任何一个”；若特指两个当中的另外一个，不用 another，而用the other：Please show me another. 请再拿一个给我看看(至少已看过一个)。2. 在一般情况下，其后不能接复数名词，而接单数可数名词(表泛指)，但若复数名词之前有数词或few修饰，则可用它修饰：another five students 另外5个学生 ‎【短语】one after another 一个又一个地，一个接一个地，相继地 / one another 互相，彼此 answer[5B:nsE] v.回答，答复；回信；满足于n. [C]答案；回应：Please answer the telephone. 请接电话。/ This tool will answer our needs. 这工具能满足我们的需要。‎ ‎【短语】answer back 回嘴，顶嘴 / answer for 对…担保，为…的后果承担责任 / answer to 符合，适合 / in answer to 为了回答(响应)，听(接)到…后就 anxious[5ANkFEs] adj.忧虑的，担心的；渴望的：People all over the world were anxious to have peace. 全世界人民都渴望和平。‎ ‎【用法】表示为某事担心，其后可接介词 about / for；表示渴望得到某物，其后通常接for，而不用about，当然也可接不定式：He’s anxious for [to know] the result. 他急于想知道结果。‎ any[5enI] adj.(用于疑问句，否定句等)什么；一些，任何的 pron.(无论)那些；(无论)哪一个 adv.略微，一点：Have you any money with you? 你身上带钱了吗? / I’m too tired to walk any further. 我太累了，不能再往前走了。‎ ‎【用法】1.用作代词时，只能用于三者或三者以上，不能用于两者(表示两者中的任意一个，可用either)，如不能说 any of my parents，但可说 either of my parents。2. 用于否定句时，只能用于否定词之后，即可说not…any，不说any…not。‎ anybody[5enI7bRdi] / anyone[5enIwQn] pron.任何人：Hello! Is anybody here? 喂！有人吗?/ You mustn’t tell anybody about this; it’s secret. 这件事你不能告诉任何人，这是秘密。‎ anyhow[5enIhaJ] adv.无论如何，不管怎样；随便：Anyhow, I will see you tonight. 无论如何, 今天晚上我要见你。‎ anything [5enIWIN] pron. 东西，任何事物，无论什么：You can’t believe anything she says. 你不能相信她说的话。/ I want something to eat, and anything will do. 我想弄点东西吃，什么都行。‎ ‎【短语】anything but 绝不，并不 / if anything 如果有什么不同的话 ‎【用法】1.受形容词的修饰时，形容词应置于其后。2.用于否定句时，只能用于否定词之后，即可说not…anything，不说anything…not。‎ anywhere[5enIwZE] adv.无论何处，任何地方：Did you go anywhere yesterday? 你昨天去没去过什么地方?/ You can go anywhere you like. 你可以去你喜欢的任何地方。‎ apologize / apologise[E5pRlEdVaIz] vi.道歉：You might at least apologize. 你至少应该道个歉吧。/ I have come to apologize to you. 我是来向您道歉的。/ I must apologize for calling you so late. 实在抱歉，这么晚给您打电话。‎ appear[E5pIE] vi. 出现，看来，似乎：It appears that he is ill.=He appears to be ill. 他似乎病了。/ There appears to be something the matter with her. 她好像出了什么事似的。‎ ‎【用法】1.不及物，不能有宾语，也不能用于被动语态。2.与look, seem 后可接介词 like 不同，appear 后不接介词like。‎ apple[5Apl] n. [C]苹果：the apple of sb’s eye 珍爱之物 April[5eIprEl] n.四月(略作Apr.)：April fool=April Fools’ Day 愚人节(4月1日)‎ area[5ZErIE] n. [C,U]面积，地区，区域：Teachers are in demand in this area. 在这个地区很需要教师。/ Parking is prohibited in this area. 此处禁止停车。‎ ‎【用法】表示某地面积大小的方法很多，如要表示“我们庭园的面积为20平方米”，可说成：Our garden has an area of twenty square meters. / The area of our garden is twenty square meters. / Our garden is twenty square meters in area. / Our garden covers an area of twenty square meters.‎ argue[5B:gju:] v.争论，说服，证明：He argued for (against) the plan. 他赞成(反对)这个计划。/They always argue about [over] money. 他们总是为钱争吵。‎ arm[B:m] n. [C]手臂，胳膊；(用复数)武器 v.武装，装备：He was wounded in the arm. 他的胳膊受伤了。/ She held [took] her handbag in her arms. 她双手把手提包抱在怀里。‎ ‎【短语】arm in arm 臂挽着臂 / be armed to the teeth 全副武装 army[5B:mI] n.军队；大群：He also asked to join the army. 他也要求去参军。/ an army of bees 一大群蜜蜂 ‎【用法】用作主语，谓语动词用单数(从整体考虑)或复数(从个体考虑)均可：The army was [were] wiped out. 这支军队被消灭了。‎ around[E5raJnd] prep.在…周围；环绕；大约 adv.(在)各处，(在)附近，到处，在周围：There was a wall around the park. 公园四周有围墙。/ Will you please wait around for me? 请在附近等我好吗?‎ arrival[E5raIvEl] n.[U]到达 [C]到来的人或物：On my arrival at [in] Paris I went to see her. 我一到巴黎，就去看她了。/ Come and meet the new arrivals. 来见见新来的人。‎ arrive[E5raIv] vi.到达，(时间)到来，得出(结论)，(婴儿)出生，来到：He was the first to arrive. 他第一个到。/ It took a long time to arrive at a conclusion. 花了很长时间才达成一个结论。/ Her baby arrived during the night. 她的小孩是夜里生的。‎ ‎【用法】不及物，后接地点，需借助介词at或in (地方较小用at，较大用in)。‎ art[B:t] n.[U,C]艺术，美术；技艺，技术；(用复数)人文学科：Art is long; life is short. (谚语)艺术长久，人生短暂。/ a work of art 一件美术品 / Language teaching is both a science and an art. 语言教学既是一门科学又是一门艺术。‎ article[5B:tIkl] n.[C](尤指报刊杂志上的)文章；物品，物件；冠词：What does the article discuss? 这篇文章讲的是什么? / an article of clothing 一件衣服 artist[5B:tIst] n. [C]美术家：He has no wish to be an artist. 他不想做艺术家。‎ as[As] conj.当…的时候；由于；尽管；随着，与…一样 prep.作为，当作adv.同样，相同 pron.正如：He dropped the glass as he stood up. 他站起来时，把杯子摔了。/ This is the ‎ same as it was before. 这个与以前一样。/ As you are tired, you had better rest. 你累了，最好休息一下。/ As the wages advanced, so did the cost of living. 随着工资的提高, 生活费用也提高了。‎ ‎【短语】as…as 与…一样 / not as [so]…as 不像，不如 / as if=as though 好像，好似 / as yet 迄今，到目前为止 / as [so] long as 只要 / as soon as 一…就 / as to 关于，至于 ‎【用法】1.用作连词，表示“尽管”时，要用于倒装句，且倒装后位于句首的名词通常不用冠词(等于though)：Child as[=though] he was, he did quite well. 他虽是个孩子, 但已干得很不错。2.用作关系代词，有两种用法：一是用于such, the same, as等之后引导限制性定语从句：Such men as(=Those men who) heard of him praised him. 听说过他的人都赞扬他。二是单独用作关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前(常译为：正如)或之后(常译为：这一点)，且主从句之间一般要用逗号隔开：He was absent, as is often the case. 他缺席了，这是常有的事。‎ ash[AF] n.灰，(常用pl)灰烬，骨灰，遗体：The house (was) burned to ashes. 房子烧成灰烬了。‎ ‎【用法】表示“灰”时本来不可数，但有时可用复数形式代替单数形式，且意思不变：cigarette ash [ashes] 烟灰 ashamed[E5FeImd] adj.惭愧，害臊：I am half ashamed to do so. 这样做我有些不好意思。/ You really ought to be ashamed of that. 你实在应该对此感到惭愧。/ Not feel ashamed to ask and learn from people below. 不耻下问。‎ Asia[5eIFE] n.亚洲：China is in the east of Asia. 中国位于亚洲东部。/ Our factory exports to Southeast Asia. 我厂向东南亚出口产品。‎ Asian[5eIFEn] n.[C]亚洲人 adj.亚洲的，亚洲人的：The First East Asian Games were held in Shanghai in 1993. 第1届东亚运动会于1993年在上海举行。‎ ask[B:sk] v.问，要求；请求：Since you ask, I will tell you. 你既然问，我就告诉你。He asked to see the manager. 他求见经理。‎ ‎【短语】ask for sth 请求，向…要 / ask sb for sth 请某人给某物 / ask after 问候(身体健康) / ask about 打听，查询 asleep[E5sli:p] adj.睡着的：He fell asleep during the lesson. 他在上课时睡着了。‎ ‎【用法】1. 通常只用作表语，不能单独放在名词前作定语，不说 an asleep child，可改说a sleeping child。2.汉语说“睡得很熟”，英语习惯上用 fast [sound] asleep，而不说 very (much, very much) asleep。‎ assistant[E5sIstEnt] n.[C]助手，助教，图书馆管理员：shop assistant 店员 / assistant engineer 助理工程师 / assistant manager 副经理 astonish[Es5tRnIF]vt.使惊讶，使吃惊：The news astonished everybody. 这消息使人人感到惊讶。/ I was astonished at [by] the news.=I was astonished to hear the news. 听到这消息我很吃惊。‎ at[At, Et] prep.在，于；向，对准；因为，由于；在…方面；(表示速度、程度、价格等)以，按：He lives at 35 Manchester Road, London. 他住在伦敦曼彻斯特路35号。/ Everybody, we begin at page 50 today. 各位，我们今天从第50页开始。/ At the news he became excited. 一听到这消息，他变得很激动。/ He bought it at (the price of) 50 dollars. 他以50美元的价格买下了它。‎ attack[E5tAk] v.攻击 n.[C,U]进攻；(疾病)侵袭，发作：Wolves will not usually attack humans. 狼通常不会袭击人。‎ attempt[E5tempt] v.& n.尝试，试图：She made every attempt. 她尽一切努力。/ She attempted to get [getting] in touch with them. 她企图和他们联系上。‎ ‎【用法】1.后接动词作宾语时，该动词可用不定式，也可用动名词。2. make an attempt 后接动词表示试图做某事时，该动词可用不定式或用at doing sth 的形式。‎ attend[E5tend] v.出席，参加；看护，照料，护理；注意：He didn’t attend the meeting because he was ill. 他因病没有出席会议。/ I’ll attend to the matter. 这事我来处理。/ I’m too busy. I can’t attend to you now. 我很忙，现在不能接待你。‎ attention[E5tenFEn] n.[U]留心，注意：Please give it your attention. 请关注此事。/ He called our attention to what he said. 他提醒我们注意他说的话。‎ ‎【用法】在 pay [give, bring] attention to 等短语中的 to 是介词，后接动词时用动名词：He gives all his attention to making money. 他的注意力完全集中在赚钱上。‎ attract[E5trAkt] vt.吸引、引起(兴趣，注意)，招引：The film attracts a large audience. 这部电影吸引很多观众。/ Newton found that all masses attract each other. 牛顿发现所有的物质都相互吸引。‎ August[5R:gEst] n.八月(缩写Aug.)：August 1 is our Army’s Day. 8月1日是我国建军节。‎ aunt[B:nt] n.[C]姨，姑，伯母，舅母，婶：Aunt Polly 波莉姑妈 Australia[Rs5treIljE] n.澳洲，澳大利亚：Don’t confuse Austria with [and] Australia. 不要把奥地利与澳大利亚弄混淆了。‎ Australian[Rs5treIlIEn] n. [C]澳大利亚人 adj.澳大利亚(人)的：The Australians speak English. 澳大利亚人说英语。‎ author[5R:WE] n.[C]作家，创造者：The book has a preface written by the author. 该书有作者写的序言。‎ autumn[5R:tEm] n.[C,U]秋天，秋季：In autumn the leaves change from green to brown. 秋天树叶由绿变黄。/ the Moon Festival=the Mid-autumn Festival 中秋节 average[5AvErIdV] n.[C]平均(数) adj.平常的，平均的 v.平均为，求…的平均数：An average of 10 students are absent each day. 平均每天有10个学生缺席。/ What was the average temperature yesterday? 昨天的平均气温是多少? / He is just an average student. 他只是个普通的学生。/ He averages two trips a year. 他平均每年旅游两次。‎ ‎【短语】above the average 中上 / below the average 中下 / on (the, an) average 平均，按平均数计算，一般地说 ‎ awake[E5weIk] v.(awoke, awoken / awaked)醒，唤醒；使醒adj.(作表语)醒着的：The baby is awake. 婴儿是醒的。/ He is awake to the serious problem. 他已意识到了这个严重的问题。‎ ‎【用法】1.用作动词时，相当于 wake up，但本身通常不与副词 up 连用。2.用作形容词时，只用作表语，不作定语；要表示“完全醒着”，不用 very 修饰，而用 wide, fully, thoroughly 等修饰。‎ away[E5weI] adv.离开；远离：My birthday is two months away. 我的生日还有两个月。‎ ‎【短语】right away 马上 / straight away 马上 / far away 在远处 B baby[5beIbI] n.[C]婴儿，幼畜，幼鸟 adj.婴儿的，微型的：She is going to have a baby. 她就要生小孩了。/ a baby elephant 小象 ‎ back[bAk] n.[C]背部，后面 adv.向后，回(原处) adj.后面的 v.(使)倒退：I’ll be back in a minute. 我马上就回来。/ Let’s try knocking at the back door. 咱们敲后边的门试试。‎ ‎【短语】at back of 在…后面 / at the back of 在…的后面(范围之外)；在…的后部(范围之内) / in the back of 在…后部 / back to back 背靠背 bad[bAd] adj.(worse, worst)坏的，不正确的；使人不愉快的；严重的：He’s got a bad cold. 他得了重感冒。/ Smoking is bad for health. 抽烟对身体有害。‎ badly[5bAdlI]adv. (worse, worst)坏地，恶劣地：I slept very badly last night. 昨天夜里我睡得很不好。/ He spoke badly of his boss. 他说他老板的坏话。‎ ‎【用法】在口语中，可用于表示“迫切地”、“非常”，通常与 want, need, be in need of 等连用：He wants to come badly. 他非常想来。‎ bag[bAg] n. [C]书包，提包，袋子：a shopping bag 购物袋 baggage[5bAgIdV] n. [U](美)行李：They examined all baggage at the airport. 他们在机场检查了所有行李。‎ ‎【用法】不可数，没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词、数词以及 many, few, a few, several 等词连用。若要表示行李的具体数量, 可用单位词 piece (article)：five pieces [articles] of baggage 五件行李 bake[beIk] v.烤，烘，焙：baked chicken 烤鸡肉 ball[bR:l] n. [C]球；舞会：He passed [threw] the ball to me. 他把球传给了我。‎ balloon[bE5lu:n] n. [C]气球：He crossed the river in a balloon. 他乘气球过河。‎ banana[bE5nB:nE] n. [C]香蕉：a banana 一根香蕉 / three bananas 三根香蕉 bank[bANk] n. [C]银行，(河，海湖的)岸，堤：He lives on the south bank of the river. 他住在河的南岸。/ He put his money in the bank. 他把钱存入银行。‎ bargain[5bB:gIn] n.[C]协议，合同；(经过讨价还价之后)成交的商品，廉价货v.议价，讨价还价；提出条件：It’s a real bargain. 真便宜。/ That’s [It’s] a bargain. 就这么说定了(或一言为定)。/ If you bargain with them they might reduce the price. 你讲讲价，他们可能会把价钱降低。‎ base[beIs] n.[C]基础，基地，根据地 vt.基于，以…作根据：This news report is based on fact. 这篇新闻报导是根据实际情况写成的。‎ basic[5beIsIk] adj.基础的，基本的：Now I have a basic understanding of the matter. 现在我对这事有了基本的了解。‎ basin[5beIsIn]n.[C]脸盆，水盆；流域：Go and get a basin of hot water. 去弄盆热水来。/ The Amazon Basin is very large. 亚马逊河流域很大。‎ basket[5bB:skIt] n.[C]篮子：a wastepaper basket 字纸篓 basketball[5bB:skItbR:l] n. [C]篮球 [U]篮球运动：Let’s go and play basketball. 我们去打篮球吧。/ This basketball is better than that one. 这个篮球比那个好。‎ bath[bB:W] n. [C]洗澡；澡盆 v. 洗澡，给(孩子)洗澡：He had a bath and then went to bed. 他洗了个澡，然后睡觉了。/ I usually bath at night. 我通常晚上洗澡。‎ bathe[beIT] v.浸，洗，(在河或海里)洗浴，游泳 n.(用单数)游泳：Tears bathed his cheeks. 他泪流满面。/ Will you help me bathe the baby? 你能帮我替孩子洗澡吗? ‎ ‎【辨析】bath与bathe：前者主要指在室内“洗澡”，后者则通常指到室外的河里或湖里等去游泳：go for a bathe 去游泳 bathroom[5bB:Wru:m] n.[C]浴室，(美)厕所，澡堂：The bathroom is upstairs. 洗澡间在楼上。/ She went into the bathroom and took a shower. 她到浴室去淋浴。‎ battle[5bAtl] n.[C]战斗，竞争 v. 战斗，作战，竞争：He has proved his courage in battle. 他已在战斗中证明了自己的勇气。/ The sailors battled with the winds and waves.水手们与风浪搏斗。‎ be[bI(:)]v.(am, is, are, was, were, being, been)是；在；成为 beach[5bi:tF] n.[C]海滩，(海，河，湖等)滨：The children are playing on [at] the beach. 孩子们在海滩玩耍。/ I spent a day on [at] the beach. 我在海滩上度过了一天。‎ bear[bZE] n.[C]熊v.忍受；载运，负荷；有，显示；怀有；生(孩子)，生产(农作物或水果)：He was born of a wealthy family. 他出身富门。/ Different trees bear different fruits. 什么样的树结什么样的果。‎ ‎【用法】1.用于 can’t bear，意为“不能忍受”，其后接不定式或动名词均可：I can’t bear living [to live] alone. 一个人独居我受不了。2.表示“出生”时，用be born，其他过去分词用borne：He was borne by an English woman. 他是一个英国妇女生的。‎ beard[bIEd] n.[C]胡须，络腮胡子：He wears [grows, has] a long beard. 他留有长胡子。‎ ‎【辨析】beard 指下巴上的“胡须”，moustache 指嘴上的“胡须”，whiskers 指腮上的“胡须”。‎ ‎【用法】a beard指一个人的所有胡须，而不是指一根胡须；类似地，其复数形式 beards 指的是多个人的胡须，而不是指多根胡须。‎ beat[bi:t] v.(beat, beaten)敲打，(脉，心脏)跳动，打胜，打赢：My heart beat fast at the sight of him. 一看见他，我的心跳就加快。/ He beat me in maths. 他的数学比我学得好。‎ ‎【辨析】beat与win：见win。‎ beautiful[5bju:tEfJl] adj.美丽的，漂亮的，优美的：The scenery in the mountains is very beautiful. 山里的景色非常美。/ That’s a beautiful shot. 那一枪打得真准。‎ beauty[5bju:tI] n.[U]美 [C]美人：She is really a beauty. 她的确是个大美人。‎ because[bI5kRz] conj.因为，由于：He was angry because we were late. 他很生气因为我们迟到了。‎ ‎【用法】1. because与because of不同：前者为连词，引导从句；后者为复合介词，后接名词、代词或相当于名(代)词的成分(包括what从句)。2.不要将汉语中的“因为…所以…”直译为because…so…。‎ become[bI5kQm] v.(became, become)变得，成为；适合(某人)，与…相称：She has become a doctor. 她已成为一名医生。/ This color becomes you. 这颜色适合你。‎ ‎【用法】其后不接不定式表示“逐渐”，可改用come [begin]+不定式：He began [came] to like the girl. 他开始喜欢起这个女孩来。(不能用became)‎ bed[bed] n. [C,U]床，卧床，睡觉：She lay down on her bed. 她躺在床上。‎ ‎【用法】1.表示“睡觉”时，通常不用冠词或其他限定词；表示实实在在的“床”时，则可用。2.与介词in, into, out of等连用时，通常不用冠词：lie in bed 躺在床上 / get into bed 上床 / jump out of bed 跳下床 bedroom[5bedrJm]n.[C]卧室：They have a large bedroom. 他们有一间大卧室。‎ bee[bi:] n. [C]蜜蜂：He is as busy as a bee. 他忙得团团转。‎ beef[bi:f] n.[U]牛肉：The beef is overdone. 牛肉煮得太老。‎ beer[bIE] n.[U,C] 啤酒，一杯(一瓶)啤酒：Would you like a (glass of ) beer? 您要不要喝(杯)啤酒? / Three beers, please. 请来三杯啤酒。‎ before[bI5fR:] prep.在…前面，在…以前 conj.在…之前adv.以前：Knock on the door before you enter. 进屋之前要先敲门。/ I have never met him before. 以前我从来没有见过他。‎ ‎【比较】before long 不久以后 / long before 很久以前 begin[bI5gIn] v.(began, begun)开始，着手：The bell rang for the lesson to begin. 开始上课的铃响了。/ Once you begin you must continue. 你一旦开始，便不可停下来。‎ ‎【用法】1.有时用于进行时态，表示“慢慢开始”、“逐渐”：He was beginning to miss her. 他慢慢开始想念她了。2.其后接不定式或动名词均可，含义基本相同：The band began to play [playing]. 乐队开始演奏。但是，当begin 本身是-ing形式时或后接表心理活动的动词时，则只能接不定式：He began to like poetry when he was a boy. 他还是孩子时就开始喜欢诗歌。‎ beginning[bI5gInIN] n. [C]开始，开端，起源：Of course that’s only a beginning. 当然这只是一个开头。‎ ‎【短语】at [in] the beginning 起初，在开始时 / at the beginning of 在…之初，在…开始时 / from the beginning 从开始，从一开始 ‎ behind[bI5haInd] prep.在…后面 adv.在后面：He was behind the others in ability. 他的能力比其他人差。/ If winter comes，can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗?‎ ‎【短语】fall [drop] behind 落在后面，落后 believe[bI5li:v] v.相信，想，认为：You can’t believe anything she says. 你不能相信她说的话。/ I believe he has come. 我想他已经来了。‎ ‎【比较】believe sb=相信某人的话是真的，believe in sb=相信某人为人可靠，believe in sth=相信…的存在，相信…的真实性 bell[bel] n. [C]钟，铃，钟(铃)声，钟形物：He rang the bell but no one came to the door. 他按了门铃，可是没有人来开门。‎ belong[bI5lRN] v.属于，为…所有：They belonged to a younger generation. 他们属于年轻的一代。‎ ‎【用法】1.不及物，不用于被动语态，也不用于进行时态。2.表示“属…所有”时，其后接介词to，但若表示“某物应归入(位于)…”，则后接介词 in, under, with等：The pan belongs under the sink. 锅应放在洗碗池下面。‎ below[bI5lEJ]adv.在下面，向下 prep.在…下面：The temperature was 20 degrees below zero. 温度为零下20度。/ He was below the standard required. 他没达到要求的水平。‎ ‎【辨析】below与under：under 主要表示垂直在下的正下方，而 below 则不一定表示正下方(即可以是正下方或非正下方)。‎ belt[belt] n.[C]腰带，带 vt.系上：a waist belt 腰带 / safety belt 安全带 bench[bentF] n.[C]长凳，工作台：repair bench 修理台 bend[bend] v.(bent, bent)使弯腰，弯曲，专心于：He bent down [over] to tie his shoe. 他弯腰系鞋带。/ He bent his mind to the job. 他专心于他的工作。‎ beside[bI5saId] prep.在…旁边，在…附近：Standing beside the table was an interpreter. 站在桌旁的是一位翻译。‎ besides[bI5saIdz]adv. 此外，而且 prep. 除…之外：To begin with, it is too cold. Besides, we’ve no money. 首先，天气太冷，再者我们也没有钱。/ We all agreed besides him. 除了他之外，我们也都同意。‎ ‎【辨析】besides与except：besides 表示一种累加关系，意指“除了什么之外，还有…”；而 except表示一种排除关系，意指“除了什么之外，不再有…”。 ‎ best[best] adj.& n.最好的(人或物)：I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为你留在这里最好。‎ ‎【短语】do one’s best 尽最大的努力 / make the best of 尽量利用，善用 / at (the) best 充其量，至多 / had best 最好，应该(=had better)‎ better[5betE] adj.较好的，更好的：Any is better than none. 有点总比没有好。‎ ‎【短语】had better 最好，应该(后接动词原形)‎ between[bI5twi:n] prep.在(两者)之间；在…中间：I sat between them. 我坐在他们两人之间。/ He had to choose between death and dishonour. 他必须在死亡和屈辱之间做出选择。‎ beyond[bI5jRnd] prep.在…那边，晚于，超出 adv.在(往)更远处：The house is beyond the bridge. 房子在桥那边。/ The explanation you give is beyond me. 你做的解释我不懂。/ Good advice is beyond price. (谚)有益的忠告是无价之宝。‎ bicycle[5baIsIkl] / bike[baIk]n.[C]自行车，脚踏车：She goes to work on her [by] bicycle. 她骑自行车上班。‎ big[bIg] adj.大的；重要的：Ours is a big family. 我们家人口很多。/ He made a big mistake. 他犯了个大错误。‎ bill[bIl] n.[C]账单，清单，法案，议案，告示，(美)钞票，纸币 vt.通告，宣布：Waiter, bill please. 服务员，买单。/ Mary won’t pay this bill. 玛丽不肯付这笔钱。/ The bill was passed. 这法案获得通过。‎ ‎【用法】表示账单的数额，其后通常用介词for：The shop sent me a bill for $800. 商店给我送来了一张800元的账单。‎ billion[5bIljEn] num.(英，德)百亿，兆，无数(美，法)十亿：Billions of stars twinkled in the sky. 无数星星在天空闪烁。‎ biology[baI5RlEdVI] n.[U]生物学：He is a biology professor. 他是生物教授。‎ bird[bE:d] n. [C]鸟，禽类：Most birds can fly. 多数的鸟会飞。‎ birth[bE:W] n. [C,U]出生，诞生：The exact date of his birth is not known.他出生的确切日期无人知道。/ He is a man of low birth. 他出身低微。‎ ‎【短语】give birth to 生产(小孩) / by birth 在血统上，生来，天生地 birthday[5bE:WdeI] n.[C]生日：Happy birthday to you! 祝你生日快乐! / Today is my grandfather’s sixtieth birthday. 今天是我爷爷的60大寿。‎ birthplace[5bE:WpleIs] n.[C]出生地，(重要事件的)发源地 biscuit[5bIskIt] n. [C] (英)饼干，(美)果料小点心：a box of biscuits一盒饼干 / They fed him on biscuits. 他们用饼干喂他。‎ bit[bIt] n.少量，一点，一些：She is a bit like my sister. 她有点像我姐姐。/ He’s feeling a bit [=a little] better. 他感觉好些了。‎ ‎【短语】a bit of 一点儿，有点儿 / bit by bit=by bits 一点一点地，逐渐地 ‎【比较】a bit 与 a little：在肯定句中两者意思比较接近，但在否定句中意思区别很大：I’m not a bit tired. 我一点也不累。/ I’m not a little tired. 我很累。‎ bite[baIt] v.(bit, bitten)咬，迷住，(鱼)上钩 n. [C]咬，伤痛：Barking dogs seldom bite. (谚)爱叫的狗很少咬人。/ There seems to be a bite to his words. 他话里似乎带刺。‎ bitter[5bItE] adj.有苦味的，苦的；刺痛的(寒冷，风等)；痛苦的；悲伤的：The medicine tastes bitter. 这药有苦味。/ She has a bitter tongue. 她说话刻薄。‎ blackboard[5blAkbR:d] n.[C]黑板：Please look at the blackboard. 请看黑板。‎ blame[bleIm] vt.责备，谴责 n. [U]过失，责备：I don’t blame you for doing that. 我不责备你做了那事。/ He put [laid] all the blame on me. 他把一切都归咎于我。‎ ‎【用法】1.下面两句结构不同，但意思相同：He blamed the failure on me.= He blamed me for the failure. 他把失败归咎于我。2. be to blame 虽为主动形式，却表示被动意义：You are not to blame for what happened. 对所发生的事不该怪你。‎ blanket[5blANkIt] n.[C]毯子，毛毯：Cotton blankets are generally cheapest. 棉毛毯一般最便宜。‎ blind[blaInd] adj.瞎的，缺乏理解力的：He is blind in both eyes. 他双目失明。/ The blind are leading the blind. 盲人在给盲人领路。‎ block[blRk] n. [C]大块；一组，一批；街区；阻塞vt.阻塞，拦阻：The store is three blocks away. 那家商店距此三条街。‎ blood[blQd] n. [U]血：Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。‎ blouse[blaJz] n. [C](妇女穿的)短上衣，女衬衫：A button of my blouse has come off. 我上衣的一个纽扣掉了。‎ blow[blEJ]v.(blew, blown)吹，刮风，吹气 n. [C]打，打击：Two trees were blown down in the storm. 在暴风雨中两棵树被风刮倒。/ He gave me a blow in the eye. 他冲着我的眼睛打了一拳。‎ ‎【用法】用作名词可表示“打击”，但用作动词时并无此意，如“他给我重重地一击”可译为He struck me heavily 或 He gave me a heavy blow，但不能译为He blew me heavily.‎ blue[blU:] n. [C,U]蓝色 adj.蓝色的，沮丧的，忧郁的：She has got blue eyes. 她有一双蓝眼睛。/ I’m feeling rather blue today. 我今天觉得很沮丧。‎ board[bR:d] n. [C,U]木板；膳食费用；委员会，董事会vt.上(船，飞机等)：We will provide room and board for them. 我们将提供他们的食宿。/ Passengers checked their baggage before boarding the plane. 旅客上飞机前托运了行李。‎ boat[bEJt] n.[C]小船，小艇 vi.划船，乘船：We crossed the river in a boat. 我们乘一条小船过了河。/ We shall go boating on the lake on Saturday. 我们星期六到湖上去划船。‎ body[5bRdI] n.[C]身体，躯体，尸体，正文：He loves her body and soul. 他真心实意爱她。/ He does his work body and soul. 他全心全意地工作。‎ ‎【说明】body是相对于精神(mind, spirit, soul)的身体以及侧重指躯体的身体，不用于指健康状况的“身体”，如“他身体健康”不能译为His body is healthy，可译为He is in good health.或 He is healthy.‎ boil[bRIl] v.(水，液体)沸腾；(水)开，用开水煮；使(水，液体)沸腾：boiling water 正在沸腾的水 / boiled water 开水(已经开过的水)‎ bone[bEJn] n.[C]骨(头)，(鱼)刺：She is all skin and bones. 她骨瘦如柴。‎ book[bJk] n.[C]书，本子 vt.预定(房间，票等)：Here is the telephone book. 电话簿在这。/ I want to book a ticket for Beijing. 我想订一张去北京的票。‎ born[bR:n] v.(动词bear的过去分词)出生 adj.天生的，生来的：I was born in 1962. 我生于1962年。/ He is a born poet. 他是天生的诗人。‎ borrow[5bRrEJ] v.(向别人)借，借用：Can I borrow two books at a time? 我能一次借两本书吗?‎ ‎【用法】1.一般不接双宾语，若要表示类似意思可用 borrow sth from sb。2.有时与一段时间连用，表示借来使用的时间：He borrowed a car from a friend for a few days. 他借朋友的车子用了几天。‎ boss[bRs] n. [C]老板，领班：Don’t call me “boss”. 不要叫我“老板”。/ He wants to marry his boss’s daughter. 他想娶他老板的女儿。‎ both[bEJW] adj.两，双 pron.两者，两人，双方：Why not use both? 何不两者都用? / He speaks both English and French. 他既说英语也说法语。‎ bother[5bRTE] v.& n.打扰，烦扰，麻烦：Don’t bother him to do it for you. 别去麻烦他去为你做这事。/ They didn’t bother about [with] that. 他们对那件事并不感到焦急。/ Did you have much bother (in) finding his office? 你是不是费了很大的劲才找到他的办公室?‎ ‎【用法】后接动词时，用不定式或动名词均可：Don’t bother to lock [locking] the door. 别费事锁门了。‎ bottle[bRtl] n.[C]瓶子 (连用the)酒 v.用瓶子装：John’s on the bottle again! 约翰又在喝酒了! / This is where they bottle the milk. 在这里他们用瓶子装牛奶。‎ bottom[5bRtEm] n.[C]底；末端：He is at the bottom of the class. 他在班上排名最后。‎ bowl[bEJl] n.[C]碗：A bowl of hot chicken soup is good for you. 喝一碗热鸡汤对你有好处。‎ box[bRks] n. [C]箱子，盒子，匣子 v.拳击：We used boxes for chairs. 我们用箱子当椅子坐。/ They boxed (with) each other. 他们互相拳击。‎ boy[bRI] n. [C]男孩，男仆：The boy cried for help. 男孩大声呼救。‎ brain[breIn] n. [C,U]脑子，大脑；(复)头脑，脑力：He hasn’t got much brain. 他没什么头脑。/ He has very little brains. 他没什么头脑。/ Use your brain(s). 动动脑子。/ Where’s your brains? 你的脑子到哪里去了(你怎么不动动脑子)?‎ ‎【用法】表示“头脑”、“智力”等，不可数，但也可拼为 brains(仍不可数)，如可说 much brain(s)或 little brain(s)，但不说 many brains 或 few brains。不过值得注意的是，brain 表示此义时虽为不可数名词，但却可与不定冠词连用：He has a good brain. 他头脑好。‎ branch[brB:ntF] n.[C]树枝；分部，分支，部门；支流：This river has two main branches. 这条河有两条主要的支流。/ Her father is the secretary of the Party branch. 她父亲是这个党支部的书记。‎ brave[breIv] adj.勇敢的：It was brave of him to enter the burning building.=He was brave to enter the burning building. 他敢进入那燃烧的建筑，真是勇敢。‎ bread[bred] n.[U]面包，生计：He doesn’t just write for fun. Writing is his bread and butter. 他写作不只为了乐趣，写作是他的饭碗。‎ break[breIk] v.(broke broken)打破，折断，打碎n. [C]休息：I admitted breaking the window. 我承认打破了窗子。/ Let’s take a short break for lunch. 我们休息一下吃中饭。‎ ‎【短语】break away (from) 突然逃掉；脱离；破除 / break down 坏，失败，中断 / break in 突然进来；插嘴 / break into 强行进入；插嘴 / break out (火灾、战争等)突然发生，爆发(不用于被动语态) / break up 解散；结束；破裂；绝交 breakfast[5brekfEst] n. [C,U]早饭，早餐：Is breakfast ready? 早餐准备好了吗? / After breakfast it began to snow. 早饭后开始下起雪来。‎ ‎【用法】1.其前通常不用冠词，但若特指，则用定冠词；若受到形容词的修饰表示具有某种特点的“早餐”，则用不定冠词：Thank you for the breakfast. 谢谢你的这顿早餐。/ After a quick breakfast, he hurried to the station. 匆匆忙忙吃完早餐，他就赶到车站去了。2.要表示“吃”早餐，英语通常用 have，有时也可用 take 或eat(但较少见)。3.at breakfast 与 for breakfast 不同： 前者表示在吃早餐或在吃早餐的时候，后者表示为早餐而吃东西：I always drink tea at breakfast. 我总是用早餐时饮茶。/ I have an egg for breakfast. 我早餐吃1只鸡蛋。(注：lunch, supper 也具有类似用法)‎ breath[breW] n. [C,U]呼吸，气息：Let me get my breath back. 让我喘口气。/ I’ll love you as long as I have breath. 我终身爱你。‎ ‎【短语】hold one’s breath 屏住气 / out of breath 上气不接下气 breathe[bri:T] v.呼吸：Lie down flat and breathe deeply. 平躺下，做深呼吸。/ I want to go out and breathe the fresh air. 我想出去呼吸新鲜空气。‎ brick[brIk] n. [C,U]砖块，砖形物：He built his own house brick by brick. 他的房子是他自己一砖一瓦建成的。‎ bridge[brIdV] n.[C]桥：Don’t cross the bridge until you come to it. 不要杞人忧天。‎ bright[braIt] adj. 明亮的，明朗的，晴朗的；鲜明的；聪明的；伶俐的；美好的；有希望的：It was a bright day. 那是一个晴朗的日子。/ Her face was bright with happiness. 她喜气洋洋。/ You have a bright future. 你的前途是光明的。‎ bring[brIN] vt.(brought, brought)带来；传到；拿来；引起：What brings you here today? 今天是什么风把你吹来了? / And it will bring more trouble. 这会带来更多的麻烦。/ You are welcome to bring your wife to the party. 欢迎你带你的妻子来参加聚会。‎ ‎【短语】bring about 引起，实现，导致 / bring (a)round 使改变观点或看法；使苏醒；顺便把某人带来串门 / bring back 送还，带回；使想起，使恢复 / bring down 击落或打落(飞机等)；降低(温度、价格等) / bring on 带来，引起；促使成长或提高 / bring out 取出；显示出；衬托出；出版(书刊等)，推出(作品等) / bring through 使渡过(困难，危机等) / bring together 使和解 / bring up 提出；培养；呕吐 Britain[5brItEn] n.不列颠(英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰的总称)，英国：In Britain police do not carry guns. 在英国警察不带枪。‎ British[5brItIF] adj.英国的，英国人的，大不列颠的：British English 英国英语 / the British Museum 大英博物馆 ‎【用法】the British 相当于名词，指全体英国人，用作主语时，谓语用复数：The British drink a lot of tea. 英国人喝很多茶。‎ broad[brR:d] adj. 宽的，阔的；广泛的；概括的；明显的：How broad is the street (river)? 街(河)有多宽? / It’s as broad as it is long. 半斤八两；彼此相同。‎ broadcast[5brR:dkB:st] v.(broadcast or broadcasted)广播 n. [C]广播，播音：The BBC broadcasts every day. 英国广播公司每天广播。‎ broom[bru:m] n. [C]扫帚：A new broom sweeps clean. 新扫帚扫得干净(新官上任三把火)。‎ brother[5brQTE] n.[C]兄，弟：elder brother 哥哥 / younger brother 弟弟 brown[braJn] adj.& n.棕色(的)，褐色(的)：dark brown 深褐色 / brown paper 牛皮纸，包装纸 / brown sugar 红糖 brush[brQF] n. [C]刷子，毛刷，画笔；(一)刷v.刷，擦：He was painting with a brush. 他在用刷子刷漆。/ Give my coat a brush. 把我的大衣刷一刷。‎ bucket[5bQkIt] n. [C]水桶；铲斗：a bucket of milk一桶牛奶 build[bIld] v.(built, built)建筑(造)；建设(立)：They decided to build a new school. 他们决定盖一所新学校。/ We are building socialism. 我们在建设社会主义。‎ building[5bIldIN] n.[C]建筑物，房屋：This office building is 25 stories high. 这幢办公楼高18层。‎ burn[bE:n]v. 燃烧 n. [C]烧伤；灼伤：I smelled something burning. 我闻到东西烧焦的味道。/ Dad has had his hands burned. 爸的手给烫了。‎ ‎【用法】过去式和过去分词有burned和burnt两种形式：作定语时只用burnt；作不及物动词时通常用burned，作及物动词时两者均可用。‎ burst[bE:st] v.(burst, burst)(使)破裂，突然发生，爆炸 n. [C] (感情等的)爆发：She burst through the door. 她突然闯进门。/ Everyone burst out laughing. 大家都哄堂大笑。/ She burst into tears. 她突然哭了起来。‎ ‎【用法】burst into和burst out都可表示突然进入某种状态或发生某种情况，但前者通常后接名词，后者通常后接动名词。‎ bury[5berI] v.埋葬：He was buried alive. 他被活埋了。/ He buried himself in his work (studies). 他埋头于工作(学习)。‎ bus[bQs] n.[C]公共汽车：I went there by bus. 我乘公共汽车去那儿。/ He had to run to catch the bus. 他不得不跑着去赶搭公共汽车。‎ bush[bJF] n.[C]灌木丛：The hare hid itself in the bush. 野兔藏在灌木丛中。‎ business[5bIznIs] n.[C,U]工作，职业；生意；商店，公司；职责，本分；事务，事情：It’s time we got down to business. 我们该认真办事了(讨论实质问题了)。/ Mind your own business.=It’s none of your business. 这不关你的事(你少管闲事)。/ I’m here on business, not for pleasure. 我是来办公事，不是来玩的。‎ busy[5bIzI] adj.忙，繁忙的：He is as busy as a bee. 他很忙。/ She was busy writing letters. (当时)她正忙着写信。/ He is busy with [at, in, over, about] his work. 他在忙于工作。‎ ‎【注意】要表示“忙于做某事”，be busy要接动名词，不接不定式。‎ but [bEt,bQt] conj. 但是 prep. 除了：I was going to write, but I lost your address. 我本来要写信的，可是把你的地址弄丢了。/ We had no choice but to wait. 我们除了等待之外别无其他选择。‎ ‎【短语】can but 只能，只好(后接动词原形) / cannot but 不得不，禁不住(后接动词原形) / but for 若不是，要不是(通常连用虚拟语气) / nothing but 只有 / anything but 绝不，并不 butcher[5bJtFE] n. [C]肉店，屠夫 vt.屠宰(动物)，残杀(人)：I’m going to the butcher’s (shop). 我到肉铺去。/ They butchered the prisoners. 他们残杀囚犯。‎ butter[5bQtE] n.[U]黄油，奶油：A pound of butter, please. 我要一磅黄油。‎ button[5bQtn] n.[C]纽扣，(电铃等的)按钮 v.扣(纽扣)：A button of my blouse has come off. 我上衣的一个纽扣掉了。‎ buy[baI] v.(bought, bought)购买：Buy whichever is cheapest. 买最便宜的。/ He bought me a bike.=He bought a bike for me. 他给我买了辆自行车。‎ by[baI] prep.靠近，经过；在…时间，在…旁，(指时间)不迟于，(用于被动语态)被，(表示方法，手段)用；由(指交通工具等)乘，用adv.在附近，经过：Sit by me. 挨着我坐吧。/ The thief was caught by the police. 小偷被警察抓住了。/ He came here by water, not by land. 他是从水路来的，不是从陆路来的。/ He came in by the back door. 他从后门进来。/ She held the child by the hand. 她抓住小孩的手。/ I shall have finished the work by the time you come back. 你回来时，我会已经把工作完成了。/ They are paid by the hour. 他们所得报酬按小时计。‎ bye(-bye)[5baIbaI] interj.(口语)，再见，回头见，再会：Bye! See you tomorrow. 明天见。/ She waved her hand to say good-bye. 她挥手告别。‎ C cabbage[5kAbIdV] n. [C,U]卷心菜，洋白菜：She bought two cabbages [two heads of cabbage]. 她买了两棵卷心菜。‎ café[5kAfI] n.[C]咖啡馆，餐馆：It was very quiet in the cafe. 在咖啡店很安静。‎ cage[keIdV] n.[C]笼，鸟笼，兽槛：She loosed the bird from the cage. 她把小鸟放出笼子。‎ cake[keIk] n.[C,U]蛋糕，饼：It’s a piece of cake. 这很容易(这是小菜一碟)。‎ call[kR:l] n. [C]叫，喊；(一次)电话，通话 v.称呼，取名；呼唤，叫喊：The moment I have finished I’ll give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。/ He called a taxi for me. 他为我叫了出租车。/ Get out before I call the police. 滚开，否则我叫警察。‎ ‎【短语】call for 去取(某物)，去接(某人)；要求，号召 / call at 访问(某地) / call in 召来，召集 / call on 拜访(某人) / call away 叫走；转移(注意力等) / call back 唤回；回电话 / call off 叫走，转移开；取消 / call (up)on sb to do sth 叫(请)某人做某事，号召某人做某事 / call out 大声叫(喊)，召唤 / call up (给…)打电话；想起 calm[kB:m] adj.镇静，沉着；风平浪静的 v.(使)安静，镇定：The sea was calm after the storm. 经过这场风暴后，大海平静下来了。/ The crying child soon calmed down. 哭闹的小孩不多一会就安静下来。‎ camera[5kAmErE] n.[C]摄影机，照相机：The camera clicked and their picture was taken. 照相机“卡嗒”一声照下了他们的相片。‎ camp[kAmp] n.[C]野营，营地 v.(使)扎营：Those who are going camping please gather at the gate. 要去露营的人请在大门口集合。‎ can[kAn,kEn]v.& aux. (could)能够，可以，可能，会 n.[C](美)罐头，听头，一罐之量：Difficulties can and must be overcome. 困难能够而且必须克服。/ He drank four cans of beer. 他喝了四罐啤酒。‎ ‎【用法】1.表推测时，通常只用于否定句和疑问句，一般不用于肯定句。2.若对过去可能已经发生的情况作推测，不能只用can的过去式could，而应后接动词的完成式：She can’t [couldn’t]have left so soon. 她不可能走得这么早。‎ Canada[5kAnEdE] n.加拿大：Canada is north of the United States. 加拿大在美国的北面。‎ Canadian[kE5neIdjEn] adj.加拿大(人)的 n.[C]加拿大人：She’s Canadian, but her Chinese is excellent. 她是加拿大人，但她的汉语非常出色。‎ candle[5kAndl] n.[C]蜡烛：Man’s life is often compared to a candle. 人生常被喻为蜡烛。/ burn the candle at both ends 过分浪费精力(财产等)‎ cap[kAp] n.[C]帽子；(管，瓶等的)盖：It’s a nice cap. 那是一顶好看的帽子。‎ capital[5kApItEl] n.[C]首都(府)，省会；大写字母 [U]资本，资金：Please write your name in capitals [in capital letters]. 请用大写字母写你的名字。/ He has enough capital to build another factory. 他有足够的资金再建一家工厂。‎ captain[5kAptIn] n. [C]陆军上尉，海军上校；船长，(足球队)队长：We chose him (as) captain. 我们选他当队长。‎ car[kB:] n. [C]小汽车；火车车厢；(电梯，缆车等的)厢，舱：He entered [got into] the car and drove (it) home. 他进了小汽车就开车回了家。‎ card[kB:d] n. [C]卡片，名片；请柬；纸牌：Could you please give me your card? 请给我一张你的名片好吗?/ This is my identity card. 这是我的身份证。‎ care[kZE] n.[U]小心，谨慎，注意；关怀，爱护，照料 v.忧虑，烦恼喜欢，想要；介意，在乎，关心，忧虑：Please do this with care. 你做这事时请格外小心。/ I don’t care to play football. 我不喜欢踢足球。/ Would you care for a drink? 你想喝一杯吗?‎ ‎【短语】care about 关心，担心 / care for 喜欢，愿意，照看，爱护，关心，担心 / take care (of) 当心，小心，照看 ‎【用法】用作名词时，不可数，所以在 take good care of 这类表达中，不要在take 后误加不定冠词。‎ careful[5kZEfJl] adj.谨慎的，小心的，仔细的：Be careful not to fall off the ladder. 当心别从梯子上掉下来。/ I hope you will be more careful of [about] your health. 希望你更注意身体。/ You should be careful in operating this machine. 操作这部机器时要小心。‎ ‎【比较】be careful (in) doing sth 与be careful to do sth：前者指做某事时很小心或仔细，后者指小心地去做某事。‎ careless[5kZElIs] adj.粗心的，漫不经心的：Careless driving cost him his life. 漫不经心的开车使他丢了性命。/ He’s careless of [about] his appearance. 他不修边幅。‎ ‎【比较】1.以下两句结构不同，但含义相同：It was careless of you to leave the room unlocked.= You were careless to leave the room unlocked ‎. 你没有把门锁上真是太粗心(太大意)了。2.be careful in doing sth与be careful to do sth：前者指做某事时很粗心，后者指粗心地做了某事(不定式为结果状语)：He was careless to make some mistakes. 他很粗心，结果出了些错。/ He was careless in typing the letter. 他打印这封信时很粗心。‎ carpet[5kB:pIt] n.[C,U]地毯；像地毯铺的东西：She laid a carpet on the floor. 她在地板上铺了地毯。‎ carrot[5kArEt] n.[C,U]胡萝卜：grow carrots in the garden 在菜园里种胡萝卜 carry[5kArI] v.运送，搬运，携带：He offered to carry my bags. 他主动要帮我提行李。/ These bags carry easily. 这些包便于携带。‎ ‎【短语】carry away 带走，冲走；使非常兴奋或失去自制力 / carry off 拿走；获奖；成功在应付 / carry on 继续(下去)，进行(下去) / carry out 进行，完成；履行，实现，执行 / carry through 成功地完成；帮助渡过难关 cart[kB:t] n.[C](二轮运货)马车，(二轮或四轮)手推车，大车 case[keIs] n.[C]情况，情形，事例；病症，病例；案件；箱(子)，盒(子)：It is not the case. 情况不是这样；事实并非如此。/ There are five cases of fever in school. 学校有5个发烧病人了。‎ ‎【短语】in any case 无论如何，总之 / in case 假使，如果，万一 / in case of 万一，如果发生 / in no case 决不 ‎【用法】1. in case用作连词可引导条件状语从句(=如果，万一)和目的状语从句(=以防)，也可直接用作状语(=以防万一)：Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。/ I don’t let him go out in this weather in case he should catch cold. 我不让他这种天气出去以防他会感冒。/ / Wear a raincoat (just) in case. 穿上雨衣以防万一。2.与in case类似，复合介词in case of也可表示条件(=如果)或目的(=以防)：In case of rain they can’t go. 万一下雨，他们就不能去了。/ Take an umbrella with you in case of rain. 带把雨伞，以防下雨。‎ castle[5kB:sl] n. [C]城堡：The castle dates back to the ancient Roman days. 此城堡建于古罗马时代。‎ cat[kAt] n. [C]猫：A cat has nine lives. 猫有九命(即生命力很强)。‎ catch[kAtF] v.(caught, caught) v. 抓住，接住；赶上，乘坐；传染，感染(疾病)，患(病等)；偶然(或突然)撞见；听清，理解：I’ll throw the ball and you catch it. 我扔球你接。/ The policeman caught the thief. 警察逮住了小偷。/ The teacher caught him sleeping in class. 老师发现他在上课时睡觉。/ She caught her finger in the door. 她的一只手指被门夹住了。‎ ‎【短语】catch at 抓住，采纳 / catch on 挂住，钩住；受欢迎，流行；领会 / catch sb out 发现某人有错 / catch up with 赶上 cattle[5kAtl] n.(总称)牛，牲口：He has 80 cattle on the farm. 他在农场里有80头牛。/ Farmers grow grain and keep cattle. 农民种谷养牛。‎ ‎【用法】1.虽为单数形式，但永远表示复数意义。2.要表示“牛”的头数，可借助head(单复数同形)：100 (head of) cattle 100头牛 cause[kR:z] n. [C]原因 [U]理由 vt.使产生，引起：The heavy rain was the cause of the flood. 大雨是导致洪水产生的原因。/ You have no cause for complaining. 你没有理由抱怨。/ What caused his failure? 什么使得他失败了?‎ ‎【用法】1.用作动词时，其宾语后可接不定式(必须带to)作宾补，但不接形容词作宾补，如不能说The news caused her sad，可改为The news made her sad.或The news caused her to be sad. 这消息使她伤心。2.有时接双宾语：The car caused me a lot of trouble. 这车给我引来了不少麻烦。‎ cave[keIv] n.[C]洞，地窖 v.洞穴探险运动；(使)塌下，(使)倒塌：Go into the cave, then they won’t see you. 躲进洞里去，那他们就看不到你了。‎ ceiling[5si:lIN] n.[C]天花板，顶篷：The light hangs from the ceiling above you. 电灯从你头上的天花板上吊下来。‎ celebrate[5selIbreIt] v.庆祝，歌颂，赞美：We celebrate International Women’s Day on March 8th. 我们在三月八日庆祝国际妇女节。‎ cent[sent] n.[C]一分钱；(用作单位)百分之一：There are 100 cents in a dollar. 1美元合100美分。/ The price was reduced by 18 per cent. 价格降低了18%。‎ center / centre[5sentE] n. [C]中间，中心，中央：The research center will be under his direction. 这个研究中心将由他指挥。‎ central[sen5trEl] adj.中部的，中央的，主要的：central bank 中央银行 ‎ century[5sentFElI] n. [C]百年，世纪：The castle dates back to the 14th century. 这座城堡是十四世纪修建的。‎ certain[5sE:tEn] adj.确定的，无疑的；某种：Are you certain of [about] that? 你对此有把握吗? / She’s certain to pass the exam. 她考试肯定会及格。/ For certain reasons I can’t come. 因为某些原因，我不能来了。‎ ‎【短语】for certain 有把握，肯定地 / make certain 弄清楚，弄得有把握，核实 certainly[5sE:tnlI] adv.一定，无疑地，是的，当然，好：Victory certainly belongs to the people. 胜利一定属于人民。‎ chain[tFeIn] n.[C,U]链，链条 [C]一连串：She wore a gold chain around her neck.她的脖子上戴了一条金项链。/ chain stores 连锁店 chair[tFZE] n. [C]椅子：He was sitting on [in] the chair. 他坐在椅子上。‎ chairman[5tFZEmEn] (pl. chairmen) n. [C]主席，董事长，会长：The chairman introduced the speaker to the audience. 主席把讲演者介绍给听众。‎ chalk[tFR:k] n.[U]粉笔：write with a piece of chalk 用粉笔写字 chance[tFB:ns] n.[C,U]机会，偶然性，可能性 v.碰巧，偶然；冒…的危险：They should be given a chance to try. 应当给他们尝试的机会。/ I wish to have a chance to go[of going] to college. 我希望有个机会上大学。‎ ‎【短语】by chance 偶然，意外地 / take one’s chance 利用机会 change[tFeIndV] v.改换，改变；更换，兑换 n. [C,U]变化；零钱；找头：What caused him to change his mind? 什么使他改变主意的? / Here is your change. 这是你的找头。‎ ‎【短语】for a change 为了改变一下，换换花样 / change A for B 用A去换B / change A into B 把A变成(换成)B / change places 交换位置(座位) ‎ ‎【比较】change sth与change sth for sth：前者指换某物，后者指用某物去换另一物。‎ charge[tFB:dV] n.[U]主管，看管 [C]费用；控告v.收费，索价；指控，控告：He has charge of the branch. 他主管分店。/ How much did he charge you for repairing it? 他修理这东西收了你多少钱? / She charged him with cheating. 她告他进行欺骗。‎ ‎【短语】in [under] the charge of 由…负责 / have [take] charge of 照顾，管理，负责 ‎【用法】表示“收费”和“控告”时，所搭配的介词不同：charge money for sth=因为某事物而收费，charge sb with sth=指控某人做某事，因某事而控告某人。‎ chat[tFAt] v.& n.聊天，闲谈：They dropped in for a chat last night. 他们昨晚顺便来闲聊了一会儿。/ He came over to chat and play cards. 他过来聊天、打牌。‎ cheap[tFi:p] adj.便宜的，贱的：It’s too cheap to be good. 这东西太便宜，好不了(即便宜无好货)。‎ check[tFek] v. 检查，核对；寄存n. [C]检查，核对；(美)支票(=英国的cheque)；(饭馆等的)账单：The teacher is checking examination papers. 老师在批阅考卷。/ Have you checked your luggage? 你的行李寄存了吗? ‎ cheek[tFi:k] n.[C]面颊，脸蛋：Her cheeks went a very pretty pink. 她的脸变成漂亮的粉红色。/ She kissed the baby on the cheek. 她在孩子的脸颊上亲了一下。‎ cheer[tFIE] n.[C]欢呼 [U]高兴 v.(使)高兴；(使)振奋，欢呼，喝彩：Cheer up! The news isn’t too bad. 振作起来吧! 消息还不算太坏。‎ cheese[tFi:z] n.[C,U]奶酪，干酪：Two cheeses, please. 请来两客干酪。‎ chemistry[5kemIstrI] n. [U]化学：The chief sciences are chemistry, physics and biology. 主要的自然科学是化学、物理和生物。‎ cheque / check[tFek] n.[C]支票(=美国的check)：Here’s a cheque for 500 dollars. 这是一张500美元的支票。/ Did you pay by cheque? 你是以支票付款的吗?‎ chest[tFest] n.胸膛；箱子；公款：a tool chest 工具箱 / I have a pain in the chest. 我感到胸痛。‎ chicken[5tFIkIn] n.[C]小鸡 [U]鸡(肉)：Shall we have chicken or duck for dinner? 正餐我们吃鸡还是吃鸭?‎ chief[tFi:f] n.[C]首领，领袖 adj.主要的，首要的：a chief engineer 总工程师 / His chief interest is playing chess. 他的主要兴趣是下棋。‎ child[tFaIld] n.(pl.children)[C]小孩，儿童：Children’s Day儿童节 chimney[5tFImnI] n.[C]烟囱，(火山的)喷烟口，(石头的)裂缝 china1[5tFaInE]n. [U]陶瓷，瓷器，瓷料：a piece of china 一件瓷器 / a set of china 一套瓷器 / china wedding 瓷婚(结婚20周年纪念)‎ China2 [5tFaInE] n.中国：new China 新中国 / East China 华东 / socialist China 社会主义中国 / China is in East Asia. 中国位于东亚。‎ Chinese[5tFaI5ni:z] n.中国人(单复数同)，汉语adj.中国的，中国人的，汉语的：He read all kinds of books, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign. 他读了很多书，古今中外都有。‎ chocolate[5tFRkElIt] n. [C,U]巧克力，巧克力糖：a (piece of) chocolate 一块巧克力 / A chocolate ice-cream, please. 请给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。‎ choice[tFRIs] n. [C,U]选择，挑选：We each had to make a choice. 我们每人都必须做选择。/ He has no choice but to go with them. 他没有办法，只好跟他们去。‎ ‎【用法】1.have no choice but to do sth(除…外别无选择)中的不定必须带to。2.choice 除用作名词外，有时还可用作形容词，意为“精选的”、“上等的”，如：choice apples 上等的苹果 choose[tFu:z] v.(chose, chosen)挑选；选举：He chose not to go abroad until later. 他决定晚点出国。/ He chose George as his assistant. 他选择乔治做他的助手。‎ ‎【比较】choose sth 与 choose from [among] sth：前者指选取某物，后者指从某物中挑选。所以类似下面这样的句子，其后的from不宜省略：There are various colors to choose from. 有各种各样的颜色可供选择。‎ ‎【用法】1.可接双宾语，若双宾语易位，借助介词for：She chose him a sweater.=She chose a sweater for him. 她替他挑选了一件毛衣。2. cannot choose but 后接动词原形，其意为“不得不(只得)做某事”。‎ ‎【辨析】choose, select 与 pick：choose 为常用词，侧重指凭个人意志或判断进行选择；select 则侧重以客观为标准进行选择，并强调选出好的，淘汰不好的；pick 主要指从个人角度在众多中进行挑选，有时含有任意选择之意。‎ Christmas[5krIsmEs] n.圣诞节：Christmas is an important feast for Christians. 圣诞节是基督徒的重要节日。‎ ‎【用法】1.表示“在圣诞节”，可说at Christmas，也可用 on Christmas Day，注意两者所用介词不同。2.祝某人圣诞快乐时，通常在Christmas前用形容词 merry修饰，其实也可用happy。‎ church[tFE:tF] n.[C]教堂 [U]礼拜仪式，礼拜：We go to church every Sunday. 我们每个星期天都去做礼拜。‎ ‎【用法】表示具体一座教堂，可数，且根据情况可在其前用冠词；表示在教堂做礼拜或进行礼拜仪式，则不可数，且其前不用冠词：They are in [at] church. 他们在做礼拜。‎ cigar[sI5gB:] n.[C]雪茄烟：He lit a cigar. 他点燃一支雪茄烟。‎ cigarette[sIgE5reIt] n.[C]香烟，纸烟：He is smoking a cigarette. 他在抽烟。‎ cinema[5sInImE] n.[C]电影院 (连用the)电影：Let’s go to the cinema tonight. 我们今晚去看电影吧。‎ circle[5sE:kl] v.环绕，盘旋 n.[C]圆，圈子：Circle the correct answers. 圈出正确的答案。/ They sat in a circle round the fire. 他们围着火坐成一圈。‎ citizen[5sItIzn] n.[C]市民，公民：a citizen of Beijing 北京市民 / Every citizen must pay taxes. 每个公民都必须纳税。‎ city[5sItI] n.[C]城市：Which do you prefer to live, in a city or in the country ? 你喜欢住在城里还是住在乡下?‎ clap[klAp] v.鼓掌，拍手 n.[C]鼓掌声，拍手声：He clapped his son on the back. 他轻轻地拍了拍儿子的背。‎ class[klB:s] n.[C]班，班级；课；类别；等级；阶级：Class is at eight. 8点开始上课。/ He never took notes in class. 他上课从不记笔记。/ Class differences can divide a nation. 阶级差异会造成国家的分裂。‎ classmate[5klB:smeIt] n.[C]同班同学：She got on well with her classmates. 她和同学相处得很好。‎ classroom[5klB:srJm] n. [C]教室：Most classrooms have computers. 多数教室里都有电脑。‎ clean[kli:n] adj.清洁的，干净的 v.打扫，弄干净adv.完全地，全然地：Her room is always clean and tidy. 她的房间总是干净整洁。/ Your shoes need cleaning. 你的鞋要擦一擦了。/ I’d clean forgotten to switch the light on. 我全然忘了开灯。‎ clear[klIE] adj. 清澈的；晴朗的；清楚的；确定的v.收拾；使(变)清洁；使(变)清澈；变晴 adv.清楚地；完全地：We could see fish in the clear water. 我们看到清澈的水中有鱼。‎ ‎/ I am not quite clear yet about this. 对此我还不太清楚。/ After the stormwas over, the sky cleared. 暴风雨过后，天晴了。‎ clerk[klB:k, klE:k] n. [C]职员，办事员；书记员：She got a job as a bank clerk. 她得到一份银行职员的工作。‎ clever[klevE] adj.聪明的，伶俐的：It’s clever of her to refuse them.=She is clever to refuse them. 她拒绝他们那是明智的。‎ climb[klaIm] v.爬，攀登 n. [C]攀登：Monkeys can climb well. 猴子善于攀爬。/ The climb got all of us tired. 爬山使我们都累了。‎ clinic[5klInIk] n.[C]诊所：It is often less expensive to see a doctor in a clinic than in a hospital. 通常去诊所看病比去医院看病便宜。‎ clock[klRk] n. [C]时钟：The clock is 5 minutes fast (slow). 这钟快(慢)5分钟。‎ close[klEJz] v.关，闭 adj.& adv.[klEJs]近，靠近：She closed the door softly. 她轻轻地关上门。/ The post office closes at 6. 邮局6点关门。/ I live close to the shops. 我住得离商店很近。‎ ‎【注意】用作形容词时，它不表示“关闭”的意思，要表示此义，要用closed：The shop is closed now. 商店现在关门了。‎ cloth[klRW] n.[C,U]布料：Spread a cloth over the table. 在桌上铺一块桌布。‎ ‎【用法】表示用作衣料的“布”时，不可数；表示用作某种特殊用途的布(如桌布、台布、揩布等)时，可数。‎ clothes[klEUTz] n.(复)衣服，服装：She wears everyday clothes to work. 她着便装上班。‎ ‎【用法】1.是“衣服”的统称，指穿在身上的所有东西。2.是一个没有单数形式的复数名词，但不与数词连用。‎ clothing[5klEJTIN] n.[U](总称)衣服，衣着：They wear very little clothing. 他们衣服穿得很少。/ He’s a wolf in sheep’s clothing. 他是一只披着羊皮的狼。‎ ‎【辨析】clothes与clothing：前者为复数名词，后者为不可数名词；前者较具体，后者比较抽象；“一套衣服”是a suit of clothes，“一件衣服”是a piece [an article] of clothing。‎ cloud[klaJd] n.[C,U]云(状物)：There are dark clouds in the sky. 天空乌云密布。‎ club[klQb] n. [C]俱乐部：What club do you belong to? 你是哪个俱乐部的?‎ coal[kEJl] n. [C,U]煤，煤块：Coal and oil are natural products. 煤和石油是天然物产。‎ ‎【说明】通常不可数，但若表示正在燃烧中的煤块，则可数。‎ coast[kEJst] n.[C]海岸，海滨：There are many islands off the coast. 沿海有许多岛屿。‎ coat[kEJt] n.[C]外套，大衣；表层，涂层：He hung his coat on the hook. 他把衣服挂在钩子上。‎ cock[kRk] n. [C]公鸡；水龙头，旋塞：Cocks crow at dawn. 黎明鸡叫。/ Turn the cock to increase the flow of water. 请开大龙头以增加水流量。‎ coffee[5kRfI] n. [U,C]咖啡：I prefer tea to coffee. 我喜欢茶胜于咖啡。‎ ‎【用法】1.通常不可数，但表示“(一杯)咖啡”时，可数：Three teas and two coffees, please.请来三杯茶和两杯咖啡。2.不要从字面意义误解以下说法：black coffee 纯(清)咖啡 / white coffee 牛奶咖啡 3.形容咖啡的浓淡，可用strong和weak，但不能用thick和thin。‎ coin[kRIn] n. [C,U]硬币，钱币：Let me change the dollar bill for coins. 让我把这张美元的纸钞换成硬币。‎ cold[kEJld] adj.冷的，寒冷 n.[U]寒冷[C,U]伤风，感冒：It isn’t as cold as it was yesterday. 今天没有昨天冷。/ Take care not to catch cold. 小心别感冒。‎ ‎【用法】在have (got) a cold(感冒)这一表达中，a不能省略，但在 take (a) cold, catch (a) cold, get (a) cold这类表达中a却可以省略。但即使是后一种情况，若cold前有形容词修饰，则其中的a也不能省略。‎ collar[5kRlE] n.[C]衣领：I seized him by the collar. 我一把抓住他的衣领。‎ collect[kE5lekt] v.收集，搜集；领取；收钱；使(思想)集中：She is fond of collecting stamps. 她喜欢集邮。/ He’s gone to collect his son. 他去接儿子了。‎ college[5kRlIdV] n.[C](综合大学中)学院，高等专科学校；大学：evening college 夜大 / Her elder daughter is in college. 她的长女在上大学。‎ colo(u)r[5kQlE] n. [C,U]颜色，色彩；颜料v.给…着色，涂色：A blind man can’t judge colours. 盲人不能判断颜色。‎ ‎【说明】汉语说“彩色的…”，根据情况可以用color, colored, colorful 修饰，其区别是：color 用作定语，通常指它所修饰名词能够产生color的效果，如：color TV(彩电)，color film(彩色电影)；colored 用作定语，通常指它所修饰的名词具有color的特征，如：colored flags(彩旗)，colored chalk(彩色粉笔)；而colorful用作定语，则指颜色的多样性或色彩的鲜艳性，意为“丰富多彩的”、“多彩的”、“艳丽的”，如：colorful clouds(彩云)。‎ comb[kEJm] v.梳 n.[C]梳子：Have you combed your hair? 你梳过头发了吗?‎ come[kQm] v.(came, come) 来，来临，到达，出现，来(自)；开始：Will you come with me to the store? 你和我一道去商店吗? / I came to realize that he was right. 我终于认识到他是对的。‎ ‎【短语】come about (某情况)发生 / come across (偶然)发现或遇见 / come on [upon] 偶然碰见；出现，降临 / come on来吧，行啦，快点，好吧，加油 / come along 一道去，跟着 / come in 到来，进来，上市 / come out 出来，出版，有…结果，开花 / come over 来访，来玩，产生 / come round 来访，到来，恢复知觉 / come to 来到，合计，有意义，苏醒，谈到 comfort[5kQmfEt] n.[C,U]舒适，安慰 vt.使舒适，安慰：He lived in comfort. 他过得很舒服。/ Say something to comfort her. 说几句话宽慰她。‎ comfortable[5kQmfEtEbl] adj.(使身体)舒适的，愉快的，轻松的：Please make yourself comfortable. 别客气。 / It was comfortable sitting here. 坐在这里很舒服。‎ common[5kRmEn] adj.共同的，普通的，一般的：It’s a common cup. 这是个公用茶杯。/ “Smith” is a very common last name in England. 在英国“史密斯”是很常见的姓。‎ ‎【短语】in common 共同享有(使用)的 / in common with 和…一样 communism[5kRmjJnIzEm] n.[U]共产主义：Our ultimate aim is to realize communism. 我们的最终目的是实现共产主义。‎ communist[5kRmjJnIst] n. [C]共产主义者 adj.共产主义的：the international communist movement 国际共产主义运动 companion[kEm5pAnjEn] n.[C]同事，同伴，伴侣：Are you alone or with a companion? 你单独一人还是与朋友在一起?‎ company[5kQmpEnI] n.[C]公司 [U]陪伴，交往；客人 [C]一群人：Our company is under good direction. 我们公司管理有方。/ I’ve come to keep you company. 我来给你做伴的。/ A company of travelers are [is] expected to arrive soon. 一伙游客不久即将到来。‎ ‎【用法】表示“客人”，可指一人或多人，但不可数，且一般不与冠词连用：We’re expecting company this evening. 我们今晚有客人要来。‎ compare[kEm5pZE] v.比较；比喻，比作；比得上，相比：The poet compares his lover to a rose in his poems. 诗人在他诗歌中把他的情人比作玫瑰花。/ Compare this with that, and you will see which is the better. 把这个同那个一比，就知道哪个更好了。‎ ‎【用法】1.按传统语法，表示“把…比作…”，通常用 compare...to…；表示“把…与…比较”，通常用compare...with...，但在现代英语中，也可用 compare ...to...，或者用 compare...and...，尤其在用作状语的 compared to [with]… 中，to 和 with 几乎没什么区别：Compared to [with] many women, she was very fortunate. 和许多人相比她是很幸运的。2. can compare with意为“比得上”、“能与…相比”(其中的 compare 不及物)，该结构多用于否定句或疑问句：My English can’t compare with his. 我的英语不如他。‎ complete[kEm5pli:t] adj.完全的，彻底的，完结的v.完成，结束：We can’t go out until our homework is complete. 我们把作业做完才能出去。/ We completed the work five days ahead of time. 我们提前五天完成任务。‎ composition[7kCmpE5zIFEn] n.[C]作文，作品 [U]写作，作曲：Your composition is full of spelling mistakes. 你的作文里满是拼写错误。‎ computer[kEm5pju:tE] n.[C]计算机，电脑：I hate computer games. 我不喜欢电脑游戏。/ We used the computer to save time. 我们用电脑节约时间。‎ comrade[5kRmrId] n.[C]同志，同乡：He is our comrade. 他是我们的同志。‎ concert[5kRnsEt] n.[C]音乐会，演奏会 [U]一致：The concert drew a large audience.音乐会吸引了大量的观众。‎ condition[kEn5dIFEn] n. [C]条件 [U,C]状况，状态 (常用复)情况，环境，形势：I found her in excellent condition. 我发现她处于极佳状态。/ Living conditions have improved here. 这里的生活条件已得到改善。‎ ‎【短语】on no condition 绝不 / on condition that 如果，以…为条件 ‎【用法】若on no condition位于句首，其后用倒装语序：On no condition should you tell her about it. 你绝不能把此事告诉她。‎ conductor[kEn5dQktE] n.[C]管理人，指导者，(车上的)售票员，列车员；乐队指挥；导体，导线：She is a bus conductor. 她是公共汽车售票员。/ Wood is a poor conductor of sound. 木头是声音的不良导体。‎ congratulation[kEn7grAtjJ5leIFEn] n.(常用复)祝贺，庆贺：Congratulations on your success. 祝贺你取得了成功。‎ connect[kE5nekt] v.连接，相通，联想，衔接：Connect the fridge to the electricity supply. 接通冰箱的电源。/ A railway connects Beijing to [with] Shanghai. 北京和上海有铁路连接。/ People connect Anshan with steel. 人们提到鞍山就想到钢。‎ consider[kEn5sIdE] v.考虑；把…看作；认为：All things considered, I’m sure he will win. 综观一切，我相信他会赢。/ She is considering changing her job. 她在考虑换工作。‎ ‎【用法】1.后跟动词作宾语时，用动名词，不用不定式。2.表示“认为…是…，通常用“consider+宾语+as+名词或形容词”，其中的as可省略或换成to be。‎ construction[kEn5strQkFEn] n. [U]建造，建设 [C]构造物，建筑物：A new railroad is under construction. 一条新的铁路正在修建中。‎ contain[kEn5teIn] vt.包含，包括；装，容纳：A sentence usually contains a subject and a verb. 句子通常包括主语和动词。‎ content1[kEn5tent] adj.满意的，满足的 vt.使满足，使满意：We are not content with the present achievements. 我们不满足于目前的成就。/ I should be well content to do so. 我很乐意这样做。/ Simple praise is enough to content him. 几句好话就足以使他满意了。‎ ‎【用法】用作形容词时，只用作表语；若用于名词前作定语，要用contented(它同时也可用作表语)：He nodded with a contented smile. 他面带满意的笑容点了点头。/ Everybody feels contented. 大家都感到很满意。‎ content2[kEn5tent] n.1.[C,U]内容，(常用单)含量，容量；(用复数)目录：Look at the contents page of a book before buying it. 买书前先看看目录。‎ continent[5kCntInEnt] n. [C]大陆，大洲：Africa is a continent. 非洲是个大陆。‎ ‎【用法】有时表示“欧洲大陆”，以别于英伦三岛：Coffee was introduced into England from the Continent. 咖啡是从欧洲大陆传入英国的。‎ continue[kEn5tInju:] v.继续，连续：to be continued 未完，待续 / He continued silent. 他继续沉默着。‎ ‎【用法】后接动词作宾语时，用不定式或动名词均可，且意思相同：They continued to meet [meeting] daily. 他们继续每天都见面。‎ control[kEn5trEJl] v.& n.控制，支配：They soon got the fire under control. 他们很快把火势控制住。/ This made it hard for me to control myself. 这使我难于控制自己。‎ ‎【注意】其过去式、过去分词、现在分词要双写l：controlled, controlling。‎ convenient[kEn5vi:nIEnt] adj.方便的，适合的；容易到达的：Our house is convenient for [to] the station. 我们家离车站很近便。/ Will six o’clock be convenient for you? 六点钟你方便吗? ‎ ‎【用法】其实际意思是“使人感到方便的”，而不是“(自己)感觉到方便的”，如可说Railway is convenient(铁路方便)，但不说I’ll come if you are convenient，可改为I’ll come if it is convenient for [to] you. 你若方便，我就来。‎ conversation[7kCnvE5seIFEn] n.[C,U]谈话，交谈：I’m tired of your conversation. 你的讲话我听腻了。/ in conversation with (在)和…谈话 cook[kJk] v.烹调，煮，烧 n. [C]厨师，炊事员：Who will cook the dinner? 谁来做饭?‎ ‎【用法】不要将cook(厨师)与cooker(炊具)混淆。 ‎ cool[ku:l] adj.凉的，凉爽的；冷静的；满不在乎，冷漠的；帅的，酷的 v.(使)某物变凉：Whatever happens, the first important thing is to keep cool. 不管发生什么事，头等重要的是保持冷静。‎ copy[5kCpI] n. [C]一本(份，册…)；复制品 v.抄写，复制；抄袭：a copy of China Daily. 一份《中国日报》 / Please make three carbon copies of it. 请将它复印三份。‎ corn[kC:n] n.[U]谷物，谷粒，玉米：Did the storm do any harm to the corn? 风暴损害庄稼了没有?‎ corner[5kR:nE] n. [C]角落，拐角：He found her crying in the corner. 他发现她在角落里哭。/ There is a shop at [on] the street corner. 街道拐角处有家商店。‎ correct[kE5rekt] adj.正确的，恰当的 vt.改正，纠正：Am I correct in saying this? 我这样说对吗? / I had all my mistakes corrected. 我把所有的错误都改正了。‎ cost[kCst] n.[C,U]价格，费用，成本；(用单数)代价，牺牲，损失vt.(cost, cost)值(多少钱)，花费；丧失，牺牲：He bought the piano at a cost of 500 dollars. 他花500 美元买下了这架钢琴。/ The invention cost him much time. 此发明花了他不少时间。/ Careless driving will cost you your life. 粗心开车会使你丧命的。/ It cost me $1000 a year to run a car. 使用一辆车每年要花我1000美元。‎ ‎【用法】1.用事或物作主语(包括形式主语it)，不以人作主语。2.不用于被动语态。3.主要用于花钱的情形，有时也用于花时间，但通常用于笼统时间(如much time, a lot of time等)。‎ cottage[5kCtIdV] n.[C](郊外的)小屋，村舍；别墅：That old cottage is hidden among trees. 那座古老的农舍隐藏在树林中。‎ cotton[5kCtEn] n.[U]棉花，棉布：grow [raise] cotton 种棉花 / Cotton blankets are generally cheapest. 棉毛毯一般最便宜。‎ ‎【说明】cotton clothes 的实际意思是 “布衣”(棉布做的衣服)，而不是“棉衣”(内填棉花的保暖衣)。‎ cough[kCf] n. [C]咳嗽 vi.咳，咳嗽：He coughed the whole night. 他咳了一夜。/ Janet had a bad cough all last week. 珍妮特上星期一直咳得很厉害。‎ could[kJd] v. aux. (表能力)可以，(表许可或请求)可以，(表推测)可能：I ran as quickly as I could. 我尽量快跑。/ Could you wait for a few moments? 你能稍等一会儿吗? / Could this be true? 这能是真的吗? / They couldn’t have left so soon. 他们不可能走得这么早。‎ ‎【用法】1.could有时是can的过去式，有时不是。表示能力和允许时，could可用作can的过去式，但通常只表示一般性的能力或允许，除非在否定句中，它通常不表示特定场合下的能力和允许。2.表示可能性或客气地表示请求时，could本身可用于现在：You could be right, but I don’t think you are. 你可能是对的，但我不这样认为。/ Could you tell me how to get to the station? 请问去车站怎么走?3.表示可能性时，can通常只用于否定句和疑问句，而不用于肯定句，但could却不仅可用于否定句和疑问句，也可用于肯定句。4.其后接动词完成式可以表示“可能已经”、“本来可能”、“本来可以”、“本来应该”、“差点儿”等：She could have forgotten that. 他可能把那事给忘了。/ You could have given her some help. 你本来可以给她些帮助的。‎ count[kaJnt] v.计数，计算，视为：Count these eggs. 请数一下这些鸡蛋。/ She counts him as a friend. 她把他看作朋友。‎ counter[5kaJntE] n.[C]柜台，结账处；计算器，计数机，计数器：She put her shopping bag on the counter. 她将购物袋放在柜台上。‎ country[5kQntrI] n.[C]国家，(连用the)农村：May your country grow prosperous and strong! 祝贵国繁荣富强! / He likes living in the country. 他喜欢住在乡下。‎ couple[5kQpl] n. [C]夫妇，一对；一两个：They are a model couple. 他们是一对模范夫妻。/ He had only been there a couple of times. 那里我只去过一两次。‎ courage[5kQrIdV] n.[U]勇敢，勇气，胆略：This will try your courage. 这对你的勇气将是一个考验。/ I had not the courage to tell him. 我没有勇气告诉他。‎ course[kC:s] n. [C] (常用单)过程，经过；课程；一道菜：Jim is taking special courses in English. 吉姆在学习特别英语课程。/ We had three courses: soup, meat and vegetables, and fruit. 我们有三道菜：汤、肉和蔬菜，还有水果。‎ ‎【短语】in course of 在…过程中，在…时，在进行中 / in [during] the course of 在…期间，在…的过程中 / of course 当然 ‎ courtyard[5kC:tjB:d] n.[C]庭院，院子(=court)：These bircks are to pave the courtyard. 这些砖要用来铺院子。‎ cousin[5kQzEn] n. [C]堂(表)兄弟，堂(表)姐妹：We are cousins. 我们是表亲。‎ cover[5kQvE] n. [C]封面；套子，盖子 v.覆盖，掩盖；占(时间或空间)；行过(路程)，通过；够付(费用)；看完(多少页书)；包括；论及：She covered the table with a cloth. 她用一块布把桌子罩起来。/ He covered 15 miles yesterday. 他昨天走了15英里。/ Will 500 dollars cover the bill? 500美元够付账了吗?‎ cow[kaJ] n. [C]母牛，奶牛：Can you milk a cow? 你会给奶牛挤奶吗?‎ crazy[5kreIzI] adj. 疯狂的；糊涂的；狂热的，着迷的：He was crazy about [over] the girl. 他对那个姑娘十分痴情。/ He was crazy with excitement. 他兴奋得发疯。‎ cream[kri:m] n.[U]奶油，乳脂 [C,U]含奶油的食品adj.奶油色的，淡黄色的：Butter is made from cream. 黄油是用奶油制的。/ Would you like some cream in your coffee? 你的咖啡要加点奶油吗?‎ crop[krCp] n. [C]收成；庄稼：Which crops does he grow? 他种的是什么庄稼?‎ cross[krCs] n.[C]十字形的东西 v.越过，穿过；交叉，错过adj. 脾气不好的，易怒的：Be double careful when you cross the street. 你过街时要加倍小心。/ Why are you cross with me? 你为什么对我生气?‎ ‎【注意】不要与介词across混淆。‎ crossing[5krCsIN] n.[C]十字路口，人行横道；横渡：Turn left at the second crossing. 在第二个十字路口向左拐。‎ crowd[kraJd] n.[C]群，人群 v.拥挤，群聚：I caught sight of him in the crowd. 我在人群中看到了他。/ The room soon became crowded. 房间很快挤满了人。‎ ‎【用法】用作名词时为集合名词，若用作主语，谓语用单数(看作整体时)或复数(考虑其个体成员时)均可：The crowd move(s) on, and no one tries to stop it. 人群向前移动，谁也没试图阻止。‎ cruel[krJEl] adj.残忍的，残酷的：It’s cruel of her to kill the cat.=She was cruel to kill the cat. 她把猫杀了，太残忍了。/ He was cruel to his parents. 他虐待父母。‎ cry[kraI] v.喊叫，哭 n. [C]叫喊，哭声：It is no use crying over spiltmilk. 牛奶打泼，哭也没用(事已如此，后悔也没用)。‎ cup[kQp] n. [C]茶杯，一杯之容；奖杯 v.把…做成杯形：Would you like a cup of tea? 要喝杯茶吗? / Who won the gold cup? 是谁获得了金质奖杯?‎ cupboard[5kQbEd] n.[C]碗柜，橱柜：Our supplies for this month are in the cupboard. 我们这个月的生活用品在橱子里。‎ cure[kjJE] v.& n.治疗，痊愈：The wound cures easily. 这伤容易治好。/ Her cure took six weeks. 治好她的病花了六星期。‎ curious[5kjJErIEs] adj.好奇的，感兴趣的；奇异的，不寻常的：Children are curious about everything. 儿童对什么都感到好奇。‎ curtain[5kE:tEn] n.[C]窗帘，幕(布)：The curtain is down. 幕已落下来。/ Please draw the curtain. 请拉开(拉上)窗帘。‎ cushion[5kJFEn] n.[C,U]垫子：The sofa cushion is dirty. 沙发垫脏了。‎ custom[5kQstEm] n.[C,U]习俗，习惯；(个人)习惯；(用复数)关税，海关：Eating hot dogs is an American custom. 吃热狗是美国人的习俗。/ At the airport, the customs officers searched his case. 在机场，海关人员检查了他的箱子。‎ ‎【辨析】custom 与habit：habit指一个人长时间养成的自然“习惯”；custom 有两个意思，一是指一个民族或一个社会在发展过程中长期沿袭下来的礼节、风俗和习惯(此时与habit不同)，二是指一个人有规律的行为或习惯(此时等于habit)：It’s my custom [habit] to get up early every morning. 每天早起是我的习惯。‎ cut[kQt] v.(cut, cut)& n.切，剪，割，伤口：He cut my hair short. 他把我的头发剪短了。/ First cut the meat into small pieces. 先把肉切成小块。/ Words cut more than swords. 恶语比利剑更伤人。‎ ‎【短语】cut down 砍倒；削减，压缩，缩减 / cut in 插入，插话；插队，超车 / cut off 切断，隔断，断绝 / cut out 剪成，戒掉 D dad[dAd] n.(口语)爸爸，爹爹：Where is Dad? 爸爸在哪里?‎ daily[5deIlI] adj.& adv.每天的(地)，日常的(地) n.[C]日报：That’s our daily work. 这是我们的日常工作。/ He wrote to her almost daily. 他几乎每天给她写信。/ I like to read the People’s Daily. 我喜欢看《人民日报》。‎ damage[5dAmIdV] n.[U]损失，损害，损坏；(用复数)赔偿费 vt.损害，损坏：The accident did very little damage to the car. 车祸对车造成的损坏极小。/ The buildings around were badly damaged. 附近的建筑物受到严重损坏。‎ damp[dAmp] adj.潮湿的 n.[U]潮湿 vt.使潮湿：It’s damp and cold. 天气又湿又冷。/ There’s still damp in these clothes. 这些衣服还有点潮。‎ dance[dB:ns] v.& n.跳舞，舞会：Would you like to dance with me? 请你同我跳曲舞好吗? / I love to dance to fast music. 我喜欢跟着节奏快的音乐跳舞。‎ danger[5deIndVE] n. [U]危险 [C]危害，威胁：He is in danger of losing his job if he goes on like this. 他再这样下去会丢掉工作的。‎ ‎【短语】in danger 有危险 / out of danger 脱离危险 ‎【用法】其后可接 of doing sth 作定语，但不接不定式：He didn’t realize the danger of living here. 他没有意识到住在这里的危险。‎ dangerous[5deIndVrEs] adj.危险的：It is dangerous to drive after drinking. 酒后开车危险。/ This lake is dangerous for swimmers. 在这个湖里游泳危险。‎ dare[dZE] v.(用作情态动词或实义动词)敢：I daren’t ask him. 我不敢问他。/ No one dared speak of it. 没人敢谈及此事。/ How dare she do such a thing? 她怎么敢做这样的事? / She dared to walk the tightrope. 她敢走钢丝。‎ ‎【用法】1.用作情态动词，主要用于否定句、疑问句、条件从句及由连接副词或 whether等引起的从句中(一般不用于肯定句中)。2.尽管有过去式，但通常用现在式表示过去或后接完成式：I daren’t have done it yesterday, but I think I dare now. 昨天我没敢这样做，但现在我想我敢。3.用作实义动词，其后通常接带to不定式，但这个to有时可以省略(尤其在否定句或疑问句中)：We don’t dare (to) say anything. 我们什么也不敢说。4. I dare say 为习语，其意为“我想”、“很可能”：I dare say he will come. 我想他会来的。‎ dark[dB:k] adj.黑暗的，(头发、皮肤等)黑色的，深色的n. [U]黑暗，暗处，傍晚，黑夜：at (after, before) dark 在天黑时(后，前) / Soon it got dark. 很快天黑了。/ The darkest hour is before the dawn. 最黑暗的时刻过了就是黎明。‎ ‎【短语】in the dark 在黑暗中 / (be) in the dark (about) 对…一无所知，被蒙在鼓里 date[deIt] n. [C]日期，年月日；约会，会晤 v.写日期；回溯：What is the date today? 今天是几号?/ The date’s not fixed yet. 日期尚未确定。/ Don’t forget to date your letters. 别忘了在你的信上写明日期。‎ ‎【短语】be out of date 过时的，不再用的 / to date 到目前为止 / up to date 新式的，适合目前的，载有最新资料的 / date a letter 在信上写明日期 / date back to=date from 从回溯至，从…开始 ‎【用法】表示回溯到过去某时，用date back to或 date from均可，尽管其后接的是过去时间，但用作谓语的date却通常要用一般现在时(且用主动语态)，而不用一般过去时，除非所谈论的主体现在已不复存在：The church, which dated back to the 13th century, was destroyed in an earthquake two years ago. 那座教堂是13世纪建成的，两年前在一次地震中被毁了。‎ daughter[5dR:tE] n. [C]女儿：daughters of China 中华女儿 dawn[dR:n] n.[C,U]拂晓，黎明：We must get up at dawn. 我们必须天一亮就起来。/ We work from dawn to dark. 我们起早摸黑地工作。‎ day[deI] n. [C]日，一天 [U,C]白天，昼；(特定)日子，节日：What day is today? 今天星期几? / We work an 8-hour day. 我们一天工作8小时。‎ ‎【短语】by day 日间，在白天 / day and night 日夜不停地，昼夜兼行地 / day after day 日复一日，多日(强调时间长久) / day by day 一天一天地，逐日(强调变化) / one day 有一天(可指过去或将来) / some day 有一天(只指将来) / the other day 几天前，早几天 dead[ded] adj. 死的，无感觉的 n.(连用the)死者 adv.全然地：She shot him dead. 她开枪把他打死。/ I was dead tired. 我累极了。‎ deal[di:l]n.量，数量 v.对付，应付；买卖，经销；关于，有关；对待；分配，分发：He spent a good deal of money on it. 他对此花了不少钱。/ They see each other a great deal. 他们经常见面。/ The money was dealt out fairly and justly. 钱分配的公平合理。‎ ‎【短语】a good [great] deal (of) 许多，大量；经常，非常，…得多 / deal in 做…买卖，出售，经营 / deal out 分配，分给，分发 / deal with 处理，对付，对待；论述；做买卖，有商业关系；与…打交道 ‎【用法】a good [great] deal of 后接的名词通常只能是不可数名词。‎ dear[dIE] adj.亲爱的；昂贵的 interj.哎呀(表焦急，惊奇，伤心等)：Dear Madam 亲爱的夫人 / He got rich by buying cheap and selling dear. 他通过贱买贵卖赚钱。‎ death[deW] n.[U,C]死：She was sentenced to death. 她被判处死刑。/ The accident resulted in ten deaths. 这次事故造成10人死亡。‎ December[dI5sembE] n.12月：Christmas Day is the 25th of December. 圣诞节是12月25日。‎ decide[dI5saId] v.下决心，决定：He decided to go abroad.= He decided on going abroad. 他决定出国。‎ ‎【用法】其后可接不定式或on doing sth，但不直接跟动名词。‎ decision[dI5sIVEn] n. [C,U]决定，决心：I hope you’ve made [taken] the right decision. 我希望你作出了正确的决定。‎ ‎【用法】表示做某事的决定，其后接不定式：His decision to become an actor surprised me. 他决定要当演员使我吃了一惊。‎ declare[dI5klZE] vt. 声明，断言；宣布，宣告：They declared themselves for (against) the plan. 他们宣布赞成(反对)这个计划。‎ ‎【说明】类似下面句子中to be可以省略，但不能换用as：They declared John (to be) the winner of the game. 他们宣布约翰是比赛的获胜者。‎ deed[di:d] n. [C]行为，事迹：He always did good deeds. 他总是做好事。‎ deep[di:p] adj.深的，深刻的，深奥的，深厚的adv.深深地，深厚地：My love for you is deeper than the sea. 我对你的爱比海深。/ He was in a deep sleep. 他睡得很沉。‎ ‎【辨析】deep与deeply：1.修饰具体的动作，两者常可互换：breathe deep [deeply] 做深呼吸 2.修饰静止状态一般用deep：He sat there deep in thought. 他坐在那儿深思。3.修饰形容词或过去分词，以及某些带感情色彩的动词(如hate, dislike, love, admire, hurt, regret等)，通常要用deeply：He deeply hates fish. 他很不喜欢吃鱼。/ I’m deeply sorry for it. 对此我深表遗憾。4.deep in the night(在深夜)和deep into the night(到深夜)为常用短语，通常用deep。‎ defeat[dI5fi:t] vt. 击败；战胜；使落空，使受挫 n.[C,U]失败，击败：They were defeated in the match. 他们在比赛中输了。/ Lack of money defeated their plan. 资金缺乏使他们的计划失败了。‎ ‎【辨析】defeat, beat与win：defeat通常可与beat 互换，只是前者比后者更正式，它们与 win不同：win 之后通常接表示比赛或战斗方面的名词，而defeat / beat 之后则往往接比赛或战斗的对手：They defeated [beat] the enemy. 他们打败了敌人。/ Who won the game? 比赛谁赢了?‎ defence (美defense )[dI5fens] n.[U]防御，保卫 [C]防御工事：The forest will act as a defense against desert dust. 森林能起防御沙漠灰沙的作用。‎ defend[dI5fend] v.防守，保卫；辩护，辩解：Everyone should learn how to defend himself by the lawful means. 每个人都应该学会利用合法的手段保护自己。‎ degree[dI5gri:] n.[C]度数，学位 [C,U]程度：Water freezes at zero degrees Centigrade. 水在摄氏零度结冰。/ He has a doctor’s degree. 他有博士学位。‎ ‎【短语】by degrees 一点一点地，逐渐地 / to a degree 有点 ‎【说明】表示“零度”时，说 zero degrees或zero degree均可，但以复数为多见。‎ delay[dI5leI] n. [C,U]拖延，延误，耽搁 v.拖延，延误，耽搁：Nobody knew the reason for the delay. 没有人知道延误的原因。‎ ‎【用法】1.后接动词作宾语时，通常用动名词，很少用不定式：Why have they delayed answering our letter? 他们为什么迟迟不回我们的信? 2.用作名词时，其后可接“in＋动名词”，但一般不能接“of＋动名词”或不定式：Excuse me for my delay in answering your letter. 迟复为歉。‎ delicious[dI5lIFEs] adj.美味的；有趣的：The meat tastes delicious. 这肉味道真好。/ What a delicious joke! 这个笑话真有趣!‎ delight[dI5laIt] n.[U]快乐 [C]乐事 v.(使)高兴，(使)快乐：To our great delight the day turned out fine. 使我们感到十分高兴的是，天气转晴了。/ Now many people take delight in watching TV. 现在许多人都喜欢看电视。‎ ‎【说明】1.用作名词时，表示抽象的“快乐”，不可数；表示具体的“快乐的事”，则可数。2. delight in doing sth与be delighted to do sth不同，前者表示“喜欢做某事”(指习惯倾向，delight不及物)，后者表示“做某事感到很高兴”(多指一时的行为)：He delights in listening to music. 他喜欢听音乐。/ I’m really delighted to see you. 见到你我真高兴。‎ deliver[dI5lIvE] vt. 投递，递送，传送：Has the mail been delivered yet? 邮件已经投递了吗? / The boss told me to deliver it to a customer. 老板要我把东西送去给顾客。‎ ‎【说明】习惯上不接双宾语，即不说deliver sb sth，可改为deliver sth to sb。‎ demand [dI5mB:nd] vt. 要求，需要n.[C,U]要求，请求；需要，需求：They are demanding higher wages. 他们要求增加工钱。/ It is impossible to satisfy all demands. 有求必应是不可能的。‎ ‎【短语】in demand 有需求 / on demand 在要求时, 一经请求 ‎ ‎【用法】1.用作动词时，及物，要表示“需求某物”，说 demand sth即可，不说 demand for sth。但是用作名词时，其后可接for：The workers’ demand for higher wages seems reasonable. 工人增加工资的要求是合理的。2.后接that从句时，从句谓语多用“should+动词原形”：I demand that John (should) go there at once. 我要求约翰马上去那儿。3.一般不接不定式的复合结构，即不用于demand sb to do sth，遇此情况可改用从句或在sb之前加介词of：He demanded of us to tell him everything.=He demanded that we (should) tell him everything. 他要求我们把一切都告诉他。‎ department[dI5pB:tmEnt] n.[C](政府机构的)部，司，局，科；(企业等机构的)部，司，局，科；(校或学术机构等的)系，室，所：the State Department 国务院 / the business department 营业科 / department store 百货商场，百货公司 / English department 英语系 / the Lost and Found Department 失物招领处 depend[dI5pend] vi.依靠，依赖，指望，取决于：It (all) depends.=That depends. 那要看情况。/ We depend on the radio for news. 我们靠收音机听新闻。‎ ‎【用法】1.不及物，后接宾语时需借助介词on或upon，但在It (all) depends (up)on+从句中，介词(up)on有时可省略：It all depends how you do it. 那要看你怎么办。2.要表示“依赖某人做某事”，英语不用depend sb to do sth(因为depend不及物)，可用depend (up)on sb to do [doing] sth：We all depend on you to come tomorrow.=We all depend on you [your] coming tomorrow. 我们都指望你明天来。‎ depth[depW] n. [U,C]深，深度，深奥：What is the depth of the lake? 那湖有多深?/ Nobody knew the depth of her love for him. 谁也不知道她对他的爱有多深。‎ describe[dI5skraIb] vt.描写，描述；作图，画；叫做，称做：He described going downstairs and finding his mother lying on the floor. 他讲述了他走下楼发现他母亲躺在地板上的情景。/ He described himself as a doctor. 他自称是医生。‎ ‎【用法】不能接双宾语，若语义需要，要用介词to或for来引出间接宾语：Could you describe what you saw to [for] me? 请你将你所见到的情况描述给我听听好吗? ‎ description[dI5skrIpFEn] n. [C,U]描述，描写，形容：He gave a description of what he had seen.他对看到的情况作了描述。‎ desert1[5dezEt] n. [C,U]沙漠：the Sahara Desert 撒哈拉沙漠 desert2[dI5zE:t] vt.舍弃，遗弃：She was deserted by her husband. 她被丈夫抛弃了。/ They deserted the farm for the city. 他们离开农场迁往城市。‎ design[dI5zaIn] v.设计，绘制；计划，策划 [C,U]设计，图样；谋划，企图：The dictionary is designed for foreign students. 这本词典是供外国学生用的。/ The book is designed to improve the students’ spoken English. 编写这本书的目的是为提高学生的英语口语。‎ ‎【短语】by design 故意地，蓄意地 desire[dI5zaIE] vt.期望，要求，请求 n.[U,C]意欲，愿望，要求：He desires to live in the country. 他希望住在乡下。/ He desires her to marry him. 他希望她能嫁给他。/ He has a strong desire for success [to succeed]. 他渴望成功。‎ ‎【用法】后接that从句时，谓语通常用should+动词原形：He desires you to come at once.=He desires that you (should) come at once. 他要你马上来。‎ desk[desk] n.[C]书桌；服务台：Ask at the information desk. 到问讯处询问。‎ destroy[dIs5trRI] vt.毁坏，毁灭：The town was destroyed by the earthquake. 整座城镇被地震毁灭了。/ The heavy rain destroyed all hope of a picnic. 大雨打破了野餐的一切希望。‎ determine[dI5tE:mIn] v.决定，决心：She determined to work harder. 她决定更加努力工作。/ We determined on an early start. 我们决定早点出发。‎ ‎【用法】其后可接不定式或on doing sth，但不直接跟动名词：He determined on living [to live] alone. 他决定一个人生活。‎ develop[dI5velEp] v.发展，成长；培养，发扬；开发；养成；患(病)；冲洗(照片)：Swimming develops the muscles. 游泳能使肌肉发达。/ I developed an interest in the machine. 我对这机器发生了兴趣。‎ ‎【辨析】developing与developed：前者指“发展中的”，后者指“发达的”。‎ devote[dI5vEJt] vt.把…奉献(给)，致力于；把…专用于：He devoted himself to writing.他专心写作。/ She devoted herself to helping the poor. 她献身于帮助穷人。‎ ‎【用法】在devote oneself to(献身于，致力于)，be devoted to(献身于，专用于)等结构中，to是介词，后接动词时要用动名词。‎ dialog(ue)[5daIlCg] n.[U,C]对话；意见交换：be written in dialogue用对话写 / have (a) reasonable dialogue between the two governments两国政府进行理性地对话 diamond[5daIEmEnd] n.[U,C]钻石，金刚石：diamond necklace 钻石项链 diary[5daIErI] n.[C]日记，记事簿：keep a diary 记日记 dictation[dIk5teIFEn] n. [C,U]听写：We’ll have dictation today. 我们今天要听写了。/ Hand in your dictations, please. 请把你们的听写交来。‎ ‎【用法】表示听写这一行为或过程，不可数；表示听写的内容或材料，可数。‎ dictionary[5dIkFEnErI] n.[C]词典，字典：an English-Chinese dictionary 英汉词典 / He is a walking dictionary. 他是一个活字典。‎ ‎【说明】汉语说“查字典”，英语一般用look up a word in the dictionary。‎ die[daI] v.死；渴望：He died from a heart attack. 他死于心脏病发作。/ Her grandfather died of cancer. 他祖父死于癌症。‎ ‎【短语】die from 死于，因…而死 / die of 死于，因…而死 / die away (声音、风、光线等)渐息，渐弱 / die down (慢慢)熄灭，平静下来 ‎ ‎【辨析】die from 与 die of：有人认为若死因存在于人体之上或之内，一般用介词 of；若死因不是存在人体之内或之上，而是由环境造成的，则一般用介词 from。但在现代英语中两者常可混用。‎ difference[5dIfErEns] n.[C,U]不同，差别：What’s the difference between the two words? 这两个词有什么不同? / It makes no difference to me whether he goes or not. 他去不去对我没影响。‎ different[5dIfrEnt] adj.不同的，差异的：American cars are different from [to,than] ours. 美国造的汽车和我们的不一样。‎ ‎【说明】表示“与…不同”，在英国英语中通常用 to，在美国英语中通常用than，但两者均不如用 from 普遍。‎ difficult[5dIfIkElt] adj.困难的，艰难的：It’s difficult to please everybody. 很难使每个人满意。/ Please don’t be so difficult. 别那么别扭。‎ ‎【用法】表示做某事有困难，通常用It is difficult to do sth，这类句型的主语通常是it，不能是具体的人或事物，除非这个人或物与其后的不定式有动宾关系(且这个不定式必须用主动式表示被动意义)：English is difficult to learn. 英语难学。/ He is difficult to work with. 他不好共事。但不能说He is difficult to learn English. ‎ difficulty[5dIfIkEltI]n.[U,C]困难，费力；难事，难题：Tell me in case you get into difficulty. 遇到困难请告诉我。/ This question is full of difficulties. 这个问题困难很多。‎ ‎【用法】表示做某事有困难，其后通常接in doing sth，不接to do sth：He has [finds] little difficulty learning English. 他觉得学习英语没什么困难。‎ dig[dIg](dug, dug) v.挖，掘：He is digging in his garden. 他正在花园里挖地。‎ dinner[5dInE] n.[C,U]正餐，宴会：We’ll have fish for dinner. 我们晚餐吃鱼。/ Dinner will be ready soon. 晚饭马上就好了。‎ dining-room[5daInINrJm] n.[C]食堂，餐室 direct[dI5rekt] adj. 直接的，直达的；直截了当的adv.径直地，直接地vt.指挥，指导；指挥(演奏)，导演(电影)；指点，指方向：You can take the most direct road. 你可以走最近的路。/ We shall fly direct to Paris. 我们将径直飞往巴黎。/ Can you direct me to the post office? 请你告诉我去邮局怎么走好吗?‎ direction[dI5rekFEn] n.[C,U]方向，方位 [U]指导，指挥 (用复数)说明书，指引：We’re going in the direction of the east (the park). 我们将朝东(公园这个方向)走。/ We did the work under his direction. 我们在他的指导下工作。/ Full directions inside. 内附详细说明书。‎ ‎【用法】表示朝某一方向，其前用介词in；表示在某人的指导下，其前用介词under；表示“说明书”，要用复数。‎ director[dI5rektE] n. [C]管理者，处长，局长，主任；董事；导演：I hate troubling the director. 我不想去麻烦局长。‎ dirt[dE:t] n.[U]污物，灰尘：There is some dirt on the desk. 桌上有灰尘。‎ dirty[5dE:tI] adj.脏的，下流的 v.弄脏：She has a mountain of dirty clothes to wash. 她有一大堆脏衣服要洗。‎ disappoint[7dIsE5pCInt] vt.使失望：I was disappointed at [with, in] the result. 我对那结果感到失望。/ I was disappointed at not finding her at home. 我发现她不在家，感到很失望。/ I was disappointed not to be chosen. 我未被选中，感到很失望。‎ discover[dI5skQvE] vt. 发现：Columbus discovered America in 1492. 哥伦布于1492年发现了美洲。/ I discovered him kissing my wife. 我撞见他在吻我的妻子。‎ discovery[dI5skQvErI] n.[C,U]发现；被发现的事物：Columbus’ discovery of America occurred in 1492. 哥伦布于1492年发现美洲。‎ discuss[dIs5kQs] v.讨论，商议：I want to discuss your work with you. 我想和你一起讨论你的工作。/ They discussed selling the house. 他们商量过卖房子的事。‎ ‎【用法】1.及物动词，后接宾语时不要按汉语意思在其后误加介词about。2.后接动词作宾语时，要用动名词，不用不定式(除非其前有疑问词)：We discussed how to do it. 我们讨论了该如何做此事。3.其后可接whether引导的宾语从句，不用if引导的宾语从句：We discussed whether we should close the shop. 我们讨论了是否应该把店关掉。‎ discussion[dIs5kQFEn] n.[C,U]讨论，议论：class discussion 课堂讨论 / The incident caused much discussion among the public. 这件事在公众中议论纷纷。‎ disease[dI5zi:z] n. [C,U]病，疾病：Disease is an enemy of mankind. 疾病是人类的敌人。/ Some skin diseases are difficult to treat. 有些皮肤病很难治。‎ dish[dIF] n. [C]盘，碟，盘形物；一道菜：He cleared away the dishes. 他收拾了餐具。/ There are only two meat dishes on the menu. 菜单上只有两类肉类菜。‎ distance[5dIstEns] n.[C,U]距离，远处：Considering the distance, he arrived very quickly. 考虑到路程，他到达是很快的。‎ ‎【短语】at a (some) distance 在一定距离的地方，隔开一些距离，有些距离 / at [from] a distance of 在…的地方 / from a distance 从远处(方) / in the distance 在远处，在远方 distant[5dIstEnt] adj. 远的，遥远的：The moon is distant from the earth. 月亮离地球很远。‎ ‎【辨析】distant与far：distant 可以与数字连用，但far不能。另外，在没有数字的情况下，除非指相当远的距离，否则一般不用distant 而用far。‎ district[5dIstrIkt] n. [C]区，地区，区域：She doesn’t live in this district. 她不住在这个区。/ a shopping district 商业区 disturb[dI5stE:b] vt.打扰；弄乱：I won’t disturb you again unless I have to. 除非必要我不会再打扰你了。/ Wind disturbed the water. 风吹皱水面。‎ dive[daIv] vi.& n.跳水，潜水，俯冲：He dived into the river to save a drowning child. 他跳入河中救一个快溺死的小孩。‎ divide[dI5vaId] vt.分，划分，分裂，(数学上)除：Let’s divide ourselves into several groups. 我们分成几个小组吧。/ Eight divided by four is two. 8除以4等于2。‎ do1[du:,dE](did, done) v.做，干，办，为；有益，产生效果；尽(力)；处理，收拾，洗刷，整理；(对)适合，行，可以：What do you do? 你做什么工作?/ When in Rome do as the Romans do. 入乡随俗。/ Any book will do. 什么书都可以。/ Will you do me a favor? 你能帮我个忙吗?‎ do2[du:,dE](用于构成主要动词的否定式或疑问式、代替重复出现的主要动词或谓语部分、构成倒装句等)：Do you know why he was late? 你知道他为什么迟到吗?/ He likes French, and so do I. 他喜欢法语，我也喜欢。‎ doctor[5dRktE] n.[C]医生，博士：He’s seeing the doctor now. 他现在在看医生。‎ dog[dRg] n.[C]狗：keep a dog 养狗 / a lucky dog 幸运儿 dollar[5dRlE] n. [C]元(美、加等国的货币单位，符号为$)：Hong Kong dollar 港币 door[dC:] n. [C]门，(一)家：Tom took ages to answer the door. 汤姆耽搁了很久才开门。/ He sells his products (from) door to door. 他挨家挨户推销他的产品。‎ double[5dQbl] adj.双的，两个的；双人的；双重的，两用的 adv.双倍地；两人一道地 n.[U]两倍(的数或量)，加倍；两倍之物，酷似的人或物；(用复数)双打v.(使)加倍，(使)翻番：We need a double bed. 我们需要一张双人床。/ We cannot pay double this amount. 我们不能付双倍的数目。/ Eight is the double of four. 8是4的两倍。/ Be double careful when you cross the street. 过街时要加倍小心。/ Sales doubled this year. 今年销售额增加了一倍。‎ doubt[daJt] n. [C,U]怀疑 v.怀疑，疑惑：There’s no doubt that he will come. 他肯定会来。We have no doubt about [of] his honesty. 我们相信他是诚实的。/ I doubt whether [if] it’s true. 我怀疑此事是否真实。/ I don’t doubt that he will win. 我不怀疑他会赢。‎ ‎【用法】在肯定句中，后接whether或if引导的从句；在否定句中，后接that引导的从句。有时肯定式也用that引导宾语从句，此时that含有类似whether或if的意思：I doubt that [=if / whether] he’s coming. 我怀疑他是否会来。‎ down[daJn] prep. 往(在)…的下方，沿着…往下(往远处) adv.向下；减少，减缓：The sun is down. 太阳落山了。/ He fell down the stairs. 他从楼梯上摔下来。‎ downstairs[daJn5stZEz] adv.在(到)楼下 adj.楼下的：Is anyone downstairs yet? 已经有人下楼来了吗?‎ ‎【用法】用作形容词时，只用于名词前作定语；用作副词时，可用于名词后作定语：the downstairs rooms=the rooms downstairs 楼下的房间 downtown[daJn5taJn] adj. 城市商业区的，闹市区的 adv.往(在)城市的商业区(或闹市区) n.城市的商业区，闹市区：Let’s go downtown. 我们去市商业区吧。‎ dozen[5dQzEn] n.[C]一打(十二个)：I’ve been there dozens of times. 我去那儿去过几十次了。/ The eggs are sold by the dozen. 鸡蛋按打出售。/ Pack them in dozens. 按打装袋吧。‎ ‎【用法】1.与具体数字连用时，复数不加词尾-s，后接名词时通常也不用介词of(除非其后的名词带有限定词)：three dozen eggs 三打鸡蛋 / three dozen of these eggs 三打这种鸡蛋 2.与 a few, several, many等数目不很具体的词连用时，其复数带不带复数词尾-s均可，但是注意：若不带复数词-s，其后的介词of可以省略；若带复数词尾-s，则其后介词of不宜省略：several dozen (of) pencils= several dozens of pencils 几打铅笔 draw[drR:] v.(drew, drawn)画，绘制；拖，拉，牵，抽出：We must draw a line between right and wrong. 我们必须分清是非。/ The accident drew a large crowd. 事故引来了一群人。‎ drawer[drC:r] n.[C]抽屉：Please shut the drawer. 请关上抽屉。‎ drawing[5drC:IN] n. [C,U]图画，素描(画)；绘画，制图：He has great skill in drawing. 他画画很有技巧。‎ dream[dri:m] n.[C]梦；梦想 v. (dreamt, dreamt / -ed, -ed )做梦，梦见；梦想：Her dream came true. 她的梦想实现了。/ She dreamed that she could fly. 她梦见她会飞。‎ ‎【用法】表示梦想做某事，其后不接不定式，而接of doing sth。注意此用法的否定式：Little did I dream of succeeding so well. 我做梦也没想到会这样成功。‎ dress[dres] n. [C]女服，(统指)衣服，(尤指外衣)童装 v.给…穿衣；穿衣，穿着：She is dressed very well. 她穿得很漂亮。/ She was dressed in green. 她穿着绿衣服。‎ drill[drIl] n. [C]钻头 [C,U](反复的)训练，演习v.钻(孔)，在…上钻孔；(反复)训练：He drilled a hole in the wall. 他在墙上钻了个洞。‎ drink[drINk] v.(drank, drunk)喝饮(酒) n. [U,C]饮料；喝酒；酒：Would you like something to drink? 你想喝点什么吗?/ Bring me two drinks. 给我来两杯饮料。‎ drive[draIv]v.(drove, driven)驾驶，开(车)；驱赶，迫使：It’s the first time she has driven a car. 这是她第一次开车。/ It is a short drive to the village. 开车到那个村庄只要很短时间。/ The pain nearly drove him mad. 疼痛几乎使他发疯了。‎ drop[drCp] n. [C]滴，一滴v.丢下，掉下；投递，放弃；变低，变少：Please drop me off here. 请让我在这里下车。‎ ‎【用法】drop in 意为“探望”、“拜访”，若指拜访某人，则用 drop in on sb；若指到某地拜访，则用drop in at a place ‎ ‎【辨析】drop 与fall：表示从高处往下掉或降，两者有时可互换：An apple dropped [fell] from the tree. 从树上掉下一个苹果。但是，fall 表示“落下”，多指无意识的行为，有自然坠落之意，且通常是不及物动词；drop 既可指无意的行为，即表示“落下”(不及物)，也可指有意的行为，即表示“投下”(及物)，如下例就不宜用fall：He dropped the letter into the mail-box. 他把信投入信箱。‎ drown[draJn] v.淹死，溺死；沉溺于，埋头于：He was nearly drowned in the river. 他差点在河里被淹死。/ He drowned himself in work. 他埋头工作。‎ ‎【用法】在现代英语中主要用作及物动词，表示被淹死时，多用被动语态。‎ drug[drQg] n.[C,U]药，药物；毒品：I need some pain-killing drugs. 我需要一些止痛药。/ Drug taking is against the law. 吸毒是违法的。‎ dry[draI] v.擦干，弄干，变干 adj. 干的，干燥的；干涸的：Keep it dry. 把它保持干燥。/ You don’t have to dry-clean it. 你不必干洗它。‎ duck[dQk] n.[C]鸭子 [U]鸭肉：It’s a wild duck. 那是只野鸭。‎ due[dju:] adj.到期的，应付(给)的，到期应付的；预定的，约定的；适当的，合适的，应得的：Respect is due to older people. 年长者应受到尊重。/ I’m due for an increase in pay soon. 我不久就要加薪了。/ We are due to leave tomorrow. 我们定于明天动身。‎ ‎【说明】due to 意为“由于”，按传统语法，它只用于引出表语，但在现代英语中引出状语的情况也比较普遍：His illness is due to bad food. 他生病是由于吃了不好的食物。/ He arrived late due to the storm. 他因风暴而迟到。‎ dull[dQl] adj.阴暗的；单调无味；呆笨的；(刀等)钝的：All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. (谚)只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。‎ during[5djJErIN] prep.在…期间，在…时候：Don’t speak during the meal. 吃饭时别说话。/ Traffic is very heavy during the rush hour. 高峰时间交通十分繁忙。‎ ‎【注意】是介词不是连词，所以不用于引导句子。‎ dust[dQst] n. [U]灰尘，尘土v.打扫灰尘；擦拭灰土：His clothes were covered with dust. 他衣服上全是灰尘。‎ dusty[5dQstI] adj.尘土一般的，灰尘弥漫的：a dusty road 一条满是尘土的路 duty[5dju:tI] n. [U,C]责任，义务；职责，工作：Do not forget your duty to your parents. 不要忘记对父母应尽的责任。‎ E each[i:tF] adj.& pron.每人，每个，每件，各个：They each had a bedroom. 他们每人有一间卧室。/ Each boy gets a prize. 每个男孩得了一份奖。‎ ‎【短语】each other 互相，相互 ‎【辨析】each与every：1.两者都可用来概括全体，但强调重点不同：every侧重整体(与all接近)，each侧重个体。2.each既可用作形容词也可用作代词，而every只能用作形容词，即其后必须修饰名词。3.each指两者或两者以上的“每个”，every指三者或三者以上的“每个”，因此指两者时只能用 each：There are trees on each side of the river. 河的两边都有树。4.every可受almost, nearly等副词的修饰，但each不能。‎ eager[5i:gE] adj.渴望的，急切的：She is eager to succeed [for success]. 她渴望成功。/ with an eager expression 带着殷切的表情 ‎ ear[IE] n.[C]耳朵 (常用单)听力，听觉；会欣赏：Elephants have big ears. 象的耳朵很大。/ She has a good ear for music. 她很会欣赏音乐。‎ early[5E:lI] adv.& adj.早的(地)；初期(的)：He usually wakes early. 他平常醒得很早。/ We hope for an early answer to our letter. 盼早日赐复。‎ earn[E:n] vt.赚得；挣得；博得；赢：She earns a high salary. 她挣高工资。/ His honesty earned him great respect. 他的诚实使它得到了极大的尊重。‎ earth[E:W] n.地球；土地；泥：The earth goes round the sun once a year. 地球一年绕太阳一周。‎ ‎【短语】on earth究竟；在地球(世界)上；人世间(与最高级连用，以加强语气)；一点(也不)，全然(用于否定句)；究竟，到底(用于疑问词后)‎ east[i:st] n.东，东方 adj.东方的：China is in East Asia. 中国位于东亚。/ The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。 ‎ eastern[5i:stEn] adj.东方的；东部的：an eastern wind 东风 ‎ easy[5i:zI] adj.容易的，不费力的：It is not easy to break off a bad habit. 要改掉一个坏习惯不容易。/ He has had an easy life. 他一直过着舒适安逸的生活。‎ ‎【说明】1.除用作形容词外，有时用作副词，主要用于某些习语：Take it easy. 不要紧张。/ Easy come, easy go. 来得容易，去得快。/ Easier said than done. 说说容易做起来难。/ Stand easy. 稍息。2.表示做某事很容易，通常用It is easy to do sth：It’s easy (for me) to answer the question. 要(我)回答这个问题是容易的。这类句型的主语通常是it，不能是具体的人或事物，除非这个人或物与其后的不定式有动宾关系(‎ 且这个不定式必须用主动式表示被动意义)：English is easy to learn. 英语易学。/ He is easy to work with. 他容易相处。但不能说He is easy to learn English.‎ eat[i:t] v.(ate, eaten)吃：It is healthy to eat fruit. 吃水果对身体有好处。‎ ‎【短语】eat up 吃完，消灭 / eat out 在外面吃，下馆子 edge[edV] n. [C]边；边缘；刃，刀口：The edge of the plate was blue. 这盘子的边是蓝色的。/ The knife has a very sharp edge. 这把小刀的刀刃很锋利。‎ education[7edjJ(:)5keIFEn] n.教育；培养：A good education is a necessary tool for succeeding. 良好的教育是成功的必要手段。/ moral (intellectual, physical, art) education 德(智，体，美)育 ‎【用法】通常不可数，但有时可与不定冠词连用(尤其是有定语修饰时), 表示一段教育或一种教育。‎ effect[I5fekt]n. [C,U]效果，影响，作用：The medicine quickly took effect. 药很快见效了。/ The book had quite an effect on her. 这书对她影响极大。‎ ‎【短语】bring [carry, put] sth into effect 使某事物开始实施 / come [go] into effect 开始生效 / in effect 有效，实际上 / (be) of no effect 无效，无益，不中用 ‎【辨析】effect 与 affect：两者均表示“影响”，前者为名词，后者为动词：The news did not affect her at all.=The news had no effect on her at all. 这条消息对她没有一点影响。(effect有时也用作动词，但不表示“影响”，而表示“实现”)‎ effort[5efEt] n.努力，尽力：It requires pains taking efforts to master a language. 学习语言要下苦功。‎ ‎【用法】1.表示一次一次具体的努力，可数；表示泛指一般性的努力，不可数。2.表示努力做某事，其后通常接不定式，有时也用“at＋动名词”：His efforts to find [at finding] his daughter failed. 他设法要找到他女儿的努力失败了。3.注意两个常用搭配make efforts to do sth(尽力做某事)和take [require] effort(s) (需要力气，付出努力)：The wounded soldier made efforts to stand up. 这位受伤的士兵用力想站起来。/ It requires a great effort of will to give up smoking. 戒烟需要坚强的毅力。‎ egg[eg] n. [C,U]蛋，卵：I bought three dozen eggs. 我买了3打鸡蛋。/ The little boy had egg all over his face. 这小男孩弄得满脸是鸡蛋。‎ ‎【说明】表示一个一个的鸡蛋，可数；若指打破后当作食物的鸡蛋，则不可数。‎ eight[eIt] num.八：We work an eight-hour day. 我们实行8小时工作日。‎ either[5aITE] adv.也(不)(用于否定句或否定短语后加强语气)adj.(两者中)任何一个的prop.两者之一；任何一方 conj.或者，要么：If you don’t go, I won’t either. 如果你不去，我也不去。/ I will take either. 两者中我随便拿哪个都行。/ We can either fly there or go by train. 我们可以坐飞机去也可坐火车去。‎ ‎【说明】1.表示“也”，只用于肯定句中，在肯定句或疑问句中表示“也”用too或also。2.只表示两者中的任意一个，不表示三者中的任何一个(此时要用any)：either of the two, either of your parents, any of the three, any of them。‎ elder[5eldE] n.长者；前辈 adj.较…年长：elder brother (sister) 哥哥(姐姐)‎ electric[I5lektrIk] adj.电的，用电的，发电的：an electric lamp 电灯 / She smoothed her dress with an electric iron. 她用电熨斗烫平衣服。‎ electricity[Ilek5trIsItI] n.[U]电，电气：electricity bills 电费单 / The machine is driven by electricity. 这机器用电力驱动。‎ elephant[5elIfEnt] n.[C]象：The elephant is the largest land animal. 大象是最大的陆生动物。‎ eleven[I5levEn] num.十一：Lunch is from eleven to one. 午饭从11点供应到1点。‎ else[els] adv.别的，其他的：Hurry up or else you’ll be late. 赶快，否则你就会迟到了。/ You know him better than anyone else. 你对他比任何人都更了解。‎ ‎【短语】or else 否则；要不然 / nothing else than 只不过，仅有 ‎【用法】常用在疑问代词或不定代词之后，但不用在which后。‎ employ[Im5plRI] vt.雇用，使用：He’s employed in a bank. 他(受雇)在银行任职。/ We employed him as an adviser. 我们聘请他当顾问。/ He employed himself in writing. 他忙于写作。/ They employed her to look after the baby. 他们请她照看婴儿。/ He employed a hammer to drive a nail. 他用锤子钉钉子。‎ empty[5emptI] adj.空的 vt.倒空：The streets were empty of traffic at night. 夜间街上没有车辆。/ They emptied the bottle. 他们把瓶子一倒而空。‎ encourage[In5kQrIdV] vt.鼓励：They encouraged her to try. 他们鼓励她试试。‎ end[end] n. [C]结束；末梢；尽头，终点v.结束；终止；完结：A period signals the end of a sentence. 句号表示一个句子结束了。/ The party did not end until midnight. 晚会到半夜才结束。‎ ‎【短语】at the end of 在…末稍；在…尽头/ by the end of 在…结束时，到…末为止(完成时) / in the end 最后；终于/ end up 结束，告终 / come [draw] to an end 结束，完结 / put an end to sth 结束某事 endless[5endlIs] adj.没完的，无止境的：He has given me endless love all his life. 他一辈子给了我无尽的爱。‎ enemy[5enImI] n.敌人，敌军：The enemy has suffered heavy losses. 敌人受到重大损失。/ The enemy are in flight. 敌军正在逃窜。‎ ‎【用法】视为整体时，作单数看待；考虑其所包含的成员时，作复数看待。‎ energy[5enEdVI] n.精力，干劲：The child is full of energy. 那孩子精力充沛。/ They devoted all their energies to the job. 他们把自己的全部精力投入这项工作。‎ ‎【用法】泛指一般意义的“精力”，不可数；具体指某人做事的“精力”，用复数。‎ engineer[7endVI5nIE] n.[C]工程师；技师：an assistant engineer助理工程师 / a chief engineer 总工程师 / He is an electrical engineer. 他是个电气工程师。‎ England[5INglEnd] n.英格兰；(泛指)英国：The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace. 英国女王住在白金汉宫。‎ English[5INglIF] n.英国人；英语 adj.英国的，英国人的，英语的：How do you say this in English? 这在英语中怎么说? ‎ ‎【用法】与定冠词连用，表示全体英国人，表复数意义：The English are famous for liking tea. 英国人以喜欢喝茶出名。‎ Englishman[5INglIFmEn] n.(pl. Englishmen)英国人，英国男人：He speaks English like an Englishman. 他说英语有点像英国人。‎ enjoy[In5dVRI] v.喜欢，享受…的乐趣，欣赏：He enjoyed himself in the vacation. 他假期过得很愉快。‎ ‎【用法】1.后接动词时，只能用动名词形式，不能用不定式。2.其后紧跟when从句时，应先接it：She didn’t enjoy it when her husband kissed her in public. 她不喜欢她丈夫在公众场合吻她。(其中的it不能省)‎ enough[I5nQf] adj.& adv.足够的(地)，充分的(地) n.足够，充足：Is the river deep enough to swim in? 在这条河里游泳水够深吗?‎ ‎【用法】1. 用作形容词时，通常放在被修饰名词之前，但在正式文体中也可放被修饰名词后：We have enough time [time enough]. 我们有足够的时间。2.用作副词时，只能放在被修饰词语之后，如可说big enough，但不能说enough big。3.不要误解以下结构的意思cannot...enough(不可能足够)：You cannot be careful enough. 你越仔细越好。‎ enter[5entE] v.进入，参加，使加入：He knocked at the door and entered. 他敲了敲门便走进去了。/ Her dream to enter the famous university came true. 她要进入名牌大学学习的梦想实现了。‎ ‎【用法】表示进入某一具体场所、机构、建筑物等，是及物动词，其后一般不接介词into。若是表示开始进入或从事某一状态或活动，或用于较抽象的概念，则可后接into：I can enter into your feelings at the loss of your son. 我理解你失去儿子后的心情。‎ entire[In5taIE] adj.全部的，整个的，完善的，完全的：The entire class will go there. 全班都会去那儿。‎ entrance[5entrEns] n.[C]入口 [U]进入：Entrance to the college is by examination. 进入大学要经过考试。‎ ‎【用法】表示“…的入口”，其后通常接 to，有时也接of。‎ envelope[5envIlEJp] n. [C]信封：He tore the envelope open. 他将信封撕开。‎ envy[5envI] vt.& n.羡慕；忌妒：She said it out of envy. 她出于嫉妒说了这话。/ We quite envy you (for) your success. 我们十分羡慕你的成功。‎ equal[5i:kwEl] adj.同等的，平等的；胜任的 v.(使)等于：Mary is equal to Bill in brains. 玛丽与比尔头脑一样聪明。/ I’m not equal to the position. 我不能胜任这项工作。/ None of us can equal her in beauty. 我们没有哪个人有她那样美。‎ ‎【说明】1.be equal to(等于，能胜任，能应付)中的to是介词，后接动词时要用动名词：This is equal to saying that he’s a cheat. 这就等于说他是个骗子。2.用作动词时，及物，不要受形容词用法的影响，在其后误加介词to。‎ equipment[I5kwIpmEnt] n.[U]设备：Recently we bought some new office equipment. 最近我们买了些新的办公设备。‎ escape[Is5keIp] n.& vi.逃脱，逃跑，漏出：I hate him but I can’t escape meeting him. 我讨厌他，但又不得不见他。‎ ‎【用法】1.后接动词要用动名词，不能用不定式。2.表示从某场所逃走或从管制或监禁中逃走等，均不及物，应连用介词from；表示逃避或躲避某种不愉快的事(如危险，处罚等)，及物，其后无需用介词。比较：He escaped prison. 他躲避了监禁。(逃避不愉快的事) / He escaped from prison. 他越狱了。(从管制或监禁中逃走)‎ especially[Is5peFElI] adv.特别，尤其：You should be especially careful. 你应该特别小心。/ I like the country especially in spring. 我喜欢乡村, 尤其在春天。‎ Europe[5jJErEp] n.欧洲：He has traveled through Europe. 他已游遍欧洲。‎ European[7jJErE5pI(:)En] n. [C]欧洲人adj.欧洲的：Many European countries are developed industrial nations. 许多欧洲国家是发达的工业国。‎ eve [i:v] n. 黄昏，前夕：New Year’s Eve除夕 / Christmas eve 圣诞节前夕 even[5i:vEn] adv.甚至；即使；连(…都)，更：Even now it is not too late. 就是现在也不太迟。/ It’s even colder than yesterday. 今天比昨天更冷。‎ ‎【短语】even if=though 即使，虽然 / even as 恰恰在…的时候 / even if [even though] 即使，尽管 ‎【说明】是副词，不是连词，不要用它代替even if或even though(即使)引导让步状语从句，如“即使下雨我们也要去”，不能译为 We’ll go even it rains.(应在even后加上if或though)‎ evening[5i:vnIN] n. [C，U]傍晚，晚上；晚会：An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening. (谚)一日之计在于晨。‎ event[I5vent] v.[C]事件，大事；(比赛的)项目：What were the chief events of last year? 去年主要的大事有哪些?‎ ‎【短语】at all events 无论如何，不论怎样 / in any event 不管怎样 / in that event 如果那样，如果发生那样的情况 ever[5evE] adv.(常用于疑问句、否定句、比较句和if从句)曾经；无论何时：Had you ever seen her before that? 那以前你见过她吗? / That’s the most interesting book I’ve ever read. 这是我看过的最有意思的书。‎ ‎【短语】as ever 依旧，仍然 / for ever 永远 / than ever 比以前，比过去 every[5evrI] adj.每；每隔；每…中的：We watch TV every evening. 我们每晚都看电视。/ She had every reason for thinking so. 她有一切理由这样想。‎ ‎【用法】1. 用于否定句，构成部分否定，意为“并不是每个都”：Not every child likes it. 并不是每个小孩都喜欢它。2. every time(每次)除用作副词外，还可用作连词：Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 每次我听你的意见都惹了麻烦。‎ ‎【辨析】every与each 的区别，见each。‎ everyone[5evrIwQn] / everybody[5evrIbRdI] pron.每人，人人：She is respected by everyone. 她受到大家的尊重。/ Everybody has some weak spots. 人人都有弱点。‎ ‎【用法】1.用作主语时，谓语用单数。2.用于否定句，构成部分否定：Not everyone can do it. 这事并非人人会做。3.其后通常不接of短语，遇此情况可用 every one，如不说 everyone of us，可说every one of us。4.其后相应的人称代词和物主代词可用单数(正式文体)和复数(非正式文体)：Everyone knows this, doesn’t he [don’t they]? 人人都知道这一点，不是吗? 5.受形容词修饰时，形容词应置于其后。‎ everything[5evrIWIN] pron.每件事，每样东西；一切：How is everything going? 情况如何?(一切都好吗?)‎ ‎【用法】1.用作主语时，谓语用单数。2.用于否定句，构成部分否定：Money isn’t everything. 金钱并非万能。3.受形容词修饰时，形容词应置于其后：I’ll do everything possible to help you. 我将尽一切可能帮助你。‎ everywhere[5evrIwZE] adv.到处；无论哪里：There were bicycles everywhere. 到处是自行车。‎ ‎【用法】有时具有连词性质，用于引出状语从句(与 wherever 用法相似)：Everywhere I go, I find the same thing. 不管我到哪里，我都遇到同样的情况。‎ exact[Ig5zAkt] adj.确切的，准确的；严谨的；精密的：Do you know the exact meaning of the word? 你知道这个词的准确含义吗?‎ examination / exam[Ig7zAmI5neIFEn] / [5Ig5zAm] n.[C,U]检查；考试：Did he pass the maths examination? 他的数学考试及格了吗? / He made an examination of the room. 他检查了房间。‎ ‎【短语】on examination 经过调查(查看)后 / under examination 在检查中，在审查中 ‎ ‎【说明】表示“参加考试”，通常不用 take part in an examination，而用 take an examination。比较：sit for an examination参加考试 / enter for an examination 报名参加考试，报考 examine[Ig5zAmIn] vt.检查；询问，诊察：They examined all baggage at the airport. 他们在机场检查了所有行李。/ The doctor examined her carefully. 医生给她作了仔细的检查。‎ example[Ig5zB:mpl] n. [C]例子，榜样，实例：See the examples given above. 见上述例子。/ You should set him an example.=You should set an example to him. 你应该给他树立一个榜样。‎ ‎【短语】for example 例如：A lot of us want to leave now—Bill, for example [=for example, Bill]. 我们很多人现在都想走，比如，比尔就是一例。‎ ‎【用法】表示“学习…的榜样”，可用动词follow或copy，即用follow [copy] the example of，但不用动词learn或study。‎ excellent[5ekslEnt] adj.极好的，优秀的：He is excellent in mathematics. 他的数学非常好。/ The tone of the school is excellent. 这所学校校风极好。‎ except[Ik5sept] prep.除…之外：We go there every day except Sunday. 除了星期天，我们每天都去那儿。/ I can do everything except cook. 除了做饭我什么事都会做。/ He has no special fault except that he smokes too much. 他除了抽烟太多之外，没有什么特别的毛病。‎ ‎【用法】1.其后除接名词或代词外，还可接副词、不定式、介词短语、that从句、when从句、what从句、why从句、where从句等：He has nothing now except what we owe him. 除了我们欠他的钱外，他现在是一无所有了。/ I like her except when she is angry. 除了她发怒的时候，我挺喜欢她。2.后接动词时，通常不用动名词，而用不定式。该不定式有时带to，有时不带to，情形比较复杂，大致原则是：其前有do，不定式不带to；其前没有do，不定式通常带to。‎ ‎【辨析】1. besides, but与except：besides 表累加，意指“除了什么之外，还有…”；except 和 but 表排除，意指“除了什么之外，不再有…”。但在否定句中，besides 也表示“除…之外不再有… ”，与but, except 同义。2. except 与 except for：前者主要用来谈论同类的东西；后者主要用来谈论不同类的东西，在说明情况后作细节上的修正，有时含有惋惜之意：We had a pleasant time, except for the weather. 我们玩得很高兴，只是天气不太好。但是，注意以下情况：(1) 用于all, every, no, everything, anybody, nobody, nowhere, whole 等表示概括性的词语后面时，两者可互换：We shall all take part in the sports except (for) Jim. 除吉姆外，我们都将参加比赛。(2) 用于句首时，两者同义，但此时通常用except for (因为except通常不用于句首)：Except for James, we have told everyone the news. 我们已把这个消息告诉了大家，只有詹姆斯没有告诉。‎ excite[Ik5saIt] vt.使兴奋，使激动：The news excited everybody. 消息鼓舞了每个人。/ What are you so excited about? 什么事你这样激动?‎ exciting[Ik5saItIN] adj.令人兴奋的，使人激动的：I think football is an exciting sport. 我认为足球是一种刺激的运动。‎ ‎【辨析】excited与exciting：前者指感到兴奋的，后者指令人兴奋的。比较：an excited talk=心情激动的谈话(指“谈话”的人心情激动)，an exciting talk=令人激动的谈话(指听“谈话”的人心情激动)。‎ excuse1[Iks5kju:z] v.原谅；宽恕：Excuse me, can I get past, please? 对不起，能让我过去吗? / Excuse me for coming late. 请原谅我来迟了。‎ excuse2[Iks5kju:s] n.[C]借口，辩解：Stop making excuses! 别再找借口了！‎ exercise[5eksEsaIz] n. [U]锻炼，运动 [C](常用复)做操，体操 [C]练习(题)，训练 vi.锻炼：Exercise is good for health. 运动有益于健康。/ We do morning exercises every day. 我们每天做早操。‎ exhibition[7eksI5bIFEn] n.[C]展览(会)：Let’s take a look round the exhibition. 我们去展览会看看吧。‎ ‎【短语】on exhibition 在展出中 exist[Ig5zIst] vi.存在，生存：That word doesn’t exist in English. 英语中没有这个字。/ No such person ever existed. 这样的人从来没有存在过。‎ expect[Iks5pekt] vt.期待，盼望，预期；以为，料想：Don’t expect too much of him. 别对他期望过高。/ I didn’t expect to see you here. 没想到在这里碰到你。‎ expensive[Iks5pensIv] adj.昂贵的：Holiday flights are getting less and less expensive. 假日机票越来越便宜了。‎ ‎【用法】可用于说明事物，但通常不用于说明price，即不说 expensive price。‎ experience[Iks5pIErIEns] n.[U]经验 [C]经历，体验 vt.经历，遭受：This work needs experience and care. 这件工作需要经验和细心。‎ ‎【用法】表示抽象的经验，不可数；表示具体的经历，可数。‎ experiment[Iks5perImEnt] n.[C,U]实验 vi.做实验：do [make, carry out, perform] an experiment 做实验 ‎ explain[Iks5pleIn] v.解释；说明：He explained that he had no money. 他解释说他没有钱。‎ ‎【用法】不能后接双宾语，要表示给某人解释某事，可用explain sth to sb：Can you explain to me what this means? 你能给我解释一下这是什么意思吗?‎ explanation[7eksplE5neIFEn]n.[C,U]解释，说明：It needs no explanation. 它无需解释。/ Can you make a clear explanation? 你能清楚地作出解释吗?‎ explode[Iks5plEJd] v.(使)爆炸，(使)发脾气：He exploded a bomb. 他引爆了炸弹。/ The balloon suddenly exploded. 气球突然炸了。‎ exploit[Iks5plRIt] vt.剥削；开发，开采：exploit natural resources 开发自然资源 / He always sided with the oppressed and the exploited. 他总是站在被压迫和被剥削的人一边。‎ express[Iks5pres] vt.表达，表示：I don’t know how to express myself. 我不知道怎样表达自己的意思。‎ expression[Iks5preFEn] n.[C,U]表达；词句；表情：Her feelings at last found expression in tears. 她的感情终于通过眼泪发泄出来。/ His face was without expression. 他的脸上毫无表情。‎ extra[5ekstrE] adj.特别的，额外的 adv.特别地，非常地 n.[C]另收费用的项目，附加费用：We are willing to do extra work though we are not paid for it. 虽然不给报酬，我们也愿多干些分外的工作。/ He was extra glad to see us. 他见到我们高兴极了。/ They charge extra for wine. 喝酒他们另外收费。‎ extremely[Iks5tri:mlI] adv.极其，非常：I’m extremely sorry. 我非常抱歉。‎ eye[aI] n. [C]眼睛，视力，眼光，观点：I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我亲眼看到的。/ He’s keeping an eye open for a better job. 他正在留意一个更好的工作。‎ F face1[feIs] n.[C]脸，面孔：She had a worried look on her face. 她脸上有一种忧虑的表情。‎ ‎【短语】face to face (with) 面对面 / in (the) face of 面对，不顾 / lose face 丢面子 / make a face (at) 做鬼脸，装怪相，做苦脸(=make faces) / pull [wear] a long face 愁眉苦脸的样子，板着面孔 / save (one’s) face 挽回面子 face2[feIs] v.面向，面对：Other problems also had to be faced. 还需面对其他问题。/ My house faces the park. 我的房子面对公园。‎ ‎【短语】be faced with 面临 / face up to 大胆面向 fact[fAkt] n.[C]事实，实际：It is a fact that smoking is a danger to health. 吸烟危害健康，这是事实。‎ ‎【短语】in actual fact 事实上 / as a matter of fact 事实上 / in fact 事实上，实际上 factory[5fAktErI] n.[C]工厂：The factory produces cars. 这家工厂生产小汽车。‎ fail[feIl] v.失败，不及格：He’ll surely fail. 他必定失败。/ He failed (in) his English examination. 他的英语考试不及格。‎ fair[fZE] adj.公平的，合理的；尚好的；晴朗的 adv. 公平地，公正诚实地 n. [C]商品交易会：That’s a fair comment. 那是公正的评价。/ a world’s fair 世界博览会 fairly[5fZElI] adv.公道地，相当地，还算：He told the facts fairly. 他实事求是地叙述这些事实。/ That is a fairly easy book. 这是一本相当容易的书。‎ faith[feIW] n. [U]信仰，信念，相信；保证，诺言：Faith can move mountains. 精诚所至，金石为开。/ I have faith in his ability. 我对他的能力有信心。‎ fall1[fR:l] n.&v.(fell, fallen)落下，跌倒；倒下，下降：The price of food has fallen. 食品价格下跌了。/ Be careful not to fall off the ladder. 当心别从梯子上掉下来。‎ ‎【短语】fall behind 落后，掉队 / fall in love with 爱上… / fall off 跌落，下降 / fall over 跌倒，倒下 ‎【辨析】fall 与drop：见drop。‎ ‎【用法】在少数短语中可用作连系动词，后接形容词：fall asleep 入睡 / fall ill 生病 fall2 [fR:l] n.(美)秋季：in the fall of 1988 1988年秋天 / He entered college last fall. 他去年秋天上大学。/ These leaves turn yellow in the fall. 这些叶子秋天变黄。‎ false[fC:ls,fCls] adj.假的，虚伪，捏造的：false hair 假发 / His story proved false. 他讲的情况事实表明是假的。‎ familiar[fE5mIljE] adj. 熟悉的，常见的：We are familiar with his character. 我们了解他的性格。/ These tales are familiar to Chinese children. 这些故事对中国小孩而言是听惯了的。‎ ‎【比较】We are familiar with the saying. 我们熟悉这条格言。/ The saying is familiar to us. 这条格言我们熟悉。‎ family[5fAmIlI] n. [C]家，家庭，家族；子女：What’s his family name? 他姓什么? ‎ ‎【用法】若视为整体，则为单数；若考虑其个体，则为复数：My family is very large. 我的家庭是个很大的家庭。/ My family are all tall. 我全家人的个子都很高。‎ famous[5feImEs] adj.著名的，有名的：Her dream to enter a famous university came true. 她要进入名牌大学的梦想实现了。‎ ‎【用法】后接介词as和for意义不同：接as表示“作为…而出名”，接for表示“因…而出名”：He is rather famous as a writer. 他是位著名作家。/ France is famous for its wine. 法国因其葡萄酒而出名。‎ fan[fAn]n. [U]扇子，爱好者 vt.扇；煽动；激起：a film [movie] fan 影迷 / electric fan电风扇 / The breeze fanned her hair. 微风吹拂着她的头发。‎ far[fB:] adj.& adv.(farther, farthest; further, furthest)远的(地)；很，极，太：If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗?‎ ‎【短语】as far as 像…一样远 / by far …得多，最(加强比较级，最高级) / far from 远离，决非，完全不 / so far 到目前为止(一般和完成时连用)‎ ‎【用法】用作副词时，可修饰动词、比较级、最高级(=by far)、副词too(太)、介词短语：This story is far more interesting. 这个故事有趣得多。/ He speaks English far better than I. 他说英语比我好得多。/ He was at the station far too early. 他去车站去得太早。‎ ‎【辨析】farther与further：见further。‎ farm[fB:m] n.[C]农场，农庄：He works on the farm. 他在农场工作。‎ farmer[5fB:mE] n. [C]农场主，农夫：fruit farmer果农 ‎ ‎【辨析】farmer与peasant：前者通常指非英语国家的自耕农或雇农，后者则主要指英语国家的农民。‎ farther[5fB:TE] adj.& adv.较远，更远(far的比较级)：We went no farther than the bridge. 我们走到桥头就不再往前走了。‎ ‎【辨析】farther与further：见further。‎ fast[fB:st] adj. 快的，(钟表)走得快的；紧的adv. 快地；紧地：I’m afraid my watch is fast. 我的表快了。/ You’re driving too fast. 你车开得太快。‎ fasten[5fB:sn] v. 闩；栓住；捆；系：Fasten your seat belts! 请系上安全带！‎ ‎【用法】1.用于本义，表示把某物系于另一物上，通常与介词to连用：He fastened the ox to a tree. 他把牛拴在树上。2.用于引申义，表示“注视”、“集中注意力于”等，则通常与介词on [upon]连用：He fastened his eyes (up)on the stranger. 他的眼睛盯着这个陌生人。‎ fat[fAt] adj.肥胖的，多脂肪的n.[U]脂肪，油脂：The doctor told him to stay away from fat foods. 医生要他不要吃油腻的食品。‎ father[5fB:TE] n.[C]父亲：father and mother 父母 / Father’s Day 父亲节 fault[fR:lt] n. [C,U]过错，缺点，故障，毛病：It’s not my fault. 这不是我的错。/ Your only fault is carelessness. 你惟一的缺点是粗心大意。‎ ‎【短语】at fault 有错，有责任，有毛病 / find fault (with sb) 找(某人的)缺点 favour(美favor)[5feIvE] n. [C]恩惠，帮助 [U]好感，喜欢：May I ask you a favor? 我可以请您帮个忙吗?‎ ‎【短语】in favor of 赞成，支持 / in one’s favour 对某人有利 ‎【用法】1. do sb a favour 意为“帮助某人”，也可说成 do a favour for sb，注意其中的动词do不能换成give。2. 在do sb a favor中，当favor后用作定语的不定式或of doing sth时，其前的不定冠词通常要改为定冠词。‎ favo(u)rite[5feIvErIt] adj.最喜爱的n.[C]最喜爱的人或物：My favourite sport is skiing. 我最喜欢的运动是滑雪。David’s a great favourite with his teacher. 大卫是他的老师最为喜欢的学生。‎ ‎【用法】已含有“最”的意思，通常不再连用most。‎ fear[fIE] n.&v.害怕，恐惧，担心：He was shaking with fear. 他害怕得直发抖。/ Children fear dogs. 小孩怕狗。‎ ‎【短语】for fear of 由于怕，以防 / in fear of 害怕，担心 ‎【用法】1.后接动词可用不定式或动名词：He fears to tell [telling] her what happened. 他害怕告诉她所发生的事情。2.fear sb与fear for sb不同：前者指害怕某人，后者指为某人担心。‎ feather[5feTE] n. [C]羽毛：His death is as light as a feather. 他的死轻如鸿毛。‎ February[5febrJErI] n.二月：February is the shortest month of the year. 二月是一年最短的一个月。‎ feed[fi:d](fed, fed) v. 喂(养)，饲(养)，供养；吃：Sheep feed mostly on grass. 羊以草为主食。/ He fed the horse on potatoes. 他给马喂土豆。‎ feel[fi:l] v.(felt, felt)摸，触；感觉：Ice and snow feel cold. 冰雪摸着是冷的。/ Do you feel sure about it? 你能对这有把握吗? / He felt them to be right. 他认为他们是对的。‎ ‎【说明】feel like 是常用短语，其后可接名词或动名词，表示“感到想要(做某事)”、“摸起来好像”、“(感到)像是…的样子”：I don’t feel like going to the movies. 我不想去看电影。/ It feels like silk. 这东西摸起来像丝绸。/ I feel like catching a cold. 我像是感冒了。‎ feeling[5fi:lIN] n. [C,U]感觉；知觉；(常用复)感情：I have a feeling he’ll come. 我觉得他会来。/ I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心是否伤了她的感情。‎ fellow[5felEJ] n.[C](口语)人，家伙，小伙子，同伴：fellow workers同事 / Poor fellow! 可怜的家伙！/ He’s a nice fellow. 他是个很好的人。‎ fence[fens] n.[C]篱笆，栅栏：The fence kept the dog in the yard. 栅栏把狗圈在了院子里。‎ fetch[fetF] v.取来，带来；去取：It’s time to fetch the children from school. 是把孩子们从学校接回来的时候了。‎ ‎【用法】可带双宾语，若双宾语易位，通常用介词 for 来引出间接宾语，即fetch sb sth=fetch sth for sb。‎ fever[5fi:vE] n.[C,U]发烧，发热：She has a slight fever. 她有点儿发烧。‎ few[fju:] adj.& pron.少数(的)，不多(的) n.(表示否定)几乎没有：Who has the fewest mistakes? 谁的错最少?/ Only a few of the children can read. 孩子们只有几个能阅读。‎ ‎【辨析】few与a few：两者均用于表示数量，连用或代替可数名词(必须用复数)，前者表示数量很少甚至几乎没有，强调“少”，含有否定意味；后者表示数量虽不多，但毕竟还有，强调“有”，含有肯定意味。‎ field[fi:ld] n.[C]田地；领域；场地；牧场：in the fields 在田地里 fierce[fIEs] adj.凶猛的；猛烈的：He was frightened of the fierce dog. 他让这只凶猛的狗吓怕了。/ Because there is so much unemployment, the competition for jobs is very fierce. 由于失业如此众多，求职的竞争十分激烈。‎ fifteen[5fIf5ti:n] num.十五：The water was fifteen feet deep. 水有15英尺深。‎ fifth[fIfW] num.第五：Two fifths of the students are girls. 五分之二的学生是女孩。‎ fifty[5fIftI] num.五十：He got married in his fifties. 他50多岁才结婚。‎ fight[faIt] v.(fought, fought)打仗，打架；与…打架n.[C]战斗，斗争：The children fought with snow-balls. 孩子们打雪战。‎ figure[5fIgE] n.[C]数字；外形，图形，塑像，画像 v.描绘；计算；估计：She has a five figure income. 她有五位数的收入。/ She has a trim figure. 她身材苗条。/ You can figure on him to be on time. 你可以指望他准时来。‎ fill[fIl] v.装满，充满，满，填充：Her eyes filled with tears. 她眼睛里充满了眼泪。‎ ‎【短语】fill in 填充，填写，填满 / fill up 填写，填满，装满 film[fIlm] n. [C,U]影片，电影；胶卷(片)：The film begins at two o’clock. 电影两点钟开始。/ Please buy a roll of film for me. 请给我买一卷胶卷。‎ final[5faInEl] adj.最后的 n.(复数)决赛，期末考试：Is that your final offer? 这是你最后的报价吗? / When do you take your finals? 你什么时候参加期终考试?‎ find[faInd] v.(found, found)找到，发现；感到；查明：He found her crying in the corner. 他发现她在角落里哭。/ He found the city much changed. 他发现这个城市发生了巨大的变化。/ We found him to be dishonest. 我们发现他不诚实。‎ ‎【短语】find out 查明，弄清 ‎【用法】1.可接双宾语，若双宾语易位，用介词for引出间接宾语：Please find me my key.=Please find my key for me. 请给我找到我的钥匙。‎ finger[5fINgE] n.[C]手指：She wore a gold ring on her finger. 她的手指上戴了枚金戒指。/ His fingers are all thumbs. 他笨手笨脚。‎ finish[5fInIF] v.结束，完成：It’s a pity (that) he didn’t finish college. 真遗憾他大学没毕业。‎ ‎【短语】finish off [up] 吃完，吃光；做完，结束 ‎ ‎【用法】后接动词时不用不定式，而用动名词，且该动名词要用一般式，不用完成式：There was a deadly silence after she finished speaking. 她说完话后是一片沉默。‎ fire[faIE] n.[C,U]火，火灾，火炉 v.开火，射击；解雇：There is no fire without some smoke. (谚)有火就有烟。/ In case of fire, ring the bell. 如有火灾，按铃。‎ ‎【短语】catch fire 着火 / on fire 着火 / set fire to 放火烧 / make [start] a fire 生火 firm1[fE:m] n. [C]公司，企业：a printing firm 印刷公司 firm2[fE:m] adj. 坚固的，坚定的；坚决的，严格的adv.牢牢地，坚定地：The teacher was firm and did not change her mind. 老师很坚决，他不改变主意。‎ first[fE:st] num.第一 adv.& adj.第一，最初 n.开始，开端：You’ll be the first to speak. 你将第一个发言。/ It’s the first time she has driven a car. 这是她第一次开车。‎ ‎【短语】at first 起初，开始时 / first of all 首先，第一 fish[fIF] n.[C]鱼 [U]鱼肉vi.捕鱼，钓鱼：Do try this fish. 请尝尝这鱼。/ Let’s go fishing. 我们去钓鱼吧。‎ ‎【用法】用作名词表示“鱼”时，单复数同形，但有时也可用fishes这样的复数形式(表示数量或种类)；表示“鱼肉”时，不可数。‎ fist[fIst] n.[C]拳头：He hit me with his fist. 他用拳头打我。‎ fit[fIt] v.(使)适合，(使)符合；安装 adj.适合的，恰当的；胜任的；健康的 n.适合；合身(的衣服)：Does the coat fit? 上衣合身吗? / I hope you’ll keep fit. 希望你身体保持健康。‎ ‎【用法】表示“适合做某事”，可用be fit to do sth，此时若主语与不定式有动宾关系，不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：They are not fit to eat [to be eaten]. 它们不适合食用。‎ five[faIv] num.五：five senses 五官 fix[fIks] vt. 使固定；确定，决定；准备，安排；修理：He fixed a picture to the wall. 他往墙上贴了张画。/ Have you fixed (on) the date for the meeting? 你们确定了开会的时间吗? / We are going to have the TV fixed. 我们要请人把电视机修好。‎ flag[flAg] n. [C]旗，标志：the national flag 国旗 flash[flAF] v.闪亮，(使)闪现 n.[C]一闪，闪光；转瞬间：His eyes flash with anger. 他眼中冒出怒火。‎ flat[flAt] adj.平的，扁平的；平坦的；平展的 n.[C]公寓，一套房：Lie down flat and breathe deeply. 平躺下，作深呼吸。/ The flat is on sale. 公寓出售。‎ flight[flaIt] n.[C]航班，飞行；楼梯的一段：Did you have a good flight? 乘机旅行愉快吗?/ My room is two flights up. 我的房间要上两段楼梯。‎ float[flEJt] v.(使)浮动，(使)漂浮，飘动：Wood floats on water. 木头漂浮在水上。/ They floated down the river. 他们沿河向下游漂去。‎ flood[flQd] vt.淹没，使泛滥，充斥 n.[C]洪水，洪灾：Much of the land was flooded. 很多土地被水淹了。/ The floods are going down. 洪水正在消退。‎ floor[flR:] n.[C]地面，地板；楼层：He lives on the fifth floor. 他住在5楼。‎ flour[flaJE] n. [U]面粉，粉：rice flour 米粉 flow[flEJ] vi.流，流动：Water flows through the pipe. 水从水管中流过。‎ flower[5flaJE] n. [C]花：The rose is my favourite flower. 玫瑰是我最喜欢的花。‎ fly[flaI] n.[C]苍蝇 v.(flew, flown)飞，飞行，乘飞行旅行，使飞，放(风筝等)：We can either fly there or go by train. 我们可以坐飞机去也可坐火车去。‎ follow[5fRlEJ] v.跟随；(表示时间，顺序等)接着；遵循，理解：Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。/ But worse was to follow. 但更坏的情况还在后头。‎ fond[fRnd] adj.喜爱的，爱好的：She became very fond of her. 她变得非常喜欢她。‎ ‎【用法】表示“喜欢做某事”，be fond 后接of doing sth，不接不定式。‎ food[fU:d] n.[U,C]食物：This food tastes sweet. 这种食品是甜的。‎ ‎【用法】通常不可数，但若表示某种特殊种类的食物，则可数：breakfast foods 早餐食物 fool[fu:l]n. [C]傻子，蠢人v.愚弄，欺骗：He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。/ He fooled me into going with him. 他欺骗我，要我跟他去。‎ foolish[5fu:lIF] adj.笨的，愚蠢的：It’s foolish of you to believe her.=You are foolish to believe her. 你相信她真是太蠢了。‎ foot[fJt] n. [C]脚，足；英尺：To do this is to cut the foot to fit the shoe. 这样做是削足适履。‎ ‎【短语】on foot 走路，步行 / at the foot of在…的脚下，在…的尾端 ‎【用法】表示“脚”时，其复数为feet；表示“英尺”时，其复数是feet或foot。‎ football[5fJtbR:l] n. [C](踢球所用的)足球 [U]足球(运动)：He hurt his leg (in) playing football. 他踢足球把腿踢伤了。‎ for[fC:,fE] prep.为了；给(某人)，供(某人)用；用于，用来；因为，由于；去；达，计；对，对于；赞成；就…来说conj. 因为，由于：That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。/ Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。/ Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。/ Are you for or against the plan?你是支持还是反对这个计划? / Plant three trees for every one that is cut down. 每砍一棵树要种三棵树。/ Red is for danger. 红色代表危险。‎ forbid[fE5bId](forbade/ forbad, forbidden) vt.禁止；不许：His wife forbids him wine. 他妻不准他喝酒。/ We forbid smoking in the office. 本办公室内不准吸烟。/ I forbid him to go there again. 我不准他再去那儿。‎ ‎【用法】后接动词作宾语时要用动名词(不用不定式)，但若不定式前有宾语语则可以(此时不定式作宾补)。‎ force[fR:s] vt.强迫，迫使 n.[U,C]力量；武力 (常用复)军队，势力：They were forced to work long hours. 他们被迫长时间干活。‎ ‎【短语】by force 靠武力，强行 / by force of 靠…，凭借… / with force 有力地，费力地 ‎【用法】表示迫使某人做某事，除可用force sb to do sth外，也可用 force sb into doing sth：They forced her to sign [into signing] the paper. 他们强迫她在文件上签字。‎ foreign[5fRrIn] adj.外国的，对外的：a foreign visitor 外宾 / She is quick at learning a foreign language. 她学外语学得快。‎ forest[5fCrIst] n. [C,U]森林：They see the trees but not the forest. 他们见树不见林。‎ forget[fE5get] v.(forgot, forgotten)忘记，忘掉：Oh, I forget where she lives. 啊，我忘了她住在哪儿了。/ He forgot about the meeting. 他忘了去开会。‎ ‎【比较】forget to do sth 与forget doing sth：前者指忘记要做某事，后者指忘记曾经做过某事：Don’t forget to tell him the news. 别忘记告诉他这消息。/ I forgot telling her the news. 我忘了曾告诉过她这个消息。‎ forgive[fE5gIv] v.饶恕；豁免，原谅，宽恕：I’ve already forgiven you. 我已经原谅了你。/ Please forgive me (for) my fault. 请原谅我的过错。‎ ‎【用法】要表示原谅某人做某事，不能用forgive sb to do sth，而用forgive sb for doing sth：Please forgive me for coming late. 请原谅我来迟了。‎ fork[fR:k] n.[C]叉，餐叉；(路，河等)岔口：a knife and fork 一副刀叉 form[fC:m] n. [C,U]表格；形式，结构；种类v.形成，构成：He asked me to fill a form out [in]. 他让我填一份表。‎ fortnight[5fR:tnaIt] n.[C]双周，十四日：It’s a fortnight to National Day. 离国庆节还有两星期。‎ fortunate[5fR:tFEnIt] adv.幸运地；幸亏：You’re fortunate in your teacher. 你很幸运有位好老师。/ He is fortunate to have [in having] a good job. 他很幸运有份好工作。/ It is fortunate (for him) that he has a good wife. 他很幸运有位好妻子。‎ fortune[5fC:tFu:n] n. [U]运气，机会 [C]财产，巨款；命运：I had the fortune to meet him there. 我在那儿见到了他，真是幸运。‎ forty[5fR:tI] num. 四十：A middle-aged person is between forty and sixty years old. 中年人是指40到60岁之间的人。‎ forward[5fR:wEd] adv.向前，提前 adj.前面的，提前的：Take two steps forward. 向前走两步。/ We can see the forward part of the ship. 我们可以看见船的前部。‎ ‎【用法】look forward to(展望，盼望)中的to是介词，后接动词时要用动名词。‎ found[faJnd] v.成立，建立：They founded a college. 他们创办了一所大学。‎ fountain[5faJntIn] n.[C]喷泉：A group of children are playing in the fountain in the park. 有一群孩子在公园的喷泉中玩耍。‎ four[fR:] num.四：It was a four-storeyed house. 这是一座4层楼房。‎ fourth[fR:W] num.第四：the May Fourth Movement 五四运动 fox[fRks] n.[C]狐狸：a sly old fox 狡猾的老狐狸 France[frB:ns] n.法国：France is famous for its wines. 法国因它的酒而出名。‎ free[fri:] adj.空闲的，自由的；免费的 adv.免费，自由地 v.释放，使自由：You are free to go or to stay. 要走要留悉听尊便。/ Are the drinks free? 这饮料是免费的吗? / Children are admitted free. 儿童免费入场。‎ ‎【短语】for free 免费 freedom[5fri:dEm] n.[U]自由：They longed for freedom. 他们渴望自由。‎ freeze[fri:z]v.(froze, frozen)使冻结，结冰；凝固：be freezing cold冰冻一样地冷 / When water freezes, it becomes solid. 水结冰时变成固体。‎ French[frentF] adj.法国的；法国人的 n.法语：The letter was in French. 这信是用法语写的。/ The French defeated the English troops. 法国人打败了英国军队。‎ Frenchman[5frentFmEn] n.(pl. Frenchmen)法国人：He’s a Frenchman. 他是法国人。‎ frequent[5fri:kwEnt] adj.经常的，屡次的，频繁的：My girlfriend writes frequent letters to me. 我的女朋友频繁给我写信。‎ fresh[freF] adj.新鲜地；不熟练的，无经验的：You can buy fresh fruit and vegetables in the market. 你可以在市场上买到新鲜的蔬菜和水果。‎ Friday[5fraIdI] n. [U,C]星期五：Friday is believed to be an unlucky day. 星期五被认为是不吉利的日子。‎ fridge[frIdV] n.[C]冰箱(=refrigerator)：We have a fridge in our kitchen. 我们厨房里有一台冰箱。‎ friend[frend] n. [C]朋友：We can remain friends. 我们可以继续作朋友。‎ ‎【短语】make friends 交朋友 / be friends with sb 与某人友好 / keep friends (with sb) (与某人)保持友好关系 / make friends (with sb) (与某人)交朋友 friendly[5frendlI] adj.友好的：He is very friendly to [towards] me. 他对我很好。/ Bill is friendly with the girl. 比尔与这个女孩很要好。‎ friendship[5frendFIp] n. [U,C]友谊，友情：That’s my idea about friendship. 这是我对友谊的看法。‎ frighten[5fraItn] vt.吓唬，使惧怕：The ghost story frightened the child. 这个鬼怪故事使孩子十分惊恐。/ He was frightened of losing power. 他害怕会失去权力。‎ from[frRm] prep.从，自，从…起，来自：He writes from 10 to 15 letters daily. 他每天写10到15封信。/ Things have gone from bad to worse. 事情越来越糟。/ He kept the bad news from his wife. 他不让他妻子知道这个不好的消息。/ I can’t tell one twin from the other. 我分不出双胞胎中谁是谁。‎ front[frQnt]n.[C]前面，前线，前部 adj.前面的：He considered it his duty to go to the front. 他认为上前线是他的责任。/ He came out by the front door. 他从前门出来。‎ ‎【短语】at the front (of) 在(…的)前部(前面)，在…的前面 / in front of 在…前面(通常指范围之外) / in the front of 在…的前部或前面(通常指范围之内)‎ fruit[fru:t] n.[U,C]水果，果实：They trade in fruit and vegetables. 他们做水果和蔬菜生意。‎ ‎【用法】通常表示集合意义，不可数；但若表示种类，则是可数：The potato is a vegetable, not a fruit. 土豆是一种蔬菜，而不是一种水果。‎ fry[fraI] v.油煎，油炸，油炒：The fish was frying. 鱼正在煎。‎ fuel[fjJEl] n.[U,C]燃料 v.加燃料，添柴火：Petrol is no longer a cheap fuel. 石油已不再是廉价的燃料。/ Coal, wood and oil are fuels. 煤、木柴和石油都是燃料。‎ full[fJl] adj.满的，充满的，完全的：Her eyes are full of tears. 她眼泪汪汪。/ He enjoyed life to the full. 他尽情享受人生。‎ fun[fQn] n. [U]有趣的事，玩笑，娱乐：What fun we had! 我们玩得真好! / We had fun riding our bicycles to the beach today. 我们今天骑自行车去海滨玩得很开心。‎ ‎【短语】for fun 开玩笑，为了好玩 / in fun 闹着玩的，开玩笑地 / make fun of sb 拿某人开玩笑，取笑某人 funny[5fQnI] adj.可笑的，有趣的，滑稽的：That’s the funniest joke I’ve ever heard.那是我所听过的最风趣的笑话。‎ fur[fE:] n.[U](兽类的)毛 [U,C]皮毛，毛皮衣：Cats are covered with soft fur. 猫身上长着柔软的毛。/ He was wrapped in furs. 他的身子裹在皮大衣里。‎ furniture[5fE:nItFE] n.[U]家具：Furniture is chiefly made of wood. 家具主要是由木材制造。‎ ‎【用法】是集合名词(或叫物质名词)，没有复数形式，也不能与不定冠词连用，含义上永远是单数。若要表示“量”，可用 much, little,a little 等；要表示“数”，可用 a piece of (article, item) of 等：a piece of furniture 一件家具 further[5fE:TE] adj.& adv.(far的比较级)更远的(地)，更进一步的(地)；较远的(地) v.增进，推进：further education 进修，深造 / make no further delay 不再推迟 / His support furthered my career. 他的支持促进了我的事业。‎ ‎【辨析】farther与further：两者均可表示距离，此时可互换；若用于引申义，表示“更进一步”、“更多”、“此外”等义，则只能用 further：We’ll further discuss it ‎. 我们会进一步讨论它。/ Are there any further questions? 还有问题吗? 另外，further 还可用作动词，表示“增进”、“推进”等，farther 不能这样用。‎ future[5fju:tFE] n. [C,U]将来，前途 adj.将来的，未来的：You young people have a bright future ahead of you! 你们年轻人的前途光辉灿烂! ‎ ‎【短语】in the future 将来 / in future 从今以后 / for the future 为将来 G gain[geIn] v. 获得；获益，增加；(钟、表)走快n.[C]收获，收益：Without a job, it is impossible to earn any money. 没有工作就不可能挣到钱。/ No pains, no gains.不劳则无获。/ He cares very little for fame and gain.他对名利很淡薄。‎ game[geIm] n. [C]游戏，运动；比赛，比赛得分(成绩)；(用复数)运动会：Football is a team game. 足球是一项集体运动。/ How about playing a game of chess now? 现在来下盘棋好吗?‎ ‎【用法】表示“运动会”的games用作主语时，谓语通常用复数(偶尔也用单数)：The 1984 (Olympic) Games were [was] held in Los Angeles. 1984年奥运会在(美国)洛杉矶举行。‎ garage[5gArB:dV,5gArIdV] n.[C]车库：The garage is back of the house. 车库在房屋后面。‎ garden[5gB:dEn] n.[C]花园，果园，菜园：a back garden 后花园 gate[geIt] n.[C]大门：I would have him wait for me at the gate of the park. 我要他在公园门口等我。‎ gather[5gATE] v.聚集，集合；收集，采摘：We will gather at the school gate at eight. 我们将8点钟在校门口集合。/ He gathered me some flowers.=He gathered some flowers for me. 他给我采了几朵花。‎ ‎【短语】gather around 聚集，召集，集合 / gather in 收进，收获 / gather up收集，拾起，捡起，收拾；集中，概括 gay1[geI] adj.快乐的，愉快的 n.[U]快乐：We were all gay at the thought of the coming holidays. 我们一想到即将来临的假期便高兴起来。‎ gay2[geI] adj.(男)同性恋的n.[C](男)同性恋者：I don’t know he was gay. 我不知道他是同性恋者。‎ general[5dVenErEl] adj.一般的，普遍的，大致的，总的 n.将军：Give me a general idea of the work. 告诉我这件工作的概括情况。/ The general ordered his troops to cease fire. 那位将军命令他的军队停火。‎ ‎【短语】in general 总的说来；大多数 generation[7dVenE5reIFEn] n.[C]代，一代：We belong to the same generation. 我们是同龄人。‎ ‎【短语】generation gap代沟 / from generation to generation=generation after generation 一代一代 ‎【注意】汉语说老一代和年轻一代，并无比较意味，但英语却通常说成the older generation和the younger generation。‎ gentle[5dVentl] adj.文雅的，温和的：She is gentle in touch, manner, and voice. 她在气质、态度、声调方面都温柔和蔼。‎ gentleman[5dVentlmEn] n.[C]绅士，先生：Ladies and gentlemen 女士们和先生们 geography[dVI5RgrEfI] n.[U]地理(学) [C]地理书：He’s interested in geography. 他对地理感兴趣。‎ German[5dVE:mEn] adj.德国的，德国人的，德语的 n. [C]德国人 [U]德语：He passed in German, but failed in English. 他德语考试及格了，但英语没及格。‎ ‎【注意】表示“德国人”时，其复数是Germans，不是Germen。‎ Germany[5dVE:mEnlI] n.德国：At the finals, they lost to Germany. 在决赛中他们输给了德国。‎ get[get] v.(got, got)成为，变得，使得；得到，收到；具有；到达：Get me a chair, please. 请给我搬张椅子。/ You’ll get to like your work. 你慢慢会喜欢你的工作的。/ If you don’t get more exercise, you’ll get fat. 你如果不多锻炼就会发胖。‎ ‎【短语】get about [around] (能)到处走动，旅行；(消息等)传播 / get along 离开(某地)；相处；进展 / get away离开，逃走；逃脱 / get down 弄下，写下，吞下 / get in 进站，回来；请来；插话；收获 / get off 起飞，动身，出发，下班，下车 / get on上车；进展，过日子；相处 / get out 出来，出去，离开；拿出，取出；发表；泄漏 / get out of 逃避，躲掉；使说出(拿出等)；放弃，戒除，停止 / get over 走过，越过；克服；恢复 / get through 做完，用完，吃完，看完；通过(考试)，接通(电话)，度过(时间) / get together 聚会，联欢 / get up 起床，起身；打扮；举办 ‎【比较】get sb (sth) to do sth与get sb (sth) doing sth：前者指使“某人(某事物)做某事”，后者指“使某人(某事物)开始…起来”。‎ gift[gIft] n. [C]赠品，礼物；天赋，天才：a birthday gift 生日礼物 / Her gift to him was a pen. 她送给他的礼物是一支钢笔。/ She has a gift for (learning) languages. 她对学语言有天赋。‎ girl[gE:l] n.[C]女孩，姑娘：Is it a boy or a girl? 是男孩还是女孩?‎ give[gIv](gave, given) v.给，给予，赠给，引起：Give the book to him. 把这本书给他。/ I hope you can give us some help. 我希望你能给我们一些帮助。/ I’m sorry I’ve given you so much trouble. 对不起给了你这么多麻烦。‎ ‎【短语】give away 赠，送，泄露，出卖 / give back 归还，送回 / give in 屈服，让步，投降 / give off 发出(蒸汽，光等) / give out 分发，用完，耗尽，筋疲力尽；发出(气味，热等) / give up 放弃 ‎【用法】过去分词given有时用作介词，表示“考虑到”、“鉴于”：Given their inexperience [Given that they’re inexpeerienced], they’ve done a good job. 考虑到他们缺乏经验，这工作他们已干得很不错了。‎ ‎ glad[glAd] adj.高兴的，乐意的：I am glad to meet you. 我很高兴见到你。/ We’re glad of your success. 我们为你的成功而高兴。/ I’m glad about your passing the exam. 你考试及格了，我很高兴。‎ glance[glB:ns] v.& n.一瞥，扫视，瞥见：He glanced round the room. 他扫视了一下房间。/ She threw me a quick frightened glance. 她快速惊恐地望了我一眼。‎ glass[glB:s] n. [U]玻璃 [C]玻璃杯 (用复数)眼镜：a pair of glasses 一副眼镜 / He handed me a glass of beer. 他递给我一杯啤酒。/ I cut my hand on some broken glass. 我的手被碎玻璃割伤了。‎ globe[glEJb] n. (连用the)地球 [C]地球仪，球状物：We use a globe in our geography lessons. 我们在地理课上使用地球仪。/ This plant can grow in many parts of the globe. 这种植物能在地球上许多地方生长。‎ glove[glQv] n. [C]手套：He has his gloves on. 他戴着手套。‎ go1[gEJ]v. (went, gone) 去，行走；变为；处于…的状态；(机器等)运转；通到；相配；从事(活动)：Let’s go for a walk along the river. 咱们到江边散散步。/ The milk went sour. 牛奶变质了。/ He went hungry. 他饿着肚子。/ Yesterday we went swimming in the river. 昨天我们去河边游泳了。‎ ‎【短语】go back 回去；回顾，回溯 / go by从(…)旁边经过；(时间、机会等)过去；遵循，按照，以…为依据 / go down 下落，下降，降低，减弱 / go in for 参加(考试、比赛等)；从事(某一职业等)；爱好，喜欢 / go into 到达，进入，从事，参加；调查，研究 / go out 出去；出国，远行；熄灭 / go over 复习，演习；检查，核对 / go through 通过；检查，审查，查找；经历；做完，用完 / go up上升，上涨；建立 / be going to 打算，即将 ‎ ‎【比较】go on doing sth与go on to do sth：前者指不停地做某事或继续做某事，后者指做完某事后接着或继续做某事：You oughtn’t to go on living this way. 你不应该再这样生活下去了。/ He went on to talk about his family. 他接着谈了他的家庭。‎ go2[gEJ] n. 1.[C]尝试(做某事)；(常用单)轮到某人(做某事)：Let’s have a go at it. 让我们试一试。/ It’s my go. 轮到我啦。‎ goal[gEJl] n.[C]目标，目的；(足球)球门，(赛跑等的)终点：His goal is a job at the university. 他的目标是要在大学任教。‎ goat[gEJt] n.[C]山羊：Men and goats have [grow] beards. 人和山羊都长胡子。‎ god[gRd] n.神，上帝：God bless you! 愿上帝保佑你!(天啊!) ‎ gold[gEJld] n.[U]黄金 adj. 金质的；金色的：All that glitters is not gold.=All is not gold that glitters. 发亮的不一定都是金子。‎ golden[5gEJldEn] adj.金色的；金质的；黄金般的，可贵的：golden hair 金发 / The 18th century was the golden age of the novel. 18 世纪是小说的黄金时期。‎ good[gJd] adj.(better, best)好的，有益的 n.[U]好处，益处：She is good at telling stories. 她擅长讲故事。/ It’s good for her to buy a computer. 买台电脑对他有好处。It’s good of you to lend it to me. 你真好把它借给我。/ Is it any good trying to explain? 试图作些解释有用吗?‎ good-bye[5gJdbaI] interj.& n.再见：say good-bye to sb 向某人道别 / She kissed them good-bye. 她吻别他们。‎ goods[gJdz] n.(复数)商品，货物：five pieces of goods五件货 / The goods are in danger of robbery. 这货有被盗的危险。‎ ‎【用法】只有复数形式，用作主语时，谓语要用复数；虽为复数，但不能与数词连用。‎ goose[gu:s] n.(pl. geese) [C]鹅 [U]鹅肉：I don’t care much for goose. 我不太喜欢吃鹅肉。‎ government[5gQvEnmEnt] n. [C]政府：the People’s Government 人民政府 ‎【用法】若视为整体，表单数意义；若考虑其成员，则表复数意义：The government is planning to build a dam there. 政府打算在那里建一座水坝。/ The government are discussing the proposal. 政府(人员)正在讨论这个建议。‎ grade[greId] n. [C]等级；年级；成绩，分数：She ranked her students according to their grades. 她按成绩排列学生的名次。/ They sort apples by grade. 他们把苹果按等级分类。/ Her son is in the sixth grade. 她儿子读六年级。‎ gradually[5grAdjJElI] adv. 逐渐地：Gradually we acquired experience in how to do the work. 我们逐步获得了做这工作的经验。‎ graduate[5grAdjJeIt] v.毕业n.[C]大学毕业生，毕业生：He graduated in history. 他毕业于历史专业。/ He is a graduate of Oxford University. 他是牛津大学的毕业生。‎ ‎【用法】1.用作动词，一般不及物；有时也用作及物动词，且用于被动语态，但较少见。2.表示从某学校毕业，其后通常接介词at(英)或from(美)。‎ grain[greIn] n. [U]谷物，谷类 [C]谷粒：Grain is used for making flour. 谷物用来做面粉。/ Bring in every single grain. 颗粒还仓。‎ grammar[5grAmE] n. [U]语法 [C]语法书：Is grammar important when learning English?在学英语的过程中，语法重要吗?‎ grand[grAnd] adj.庄严的，雄伟的，显赫的：He lives in a grand house. 他住在一栋富丽堂皇的房子里。‎ granddaughter[5grAn7dR:tE] n. [C]孙女，外孙女：Her granddaughter is lovely. 她的孙女很可爱。‎ grandfather[5grAnd7fB:TE] n. [C]祖父，外祖父：Grandfather won’t allow it. 爷爷不会允许这样做。‎ grandmother[5grAnd7mQTE] n. [C]祖母，外祖母：I’ve been to see your grandmother. 我(刚才)看你奶奶去了。‎ grandson[5grAndsQn] n. [C]孙子；外孙：Her grandson is kind to her. 她的外孙对她很好。‎ grass[grB:s] n. [U,C]草，草地：Keep off the grass. 勿踏草地。‎ great[greIt] adj.伟大的；重要的：A great deal of money is spent on research. 研究工作上花了许多钱。/ These products are in great demand. 这种产品需求很大。‎ Greek[gri:k] adj.希腊(人)的，希腊语的n. [C]希腊人 [U]希腊语：Greek letters 希腊字母 / It’s all Greek to me. 这东西我一窍不通。‎ green[gri:n] adj.& n.绿色(的)，青色(的)；未熟的；没有经验的：Try pressing the green button. 按绿色按钮试试。/ She was dressed in green. 她穿着绿衣服。‎ greet[gri:t] vt. 问候，向…打招呼：She greeted me warmly. 她热情地和我打招呼。/ His speech was greeted with cheers. 他的演说得到热烈的喝彩。‎ greeting[5gri:tIN] n. [C,U]祝贺，问候，致意：As I entered, he gave me a nod of greeting. 当我进来时，他点头向我打招呼。‎ ‎【用法】表示“致贺”、“贺辞”时，通常用复数形式，且多与动词give, send, receive, offer 等连用：Please give my greetings to your parents. 请代我向你父母问好。‎ grey / gray[greI] adj.灰(白)色的：He was already gray at 30. 他30岁时头发就已经灰白了。/ The blue shirt and gray tie are a good match. 蓝衬衫和灰领带很相配。‎ ground[graJnd] n.[C]地面；场地：He was lying on the ground. 他躺在地上。‎ group[gru:p] n.[C](小)组，团体，群：The teacher divided the pupils into three groups. 老师把学生分成三组。‎ grow[grEJ] v.(grew, grown)种植，生长；渐渐变得：He grows vegetables. 他种植蔬菜。/ The weather is growing cold. 天气冷起来了。‎ ‎【用法】其后接不定式表示开始做某事，此时不定式通常为 be, like, hate, believe 等动词：He’s growing to like her better. 他变得更喜欢她了。‎ guard[gB:d] n.[C]卫兵，哨兵 [U]防卫，警戒；监视，看守v.保卫，防卫；监视：He is always on his guard. 他一直很警惕。/ Two big dogs guard the farm. 有两条大狗看守农场。‎ guess[ges] v.& n.猜，猜测：I guessed his thoughts. 我猜着了他的想法。/ He made a blind guess. 他胡猜一通。‎ guest[gest] n.[C]客人：She greeted her guests at the door. 她在门口迎接客人。‎ guide[gaId] n. [C]向导，导游者v.引导，引路；指导，辅导；支配：The guide showed us around the city. 导游带我们游览了这座城市。/ They guided us to the office. 他们带领我们到了办公室。‎ gun[gQn] n. [C]枪，炮：We fired our guns at the enemy. 我们向敌人开炮。‎ H habit[5hAbIt] n.[C,U]习惯，习性：It was not his habit to ask people for things. 他没有向别人要东西的习惯。/ Try to develop good reading habits. 要养成良好的阅读习惯。‎ ‎【用法】表示做某事的习惯，其后要接 of doing sth，不接to do sth：He has broken off [got rid of] the habit of drinking. 他已戒掉了喝酒的习惯。‎ hair[hZE] n.[C, U]头发，毛：I shall cut my hair. 我将理发(自己给自己理发)。/ I shall have my hair cut. 我将理发(请别人给我理发)。‎ ‎【用法】表示“头发”的总称，是集合名词(不可数)；表示一根根的头发，是可数名词：He wears his hair long. 他留长发。/ There are hairs on your jacket. 你的上衣上有几根头发。‎ haircut[5hZEkQt] n.[C](男子)理发，发型：I’ll go and get a haircut. 我要去理发。‎ half[hB:f] adj.半，一半 n.[C,U]半，一半 adv.部分地，一半地：Half the students were late. 有一半学生迟到了。/ Well begun is half done. (谚)头开得好，事成一半。/ He was half asleep. 他半醒半睡。‎ ‎【短语】by half 一半；极大地，大大地 / by halves 半途而废地，不完全地 / in half 两半 hall[hC:l] n. [C]门厅，过道；大厅，礼堂：The hall will soon be filled with people. 大厅一会儿就会坐满人。‎ ham[hAm] n. [C,U]火腿：Slice the ham thin. 把火腿切得薄薄的。‎ hammer[5hAmE] n. [C]锤子v.用锤敲击，反复敲打：Hammer the nail in. 把钉子钉进去。/ He was holding a hammer. 他手里握着一把锤子。‎ hand[hAnd] n.[C]手；(钟表)指针 v.传递；交付；给：Put up your hand if you know the answer. 若知道答案请举手。‎ ‎【短语】at hand 在手边，在近处；即将到来 / by hand 用手工(即不是用机器或其他手段)；用专人(即不是通常邮寄等) / give [lend] sb a hand 帮某人一把 / hand in hand手拉手；同时并存 / in hand 手头有；控制，处理，进行 / on hand 在手边(随时可用) / on the one (other) hand 一方面(另一方面) / hand in 交来，交上去(给老师或上级) / hand on ‎ 传递给另一个人 / hand out 散发，分发 / hand over 移交，拿给(另一人) / shake hands (with sb) (同某人)握手 handkerchief[5hANkEtFi:f] n.[C]手帕，手绢：a paper handkerchief 纸手巾 ‎【用法】其复数可以是handkerchiefs或handkerchieves，但以前者为多见。‎ handsome[5hAnsEm]adj.漂亮的，英俊的：He looks handsome in uniform. 他穿制服很英俊。‎ ‎【用法】主要用于说明男性；若用于女性，则指体态健美、端庄稳重等，即指健美而非貌美；若用于儿童，则指“外貌俊秀”。‎ hang[hAN]v.绞死，上吊；悬挂，吊着：He hung the picture on the wall. 他把画挂在墙上。/ He was hanged for murder. 他因杀人罪被判绞刑。‎ ‎【用法】若表示“绞死”，是规则动词，其过去式和过去分词为hanged；若表示“悬挂”，为不规则动词，其过去式和过去分词为hung。‎ happen[5hApEn] v.(偶然)发生；碰巧：I won’t tell anybody what happened. 发生的事我谁也不告诉。/ He happened to be out.=It happened that he was out. 他恰好不在家。‎ ‎【用法】只用作不及物动词，所以不用于被动语态。‎ happy[5hApI] adj.高兴的，幸福的：They lived a happy life. 他们过着幸福的生活。/ We are happy at [about] his letter. 收到他的来信我们很高兴。/ He is happy over his success. 他对自己的成功感到高兴。/ Are you happy with your life? 你对生活满意吗?‎ hard[hB:d] adv.努力地；(下雨等)猛烈地 adj.困难的；硬的：You will fail unless you work hard. 如果你不用功，你会不及格。/ It’s raining hard. 正在下大雨。/ The text is hard to understand.=It’s hard to understand the text. 这篇课文很难懂。‎ hardly[5hB:dlI] adv.几乎，几乎没有：I hardly ever heard him singing. 我几乎从未听他唱过歌。‎ ‎【用法】1.Hardly…when…是固定句型，意为“一…就”：Hardly had she arrived when it began to rain. 她刚到就下起雨来了。2.若用于句首，其后要用倒装句式：Hardly did he sleep last night. 他昨晚几乎没睡。‎ hard-working[5hB:dwE:kIN] adj.辛勤的，勤劳的：The Chinese are a hard-working people. 中国人是一个勤劳的民族。‎ harvest[5hB:vIst] n. [C,U]收割，收获(期)；收成v.收割，收获：It happened that the harvest was bad that year. 恰好那年收成不好。‎ hat[hAt] n.[C]帽子：Hang your hat on the hook. 把帽子挂在衣钩上。‎ hate[heIt] v.憎恨；不愿，不喜欢：We hate such people. 我们讨厌这样的人。‎ ‎【用法】1.后接动词作宾语时，用不定式或动名词均可：Some people hate working [to work] in the early morning. 有些人不爱在清晨工作。但若与would, should连用，则其后只接不定式：I’d hate to spend Christmas alone. 我不喜欢一个人过圣诞节。2.通常只用作及物动词，若后面直接跟if和when引导的状语从句，习惯上先接it：I hate it when people talk with their mouths full. 我不喜欢人们嘴里含着饭说话。‎ have[hAv] v.(had, had)有；吃；喝；进行；经受；使v. aux.(构成完成时态)：Did you have a good holiday? 你假期过得愉快吗? / Have you finished your work? 你完成工作了吗? / I’ll have her post the letter. 我要叫她去寄信。/ He had the light burning all night. 他让灯亮了一整夜。/ We had the machine repaired. 我们请人修理了机器。/ He had his finger cut. 他的手指弄伤了。‎ he[hi:] pron.他：Is your dog a he or a she? 你的狗是雄的还是雌的?‎ head[hed] n.[C]头，头部 vi.前进：Use your head. 动脑筋吧。/ Then we headed for home. 然后我们就往家走了。‎ headache[5hedeIk] n.[C]头疼：I have (got) a bad headache. 我头痛得厉害。‎ headmaster[hed5mB:stE] n. [C](英)(中小学校)校长：The headmaster has the final say. 校长说了算数。‎ health[helW] n. [U]健康；卫生：Walking is good for the health. 散步对健康有益。/ They are in good health. 他们身体都很好。‎ hear[hIE]v.(heard, heard)听，听见；听说；得知：I heard him open the door and enter the room. 我听见他打开门进到屋里。/ I heard that he was ill. 我听说他病了。‎ ‎【短语】hear about 听说，得知 / hear from从…听来，收到…的来信 / hear of 听说，得知 / hear out 听完(某人的话)‎ heart[hB:t] n. [C]心(脏)；心地，心肠，感情：She has a kind heart. 她心地善良。/ His heart beat so that he could hardly breathe. 他的心跳得这样厉害，他都喘不过气来了。‎ ‎【短语】by heart 默记地，记下 / heart and soul 全心全意地，全部心思地，完全地 / lose heart 灰心 / lose one’s heart to 倾心于，爱上 heat[hi:t] n. [U,C]热，热度，高温v. 变热，把…加热：The heat has caused the milk to go sour. 酷热的天气使牛奶酸了。‎ heaven[5hevEn] n.天空；上帝，神：Heaven knows! 天晓得！/ Good Heavens! (表惊奇)天呀！ ‎ heavy[5hevI] adj.重的，大量的，强的：He didn’t come because of the heavy rain. 因为雨大他没有来。/ He is a heavy smoker. 他烟抽得很多。‎ height[haIt] n. [C,U]高，高度：He was a man of middle height. 他是中等个子。‎ hello[5helEJ] interj.& n.喂：Hello! How are you? 嘿，你好! / She said hello to me when she saw me. 她见到我时向我打招呼。‎ help[help] n.[U]帮助 [C]帮手，有益的事物v.帮助；促进：I helped him (to) repair his bike. 我帮他修自行车。/ Please help me with this luggage. 请帮我搬这行李。/ Help yourself to the fruit. 吃点水果吧。‎ ‎【用法】1.表示“帮助某人做某事”，英语可用help sb (to) do sth，也可用help sb in doing sth。2. can’t help doing sth与can’t help to do sth不同：前者指“禁不住做某事”，后者指“不能帮助做某事”。‎ her[hE:] pron.她的，她(宾格)：He gave her a kiss. 他吻了她一下。‎ here[hIE] adv.这儿；在这里；向这里：here and there 到处，各处 / Here you are. 这就是你所要的东西。/ Here I must disagree. 这一点我必须反对。‎ hero[5hIErEJ] n. (pl.heroes)英雄：He died a hero’s death. 他英勇牺牲。‎ hers[hE:z] pron.她的：Is this his or hers? 这是他的还是她的?‎ herself[hE:5self] pron.她自己：She kept herself from laughing. 她忍住没笑。‎ hi[haI]interj.嘿! 喂(唤起注意，表示惊讶或询问)：Hi there！喂!‎ hide[haId] v.(hid, hidden)隐蔽，把…藏起来：He is trying to hide the truth. 他想要掩盖真相。/ A fox cannot hide its tail. 狐狸尾巴是藏不住的。‎ high[haI] adj. 高的；高级的，高等的adv.高：higher education高等教育 / The building is nine stories high. 那座楼有九层高。‎ hill[hIl] n.[C]小山：The tower is on the top of the hill. 塔位于山顶上。‎ him[hIm] pron.他(宾格)：If you ask him, he will help you. 如果你向他请求，他会帮助你。‎ himself[hIm5self] pron.他自己：He is not quite himself today. 今天他不太舒服。‎ hire[haIE] n.&vt.雇用，租用：We hired a car. 我们租了辆汽车。/ This car is for hire. 这辆车是出租的。‎ his[hIz] pron.他的：Everyone must do his best. 人人都要尽自己力量做。‎ history[5hIstErI] n.[U]历史(学) [C]一段历史：History repeats itself. (谚)历史往往重演。/ China is a country with a long history. 中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。‎ ‎【用法】1.以下说法通常不用冠词：modern history 近代史 / world history 世界史 / Chinese history 中国史。但下列说法要用定冠词(注意其后有 of短语)：the history of China 中国史 2. 短语in history(历史上)中也不用冠词：It was an important moment in history. 那是历史上的重要时刻。‎ hit[hIt](hit, hit) v.打，击中；碰撞；到达；袭击，侵袭：Hit the ball hard. 使劲击球。/ He hit her on the nose. 他打了她的鼻子。/ The area was hit by a flash storm. 这一地区受到突如其来的暴风雨的侵袭。‎ hold[hEJld](held, held) v. 拿，抱，握；举行，进行；容纳；持续，耐久n. (用单数)掌握，把握：He held a knife in his hand. 他手里握着一把刀。/ The room can hold twenty people. 这屋子可容下20个人。/ She holds the same view. 她持有同样的看法。/ Hold the line, please. 请不要挂断电话。‎ ‎【短语】hold back 阻止；忍住；隐瞒 / hold out 支持，给予，坚持 / hold to 抓紧；坚持 / hold up 竖起；阻碍，延误 / catch (get, seize, take) hold of 抓住 / keep hold of 抓住，紧紧握住 hole[hEJl] n.[C]洞，坑，孔：There is a hole in the wall. 墙上有一个洞。‎ holiday[5hClEdeI] n. [C]假日，假期：You ought to have a holiday. 你应该休一休假。‎ ‎【比较】on holiday与on holidays：前者指“度假”、“在休假”，后者指“在假日里”(主要指诸如元旦、国庆等的放假日)：The typist is on holiday this week. 打字员本周休假。/ Travel is very heavy here on holidays. 假日这里的交通很拥挤。‎ home[hEJm] n. [C,U]家 adj.家庭的，本国的 adv.回家，到家，在家：feel at home 感觉习惯，觉得舒适 / We decided to go home by bus. 我们决定坐公共汽车回家。‎ homework[5hEJmwE:k] n. [U]家庭作业：do one’s homework 做家庭作业 honest[5RnIst] adj.诚实的，正直的，公正的：Please be more honest about it. 请你更坦白地告诉我。/ It was honest of him to tell us the truth.= He was honest to tell us the truth. 他很诚实，给我们讲了真话。‎ honour(美honor)[5CnE] n. [C,U]荣誉；尊敬vt.尊敬，给予荣誉：Would you do me the honor of dancing with me?=Would you do me the honor to dance with me? 能请你跳曲舞吗? / We had a party in honour of his birthday. 为了祝贺他的生日我们举行了一个晚会。‎ hope[hEJp] v.& n.希望：She worked hard in the hope of making money.=She worked hard in hopes of making money. 她努力工作是希望赚钱。‎ ‎【用法】1.汉语中的“希望某人做某事”，说成英语不能是 hope sb to do sth，但与之意思相近的wish却可以用于该句型。2.I hope 后的宾语从句可用一般现在时表将来，也可直接用将来时态：I hope you (will) like it. 希望你会喜欢它。3.用作名词的hope后可接of doing sth作宾语，但不接不定式：He still has the hope of seeing her again. 他还有希望再见到她。‎ hopeless[5hEJplIs]adj.没有希望的，没有用的，无法可治的：Your work is hopeless and so are you. 你的工作一无是处，你这个人也是如此。‎ horse[hR:s] n.[C]马：I am learning to ride a horse. 我正在学习骑马。‎ hospital[5hCspItEl] n. [C,U]医院：The injured were taken to hospital. 受伤的人都送进了医院。‎ ‎【用法】表示“住院”、“出院”等，在英国英语中不用冠词，但在美国英语中可用冠词：She is ill in (the) hospital. 她生病住院了。‎ hot[hRt]adj. 热的，热情的：It was very hot here in summer. 这儿夏天炎热。‎ hot dog[7hRt5dRg] n.[C]热狗(红肠面包)：I want a hot dog. 我想要一节热狗。‎ hotel [hEJ5tel] n. [C]旅馆，饭店，宾馆，酒店：the Jindi Hotel 金地饭店 / This hotel is the cheapest in town. 这家旅馆是城里最便宜的。‎ hour[5aJE] n. [C]小时；时刻：He was paid by the hour. 他按钟点领薪。‎ house[haJs] n.[C]房子：It was a five-storeyed house. 这是一座5层楼房。‎ housewife[5haJs7waIf] n.[C]家庭主妇：She’s a bad housewife. 她不善于当家庭主妇。‎ housework[5haJs7wE:k] n.[U]家务劳动，家务活：You should help your mother with the housework. 你应该帮你母亲做家务。‎ how[haJ] adv.怎样，如何；多少：How is your mother? 你母亲身体好吗? ‎ ‎【短语】how far 多远(距离) / how many 多少(修饰复数可数名词) / how much 多少(修饰不可数名词) / how old 几岁，多大(岁数) / how long 多长，多久 / how often 每隔多久 / how soon 再过多久 however[haJ5evE] adv.无论如何；可是，仍然conj.不管用什么方法：However cold it is，she always goes swimming. 不管天多冷，她都会去游泳。/ However you come, be sure to come early. 不管你怎么来，一定要早来。‎ huge[hju:dV] adj.巨大的：My family is very large. 我的家庭是个很大的家庭。‎ hundred[5hQndrEd] num.百：He was paid five hundred dollars. 他们付给了他500美元。‎ ‎【用法】与具体数字连用时，不用复数形式，但若表示泛指数时，只用复数形式，且通常要有of短语：hundreds of people 数百人 hunger[5hQNgE] n.[U]饥饿，饥荒 [C]渴望，盼望：Hunger reduced him to stealing. 饥饿迫使他偷窃。 ‎ hungry[5hQNgrI] adj.饥饿的：We had to go hungry. 我们只好挨饿。‎ hurry[5hQrI] v.& n.赶紧，急忙：I hurried to the ticket-office. 我赶紧到售票处。‎ ‎【短语】hurry up 赶紧，快点 / in a hurry 匆忙地 hurt[hE:t]v. (hurt, hurt)使受伤，伤害，疼痛：I won’t hurt you. 我不会伤害你。/ You’ve hurt his feelings. 你伤害了他的感情。‎ husband[5hQzbEnd] n.[C]丈夫：husband and wife 夫妻 I I[aI] pron.我：I’m ashamed of what I did. 我对我的行为感到羞愧。‎ ice[aIs] n. [U]冰 [C]一份冰淇淋：Two ices, please. 来两份冰淇淋。‎ ice-cream[5aIskri:m] n.[C]冰淇淋：A chocolate ice-cream, please. 请给我一份巧克力冰淇淋。‎ idea[aI5dIE] n. [C]主意，想法：The idea sounds great. 这主意听起来不错。/ You have no idea (of) how worried I was! 你不知道我有多着急! ‎ ‎【用法】其后习惯上不接不定式作定语，遇此情况可用of doing sth：I hate the idea of moving. 我讨厌搬家。‎ if[If] conj.如果；是否：Keep your coat on if you feel cold. 如果你感觉冷大衣不要脱。/ He asked if I would show him the way. 他问我是否可以给他带路。‎ ‎【短语】even if 即使，纵使 / as if 好像，似乎 / if not 如果不是那样的话 / if so 如果是那样的 / if only 只要；但愿，要是…就好了 ‎ ill[Il] adj.生病的，不健康的；不好的，有害的：He is ill with a bad cold. 他患重感冒。‎ ‎【用法】表示“有病的”，一般只用作表语；表示“不好的”，一般只用作定语。‎ ‎【辨析】ill与sick：见sick。‎ illness[5Ilnis] n. [C,U]疾病：She was weak after her illness. 她病后很虚弱。‎ imagine[I5mAdVIn] vt.想像，设想：I can’t imagine what has happened. 我想像不出发生了什么事。‎ ‎【用法】1.后接动词作宾语，通常用动名词，不用不定式：Can you imagine living without electricity? 你能想象没有电的生活吗? 2.可说 imagine sb (sth) to be，但通常不说 imagine sb (sth) to do(可将不定式改为动名词)：Don’t imagine yourself to be always correct. 不要认为你总是对的。/ Can you imagine John cooking the dinner? 你能想像约翰做饭的情形吗? ‎ immediate[I5mi:djEt] adj.立即的；目前的：He made no immediate answer. 他没有立即回答。/ My immediate problem was to get money. 我当前的问题是找钱。‎ immediately[I5mi:djEtlI] adv.立即，马上 conj.一…就：I should act immediately. 我应该立即行动。/ I came immediately you called. 你一来电话我就来了。‎ importance[Im5pC:tEns] n.[U]重要性：It’s an invention of great importance. 这是一项非常重要的发明。‎ important[Im5pR:tEnt] adj.重要的：The book is important to [for] me. 这本书对我很重要。/ It is important (for us) to learn English well. 学好英语 (对我们)很重要。‎ ‎【用法】在It’s important 后接that从句时，从句谓语通常用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气：It is important that he (shoud) work hard. 他用功是很重要的。‎ impossible[Im5pRsEbl] adj.不可能的：It’s impossible (for us) to finish the work in a week. 要(我们)在一周之内完成此工作是不可能的。‎ ‎【用法】it’s impossible后接that从句时，从句谓语通常用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气：It is impossible that he (should) go home. 他不可能会回家去。/ It is impossible that he should have gone home. 他不可能回家去了。‎ improve[Im5prU:v] vt.改进，改善，提高：You can improve your English by reading more. 多看书可以提高你的英语水平。‎ ‎【注意】1.本身已包含有better的意思，所以不与better连用。2. improve on [upon] 的意思不是“在…有改进”，而是指“对…改进”或“比…更好”：He has never improved on his first book. 他再也没有写出比他的处女作更好的书来。‎ in [In] prep.在，在…之内(上)，在…期间，从事于，符合，穿着，按照adv.在家；在内，向内：The train will arrive in a few minutes. 火车过几分钟就到。/ The losses were nine in ten. 损失了十之八九。/ You must pay the bill in cash. 你必须用现金付账。/ The woman in white is his wife. 穿白衣的那个女人是他的妻子。/ His life is in danger. 他有生命危险。/ Be careful (in) crossing the street. 过街道要小心。‎ inch[IntF] n. [C]英寸(1 foot=12 inches)：Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 他会得寸进尺。‎ include[In5klu:d] vt.包括：His writings include poetry and a novel. 他的作品包括诗歌和一部小说。/ I include him among my friends. 我把他当作朋友。‎ ‎【用法】1.后接动词作宾语，用动名词形式：Your duties will include putting the children to bed. 你的职责包括照顾孩子就寝。2.注意以下同义句：We all went including me.= We all went me included. 所有人都去了，包括我在内。‎ income[5InkQm] n. [C,U]收入：He has a five figure income. 他有五位数的收入。‎ ‎【用法】可受 large, high, small, low 等的修饰，但习惯上不用 much, little。‎ increase[In5kri:s] v.增加，增多，增大 n. [C,U]增加：The population of the city has increased by 20 per cent. 这座城市的人口增加了20%。‎ indeed[In5di:d] adv.的确；真正地，确实：I was indeed very glad to hear the news.我听到这消息的确很高兴。‎ ‎【用法】主要用于受very修饰的形容词或副词后加强语气。有时也用于肯定答语中或感叹句中加强语气。‎ India[5IndjE] n.印度：India is the home of elephants. 印度是大象的生长地。‎ Indian[5IndjEn] n.[C]印度人，印第安人adj.印度(人)的，印第安人的：The Indian people remain in deep poverty. 印第安人仍处于极端贫困状态。‎ industry[5IndEstrI] n.[C,U]工业；勤奋：Trade helps the development of industry. 贸易促进工业的发展。/ He won the prize through industry. 他靠勤奋获奖。‎ infer[In5fE:] vt.推断：I infer from your letter that you have not made up your mind yet. 我从你信中推断，你还没有下决心。‎ information[7InfE5meIFEn] n. [U]信息；通知，告知：information desk 问讯处 ink[INk] n.[U]墨水：Please write in ink. 请用钢笔写。‎ inside[In5saId] n. [C]内部 adv.& prep.在内部；在…里面：There is a label on the inside of the box. 盒子内侧有个标签。‎ insist[In5sIst] v. 坚持：I insist on your being there. 我坚持要你在那里。‎ ‎【用法】1.其后不能直接跟名词或代词作宾语，也不能接不定式或动名词作宾语。后接名词时借助介词on，后接动词时要用on doing sth：He insisted on this point. 他坚持这一点。/ He insisted on seeing us home. 他一定要送我们回家。2.后接that从句时，若表示“坚持要”(从句所指内容只是想法，不是事实)，从句谓语用“用should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气；若表示“坚持说”(从句内容不是想法，而是事实)，从句谓语用陈述语气：I ‎ insisted that he (should) go. 我一定要他去。/ I insisted (that) he was wrong. 我坚持认为他错了。‎ instead[In5sted] adv.代替：If you cannot go, let him go instead. 如果你不能去，让他替你去。‎ ‎【短语】instead of 代替，而不是：Use eggs instead of meat. 用鸡蛋代替肉。‎ institute[5InstItjU:t] n.[C]学会，协会，学院，(研究)所、院：an institute of foreign languages 外国语学院 / the Women’s Institute 妇女协会 instruction[In5strQkFEn] n.[U]教导，教授 [C]命令，指示 (用复数)说明：Mr Smith gives instruction in English. 史密斯先生教授英语。/ You must obey my instruction. 你必须遵守我的命令。/ Read the instructions on the bottle before you take the medicine. 吃药前先看药瓶上的说明。‎ interest[5Intrist] n.[C,U]兴趣；利息 [C,常用复]利益 vt.使…感兴趣：They have much [a great] interest in poetry. 他们对诗歌很感兴趣。/ He lent me the money at 5% interest. 他以五分的利息借给我这笔钱。/ Football interests him. 他对足球感兴趣。‎ ‎【比较】be interested in (doing) sth与be interested to do sth：前者指“对做某事感兴趣”，后者指“很想做某事”：They are interested in learning drawing. 他们对学绘画感兴趣。/ I’d be interested to hear your opinion about this. 我很想听听你对这事的意见。‎ interesting[5IntrIstIN] adj.有趣的，引起兴趣的：Tell us something interesting. 给我们讲点有趣的事。‎ international[7IntE(:)5nAFEnEl] adj.国际的：international law 国际法 interrupt[7IntE5rQpt] v.打断，打扰；中断：Don’t interrupt me. 别打断我。/ Rain interrupted our baseball game. 下雨中断了我们的棒球比赛。‎ into[5IntJ] prep.到…内，向内；变成：Throw it into the fire. 把它扔进火里。/ That woman screamed into my face. 那个女人对我的脸尖叫。/ The dish broke into many pieces. 碟子打成了许多小块。/ He worked far [deep, late] into the night. 他工作到深夜。/ He talked his wife into buying a car. 他说服他妻子买一辆小汽车。/ He divided the students into six groups. 他把学生分为6组。‎ ‎【说明】在口语中，be into 可表示“给迷住”、“对…深感兴趣”：He is into stamp collecting. 他非常喜欢集邮。‎ introduce[7IntrE5dju:s] vt.介绍，引进：Permit me to introduce myself. 请允许我介绍自己。‎ ‎【说明】1.不能后接双宾语，要表示给某人介绍他人，应用introduce sb to sb：He introduced his friend to me. 他把朋友介绍给我。2. introduce sb to sth 的意思不是“把某人介绍给某事物”，而是“使某人了解(认识、体验)某事物”：The teacher introduced the students to the pleasure of reading. 老师让学生们尝到了读书的乐趣。‎ invent[In5vent] vt.发明，创造；捏造，编造：Who invented the television? 电视是谁发明的? / The whole story was invented. 整个故事是虚构的。‎ invite[In5vaIt] vt.邀请，招待：He invited me to dinner. 他邀请我参加宴会。/ They invited her to go for a walk. 他们请她一起去散步。/ He didn’t invite us (to come) in. 他没有请我们进屋。‎ iron[5aIEn] n.[U]铁 [C]熨斗 v.熨烫：We must strike while the iron is hot. 我们要趁热打铁。/ She’s ironing his shirt. 她在烫他的衬衫。‎ island[5aIlEnd] n. [C]岛，岛状物：Hainan is China’s second largest island. 海南是中国第二大岛。‎ it[It]pron.(指事物)它，(当性别不明或被认为不重要时，指动物或人)它，(用作各种无人称动词形式的主语以及用于强调句型等)：It’s a nice watch. 是块漂亮的表。/ It is raining. 正在下雨。/ It’s in this room that he was born. 他就是在这个房间出生的。/ It’s nice to see you again. 又见到你真是太好了。‎ itself[It5self] pron.它自己，它本身：The work itself is easy. 这工作本身很容易。‎ J jacket[5dVAkIt] n.[C]上衣，夹克：How much is the jacket? 这件上衣多少钱?‎ jam[dVAm] n. [U]果酱 [C]阻塞v.挤进；夹住，阻塞：a traffic jam 交通阻塞 January[5dVAnjJErI] n.一月：Her birthday is in January. 她的生日在一月。‎ Japan[dVE5pAn] n.日本：Have you ever been to Japan? 你到过日本吗?‎ Japanese[dVApE5ni:z] n.[C]日本人 [U]日语adj.日本的，日本人的：He can speak Japanese. 他会说日语。‎ jar[dVB:] n.[C]罐子，广口瓶子：a jar of oil 一罐油 job[dVRb] n.[C]工作：He’s been out of a job for months. 他已失业几个月了。‎ join[dVRIn] v.加入，参加；连接，联合：He joined the Party in 1947. 他于1947年入党。/ He’ll join us in singing the song. 他将同我们一起唱歌。/ Join this pipe to the other. 把这根管子与那根连接起来。‎ joke[dVEJk] n.[C]笑话 v.开玩笑：War is no joke. 战争不是闹着玩的。/ Let’s play a joke on him. 我们来开他个玩笑。/ He is only joking. 他只不过是开玩笑。‎ journey[5dVE:nI] n.[C]旅行，路程：Have a pleasant journey! 祝旅途愉快!‎ joy[dVCI] n. [U]欢乐，高兴 [C]令人快乐的人(事)：He jumped for [with] joy. 他高兴得跳了起来。/ To my joy, I succeeded at last. 使我高兴的是我最后成功了。‎ judge[dVQdV] n.[C]法官，裁判员 v.判断，断定：Don’t judge by [from] appearances. 不要从外表来下判断。/ Judging from [by] what he said, he must be a cheat. 从他说的话来看，他一定是个骗子。‎ juice[dVu:s] n.[C,U]汁，果汁：A glass of orange juice, please. 请来杯橘子汁。‎ July[dVJ(:)5laI] n.七月：July 1 is our Party’s birthday. 7月1日是我们党的生日。‎ jump[dVQmp] n.[C]跳 v.跳；猛扑：He jumped for joy. 他高兴得跳了起来。‎ June[dVu:n] n.六月：June 1 is Children’s Day. 6月1日是儿童节。‎ just[dVQst] adv.正好，恰好；刚才；仅，不过：This is just what I wanted. 这正是我所要的。‎ ‎【用法】表示“刚刚”时，在英国英语中常与现在完成时连用，而在美国英语中常与一般过去时连用：He (has) just arrived. 他刚到。但与之同义的 just now 则通常只与一般过去时连用：He arrived just now.‎ K keep[ki:p] v.(kept, kept)保存，保持(某种状态)，继续不断：Keep calm! 安静! / Keep the baby warm. 别把婴儿冻着。‎ ‎【短语】keep back (使)后退；忍住，隐瞒 / keep down 抑制，控制，使下降 / keep off 避开，防止，挡住 / keep on 继续 / keep out 遮挡，使不进入 / keep out of 使不进入… / keep up 保持，继续 / keep up with 跟上，不落后 ‎【注意】其后可接动名词作宾语，但不能接不定式。‎ ‎【比较】1.keep doing sth与keep on doing sth：若表示反复发生的动作(即动作间有间隔)，可互换；若表示持续的状态或连续不断的动作(动作之间无间隔)，则用 keep doing sth：I kept hoping that they would have chance to come to China some day. 我一直希望他们有机会到中国来。2.keep sb doing sth与keep sb from doing sth：前者指使某人不停地做某事，后者指使某人不做某事，两者意思几乎相反：I’m sorry to have kept you waiting. 对不起让你等了。/ The rain kept us from going out. 下雨使我们没法出去。‎ key[ki:] n.[C]钥匙；键；关键，秘诀；答案：the keys of a piano 钢琴琴键 / I lost my keys. 我把钥匙弄丢了。‎ ‎【用法】表示“…的钥匙”，其后可用介词 to或of：the key to [of] the door 门的钥匙。但若用于比喻义表示“答案”、“秘诀”、“关键”等，通常只接介词to：This is the key to the problem. 这是问题的关键。‎ kick[kIk] v & n.踢：He shut the door with a kick. 他把门一踢，把门关上了。‎ kill[kIl] v.(被)杀死，(被)弄死；消磨(时间)：How do you manage to kill your time on Sundays? 你在星期天是如何打发时间的?‎ kilo[5kIlEu] n.[C]千克，公斤；千米，公里：He bought three kilos of oranges. 他买了3公斤橘子。‎ kilometre / kilometer[5kIlEJmi:tE] n. [C]千米，公里：The new city covers more than 30 square kilometres. 这座新城市面积有 30 多平方公里。‎ kind[kaInd] n. [C]种，类 adj.和善的，友好的：We sell all kinds of hats. 我们卖各种帽子。/ Will you be kind enough to [=so kind as to] shut the door? 可否劳驾把门关上?‎ ‎【用法】1.用作名词表示“种类”时，用于kind of 后的名词通常要用单数，且不用冠词：This kind of book is interesting. 这种书很有趣。2.kind of 可用作状语，表示“有点儿”：I feel kind of cold. 我感到有点冷。‎ kindergarten[5kIndE7gB:tEn] n.[C]幼儿园：Bring the children back from the kindergarten at four o’clock. 下午四点把孩子们从幼儿园接回来。‎ king[kIN] n.[C]国王：The lion is the king of beasts. 狮子为万兽之王。‎ kiss[kIs]v.& n. [C]吻，接吻：She kissed her mother goodbye. 她吻别了她的妈妈。/ He blew a kiss at [to] me. 他给我一个飞吻。‎ kitchen[5kItFIn] n. [C]厨房，灶间：My mother has been slaving away all weekend in the kitchen.整个周末，我母亲一直在厨房里忙碌。‎ kite[kaIt] n. [C]风筝：The children are flying kites. 孩子们在放风筝。‎ knee[ni:] n. [C]膝盖；(坐姿时)腿部：He went down on his knees and begged for mercy. 他跪下求饶。‎ knife[naIf] n.[C]小刀：Set the table with knives and forks. 在桌上摆好刀叉。‎ knock[nRk] v.& n.[C]敲，打；相撞：There was a knock at his door. 有人敲他的门。/ Please knock (at/on the door) before entering. 进屋之前请先敲门。‎ know[nEJ] v.(knew, known)懂得；了解；知道；认识：Do you know why he was late? 你知道他为什么迟到吗?/ I’ve never known it (to) snow in July before. 我以前从未听说过七月份会下雪。‎ ‎【短语】know of (about)…(间接)知道 / know nothing about… 对…一无所知 / know from 区分 ‎【用法】其后不能直接跟不定式作宾语，但若不定式前有连接代(副)词则可以，如不说He knows to swim，而说He knows how to swim(他会游泳)。‎ ‎【比较】be known as=著称，被认识 / be known for 因为…出名 / be known to=为…所知 knowledge[5nClIdV] n. [U]知识，学问；知道，了解，熟悉：Knowledge is power. (谚)知识就是力量。/ Knowledge begins with practice. 认识从实践开始。‎ ‎【用法】1.汉语中说“英语知识”、“历史知识”等，说成英语通常是 the knowledge of English, the knowledge of history等，而不是 English knowledge, history knowledge等。2.是不可数名词，但有时可与不定冠词连用，表示某种程度的知识：He has a knowledge of music. 他懂点音乐。3.要表示“学习”知识，英语习惯上不用动词study，而用get, gain, obtain, acquire 等。‎ L lab[lAb] n.[C]实验室：laboratory equipment 实验室设备 labo(u)r[5leIbE] n.[U]劳动：According the Law of Labour, bosses can’t fire workers at will any longer. 根据劳动法，老板们再也不可以任意解雇工人了。‎ lack[lAk] v.& n.[U,C]缺乏，缺少，没有：What she lacks is experience. 她缺的是经验。/ Lack of rest made her tired. 她因缺乏休息而感到疲倦。/ The plants died for [through] lack of water. 这些植物因为缺水而死了。‎ ‎【用法】1.用作名词时，其后可接of；用作动词时，及物，其后不能接of。2.用作动词时，通常不用于进行时态或被动语态，但be lacking 是习语，尤其用于be lacking for [in] 等搭配中：Money was lacking for the plan. 这项计划缺乏资金。/ Humour is lacking in his speeches. 他讲话缺乏幽默。‎ ladder[5lAdE] n. [C]梯子：Some people say it is unlucky to walk under a ladder. 有人说在梯子下面走过去是不吉利的。‎ lady[5leIdI] n. [C]女士，夫人，小姐：Ladies and Gentlemen 女士们，先生们 / ladies [lady] first 女士优先 lake[leIk] n. [C]湖：the Dongting Lake 洞庭湖 / Let’s have a row on the lake. 我们去湖上划船吧。‎ lamp[lAmp] n. [C]灯，油灯：put out a lamp 熄灯 / turn on (off) a lamp 开(关)灯 ‎【说明】可指电灯或油灯。‎ land[lAnd] vt.(使)登陆，(使)上岸，(使)降落 n.[U]陆地，土地：The plane will land in five minutes. 飞机将在五分钟后降落。/ Did you come by land or by sea? 你是从陆路来的还是从海路来的?‎ language[5lANgwIdV] n.[C,U]语言：People in different countries speak different languages. 不同国家的人说不同的语言。/ Language is an instrument for communication. 语言是交际的工具。‎ large[lB:dV] adj.大的，巨大的：A large number of their students are Asians. 他们的很多学生是亚洲人。/ in large numbers 大量地 / in large quantities 大量地 last[lB:st] adj.& adv.最后的(地)，最后刚过去的，上一次n. [C]最后 v.持续：There were strong winds last night. 昨晚刮大风。/ When did you see her last? 你上次是何时碰到她的? / She was the last to arrive. 她是最后到的。‎ ‎【短语】at last 最后，终于 / in the last five (few) years 在过去五(几)年中(通常连用现在完成时) ‎ late[leIt] adj.& adv.晚的(地)，迟的(地)：Don’t be late for class again. 上课别再迟到了。/ The train arrived five minutes late. 火车晚点五分钟。‎ ‎【比较】be late for doing sth与be late in doing sth：前者指做某事迟到，后者指做某事做得迟(此时也可换成be late with sth)：We were late in having lunch today.= We were late with lunch today. 我们今天午饭吃得迟。‎ ‎【短语】as late as 迟至 / at the latest 至迟，最迟 lately[5leItlI] adv.最近，不久前：Have you seen her lately? 你最近见到她了吗?‎ later[5leItE] adv.之后；不久；后来：sooner or later 迟早 / Later on he realized his mistake. 后来他意识到了自己的错误。‎ laugh[lB:f] v.笑，大笑；嘲笑；笑得使n.[C]笑，笑声：She can’t bear being laughed at. 她受不了别人的嘲笑。‎ law[lC:] n.[U]法律 [C]法律条款；法则，定律：It was against the law. 这是违法的。/ The law will soon take effect. 这条法律即将生效。‎ lawyer[5lR:jE] n. [C]律师：The lawyer examined the witness. 律师讯问了证人。‎ lay[leI](laid, laid) v.放，摆；使处于某种状态；产卵：Lay it on the floor. 把它放在地上。/ Will you please lay the table for dinner? 请你摆好餐具准备吃饭好吗? / These hens are laying well. 这些母鸡产蛋很多。‎ ‎【注意】不要将它与lie(躺，位于)的过去式(lay)相混淆。‎ lazy[5leIzI] adj.懒惰的，懒散的：He was too lazy. 他太懒。‎ lead[li:d](led, led) v.领导，带领；领先，率先；过…生活：He leads a quiet life in the country. 他在乡下过着安静的生活。‎ ‎【比较】lead sb in doing sth与lead sb to do sth：前者指领导(带领)某人做某事，后者指使某人做某事(有时有误导之意)：Our Party leads us in building socialism. 党领导我们建设社会主义。/ What he said led us to believe that he was rich. 他说的话使我们相信他有很多钱。‎ ‎【短语】lead to 通向(某地)，导致(某种结果)‎ leaf[li:f](leaves) n.[C](树)叶；(书刊等的)张(包括正反两面，相当于two pages)：In fall the leaves change from green to brown. 秋天，树叶由绿变成褐色。‎ league[li:g] n.[C]同盟，联盟；(足球等)联合会，联赛：He joined the League last year. 他去年入了团。/ Our team is at the top of the football league this year. 我们队是今年足球联赛中最好的队。‎ learn[lE:n] v.(learnt, learnt或learned, learned) 学习；听说，获悉：Never too old to learn. (谚)活到老学到老。/ Study hard and make progress every day. 好好学习，天天向上。‎ ‎【短语】learn of 听说 / learn about [of] 听说关于…的情况 / learn from 从…得知，从(向)…学习 least[li:st] adj.& n.最小(的)；最少(的) adv.最少地：He has least money of us all. 在我们所有人当中他最没有钱。‎ ‎【短语】at least 至少 / in the least 一点(也不)，丝毫(不)(主要用于否定句)‎ leave[li:v] v.(left, left)离开；把…留下；剩下：He left for Paris. 他动身去巴黎了。/ He left the windows open. 他让窗子开着。‎ ‎【比较】1.leave sb doing sth与leave sb to do sth：前者指让某人做某事(处于做某事的状态中)，后者指让某人去做某事：His letter left me feeling pretty bad. 他的信让我感到很难受。/ We’re leaving him to do it. 我们打算让他去做这事。2. leave sth for sb与leave sth to sb：前者指给某人留下某物(也可说成leave sb sth)，后者指把某物交给(委托给)某人(其中的to也可换成with)：Someone left this note for you.= Someone left you this note. 有人给你留下了这张条子。/ You’d better leave the matter to [with] me. 你最好把这事交给我办。‎ lecture[5lektFE] v.& n.[C]演讲，讲座，讲课：a lecture on the situation 形势讲座 left[left] n.(用单数)左，左边 adj.左的，左边的 adv.向左：The school is on the left of the road. 学校在马路的左边。Go right to the end of this street and then turn left. 一直走到这条街的尽头，然后左转。‎ leg[leg] n. [C]腿；一段旅程(赛程，路程)：My right leg hurts. 我右脚疼。/ the last leg of the flight 飞行中的最后一段路程 lend[lend] v.(lent, lent)把…借给：He lent me nothing.=He lent nothing to me. 他什么也没借给我。‎ length[leNW] n. [U]长，长度：The rope is 5 metres in length. 这根绳子5米长。/ The length of the movie is two hours. 影片长两小时。‎ ‎【短语】at length 最后，终于；详细地，彻底地 less[les] adj.更少的；较少的 adv.更少地；较少地：We must do more with less money. 我们要少花钱多办事。/ Jane is less beautiful than Mary. 简不如玛丽漂亮。‎ ‎【短语】less and less 越来越小(少) / less than (指数量)不到；比…(小)少 / less...than 不像(如)…；不如…多；与其…不如… / no less than 多达，有…之多(强调数量之多)；简直，与…没差别 / no less...than 与…一样，不比…差(强调有同等性)‎ lesson[5lesn] n. [C]课，功课；教训：It is a lesson to me. 这对我是一个教训。‎ let[let] v.(let, let)让，允许；出租：Let him (come) in. 让他进来。/ Let’s go swimming on Sunday. 我们星期日去游泳吧！‎ ‎【用法】1.表示“让”时，其后用作宾语补足语的不定式不能带 to。2. let’s的否定式可以是 let’s not或don’t let’s：Let’s not hurry.=Don’t let’s hurry. 我们不要太急。3.表示“出租”时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义：The house is to let. 房屋出租。‎ letter[5letE] n.[C]字母；信：She tore the letter into tiny pieces. 她把信撕得粉碎。‎ level[5levEl] n. [C,U]水平面，层面；水准，程度，级别 adj.水平的；平坦的；平等的；同一水平的：artistic level艺术水平 / Some streets are not level in the city. 城里有几条街道不平坦。‎ liberate[5lIbEreIt] vt.解放，释放，使自由：All the prisoners were liberated. 所有犯人都释放了。‎ liberation[7lIbE5reIFEn]n. [U]解放：women’s liberation 妇女解放运动 librarian[laI5brZErIEn] n. [C]图书馆馆长，图书管理员：The librarian called in all the books. 图书管理员把书全部收了回去。‎ library[5laIbrErI] n. [C]图书馆：The library is open every day. 图书馆每天都开。‎ lie1[laI] vi.说谎 n.[C]谎言，假话：He lied about his age. 他谎报年龄。‎ ‎【说明】动词lie表示“说谎”时，是规则动词(过去式和过去分词均为lied)；表示“趟”、“卧”、“平放”、“位于”等，是不规则动词(过去式为lay，过去分词为lain)。但无论表示哪个意思，其现在分词均为lying。‎ lie2[laI](lay, lain) vi. 躺，卧，平放；位于，在…位置；保持…状态：She lay down on her bed. 她躺在床上。/ That’s where the real danger lies. 那是真正的危险所在。‎ ‎【注意】不要将过去式(lay)与动词原形lay(放，置，下蛋)混淆。‎ life[laIf] n. [C,U]生命，人生；一生；生活：He’s lived here all his life. 他一辈子住在这里。/ May you have a long and happy life! 祝你快乐长寿!‎ lifetime[5laIftaIm] n. [C]一生，终生：during one’s lifetime 一生 lift[lIft] vt.提起，举起 n.[C]升举，提；(英)电梯；搭便车：He is not strong enough to lift the box. 他力气不够大提不起这个箱子。/ Could you give me a lift? 你可否让我搭你的车?‎ light[laIt] n. [U]光，光线；日光 [C]电灯，电筒 v.点火；照亮 adj. 轻的；浅色的：Light travels faster than sound. 光的速度比声音快。/ Why did you leave the light on? 你为什么让灯开着? / He lit [lighted] a cigarette. 他点燃了一支烟。‎ ‎【用法】用作动词时，过去式和过去分词可用lighted或lit，其区别是：一般情况下多用lit，若用于名词前作定语，则用lighted，但若用作定语的lighted受到副词的修饰，则多用lit。‎ lighting[5laItIN] n. [U]照明，点火：The lighting of fires here is forbidden. 在这里生火是禁止的。‎ lightning[5laItnIN] n.[U]闪电：Lightning plays in the sky. 空中电光闪闪。‎ like1[laIk] v.喜欢；想要：I’d like to stay at home. 我想呆在家里。/ How do you like the film? 你觉得这部电影怎么样?‎ ‎【用法】1.后接动词作宾语时，用不定式或动名词均可：Many people like to watch [watching] TV at night. 许多人喜欢晚上看电视。2.后接if或when引导的从句时，应在其后加it：I don’t like it when she tells me how to do things. 我不喜欢她对我做事指手划脚。‎ like2[laIk] prep.像，跟…一样；例如，诸如conj.(口语)像…一样：She’s very (much) like her mother. 她很像她妈妈。‎ limit[5lImIt] n.[C](事物的)界限，限度；范围 vt.限定，限制：He knows his own limits.他自知能力有限。/ Limit your answer to yes or no. 你只要回答是还是否。‎ line[laIn] n. [C]线，线条；绳；排；电话线；短信；(常用复)台词 v.划线(于)；(使)沿…排成行：The children are standing in line. 孩子们排成一行。/ We lined up to buy tickets. 我们排队买票。/ The road is lined with trees. 路的两边种着树。‎ ‎【短语】drop (sb) a line (给某人)写封短信 / hold the line (电话用语)等一下 lion[5laIEn] n.[C]狮子：The lion is the king of beasts. 狮子为万兽之王。‎ lip[lIp]n.[C]嘴唇：He kissed her on the lips. 他吻了她的嘴唇。‎ list[lIst] n.[C]一览表，清单vt.把…列表(造册)：His name appears second on the list. 他名列第二。‎ listen[5lIsn] vi.听：I listened but heard nothing. 我听了听，但什么也没听到。‎ ‎【短语】listen to 听… / listen for 听着等候…(的声音) / listen in 收听(广播)；偷听 litre(美liter)[5li:tE] n. [C]升，公升：a litre of oil 一升油 little[5lItl](less, least) adj.小的，幼小的；不重要的；(表否定)几乎没有n.& pron. (连用a) (表肯定)一点，少许；(表否定)少到几乎没有 adv. (表否定)几乎没有，几乎不，毫不：He knew a little of everything. 他什么都知道一点。/ She had little spare time. 她空余时间很少。/ He’s a little bit better now. 现在他稍好一点儿了。‎ ‎【比较】1.little与a little：两者均可表示“少”，后接不可数名词，但前者表示否定意义，表示很少或少到几乎没有；后者表示肯定意义，表示量虽少，但毕竟还有。2. not a little 与not a bit：前者意为“很”，后者意为“一点也不”。‎ live1[lIv] v.活，生存；生活，居住；过…样的生活：They live by honest labour. 他们靠诚实劳动过活。/ The Chinese live on rice. 中国人以大米为主食。‎ live2[laiv] adj.活的，有生命的；带电的；实况的，直播的 adv.现场：live fish 活鱼 / The race will be telecast live. 比赛将有电视现场播出。‎ lively[5laIvlI] adj.生动的，活泼的；有生气的：The music is bright and lively. 这音乐活泼轻快。‎ living[5lIvIN] adj.活着的 n.[C,U]生活，谋生：He makes his living by teaching English [as a teacher of English]. 他靠教英语为生。‎ living-room[5lIvINrJm]n.[C]起居室，客厅：in the living-room 在客厅 load[lEJd] n.[C]负担，担子，重载v.装载，载满：He set his load down. 他把重物放了下来。/ We loaded the truck with bananas. 我们把香蕉装上卡车。‎ loaf[lEJf] n. [C](通常较大的)长面包，一个面包：Half a loaf is better than no bread. 半块面包总胜于全无面包(有比没有好)。‎ lock[lRk] n.[C]锁 v.锁上，锁住：Remember to lock the door. 记得锁门。‎ lonely[5lEJlI] adj.孤独的，寂寞的，荒凉的：I’m surprised that he should feel lonely. 我很惊讶他竟感到孤独。‎ long[lRN] adj.(指距离)长，远；(时间)长 adv.长久 n.长期间 v.渴望：I can’t stay here long. 我不能在这儿呆很久。‎ ‎【短语】before long 不久以后，很快 / long ago 很久以前 / long before 很久以前 / as long as 与…一样长(久)；只要 / for long 很久，好久 / no longer=not...any longer 不再 look[lJk] n. [C]看；表情，外表v.看，看起来：I looked but saw nothing. 我看了看，但什么也没看见。‎ ‎【短语】look about [around] 环顾四周，到处看 / look after 照顾，照料 / look at 看，注视，看待 / look down on [upon] 看不起，瞧不起 / look for 寻找，期待 / look forward to 期待，盼望(to为介词) / look in (顺便)来访 / look into 调查，了解 / look like 看起来像，好像要 / look on 旁观；看作 / look out 向外看，当心 / look over 审阅，翻阅，打量，检查 / look through 翻阅，浏览 / look to 注意，负责 / look up 查阅，查找；看望，拜访 / look up to 尊敬 lorry[5lRrI] n.[C]卡车，运货汽车：Look out. There is a lorry coming. 当心! 有辆卡车开过来了。‎ lose[lu:z]v. (lost, lost)丢失，丧失；输：I lost my keys. 我的钥匙丢了。/ Our team lost the football match. 我们队足球比赛输了。‎ ‎【短语】be lost in 陷入(沉思等)，全神贯注于，为…所吸引 loss[lRs] n.[U]丧失，损失 [C]亏损，损失物：Loss of health is worse than loss of wealth. 丧失健康比丢失金钱更糟。‎ ‎【短语】at a loss 不知所措，不知如何是好 lot[lRt] n.(连用a或用复数)很多：I picked lots of flowers. 我摘了许多花。/ He has quite a lot of friends. 他有很多朋友。/ He is a lot better today. 他今天好多了。‎ loud[laJd] adj.& adv.大声的(地)，响亮的(地)：He has a loud voice. 他嗓子大。/ You needn’t talk so loud. 你不必这么大声讲话。‎ love[lQv] v.& n.爱，热爱，很喜欢：Children love playing [to play]. 儿童爱玩。/ She fell in love with her teacher. 她爱上了自己的老师。‎ ‎【短语】1.后接动词作宾语时，用不定式或动名词均可。但 would [should] love后却只能接不定式：I’d love to go with them. 我想同他们一起去。2.当其后接有if或when 引导的从句时，应在其后加上it：She won’t love it if you arrive late. 她不喜欢人迟到。‎ lovely[5lQvlI] adj.可爱的，好看的，使人愉快的：What lovely flowers those are! 那些花多么好看啊! / She looks really lovely. 她看起来的确可爱。‎ low[lEJ] adj.& adv.低，矮：He sold it at a low price. 他低价卖了它。‎ luck[lQk] n.[U]运气，好运：Good-bye and good luck to you. 再见，祝你好运。/ I’m quite out of luck today. 我今天真倒霉。‎ luggage[5lQgIdV] n.[U](总称)行李(=baggage)：a piece of luggage 一件行李 / Have you checked all your luggage? 你所有的行李都托运了吗?‎ ‎【用法】见baggage。‎ lunch[lQntF] n.[U]午餐，午饭：Lunch is from eleven to one. 午饭从11点供应到1点。/ He had a plate of beef for lunch. 他午餐吃了一盘牛肉。‎ M machine[mE5Fi:n] n. [C]机器，机械：This machine is worked by electricity. 这台机器是电动。/ I bought a washing machine. 我买了台洗衣机。‎ mad[mAd] adj.疯狂的；狂热的，着迷的：He must be either mad or drunk. 他不是疯了就是醉了。/ He was mad at [with] me. 他对我很着迷。‎ madam[5mAdEm] n.夫人，女士：This way please, madam. 小姐，请这边走。‎ ‎【说明】主要用作称呼语，是对妇女(已婚或未婚)的尊称，常用单数形式，复数一般用ladies代之：Good morning, ladies. 女士们，早上好!‎ madame[5mAdEm] n. [C](对妇女的尊称)夫人，女士：Madame Curie 居里夫人 ‎【说明】主要用于讲法语或非英语民族的已婚妇女姓名前，其用法相当于Ms或Mrs：Madame Cartier 卡蒂埃夫人 magazine[7mAgE5zi:n] n.[C]杂志：a monthly magazine 月刊 mail[meIl] n.[U]邮政，邮件，邮递 vt.邮寄：He sent the letter to her by mail. 他把信寄给了她。/ Please mail the letter for me. 请帮我把这封信寄了。‎ mailbox[5meIlbRks] n.[C]信箱：put sth into the mailbox 往信箱里放某物 main[meIn] adj.主要的：Here are the main events in today’s news again. 现在重复一遍今天的新闻要点。‎ ‎【说明】只用作定语，不用作表语，且没有比较等级。‎ major[5meIdVE] adj.较大的，主要的n.[C]少校：(美)(学院或大学的)主修课程，专业vi. 主修(大学里某一科目)：He majors in history. 他主修历史。‎ majority[mE5dVCrItI] n.[C,U]大多数：The majority of doctors believe that smoking is harmful to health. 大多数医生都认为吸烟对身体有害。‎ ‎【用法】单独用作主语时，谓语可用单数或复数：The majority were [was] on Ben’s side. 大多数人都站在本的一边。但若其后的表语是复数，则谓语通常要用复数：The majority are old people. 大多数是老年人。‎ make[meIk] v.(made, made)做，制造；使得；(使)成为：We made him chairman. 我们选他当主席。/ He will make a good teacher. 他会成为一位好老师。‎ ‎【短语】make...into (out of)… 使…成为(变成)… / make...of (from)... 由…制成…(多用被动式) / make for 往…去；有助于 / make it 及时赶到；成功，做成 / make out 理解；看清；填写；假装 / make up构成；编写；编造；和解；弥补；化妆；凑足；准备好，做好 ‎【用法】用作使役动词，其后接不定式的复合结构时，不定式不带to：Rain makes plants grow. 雨水使植物生长。但若变为被动语态，不定式必须带to。‎ man[mAn] n.(pl. men)男人，人(类)：He’s a man of courage. 他是一个勇敢的人。‎ ‎【用法】1.用在名词前说明该名词的性别时，若其后名词为复数，则man也用复数：men nurses 男护士 2.泛指“男人”时，可用man, a man, men等形式：Man [Men] is taller than woman [women]. 男人比女人高。3.表示“人类”时，通常用单数，且不带冠词：Man will conquer nature. 人类将征服自然(即人定胜天)。‎ manage[5mAnIdV] v.管理，经营；设法对付：How did you manage to finish it so soon? 你怎么这样快就完成了? / I’ll be able to manage without help. 我一个人能行。‎ manager[5mAnIdVE] n.[C]经理：He asked to see the manager. 他要求见经理。‎ manner[5mAnE] n. [C]方法，方式；态度，举止；(用复数)礼貌：Do it in this manner. 照这样做它。/ It’s good manners to stand in line. 排队等候是有礼貌的行为。‎ many[5menI] adj.许多的 pron.许多人，许多：I’ve known him for many years. 我认识他有许多年了。/ Many of them couldn’t find work. 他们很多人找不到工作。‎ ‎【短语】a good [great] many 许多 / as many as 与…一样多；多达 / how many 多少 / many a 许多 ‎【用法】1.a great [good] many 后接复数名词，注意其间不用介词of(与a great number of不同)。2.many a 后接单数名词，但表复数意义，用作主语时，谓语却用单数：Many a boy likes swimming. 许多男孩子喜欢游泳。‎ map[mAp] n.[C]地图：You can find it in [on] the map. 你可以在地图上找到它。‎ march[mB:tF] v.& n.前进；进军：Education is on the march. 教育事业正在发展中。‎ March[mB:tF] n.三月：Easter occurs on a Sunday in March or April. 复活节是三月或四月的一个星期天。‎ mark[mB:k] n.[C]斑点，痕迹；标记，符号；分数 v.弄污；标志；打分：He studied hard and got high marks. 他学习努力，因此得了高分。‎ market[5mB:kIt] n.市场：Her house is on [in] the market. 她的房子要出售。‎ marriage[5mArIdV] n. [C,U]结婚；婚姻，婚姻生活：My marriage with Mary is a happy one. 我与玛丽的婚姻生活很幸福。‎ marry[5mArI] v.嫁，娶，结婚：Is he married? 他结婚了吗?‎ ‎【用法】要表示与某人结婚，可直接说marry sb，不要说 marry with [to] sb。但在be [get] married to sb中用介词to (仍不能用 with)，该结构中的 married 为形容词。‎ Marxism[5mB:ksIzEm] n.[U]马克思主义：the classics of Marxism-Leninism 马列主义经典著作 mass[mAs] n.[C]团，块；众多，大量：There were masses of dark clouds in the sky. 天空布满团团乌云。/ I have a mass [masses] of work to do. 我有大量工作要做。‎ master[5mB:stE] n.[C]主人，男老师 vt.精通，掌握：It takes years to master a new language. 要花多年的时间才能掌握一门新的语言。‎ match[mAtF] n. [C]比赛，火柴 v.和…匹敌，相配：I want a tie that will match with this suit. 我想买条领带来配我这套衣服。‎ material[mE5tIErIEl] n. [C,U]材料，原料；布料；资料，素材：Plastic is a widely used material. 塑料是一种被广泛使用的材料。‎ mathematics[7mAWI5mAtIks]/ math(s)[mAW(s)] n.[U]数学：Everyone in the class passed the maths exam. 数学考试班上人人都及格了。‎ matter[5mAtE] n.[U]物质 [C]事情，问题 (用单数)麻烦，毛病 vi.重要，要紧：It doesn’t matter. 没关系。/ What’s the matter with it? 它怎么了?‎ ‎【用法】no matter(无论，不管)为常用结构，后接疑问词：No matter what you say, I won’t believe you. 不管你说什么，我都不会相信你。‎ may[meI]v. aux.(might)可以，也许，可能：He may say so. 他也许会这样说。/ He may have said so. 他也许这样说过。‎ ‎【短语】may as well do sth 还是做某事为好 ‎【用法】1.若没有特定的上下文，类似He may not go out这样的句子会有歧义：若may 表示推测，则此句意为“他可能不会出去”；若may 表示允许，则此句表示“‎ 他不可以出去”。即若may 表推测，may not=可能不；若may表允许，may not=不可以。2.对过去情况进行推测时，应在其后接动词完成式。‎ May[meI] n.五月：the May 4 Movement 五四运动 maybe[5meIbI]adv.或许，大概：Maybe he is right. 也许他是对的。‎ ‎【辨析】maybe 与may be：maybe是副词；may be 是情态动词may加动词be：Maybe it is true.= It may be true. 这可能是真的。‎ me[mI(:)] pron.我(宾格)：Me too. 我也一样(用于肯定的情形) / Me neither. 我也一样(用于否定的情形)。‎ meal[mi:l] n.[C]一餐(饭)：We have three meals every day. 我们每天吃三餐。‎ mean[mi:n] v.(meant, meant)想要，意味着：He means to be a teacher. 他打算当老师。/ This illness will mean going to hospital. 得了这种病就意味着要住院。‎ ‎【短语】be meant to do sth 必须或应该做某事 / be meant for 为某一目的而安排，适合于做某事 ‎【用法】后接不定式表示打算做某事；后接动名词表示意味着做某事。‎ meaning[5mi:nIN] n.[C,U]含义，意义：One word can have several meanings. 一个词可以有几个意思。‎ meanwhile[5mi:nwaIl]adv.同时，此间：The train won’t leave for an hour. Meanwhile we can have lunch. 火车还有一个小时才开，其间我们可以吃中饭。‎ measure[5meVE] n.[C,U]度量，尺寸，措施 v.量，测量：An hour is a measure of time. 小时是时间单位。/ Quick measures were needed. 需要迅速采取措施。‎ meat[mi:t] n.[U](食用肉)肉：I am not fond of eating meat. 我不喜欢吃肉。‎ medical[5medIkEl] adj. 医学的，医疗的，医术的：The doctor gave him a medical examination. 医生给他作了体格检查。‎ medicine[5medsIn] n. [C,U]药，医学，内科学：Don’t take too much medicine. 不要吃太多的药。/ This is a good medicine for a cough. 这是治疗咳嗽的良药。‎ meet[mi:t] v. (met, met)碰到；相识，被(首次)介绍；会合；遭到；满足 n.[C]集会；运动会：Will you meet her at the station? 你到车站去接她吗?‎ ‎【短语】meet up (偶然)碰见；(约好)见面，会合 / meet with (偶然)碰到，遭到；与…会面 meeting[5mi:tIN] n.[C]会，集会；会合：We’ll have a meeting. 我们要开个会。‎ member[5membE] n.[C]成员，会员：Interested members will meet at two. 感兴趣的会员两点钟碰头。‎ memory[5memErI] n. [C,U]记忆力，存贮器，回忆：He spoke from memory. 他仅凭记忆说。/ He has a good (bad) memory for dates. 他对日期记忆力很好(差)。‎ ‎【短语】in memory of 纪念 mend[mend] v.修理，修补：I need my coat mended. 我的上衣需要补一补。‎ mental[5mentl] adj.精神的；脑力的：mental patients 精神病患者 mention[5menFEn] v.提到，说起：He mentioned seeing her often. 他提到过经常见到她。/ He never mentioned his girl friend to me. 他从未给我提及他的女朋友。‎ ‎【用法】1.其后不能接双宾语，若要表示向某人提到某事，应用mention sth to sb。2.后接动词要用动名词，习惯上不用不定式。3.Don’t mention it 是习语，可用于回答感谢或道歉。‎ ‎【比较】not to mention与not to say：前者表示“更不用说”；后者表示“虽不能说”、“即使不能说”。‎ menu[5menju:] n.[C]菜单，菜谱：Let’s see what is on the menu today. 让我们看看今天菜单上有什么菜。‎ merchant[5mE:tFEnt] n. [C]商人 adj.商业的，商人的：The merchant deals in silk goods. 这个商人经营丝织品。‎ merely[5mIElI] adv.仅仅，只不过：I merely asked his name. 我只不过问问他的名字。/ That was merely a guess of mine. 那只是我的一种猜测。‎ message[5mesIdV] n.[C]消息，信息：He left a message for me. 他给我留了个口信。/ I sent a message to her. 我给她捎了个信去。‎ metal[5metl] n. [C,U]金属 adj.金属制造的：Is it made of wood or metal? 这是木头做的还是金属做的?‎ method[5meWEd] n.[U]规律，秩序 [C]方法，办法：Do you know any methods of teaching English? 你知道教授英语有什么新的方法吗?‎ metre / meter[5mi:tE] n.[C]米：The room is 2 metres wide. 那房间两米宽。‎ midday[5mId7deI] n.[U]中午：They will leave at midday. 他们正午动身。‎ middle[5mIdl] adj.中间的，中等的 n.中间：It’s now the middle of summer. 现在是盛夏。‎ ‎【短语】in the middle of 在…中间，在…过程中 midnight[5mIdnaIt] n.[U]午夜：We close at midnight. 我们午夜关门。‎ might[maIt] v. aux. (may的过去式，表推测或允许)可能，可以；(代替may，礼貌地请求)可以；(表推测)可能：There might still be hope. 可能还有希望。/ She might be waiting for you. 她可能在等你。‎ ‎【短语】might well很可能 / might (just) as well do sth 不妨做某事，还是做某事为好 ‎【用法】1.表示推测时，既可表过去(为may的过去式)，也可表现在(比may委婉)。2.对过去情况的推测，其后应接动词完成式(也可用may)：He might [may] have left. 他也许已经离开了。3.对于过去可能发生而实际上并未发生的情况，其后也要接动词的完成式(此时不能换成may)：He might have given you more help, even though he was very busy. 他本来可以给你更多帮助的，尽管他很忙。‎ mile[maIl] n.[C]英里：Give him an inch and he will take a mile. 他会得寸进尺。‎ milk[mIlk] n.[U]牛奶 v.挤奶，产奶：I had some milk for breakfast. 我早餐喝了点牛奶。/ The farmer milks (the cows) twice a day. 农民一天挤两次(牛)奶。‎ million[5mIljEn] num. 百万：The city has a population of four million. 这座城市有四百万人口。‎ mind[maInd] n.[U,C]心，思想，头脑；心思；想法 v.照料；介意；小心：I don’t mind what you do. 我对你做什么毫不在乎。‎ ‎【短语】change one’s mind 改变主意 / make up one’s mind 决定，决心 / mind and body 身心，精神与肉体 / never mind 没关系 ‎【用法】用作动词表示“介意”时，主要用于否定句或疑问句，此时可后接动名词，但不能接不定式：I don’t mind being poor. 我对贫困不在乎。‎ mine[maIn] pron.我的 n.[C]矿山，矿井 vt.开采(矿物)：They were mining for silver. 他们开采银矿。‎ minister[5mInIstE] n.[C]大臣，部长：She is a private secretary to the minister. 她是部长的私人秘书。‎ minute[mI5ni:t] n.[C]分钟，一会儿，瞬间：I’ll be back in a minute. 我一会儿就回来。‎ ‎【说明】the minute (that) 可用作连词，表示“一…就”：We’ll leave the minute you are ready. 你一准备好我们就走。‎ mirror[5mIrE] n.[C]镜子：She looked at herself in the mirror. 她照镜子。‎ miss[mIs] v.想念，惦记；错过，未看见：Do you miss your family? 你想念家人吗? / He shot at the bird, but missed. 他向鸟射击，但未射中。‎ ‎【说明】后接动词作宾语，要用动名词，不用不定式：He just missed being struck. 他险些儿被打着。‎ Miss[mIs] n.小姐(对未婚妇女的称呼)：I love Miss Brown 我爱布朗小姐。‎ mistake[mI5steIk]n.[C]错误，过失，误解vt.(mistook, mistaken)弄错，误解：He made a mistake about the time. 他弄错了时间。/ He mistook me for my younger brother. 他把我错当作我弟弟。‎ ‎【短语】by mistake 错误地，弄错地 mix[mIks] v.混和，搅和：Oil and water will not mix. 油和水不相溶合。‎ model[5mRdl] n.[C]模型，式样；模范，典型，(艺术或服装的)模特儿：They’re a model couple. 他们是一对模范夫妻。‎ modern[5mRdn] adj.现代的，近代的；现代化的；时髦的：Modern music was first developed in Italy. 现代音乐最初是在意大利发展起来的。‎ moment[5mEJmEnt] n.[C]片刻，瞬间；一会儿：Just a moment. 请等一会儿。 ‎ ‎【短语】at any moment 随时(可能有某情况) / at the moment 现在，此刻，一时 / for a moment 一会儿 / for the moment 暂时，目前 / in a moment 不久，很快，马上，立即 ‎【用法】the moment (that) 可用作连词，表示“一…就”：The moment I have finished I’ll give you a call. 我一干完就给你打电话。‎ Monday[5mQndI] n.星期一：I’ll be back (on) Monday. 我礼拜一回来。‎ money[5mQnI] n. [U]钱，货币：make money 挣钱 / pocket money零花钱 monitor[5mRnItE] n.[C](学校的)班长：We made him monitor. 我们选他当班长。‎ monkey[5mQNkI] n. [C]猴子：The children enjoyed watching the animals, especially [particularly] the monkeys. 孩子们喜欢观看动物，尤其是猴子。‎ month[5mQnW] n. [C]月，月份；一个月的时间：Sales are down this month. 这个月的销售额减少了。‎ moon[mu:n] n.(用单数)月球，月亮；月光：He likes walking in the moon. 他喜欢在月光下散步。/ There is no life on the moon. 月球上没有生物。‎ more[mR:] adj.更多的，更大的 adv.更，更大的程度 pron.更多，更大：What you need is more patience. 你需要的是更大的耐心。/ You ought to practice more. 你应该多练习。‎ ‎【短语】more or less 或多或少，多少有点 / no more 不再 / not…any more 不再 / once more 再一次 / more and more 越来越多的(修饰名词)；越来越…(修饰形容词、副词、动词等) / more than 多于(通常后接数词)；不只是，不仅仅是(通常后接名词、动词、从句等)；极其，非常(通常后接形容词、副词或分词等) / more...than比…多，比…更；与其…‎ 不如 / no more than 仅仅，只有，只不过 / the more..., the more(less) 越…越(不)… / what’s more 而且 morning[5mR:nIN] n.[C]早晨，上午：morning paper 晨报 most[mEJst] pron.大部分，大多数；最多 adj.& adv.(much或many的最高级)最，非常：Most of us like the film. 我们大多数人都喜欢这部电影。‎ ‎【短语】at (the) most 最多，至多 / for the most part 大部分，基本上，多半，一般说来 / make the most of 充分利用 mother[5mQTE] n.[C]母亲：Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。‎ motor[5mEJtE] n. [C]发动机，马达：I shut off the motor. 我关掉了发动机。‎ mountain[5maJntIn] n.[C]山，山脉：He likes mountain scenery. 他喜欢山景。‎ ‎【注意】用于山名时，若用于山名后，其前常加定冠词；若用于山名前，则通常不用冠词：the Rocky Mountains洛矶山脉 / Mount O Mei 峨嵋山 mountainous[5maJntInEs] adj.多山的，如山的：mountainous region 山区 mouth[maJW] n.[C]嘴：None of your mouth! 住嘴! / from hand to mouth 现挣现吃，仅能糊口地 / from mouth to mouth 口口相传，人传人地，很快地 move[mU:v] v.动，移动；感动；搬家 n.(用单数)移动；搬家；下棋：We’re going to move next week. 我们打算下周搬家。/ She was so moved that tears came to her eyes. 她感动的热泪盈眶。‎ movement[5mu:vmEnt] n.[C,U]运动，活动：the May 4 Movement 五四运动 Mr./Mr[5mIstE](= mister) n.先生：This is Mr Brown. 这是布朗先生。‎ ‎【用法】用于姓前或姓名前，但能用于教名前。‎ Mrs./Mrs[5mIsIz] (=mistress ) n. 夫人，太太：Mrs. Smith 史密斯夫人 ‎【用法】用于称呼已婚妇女，其后接其丈夫的姓或姓名，有时也接自己的姓名。‎ much[mQtF](more, most) adj.许多的，大量的adv.非常，更加；经常 pron.许多，大量：There isn’t much food left. 剩下的食物不多了。/ Do you go there much? 你经常去那儿吗?‎ ‎【比较】much too与too much：前者是too的强调说法，用法与too相似；后者是much的强调说法，用法与much相似：This one is much too big. 这个确实太大了。/ There’s too much rain. 雨水太多了。‎ murder[5mE:dE]v.谋杀 n.[U]谋杀 [C]谋杀案：He was accused of murder. 他被指控故意杀人。‎ museum[5mju:zIEm] n.[C]博物馆：children’s museum 儿童博物馆 music[5mju:zIk] n. [U]音乐：He is a lover of music. 他是音乐爱好者。‎ musical[5mju:zIkEl] adj.音乐的；爱好音乐的 n.[C]音乐片：They performed a musical play. 他们演了一出音乐剧。‎ must[mQst]v. aux. 必须，需要；一定是，必定是n.必须做的事，不可少的事物：Something must be done. 得想办法。/ You must see the doctor. 你一定要看医生。/ Warm clothes are a must in the mountains. 住山里必须备有厚衣服。‎ ‎【用法】1.表示“必须”时，其否定式mustn’t的意思是“一定不要”、“不能”，而不是“不必”。2.表示“一定是”时，通常只用于肯定句，在否定句或疑问句中要用can代之；用于此义时，要根据具体的语义情况决定其后动词的形式：He must have a lot of ‎ money. 他一定有很多钱。/ He must be sleeping. 他一定在睡觉。/ He must have gone home. 他一定回家去了。‎ my[maI] pron.我的：My goodness! 天呀! ‎ myself[maI5self] pron.我自己：I’m not myself today. 我今天不太舒服。‎ N nail[neIl] n.[C]钉子；指甲，趾甲 v.用钉子钉：She dyed her nails. 她染了指甲。/ He nailed the picture to the wall. 把画钉在墙上。‎ name[neIm] n.[C]名字，名称 vt.命名；指定，任命：May I ask your name? 您尊姓大名?/ They named the child Dick. 他们给孩子取名迪克。‎ narrow[5nArEJ] adj.狭窄的，勉强的：a narrow escape死里逃生 nation[5neIFEn] n.[C]国家，民族：the Chinese nation 中华民族 national[5nAFEnEl] adj.国家的，民族的：National Day 国庆节 nationality[7nAFE5nAlEtI]n.[U,C]国籍；民族：He has [is of] British nationality. 他是英国国籍。/ There are 56 nationalities in China. 中国有56个民族。‎ native[5neItIv] n.[C]本地人，本国人 adj.本地的，本国的：one’s native language 母语 / Banana is native to Taiwan. 香蕉是台湾的土产。‎ natural[5nAtFErEl] adj.自然的，天然的；天生的；自然的：Milk is the natural food for young babies. 牛奶是婴儿的天然食物。‎ ‎【用法】It’s natural后接that从句时，从句谓语通常用“(should+)动词原形”：It’s natural that you should forget it. 你忘了这事不足为奇。‎ nature[5neItFE] n.[U,C]自然，自然界；性质，天性，本性；种类：by nature 生性地，天生地 / in nature本质上，事实上；究竟，到底 navy[5neIvI] n.[C]海军：He serves in the navy. 他在海军服役。‎ near[nIE] adj.近的 adv.附近，邻近 prep.在…附近，靠近；差点：National Day is drawing near. 国庆节快要到了。/ Who lives nearest (to) the school? 谁家离学校最近?‎ ‎【说明】类似以下这样的句子中的to可以省略：He stood near (to) the door. 他站在门附近。/ I tried to get nearer (to) the fire. 我试图向火边靠近些。‎ nearly[5nIElI] adv.将近，几乎：The pain nearly drove me mad. 疼痛几乎使我发疯了。‎ ‎【短语】not nearly 远非，远不及，根本没有 / pretty [very] nearly 几乎，差不多 ‎【辨析】nearly与almost：见almost。‎ neat[ni:t] adj.整洁的，整齐的，熟练的：She always kept her room neat. 她总是保持房间整洁。‎ necessary[5nesIsErI] adj.必须的，必要的：Sleep is necessary to [for] health. 睡眠对健康是必要的。‎ ‎【用法】1.It’s necessary后接that从句时常用虚拟语气：It’s necessary that we should study hard.(=It’s necessary for us to study hard.) 我们必须努力学习。2.可与if, when, wherever等连词构成省略句(可看成省略了it is)：If necessary, ring me at home. 如果必要，可以打电话到我家找我。‎ neck[nek] n.[C]颈，脖子：neck and neck 齐头并进 need[ni:d] n.[C,U]需要，需求 (常用复)必需品 v.& aux. 必须，不得不；需要，必须：We have need of knowledge. 我们需要知识。/ We have no need to be afraid of them. 我们没必要怕他们。/ He needn’t come to the meeting. 他不必来开会了。‎ ‎【短语】in need of 需要 ‎【比较】1.need to do与need doing：对于前者来说，句子主语是其后不定式的逻辑主语；对于后者来说，句子主语是其后动名词的逻辑宾语：You need to come. 你有必要来。/ The room needs cleaning. 这房间需要打扫了。2.need do sth 与need have done sth：前者指有必要去做某事(动作尚未发生)，后者指本来不必发生的事却发生了：You needn’t get up so early. 你不必那么早。/ You needn’t have got up so early. 你本来不必那么早就起床的。‎ needle[5ni:dl] n.[C]针；指针：a needle and thread 针线 neighbo(u)r[5neIbE] n.[C]邻居，邻国：He is whispering to his neighbor. 他向邻座的人耳语。‎ neither[5naITE] adj.& pron.(两者)都不 conj.& adv.也不：Neither of us enjoy getting up early. 我们俩谁也不喜欢早起。/ In neither case will he come. 不论在哪种情况下，他都不会来。/ He didn’t read it and neither did I. 他没有读它，我也没有。‎ ‎【短语】neither...nor... 既不…也不…‎ ‎【用法】只能指两者，不能指三者或多者。‎ nephew[5nefju:] n.[C]侄子，外甥：Your nephew is lovely. 你的侄子很可爱。‎ nervous[5nE:vEs] adj.神经质的，紧张不安的：He’s nervous about [of] staying alone at night. 他害怕晚上一个人呆着。‎ net[net] n. [C,U]网，网状物：a fishing net 鱼网 / a mosquito net 蚊帐 never[5nevE] adv.决不，从来没有：I never drink or smoke. 我从不喝酒抽烟。/ He had never been in love before. 他从来没恋爱过。‎ ‎【短语】never mind 没关系；不要介意。‎ ‎【用法】在正式文体中用于句首，句子要倒装：Never did I hear such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲的这种故事。‎ new[nju:] adj.新的，新鲜的：The word is new to me. 这个单词我不太熟悉。‎ news[nju:z] n.[U]新闻，消息：Bad news travels quickly. 坏事传千里。‎ newspaper[5nju:speIpE] n.[C,U]报纸：There are some newspapers on the desk. 桌上有几张报纸。‎ ‎【说明】若当作是供阅读或传递信息的一种东西，则可数；若仅仅当成一种“纸”来看待，则也可视为不可数：Wrap it in (a sheet of) newspaper. 把它用(一张)报纸包起来。‎ next[nekst] adj.最近的，紧挨着的；下一次(个) adv.随后；下次 n.下一个人(东西)：I prefer to take the next train. 我宁愿坐下一班火车。/ I don’t know what to do next. 我不知下一步怎么办。‎ ‎【用法】next time(下次)既可用作副词(起状语作用，此时其前不用冠词)，也可用作连词(引导时间状语从句，此时其前可用冠词，但通常省略)：I’ll try to be more careful next time. 下次我要更小心一些。/ Come to see us (the) next time you are in town. 下次进城来，到我们这里来玩。‎ nice[naIs] adj.令人愉快的；友好的：It is nice of you to help us. 你帮助我们真是太好了。‎ ‎【说明】nice and 在意义上相当于very：nice and warm 很暖和 / nice and fast 很快 niece[ni:s] n.[C]侄女，外甥女：He loves your niece. 他爱你的侄女。‎ night[naIt] n.夜，夜间，黑夜：He says that he dreams every night. 他说他每晚都做梦。‎ ‎【短语】at night 在夜晚，在夜里 / all night (long) 整夜，通宵 / by night 晚上，夜间 / in the night 在夜间，半夜里 / night and day 日夜，日日夜夜 ‎【用法】复数形式有时起副词作用：She works nights. 她上夜班。‎ nine[naIn] num.九：A cat has nine lives. (谚)猫有九命。‎ ninety[5naIntI] num.九十：He was born in the nineties. 他生于90年代。‎ ninth[naInW] num.第九：She was the ninth in the exam. 她考试得第九名。‎ no[nEJ] adv.& adj.没有，不，无：He has no friends. 他没有朋友。/ No smoking! 禁止吸烟！/ There is no hope. 没有希望。‎ ‎【注意】不要误解以下结构的意思：no richer than(与…一样不富裕)= as poor as(与…一样穷) / no taller than (与…一样不高)=as short as(与…一样矮)‎ noble[5nEJbl] n. [C]贵族 adj.高贵的，贵族的，壮丽的：Many of the nobles joined the uprising. 许多贵族参加了起义。/ He has a noble character. 他有高尚的品质。‎ nobody[5nEJbEdI] pron.& n.没有人，谁也不：There is nobody in the room. 房里没人。‎ ‎【用法】1.用作主语，谓语用单数。2.受形容词修饰时，形容词置于其后。‎ nod[nRd] n.& v.点头：George returned his greeting with a nod. 他打招呼乔治点头作答。/ John is nodding his head. 约翰频频点头。‎ noise[nRIz] n.[C,U]嘈杂声，响声；声音：I don’t like noise(s). 我讨厌喧闹声。/ Stop making so much noise. 不要那样吵闹。‎ noisy[5nRIzI] adj.嘈杂的，喧闹的：Don’t be noisy. 别吵。/ I don’t like noisy children. 我不喜欢吵闹的孩子。‎ none[nQn] pron.一个人也没有；没有任何东西：None of us are perfect. 我们谁也不是完人。‎ ‎【短语】have none of 没有一点；不参与，不接受，不同意 / none but 仅仅，只有 / none other (than) 正是，就是 ‎【用法】1.可指可数名词，也可指不可数名词。2.指可数名词时，只能指三者或三者以上，不能指两者。3.用作主语时，若指不可数名词，谓语一般用单数；若指可数名词,谓语可用单数(较正式)，也可用复数(用于非正式文体，且更符合惯用法)：None of the money is mine. 这笔钱没有一点是我的。/ None of the cars is [are] new. 这些汽车没有一辆是新的。‎ noon[nu:n] n.[U]中午，正午：Snow fell before noon. 午前降了雪。/ He left here at noon. 他中午12点离开了这儿。‎ nor[nR:] conj.& adv.也不：He didn’t ask nor did I. 他没有问，我也没有问。/ He does not do it, nor does he try. 他没有做，也没尝试一下。/ I don’t want to go, nor will I. 我不想去，也不会去。‎ ‎【短语】neither…nor… 既不…也不…‎ normal[5nR:mEl] n.& adj.正常(的)，标准(的)：above [below] normal 在标准以上(以下) / The doctor said that my temperature was normal. 医生说我的体温正常。‎ north[nR:W] n.北部，北方 adj.北方的，北部的 adv.在北方：Mexico is in the south of North America. 墨西哥在北美洲南部。/ He walked north. 他往北走去。‎ northern[5nR:TEn] adj.北方的，北部的：The Sahara is a great desert in the northern part of Africa. 撒哈拉沙漠是非洲北部的一个大沙漠。‎ nose[nEJz] n.[C]鼻子，嗅觉：A dog has a good nose. 狗的嗅觉好。‎ not[nRt] adv.不；没：It’s a cat, not a dog. 这是猫，不是狗。/ Be careful not to burn yourself. 小心别烫着了。‎ ‎【短语】not only…but also 不仅…还，不但…而且 note[nEJt] n.[C]短信，便条；注释；笔记；票据，钞票：Here’s a note to [on] this word. 这是该词的一条注释。/ Make a note of how much money you spend. 你花多少钱要作个记录。/ Do you take notes of the lecture? 你听课记笔记吗?‎ nothing[5nQWIN] n.& pron.没有东西；没有什么：There’s nothing wrong with the machine. 机器没有毛病。‎ ‎【短语】have nothing to do with 与…无关 / for nothing不要钱，免费；徒然 / nothing but 仅仅，只 / nothing like 没有比…更好；远远不像，丝毫不像 / to say nothing of 除了…，更不用说 ‎【用法】1.用作主语时，谓语用单数。2.受形容词修饰时，形容词应置于其后。‎ notice[5nEJtIs][C]布告，通告 [U]注意 v.注意(到)：She noticed the man look [looking] at her a couple of times. 她注意到那个男人朝她看了好几次。‎ ‎【短语】at short notice 在短时间内，在接到通知的短时间内 / take notice of 注意 / until further notice 在另行通知以前 noun[naJn] n.[C]名词：It’s a noun clause. 这是个名词从句。‎ November[nEJ5vembE] n.十一月：Her birthday is in November. 她的生日在11月。‎ now[naJ] adv.& n.现在：He is busy now. 他现在很忙。‎ ‎【短语】now and again 时而 / now that 既然，由于 / by now 到现在 / now and then 时而，有时，偶尔 nowadays[5naJEdeIz] adv.当今，现在：Nowadays people travel by plane. 如今人们乘飞机旅行。‎ ‎【注意】是副词，不是名词，所以不说 in nowadays之类的。‎ nowhere[5nEJwZE] adv.任何地方都不，无处：He is nowhere to be seen. 任何地方都见不着他。‎ ‎【用法】若用于句首，其后用倒装语序：Nowhere could I see him. 哪儿也见不到他。‎ number[5nQmbE] n. [C,U]数；数字；数量；号码：I’ve forgotten her telephone number. 我忘了她的电话号码了。‎ ‎【比较】a number of与the number of：前者意为“许多”，后者意为“…的数量”；用作主语时，前者与复数谓语连用，后者与单数谓语连用：A large number of boxes were broken. 很多盒子被摔破了。/ The number of girls in this school is small. 这所学校女生人数很少。‎ nurse[nE:s] n.[C]护士：She is a trained nurse. 她是一个受过训练的护士。‎ nut[nQt] n.[C]坚果，硬壳果：Squirrels feed on nuts. 松鼠以坚果为食。‎ O obey[E5beI] v.服从，遵守；听话：It’s our duty to obey the laws. 遵守法律是我们的义务。/ The child obeyed and went to bed. 孩子听话睡觉去了。‎ object[5RbdVIkt] n.[C]物体，东西；目标；宾语v.反对：Verbs that do not take an object are intransitive verbs. 不带宾语的动词叫不及物动词。‎ ‎【用法】1.其后可接宾语从句，但通常不接名词或代词作宾语，遇此情况应在其后加介词 to：That’s why I object to the plan. 这就是我反对这个计划的原因。/ He objected to being treated like a child. 他反对被当作小孩子看待。2.后接that宾语从句时，它表示的不是object(反对)的内容，而是其理由：I wanted to climb the hill, but he objected that he was too tired. 我要去爬山，但是他却以太累为由表示反对。‎ occur[E5kE:] vi.出现；存在；发生；想到：The accident occurred at five o’clock. 事故发生在五点钟。/ A good idea occurred to me. 我想起了个好主意。‎ ‎【注意】是不及物动词，不用于被动语态。‎ ocean[5EJFEn] n.[C]海洋：the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 / in the ocean 在海洋 o’clock[E5klRk] adv.…点钟：It’s just two o’clock. 现在刚好两点。‎ October[Rk5tEJbE] n.十月：This paragraph relates to the October Revolution. 这个段落讲的是十月革命。‎ of[Cv, Ev] prep.…的；…之中的；…之量的；由…组成；从…来的；关于；因为： Loss of health is worse than loss of wealth. 失去健康比失去财富更糟。/ What he says is of great importance. 他讲的话很重要。/ He told us of his travels. 他给我们讲了他的旅行见闻。/ It is very kind of you to say so. 你这样说真是太好了。‎ off[Cf] prep.离开，隔开；从…脱落，从…掉下；缺席，休假；打折，减价adv.离开，(电，自来水等)停了，中断：Keep off the grass. 勿踏草地。/ Can you take something off the price, please? 能不能打一点折? / Turn the light off. 把灯关掉。‎ offer[5RfE] v.& n.提供；提出；出价：Thank you for your offer of help. 感谢你提供的帮助。/ Offer the guests some coffee.=Offer some coffee to the guests. 给客人们来点咖啡。/ He offered to lend me some money. 他表示可借给我一些钱。‎ office[5RfIs] n.[C]办公室：I don’t go to the office on Sunday. 我星期天不去办公室。‎ ‎【短语】in office 执政 / out of office 不执政 / take office 就职，上任 officer[5RfIsE] n.[C]军官，官员：Please give me a hand, officer. 警官，请帮帮我。‎ official[E5fIFEl] n.[C]官员，高级职员adj.官方的，正式的：Is the news official? 这是官方消息吗? / Those are official figures. 那些是官方数字。‎ often[5R(:)fn] adv.经常，常常：Do you often have cold? 你常常感冒吗?‎ oh[EJ] interj.哦，噢：Oh, sir! You forgot your keys. 噢，先生！您忘了拿钥匙。‎ oil[RIl] n.[U]油 v.加油：You can’t mix oil with water. 你不能让油和水混合。/ We need some cooking oil. 我们需要些烹调用油。‎ okay/O.K.[ EJ5keI] interj.对，好，可以 adj.行，可以，好的 vt.同意，批准：The play is OK. 这出戏还可以。/ The car goes okay now. 这汽车现在行驶情况良好。/ OK, you can go. 好，你去吧。/ I got his OK. 我得到了他的同意。‎ old[EJld] adj.旧的，年老的，古老的：How old are you? 你多大年纪了?‎ ‎【用法】the old 可用作名词，表示“老人”，表复数意义：The old have more experience than the young. 老年人比年轻人更有经验。‎ on[Cn] prep.在…上；接近，靠近；朝，向；乘，坐；有关，关于；在…方面；通过，凭借；为了；拥有，带着；由于，因为adv. 穿上，穿着；继续着；开着，处于工作状态中：She began to cry on hearing the news. 她听到那个消息就哭了。/ He wrote a book on Africa animals. 他写了一本关于非洲动物的书。/ Don’t waste your time on that. 不要把你的时间花在那上面。/ I’ve got no money on me. 我没有带钱。/ I congratulate you on your success. 我祝贺您的成功。‎ once[wQns] adv.一次，一度，从前 conj.一旦…(就…)：He once [Once he] lived in the country. 他一度住在乡下。/ Once you begin you must continue. 你一旦开始，便不可停下来。‎ ‎【短语】at once 立刻，马上 / once upon a time 从前；很早以前 / once in a while 偶尔，间或 / all at once 突然 / once again [more] 再一次 one[wQn] pron.一(个，只)；某个人；某物；任何人 num.& adj.一：The chair has lost one of its legs. 椅子掉了一条腿。/ One should do one’s duty. 人人应该尽责。‎ ‎【短语】one by one 一个接一个地，一次一个地 oneself[wQn5self] pron.自己，自身：by oneself 独自 / to oneself 独自享用 only[5EJnlI] adv.只，仅仅，只是，才 adj.惟一的，仅有的：He is only joking. 他只是开玩笑。/ She is the only girl in her family. 她是家里惟一的女孩。‎ ‎【短语】if only 要是…就好了，但愿 / not only…but also… 不但…而且…‎ ‎【用法】1.通常放在所修饰的词语之前(若所修饰的词在句末，则也可将它放在该词之后)：Only Jim knows him. 只有吉姆认识他。/ This ticket admits only one person.=This ticket admits one person only. 此券只准一人入场。2.修饰状语位于句首时，句子要倒装：Only in this way are you able to do it well. 你只有用这种方法才能把它做好。‎ onto[5RntJ] prep.到…上面：He jumped onto the horse. 他跳上马。‎ open[5EJpEn] adj.开着的，开口的 v.打开，张开：The museum is open to foreign visitors. 博物馆对外宾开放。‎ operate[5RpEreIt] vt.操作，运转 vi.对…施行手术：The doctor decided to operate on him (his nose) at once. 医生决定马上给他(他的鼻子)动手术。‎ operation[7RpE5reIFEn] n. [C](外科)手术 [U]操作：The operation of this machine is simple. 这个机器的操作很简单。‎ opinion[E5pInjEn] n.[C]看法，见解：In my opinion, he is wrong. 据我看，他是错了。/ I have a good (bad) opinion of him. 我对他评价很高(低)。‎ opposite[5RpEzIt] n.[C]相反，对面 adj.相反的，对面的prep.在…对面：He lives in the opposite house.=He lives in the house opposite. 他住在对面的房子里。‎ or[R:] conj.或者，还是(用在否定句中)，也不：He never smokes or drinks. 他从不吸烟，也不喝酒。‎ ‎【短语】or so 大约，…上下 / or else 否则，要不然 orange[5RrIndV] n.[C]橙子，柑子 adj.橙色的：A glass of orange juice, please. 请来杯橘子汁。‎ order[5C:dE] n.[U]顺序；秩序 (常用复)命令，指挥 [C]定购，定货v.定购，定货；点菜；命令，要求：He ordered her to go. 他命令她走。‎ ‎【短语】in order 按顺序；整齐，有秩序；处于良好状态 / in order to 为了…(后接动词原形) / in order that 为了…(后接句子) / out of order 顺序乱的(地)，情况不好，坏了 ‎【用法】表示“命令”、“要求”时，若后接that从句，从句谓语通常用“should+动词原形”这样的虚拟语气：The doctor ordered that she should stay in bed.(=The doctor ordered her to stay in bed.) 医生要求她卧床。‎ ordinary[5R:dInErI] adj.普通的，平常的：An ordinary work day is eight hours. 正常的工作日是8小时。/ It’s a piece of ordinary dance music. 那是首普通的舞曲。‎ organize / organise[5R:gEnaIz] vt.组织，安排 vi.组织起来：The National Games were well organized. 这次全国运动会组织得很好。‎ other[5QTE] adj.别的，另外的 pron.别人，别的东西：Where are the other students? 其他同学在哪里?‎ ‎【用法】1.若特指，其前用定冠词；若泛指，其前不加定冠词。2.表单数时，后接单数名词；表复数时，后接复数名词或用others。‎ otherwise[5QTEwaIz] adv.否则，要不然：We’ll go early, otherwise we may not get a seat. 我们得早一点去，不然就没有座位了。‎ ought[R:t] v. aux.应当，应该：You ought to think everything over carefully. 你应当把一切想清楚。‎ ‎【用法】1.后接带to 的不定式。2.若对过去情况进行推测，则后接动词的完成式：You ought to have noticed it. 你应当已经注意到这件事。/ I ought to have helped her, but I never could. 我本该帮助她的，却从未能这样做。‎ our[5aJE] pron.我们的：Which are our seats? 哪些是我们的座位?‎ ours[5aJEz] pron.我们的：Ours are in the car. 我们的东西在汽车里。‎ ourselves[7aJE5selvz] pron.我们自己，我们亲自：We had better do it ourselves. 我们最好自己干。‎ out[aJt] adv.出，向外，在外：When you go out, please close the door. 出去时，请把门关上。/ He is out of work. 他失业了。‎ outdoor[5aJtdR:]adj.户外的；室外的：I like outdoor sports. 我喜欢室外运动。‎ ‎【说明】只放在名词前作定语，不用作表语。‎ outdoors[aJt5dR:z] adv.在户外(野外)：Children usually prefer playing outdoors. 孩子们通常喜欢在室外玩。‎ outside[5aJtsaId] prep.& adv.在外面，向外面，在…外，向…外n. [C]外部，外面：This was quite outside his knowledge. 这完全超出了他的知识范围。‎ over[5EJvE] prep.在…之上，在…的(正)上方；盖在…上；横过，从…上面越过；遍及，到处；超过，多于；在…期间；因为；通过 adv.翻，翻转；遍布；结束；完全地；横过，过来：They held a large umbrella over her. 他们给她打着一把大伞。/ He put the newspaper over his face. 他用报纸盖住脸。/ Will you be at home over Christmas? 圣诞节期间你在家吗?‎ ‎【短语】over there 在那边(指较远处) / all over 全身，到处 / over and over (again) 反复地 / over here 在这边 overcoat[5EJvE7kEJt] n.[C]大衣：He put on his overcoat and went out. 他穿上大衣就出去了。‎ owe[EJ] vt.欠(钱)；应感激；应给予；归功于：I owe my life to you. 全亏你我才能活下来。/ I owe my success to him.=I owe him my success. 我的成功要归功于他。‎ own[EJn] adj.自己的v.拥有：This is his own car. 这是他自己的汽车。/ This car is his own. 这汽车是他自己的。‎ ox[Rks] n.(pl. oxen)公牛：a herd of oxen 一群牛 P pack[pAk] n. [C]包，捆 v.包装：Pack them in dozens. 把它们成打地包起来。‎ packet[5pAkIt] n. [C]小包裹：He bought a packet of cigarettes. 他买了一包香烟。‎ page[peIdV] n.[C]页，页码：Do the exercises on page 5. 做第5页上的练习。‎ pain[peIn] n.[C,U]疼痛；痛苦 (用复数)努力，劳苦 v.疼痛，痛苦：She has a pain [pain, pains] in her stomach. 她胃痛。/ He has taken pains to study the problem. 他费尽了心血研究这个问题。‎ paint[peInt] n.[U]油漆，颜料 v.油漆，粉刷；绘画：Wet [Fresh] paint. 油漆未干。/ He painted the door green. 他把门漆成了绿色。‎ painting[5peIntIN] n.[C]油画，绘画：Painting was the love of his life. 绘画是他毕生的爱好。‎ pair[pZE] n.[C]一双，一对：He needs a new pair of shoes. 他需要一双新鞋。/ The children came in in pairs. 孩子们两个两个地进来。‎ palace[5pAlIs] n.[C]宫殿，华丽的大厦：the Summer Palace 颐和园 pale[peIl] adj.苍白的，灰白的，淡的：He turned pale at the words. 听了这些话他脸色变得苍白。‎ pan[pAn] n.[C]平底锅：She fried the eggs in a frying pan. 她在平锅里煎鸡蛋。‎ paper[5peIpE] n. [U]纸 [C]报纸；试卷；论文，票据：You will have to show your papers at the gate. 在门口你得出示证件。‎ paragraph[5pArEgrB:f] n.[C](文章)段，节：Read from book, starting at the second paragraph. 念书，从第2段开始。‎ pardon[5pB:dn] n.& vt.原谅，宽恕：Pardon my interrupting you.=Pardon me (for) interrupting you. 请原谅我打断你的话。‎ ‎【用法】口语中的I beg your pardon有多种用法，如表示道歉、提出异议、请对方重说自己没听清的话等。‎ parent[5pZErEnt] n.[C]父(母)：Please give my best regards to your parents. 请代我向您的父母问好。‎ Paris[5pArIs] n.巴黎：I was glad to have the opportunity of visiting Paris. 我很高兴有机会访问巴黎。‎ park1[pB:k] n.[C]公园：in the park 在公园 / Beihai Park 北海公园 park2[pB:k] n.[C]停车场 v.停车：No Parking. 禁止停车。 / Don’t park the car in this street. 不得在这条街上停车。‎ part[pB:t] n.[C]部分；角色：Parts of this town are beautiful. 该镇的部分地区很美。/ Only (a) part of the story is true. 这个故事只有部分情节是真实的。‎ ‎【短语】play an important part in 在…方面起重要作用 / for one’s part 就个人来说 / for the most part 多半，总的说来 / in part 部分地，在某种程度上 / take part in 参加 particular[pE5tIkjJlE] adj.特殊的，个别的：She’s very particular about her clothes [what she wears]. 她对穿着很讲究。‎ ‎【短语】in particular 特别，尤其 particularly[pE5tIkjJlElI] adv.特别，尤其：It is particularly hot today. 今天特别热。/ He likes the country, particularly [especially] in spring. 他喜欢乡村，尤其是在春天。‎ partly[5pB:tlI] adv.部分地，在一定程度上：You’re partly right. 你在一定程度上是对的。/ We are all partly to blame. 我们都负有一部分责任。‎ party[5pB:tI] n.[C]政党，党派；晚会，聚会：He joined the Party in 1949. 他是1949年入党的。/ Who are you going to invite to the party? 你准备邀请谁参加晚会?‎ pass[pB:s] v.传，递；经过，通过；度过(时间)，(时间)流逝 n.[C]关口；及格(证)，通行证：Please let me pass. 请让我过去。/ Please pass me the salt.=Please pass the salt to me. 请把盐递给我。/ Did he pass the exam? 他通过考试了吗?‎ passage[5pAsIdV] n.[C]通道；走廊；(文章，讲话的)一段，一节：He forced a passage through the crowd. 他从人群中强挤出一条通路来。‎ passenger[5pAsIndVE] n. [C]乘客，旅客：There were fifty passengers in the bus. 公共汽车上有50名乘客。‎ passer-by [5pB:sEbaI] n. (pl. passers-by)过客，过路人：A few passers-by saw the accident. 有几个过路人目睹了这次事故。‎ past[pB:st] prep.(指时间)过；走过(某处) n. [U]过去，昔日，往事adj.过去的，从前的，刚过去的：I’ve been ill for the past three weeks. 我三周来一直在生病。‎ path[pB:W] n. [C]道路，路程，小径：There was a narrow path through the forest. 有一条穿过森林的小路。‎ patient[5peIFEnt] n. [C]病人 adj.耐心的：We must be patient with children. 我们对孩子要有耐心。‎ pattern[5pAtEn] n.[C]式样；图案，花样：a sentence pattern 句型 pause[pC:z] n.[C]中止，暂停，停止 vi.暂停，停顿：After a pause, the game continued. 停顿一会儿之后，比赛继续进行。‎ ‎【说明】其后不接动名词，但可接不定式(为目的状语)：He paused to wait for me. 他停下来等我。‎ pay[peI]v. (paid, paid)付钱，发工资，给…报酬 n. [C]工资：He’ll do it if you pay him. 如果你付钱他是会干的。/ How much pay do you get? 你的工资是多少?‎ ‎【短语】pay back偿还(借款)；报复 / pay back 偿还(借款) / pay off 还清(债务等)‎ peace[pi:s] n.[U,C]和平，平静：Let me do my work in peace. 让我安静地工作。/ Several policemen went there to keep the peace. 有几个警察去了那儿维持秩序。‎ peaceful[5pi:sfJl] adj.和平的，安静的：It’s peaceful at home when the children are at school. 孩子们在学校上学时，家里就安静了。‎ pear[pZE] n.[C]梨子，梨树：snow pear 雪梨 peasant[5pezEnt] n. [C]农民：The peasant girl has become an engineer. 这位农村姑娘成了工程师。‎ pen[pen] n. [C]钢笔：I lost my pen. 我把钢笔丢了。‎ ‎【用法】表示用钢笔写，通常用with a pen，也可说成in ink。‎ pence[pens] n. (penny的复数)便士(英国货币)：Potatoes are 20 pence a pound. 土豆20便士一磅。‎ pencil[5pensl] n.[C]铅笔：Don’t write in pencil. 不要用铅笔写。‎ penny[5penI] n. [C] (pl. pence)便士(英国货币)‎ ‎【辨析】有pennies和pence两种复数形式：前者主要用来指一便士的硬币数，后者主要用于数词后构成复合词或用来谈论钱的价值：Give me five pennies for this five-pence. 请把这个5便士硬币换成5枚1便士硬币。/ It only costs a few pence. 它只值几分钱。‎ people[5pi:pl] n. [C]人，人们；民族 (连用the)人民：Were there many people at the party? 参加晚会的人很多吗?‎ ‎【用法】1.表示“人”或“人们”，只用单数形式，但表示复数意义；作主语时谓语用复数。2.表示“民族”时，为可数名词，其前可用不定冠词，也可有复数形式：the peoples of the world 世界各国人民 percent[pE5sEnt] n.百分之…：The price was reduced by 18 per cent. 价格降低了百分之十八。‎ perfect[5pE:fIkt] adj.极好的，完美的：None of us are perfect. 我们谁也不是完人。‎ ‎【注意】本身含有“极”、“最”之义，通常不用于比较等级，也不受very修饰。‎ perform[pE5fC:m] v.做，实行，执行；表演：The doctors are performing an operation. 医生们在做手术。/ The children performed a play. 孩子们演了一出戏。‎ perhaps[pE5hAps] adv.可能，也许，或许：Perhaps they like you better than me.也许比起我来他们更喜欢你呢。‎ period[5pIErIEd] n.[C]时期，时代；一节(课)：This was the most difficult period of his life. 这是他一生中最艰难的时期。‎ permit[pE5mIt] v.许可，允许 n.[C]许可证，执照：Write me when time permits. 有时间请写信给我。/ Have you got a permit to fish in this lake? 你有在这个湖里钓鱼的许可证吗?‎ ‎【用法】可接动名词作宾语，但不接不定式作宾语：We do not permit smoking here. 不准在此吸烟。不过不定式的复合结构可作其宾语：They permitted her to leave. 他们允许她离开。‎ person[5pE:sn] n. [C]人，个人：You’re looking a different person. 你看起来像换了一个人。/ He will come in person. 他将亲自来。‎ persuade [pE5sweId] v. 说服，劝说：He persuaded his wife to change her mind. 他说服他妻子改变了主意。‎ ‎【说明】指说服，若说而不服，则用 try to persuade。‎ pet[pet] n.[C]宠物：She has two cats as pets. 她养了两只猫，把它们当做宠物。‎ photo / photograph[5fEJtEJ][5fEJtEgrB:f]n. [C]照片：I’ll have a photo taken. 我要请人拍个照。/ I took a lot of photos during my holiday. 我在度假期间拍了许多照片。‎ ‎【比较】take a photo与have a photo taken：前者指“(自己)拍照”，后者指“请人拍照”。‎ physics[5fIzIks] n.[U]物理学：Physics studies mechanics, heat, light, sound and electricity. 物理学研究力学、热学、光学、声学和电学。‎ piano[pI5AnEJ] n. [C,U]钢琴：I can’t play the piano, but I can play the guitar. 我不会弹钢琴，但会弹吉他。‎ pick[pIk] v.摘，挑选，扒窃：They were picking cotton. 他们在采棉花。/ Pick out the books that you’d like to read. 挑出你要读的书。/ My pocket was picked. 我的口袋被扒了。‎ ‎【短语】pick out 挑选；找出 / pick up 拿起，捡起；收拾，整理；学会；(用车)来接，去取；改进，改善；重新开始，继续；感染(疾病、坏习惯等)‎ picnic[5pIknIk] v.(picnicked, picnicked) 野餐n.[C]野餐：The children picnicked in the woods. 孩子们在树林里野餐了。‎ picture[5pIktFE] n. [C]图画，图片；照片；影片：There are a few pictures on the wall. 墙上有几张画。/ I often go to the pictures on Sunday. 我星期天常去看电影。‎ pie[paI] n. [C]馅饼：fruit pies 水果馅饼 / Have some more pie. 再吃点馅饼吧。‎ piece[pi:s] n. [C]一起(张，片，件…)：Here are two pieces of advice. 这是两条建议。/ He tore the letter into pieces. 他把那封信撕得粉碎。‎ pig[pIg] n. [C]猪：He keeps [raises] 20 pigs. 他养了20头猪。‎ pile[paIl] n. [C]堆 v.堆放：Next to it stood a pile of paper cups. 它旁边有一堆纸杯。/ He piled books on his desk. 他把书堆放在书桌上。‎ pillow[5pIlEJ] n. [C]枕头：He used his boots for a pillow. 他用靴子作枕头。‎ pilot[5paIlEt] n. [C]飞行员：Michael was the first pilot to fly the plane round the world. 麦克是第一个驾驶飞机作环球飞行的飞行员。‎ pin[pIn] n. [C]大头针，别针 v.别住，钉住：pin papers together 把文件用针钉在一起 / drawing pin图钉 pink[pINk] adj.粉红色的 n. [U]粉红色：The combination of red and white forms pink. 红色和白色混合即成为粉红色。‎ pioneer[7paIE5nIE] n.[C]先锋，开拓者：the Young Pioneers 少年先锋队 pipe[paIp] n. [C]管子，输送管；烟斗：Does he smoke a pipe? 他抽烟斗吗?‎ pity[5pItI] n.[U]同情 [C]可惜的事，遗憾的事 vt.同情；可怜：Do have [take] pity on me. 千万要可怜可怜我。/ It’s a pity that he can’t come. 他不能来真是遗憾。‎ place[pleIs] n.[C]地方，地点；住所；座位；空地；名次v.放，安置：That would be a nice place for a picnic. 这是野餐的好地方。/ Go back to your place. 回到你的座位上去。/ He placed the books on the desk. 他把书放在桌上。‎ ‎【短语】take place 发生 / take the place of 代替，接替 / change places 换座位 / in place of 代替 plain[pleIn] adj.坦白的，平易的；朴素的 n. [C]平原，旷野：From the hill top we could see the plains below. 从山顶我们可以看到下方的平原。‎ plan[plAn] n.& v.计划：Everyone made plans for going abroad. 每个人都制定了出国计划。/ Do you plan to stay [on staying] here? 你打算留在这里吗?‎ plane[pleIn] / aeroplane[5ZErEpleIn] n.[C]飞机：Are you going by train or by plane? 你坐火车去还是坐飞机去?‎ plant[plB:nt] n.[C]植物 vt.种植，播种：Trees and vegetables are plants. 树和蔬菜是植物。/ April is the time to plant. 4月是种植的时候。‎ plastic[5plAstIk] adj.塑料的n.[C,U]塑料：The company sells plastic products. 这家公司出售塑料制品。‎ ‎【用法】作名词时，可数或不可数均可，但可数时，通常用复数：Plastic is [Plastics are] sometimes used instead of wood and metal. 塑料有时被用来代替木材和金属。‎ plate[pleIt] n.[C]盘子，碟子(比dish浅，扁平)：I almost dropped the plate. 我差点把碟子掉了。‎ platform[5plAtfR:m] n.[C]讲台，站台；平台：A hall usually has a platform for speakers. 礼堂里通常有一个演讲台。‎ play[pleI] v.玩，做游戏，打球 n. [C,U]玩耍，戏剧：He came over to chat and play cards.他过来聊天、打牌。/ This play is based on a true story. 这出戏以真事为基础。‎ ‎【比较】play sb与play with sb：前者“同某人比赛”，后者指“玩…”、“同…玩”。‎ player[5pleIE] n.[C]运动员(者)，演员；帮游戏者：She is a good tennis player. 她是一个好的网球手。‎ playground[5pleIgraJnd] n.[C]操场，(儿童)游乐场：The children were all [on] in the playground. 孩子们都在操场上。‎ pleasant[5plezEnt] adj.令人愉快的，招人喜欢的，舒适的：The walk was very pleasant. 那次散步很愉快。‎ ‎【辨析】pleasant与pleased：前者指令人愉快，后者指感到愉快。比较：He was pleased. 他很高兴。/ He was pleasant. 他讨人喜欢。‎ please[pli:z] adv.请；好的v. 使人高兴，使人满意；喜欢，愿意：It’s difficult to please everybody. 很难使每个人满意。/ Go where you please. 你想去哪儿就去哪儿。‎ pleased[pli:zd] adj.高兴的，愉快的：I’m very pleased with your work. 我对你的工作很满意。/ He was pleased to accept the invitation. 他高兴地接受了邀请。‎ pleasure[5pleVE] n.[U]高兴，愉快 [C]令人高兴的事：He finds pleasure in reading. 他从阅读中得到乐趣。/ It is a pleasure to work with you. 和你一起工作真是件乐事。‎ ‎【用法】其后可接of doing sth作定语，但不接不定式作定语：When may I have the pleasure of seeing you again? 什么时候我能有幸再见到你?‎ ‎【比较】(it’s) a [my] pleasure与with pleasure：前者意为“不客气”、“不用谢”，用于回答感谢；后者意为“高兴地”、“乐意地”。‎ plenty[5plentI] n.充足，大量 adv.相当，足够：There was food and drink in plenty. 有充足的饮食。/ She has plenty of imagination. 她想像力丰富。‎ plough[plaJ] n.& v.犁，耕：The land ploughs hard after the drought. 大旱之后土地难耕。‎ pocket[5pRkIt] n.[C]衣袋：a pocket radio 袖珍收音机 / pocket money 零用钱 poem[5pEJIm] n.[C]诗：Their lives are a poem. 他们的生活就是一首诗。‎ poet[5pEJIt] n.[C]诗人：A poet writes poems. 诗人写诗。‎ point[pRInt] n.[C]尖，尖端；点，观点；分数；特点；用处v.指，指向：It was a turning point in his career. 这是他事业上的转折点。/ There’s no point in wasting time. 耗时间没用。‎ ‎【短语】point at (用手)指着；用…对着(指着，瞄准等) / point to (用手)指着；(指针或房子等)指着；朝向；说明 / point out 指出；把注意力引向 pole[pEJl] n. [C]杆，柱，极：the North pole 北极 police[pE5li:s] n. [C]警察：Watch out! The police are coming. 当心，警察来了。‎ ‎【用法】1.表示“警察”的总称，其前通常用 the(有时也可省略)。2.形式上虽为单数，但含义上永远是复数；作主语时，谓语必须是复数。‎ policeman[pE5li:smEn] n.(pl. policemen)[C]警察：Do that again and I’ll call a policeman! 你要再这样做，我就叫警察了!‎ polite[pE5laIt] adj.有礼貌的，有教养的：Be more polite to ladies. 对女士要更有礼貌。/ It’s polite of him to do so. 他那样做很有礼貌。‎ political[pE5lItIkEl] adj.政治的：This is a political as well as an economic question. 这是一个政治也是经济问题。‎ politics[5pRlItIks] n.[U]政治(学)：Their talks always center around politics. 他们的谈话总是围绕着政治。‎ pollution[pE5lU:FEn] n. [U]污染：The pollution problem is growing serious. 污染问题日见严峻。‎ pool[pu:l] n.[C]水池，水坑：After the heavy rain there were pools on the road. 大雨过后路上有一些小水坑。‎ poor[pJE] adj.贫穷的；可怜的；不好的：That poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。‎ ‎【说明】the poor 可用作名词，意为“穷人”，表复数意义：The poor have a claim to our sympathy. 穷人值得我们同情。‎ popular[5pCpjJlE] adj.受欢迎的，讨人喜欢的；大众化的，通俗的，流行的：The singer is very popular with [among] young people. 这位歌手很受年轻人的欢迎。‎ population[7pCpjJ5leIFEn] n.[C,U]人口；某一国家或地区的所有人：How large [What] is the population of Japan? 日本有多少人口? ‎ ‎【用法】 1.形容人口数的多少，通常不用 many或few，而用 large, small, huge, high 等。2.为集合名词，若表示“人口”，表单数意义；若表示某一国家或地区的所有人，既可表示单数意义(视为整体)也可表示复数意义(考虑其个体)：More than one third of the population here still live(s) under the poverty line. 这里有三分之一多的人仍然生活在贫困线以下。但若表语为复数，则谓语也通常用复数：One-tenth of the population are elderly people. 十分之一的人口是老年人。‎ pork [pR:k] n.[U]猪肉：Do you like roast pork? 你喜欢烤猪肉吗?‎ port[pC:t] n. [C,U]港口：enter (a) port 入港 / leave (a) port 出港 position[pE5zIFEn] n.[C]位置；姿势；处境；职业：This placed him in a difficult position. 这使他处境困难。/ He’s got a good position. 他谋得一份好工作。‎ ‎【短语】in position 在应在的位置，在适当的位置 / out of position 位置没放好 possession[pE5zeFEn] n.[U]所有，拥有 (常用复)财产，所有物：He had few possessions. 他的财产很少。‎ ‎【比较】in possession of sth与in the possession of sb：前者表示“拥有某物”，后者表示“被某人拥有”(=in sb’s possession)‎ possible[5pRsEbl]adj.可能发生的，可能的：I’ll help you if possible. 可能的话，我会帮助你的。/ Is it possible for their hopes to be realized? 他们的愿望能实现吗?‎ possibly[5pRsEblI] adv.可能地，也许：Without these we can’t possibly succeed. 没有这些我们不可能成功。‎ post[pEJst] n.[U]邮政，邮寄 [U,有时用a]邮件 [C]工作，职位vt.投寄，邮寄： Remember to post the letters. 记得把这些信寄了。/ If you could get the book, please send it to me by post. 如果你能弄到那本书，请邮寄给我。‎ postcard[5pEJstkB:d] n.[C]明信片：He sent me a postcard from the United Nations. 他从联合国给我寄来一张明信片。‎ pot[pRt] n. [C]锅，壶，瓶，罐：She made a pot of coffee. 她煮了一壶咖啡。‎ potato[pE5teItEJ] n. (pl. potatoes) [C,U]土豆，马铃薯：They live on potatoes. 他们靠吃马铃薯生活。‎ pound[paJnd] n.[C]英镑，磅：There are 100 pence to every pound. 1英镑有100便士。/ He weighed 10 pounds at birth. 他出生时有10磅重。‎ pour[pR:] v.倒，注，灌；流出，倾泻(雨等，倾盆而下)：It was pouring with rain. 这时下着倾盆大雨。/ Shall I pour you some water? 我要不要给你倒点水?‎ powder[5paJdE] n.[U]粉，粉末：milk powder 奶粉 power[5paJE] n.[U]力，能力；权力；动力 (常用复)体力，智力：Some animals have the power to see in the dark. 有些动物具有在黑暗中能看见东西的本领。‎ practical[5prAktIkEl] adj.实际的，实用的：It’s a practical proposal. 那是切实可行的建议。/ Practical experience is often very important. 实践经验通常很重要。‎ practice[5prAktIs] n.[U,C]实行，实践；实习，练习；惯例，常规：He makes a practice of going to bed early. 他有早睡的习惯。‎ ‎【短语】in practice 实际上，实行起来(用作状语)；业务熟练，没有荒疏(用作表语) / out of practice 荒疏，缺乏练习 practise / practice[5prAktIs] v.实践，实行，实施，惯做，常做；实习，练习，训练：You must practise speaking English more. 你应更多地练习讲英语。/ Economy has to be practised. 必须厉行节约。‎ ‎【说明】后接动词要用动名词，不用不定式。‎ praise[preIz] n.[U]赞美，赞扬 vt.赞扬，表扬：He praised her for her courage. 他表扬她有勇气。‎ ‎【短语】in praise of 赞扬，称赞 precious[5preFEs] adj.宝贵的，珍贵的：It’s foolish to idle away one’s precious time. 把大好时光浪费掉是愚蠢的。‎ prefer[prI5fE:] vt.(preferred, preferring)宁可，宁愿，更喜欢：Do you prefer coffee or tea? 你喜欢咖啡还是茶? / I prefer walking alone. 我喜欢一个人溜达。/ He prefers to read rather than watch television. 他喜欢读书而不喜欢看电视。‎ ‎【用法】表示宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事或喜欢(做)某事而不喜欢(做)另一事，英语通常用prefer (doing) sth to (doing) sth 或prefer to do sth rather than do sth。‎ prepare[prI5pZE] v.准备，预备：We must be prepared against war. 我们必须备战。/ We were not prepared for the heavy rain. 我们没有提防要下这么大一场雨。‎ present[prI5zent] n.[C,U]现在，目前 [C]礼物 adj.在场的，出席的，现在的vt. [5preznt]赠予，颁予；提出：What’s your present feeling? 你现在感觉如何? / How many people were present? 有多少人出席? / They presented flowers to their teacher. 他们献花给老师。‎ ‎【短语】at present 现在，目前 / for the present 暂时 president[5prezIdEnt] n.[C]总统，主席；大学校长，学院院长；会长，社长；总裁，董事长，(银行)行长：They elected him President. 他们选他当总统。‎ press[pres] v.压，按，挤；熨，熨平；紧迫 n.(常用单)压，推，压挤，(连用the)新闻界 [C]出版社，印刷厂；熨烫：You pressed the wrong switch. 你按错了开关。/ Time is pressing. 时间很紧迫。/ the University Press 大学出版社 pretend[prI5tend] v.假装；假扮；自称：He pretended to be ill. 他假装生病了。/ He pretended not to have seen me. 他假装没看见我。‎ pretty[5prItI] adj.漂亮的，俊俏的 adv.相当地：She’s so pretty. 她真漂亮。‎ prevent[prI5vent] v.防止的，阻止，预防：Who prevents their plans from being carried out? 谁阻止他们的计划不让实施?‎ price[praIs] n.[C]价格，价钱：Prices keep going up. 物价持续上涨。/ What’s the price of the this camera? 这部照相机多少钱? ‎ ‎【说明】表示价格的高低用high和low，一般不用dear, expensive, cheap等。 ‎ pride[praId] n.[U,有时连用a]自豪，骄傲，得意vt.自豪：He took (a) great pride in his work. 他对他的工作感到很骄傲。‎ print[prInt] vt.印刷，痕迹；刊载，出版：This weekly is printed every Friday. 这份周报每星期五印刷。/ Once printed, this dictionary will be very popular! 一旦出版，这本词典将会非常畅销!‎ prison[5prIzEn] n.[C]监狱[U]监禁：The thief was put into prison. 小偷被关进了监狱。/ They were sent [taken] to prison for stealing money. 他们因偷钱被关进监狱。‎ prisoner[5prIznE] n.[C]囚犯，犯人：The police questioned the prisoner. 警察盘问囚犯。/ We keep a close watch on the prisoners. 我们严密看守囚犯。‎ prize[praIz] n.[C]奖赏，奖品：The judges awarded her the first prize for her picture. 评委把她的画评为一等奖。/ He won a prize for writing the best story. 他获得了最佳故事创作奖。‎ probably[5prRbEblI] adv.很可能，大概，或许：He’ll probably say he hasn’t seen it. 他可能会说他没见到过它。/ We will probably go by train. 我们可能坐火车去。‎ problem[5prRblEm] n. [C]问题，习题：I’l help you (to) solve the problem. 我来帮助你解决这个问题。‎ ‎【用法】口语中说no problem，可用来回答道歉和感谢。‎ produce[prE5dju:s] v.产生，生产，制造：A hen produces eggs and a cow produces milk. 母鸡产蛋，奶牛产奶。/ Hard work often produces good results. 努力工作经常会有好结果。‎ production[prE5dQkFEn] n.[U]生产，制造；产量：production plan生产计划 / Production costs fell by 30%. 生产成本下降了30%。‎ professor[prE5fesE] n.[C]教授：a visiting professor 客座教授 / He’s a professor of law at [in] Cambridge (University). 他是剑桥大学的(在剑桥大学任)法学教授。‎ program(me)[5prEJgrAm] n.[C]节目单，程序表；节目；活动计划，日程安排；程序：What is the programme for this afternoon? 今天下午有什么活动?‎ progress[5prEJgres] n.[U]进步vi.进展，前进：Study hard [well] and make progress every day. 好好学习，天天向上。‎ promise[5prRmIs] n.[C]诺言 v.答应，允诺；预示：I can’t promise you anything now. 我目前不能答应你什么。/ I promise to come. 我答应来。‎ pronounce[prE5naJns] v. 发音，宣告，断言：How is this word pronounced? 这个字怎么读? / The doctor pronounced the man dead. 医生宣布这人死亡。‎ pronunciation[prE7nQnsI5eIFEn]n.[C,U]语音,发音：This word has two pronunciations. 这个词有两种读法。/ He has a good pronunciation. 他的发音很好。‎ proper[5prRpE] adj.适当的，正确的：Everything was in its proper place. 一切均已各就各位。/ He’s never had a proper job. 他从来没有一个正当的职业。‎ protect[prE5tekt] vt.保护：My duty is to protect you. 我的职责是保护你们。/ Our clothing protects us from the cold. 衣服帮我们御寒。‎ proud[praJd] adj.自豪的，骄傲的：He is proud of being rich. 他以富有而自豪。/ I’m proud to be your friend. 能与你交朋友我感到很自豪。‎ prove[pru:v] v.证明，证实，证明是：It might prove the best plan. 它可能证明是最好的计划。/ His story proved false. 他讲的情况事实表明是假的。‎ provide[prE5vaId] v.提供：Nature does not provide everything we want. 自然界并不提供我们所需要的一切东西。‎ ‎【比较】以下两句结构不同，但含义相同：Sheep provides wool for us.=Sheep provides us with wool. 羊为我们提供羊毛。‎ public[5pQblIk] adj.公共的，公开的：You mustn’t do that in a public place. 你不可在公共场所做那事。‎ ‎【短语】in public 公开地，在公众面前 ‎【用法】the public用作主语时，谓语可用单数(视为整体)或复数(考虑个体)：The public has [have] a right to know what’s in the report. 公众有权知道这篇报告的内容。‎ pull[pJl] v.拉，拖拔：pull on 穿戴 / You push and I pull. 你推我拉。‎ pump[pQmp] n.[C]泵，抽水机 v.用泵抽水，用打气筒打气：They had pumped the well dry. 他们把井水抽干了。‎ punish[5pQnIF] vt.惩罚，处罚：He will be punished for it. 他会为此受到惩罚。‎ pupil[5pju:pl] n.[C](小)学生：To be a good teacher, one must first be a good pupil. 要作好先生，首先要作好学生。‎ pure[pjJE] adj.纯的，纯净的；完美的，完全的：Is the cup made of pure gold? 这只杯子是纯金做的吗? / It was a pure accident. 这全然是一次意外事故。‎ purpose[5pE:pEs] n.[C]目前，意图：What is your purpose in being here? 你在这儿干什么? / He came here with [for] the purpose of seeing his family. 他来这里的目的是探亲。‎ ‎【短语】on purpose 有意地，故意地 purse[pE:s] n.[C]钱包：The lady put her wallet in her purse. 那位女士将皮夹子放在手提包内。‎ push[pJF] v.& n.[C]推：He pushed open the library door. 他推开了图书馆的门。/ She gave me a gentle push. 她轻轻推了我一下。‎ put[pJt] v.(put，put)放，摆：He put the cups on the table. 他把杯子放在桌子上。‎ ‎【短语】put away 收拾；放弃，打消；存蓄 / put down 放下，写下，使下车；镇压 / put off 推迟；推脱；使不高兴 / put on 穿，戴；上演，装(样子)；开(电、灯等)；增加 / put ‎ out 扑灭，使熄灭；生产；公布，发表；使不高兴 / put up 举起，架起，撑起；盖起，修建；张贴，挂；住宿 ‎ ‎ ‎ Q quality[5kwClItI] n.[U]质量 [C]性质，品质：The goods are of bad (poor) quality. 这批货质量很差。/ They differ much in quality. 他们在质量方面有很大差别。‎ quantity[5kwCntItI] n.[C,U]数量，量：He lost a great quantity of blood. 他大量失血。/ Quantities of books were on the desk. 在桌上有很多书。‎ ‎【说明】a quantity of / quantities of 可接可数名词，也可接不可数名词。‎ quarrel[5kwRrEl] v.& n. [C]争吵：They had a quarrel about [over] the division of the money. 他们为了分钱的事吵了起来。‎ quarter[5kwR:tE] n.[C]四分之一，一刻钟：three quarters 四分之三 / She cut the cake into quarters. 她把蛋糕切成四份。‎ queen[kwi:n] n.[C]女王，王后：The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace. 英国女王住在白金汉宫。‎ question[5kwestFEn] n.[C]问题 vt.质疑，对…提出质疑：It is not a question of money. 这不是钱的问题。/ There’s no question about his success. 毫无疑问他会成功。‎ ‎【比较】out of the question与out of question：前者表示“不可能”、“不值得考虑的”；后者表示“毫无疑问”。‎ quick[kwIk] adj.& adv.快，迅速的(地)：He’s quick at learning foreign languages. 他外语学得快。/ He is quick to learn. 他学得很快(即一学即会)。‎ quiet[5kwaIEt] adj.安静的，平静的：The house was quiet. 房子里很安静。‎ quite[kwaIt] adv.完全，十分，很：That’s quite impossible. 那完全不可能。‎ ‎【用法】1.不用于修饰副词too(太)。2.通常不用于修饰比较级，惟一的例外是 quite better(身体好)：I’m quite better now. 我现在好多了。‎ R race[reIs] n.[C,U]种族，民族；(动植物的)种，属 v.(与…)赛跑，比赛；(使)疾走，赶快 n.[C]赛跑，竞赛：In the story a rabbit raced with a tortoise. 在这个故事里一只兔子与一只乌龟赛跑。/ I had a race with him. 我曾与他赛跑过。‎ ‎【用法】主要用于速度方面的比赛，如赛跑、赛马、划船等。‎ radio[5reIdIEJ] n.[C]收音机 [U]无线电：He sent a message by radio. 他拍发了无线电报。/ He decided to speak on the radio. 他决定发表广播讲话。‎ railway[5reIlweI] n.[C]铁路，铁道：He likes travelling by railway. 他喜欢乘火车旅行。/ Go over this bridge to the railway station. 过这座桥可到火车站。‎ rain[reIn] vi.下雨 n. [U,C]雨，雨水：The crops need rain. 庄稼需要雨水。‎ raincoat[5reInkEJt] n.[C]雨衣：He had no raincoat on when the rain started. 开始下雨时他没穿雨衣。‎ raise[reIz] vt.举起，抬起；增加，提高；饲养，种植；唤起，唤醒；提出，提起：Her wages were raised. 她涨工资了。/ He raised his voice. 他提高了嗓音。/ He raised the price of the sugar. 他提高了糖价。‎ ‎【辨析】raise与rise：前者及物，后者不及物。‎ rapid[5rApId] adj.快的，迅速的：The improvement was rapid. 改进很快。/ He has made rapid progress. 他进步很快。‎ rather[5rB:TE] adv.宁可，宁愿，相当：I would rather not tell him. 我宁愿不告诉他。‎ ‎【短语】would rather...than... 宁愿(做)…而不愿(做)… / rather than 而不，不是…(而是)，与其…(不如)‎ ‎【用法】1.可修饰副词too(太)、比较级、动词等：It’s rather too expensive. 这太贵了。/ She is rather better today. 她今天好多了。2.would rather 后接动词用原形；若谈论过去情况，用动词完成式；若后接从句，从句谓语要用虚拟语气(指现在或将来用过去时，指过去用过去完成时)：I’d rather you went tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天去。‎ ray[reI] n.[C]光线 ，射线；一线光明：There isn’t a ray of hope for us. 我们一线希望也没有了。‎ reach[ri:tF] v.到达，抵达；伸手 n.伸手可及之距离：He reached out for the book.=He reached out his hand for the book. 他伸手去拿那本书。/ Keep the medicine out of the children’s reach.=Keep the medicine out of reach of the children. 把药放在小孩伸手拿不到的地方。‎ read[ri:d]v. (read, read)读，朗读，看懂；辨认，标明：I read about it in the paper. 这是我在报上看到的。‎ reading[5ri:dIN]n. [U]读，阅读，读物：The book is not healthy reading for children. 这本书对小孩来说不属健康读物。‎ ready[5redI]adj.准备好的，有准备的：Are you ready for the journey? 你为旅行准备好了吗?‎ ‎【说明】be ready to do sth 是常用结构，除表示“准备做某事”外，还可表示“简直要做某事”、“就要发生某事”、“太喜欢做某事”、“动辄就做某事”：The girl is ready to cry. 这姑娘似乎要哭了。/ Don’t be so ready to find fault. 不要动不动就找毛病。‎ real[rIEl] adj.真实的，确实的；现实的，实际的：Is the ring real gold? 这个戒指是真金的吗? / This is a story of real life. 这是现实生活中的故事。‎ ‎【说明】有时用作副词(=very / really)，主要见于非正式的美国英语中：I’m real sorry. 我非常抱歉。‎ realize / realise[5rIElaIz] v.认识到，了解；实现：He came to realize that he was mistaken. 他明白他错了。‎ ‎【说明】表示“实现”，其宾语可能是“好”的东西，也可能是“不好”的东西：My worst fears were realized when I saw what the exam questions were. 当我看到考试是些什么题目时，我最害怕发生的事发生了。‎ really[5rIElI]adv.确实，真正地：I’m really anxious to see him. 我的确急于见他。‎ reason[5ri:zn] n.[C,U]理由，原因v.推理：There are many reasons against it. 有很多反对的理由。/These are the reasons why we do it. 这些就是我们这样做的理由。‎ receive[rI5si:v] vt.收到，接到，接待；接受；受到：It was a great honour to receive the award. 得到这个奖是很荣幸的事。‎ recent[5ri:snt] adj.新近的，最近的：His recent behavior puzzles me. 他最近的行为使我迷惑不解。/ He has made a lot of money in recent years. 近几年他赚了不少钱。‎ recognize[5rekEgnaIz]v.认识，认出，承认：He recognized her in the photo. 他在这张照片上认出了她。/ He didn’t recognize that he had made a big mistake. 他不承认他犯了个大错误。/ I recognized her as [to be] a cheat. 我认出她是个骗子。‎ record[rI5kR:d]v.记录，记载；录音(像) n.[5rekR:d] [C]记录，记载，唱片：This was a record set by a Chinese girl. 这是一个中国姑娘创造的记录。‎ recover[rI5kQvE] v.恢复，找回，重新获得：I was the first to recover. 我是第一个恢复过来的人。/ I recovered the money I had lost. 我找回了丢失的钱。‎ red[red] adj.红色的 n.[U]红色：the Red Sea 红海 / red flowers 红花 reduce[rI5dju:s]vt.缩减，减少：He is trying to reduce expenses. 他正试图减少开支。/ We reduced the price by 10 percent. 我们把价格降低了百分之十。‎ ‎【注意】reduce sth (sb) to (把某物减少到，使某人陷入某种状态，使某人变成)中的to是介词，不是不定式符号：Hunger reduced them to stealing. 饥饿使他们沦落为盗贼。‎ refer[rI5fE:]vi. (referred, referring)提到，涉及，有关：I don’t know what he refers to. 我不知他指的是什么。/ He referred his wealth to hard work. 他说他是勤劳致富。‎ refuse[rI5fju:z]v.拒绝：He refused her nothing. 她要什么他就给什么。/ She refused to tell her age. 她不愿说出她的年龄。‎ regard[rI5gB:d]vt.看待，当作：He regarded the situation as (being) serious. 他认为形势严重。/ Mother sends his regards to you. 母亲向你问好。‎ regret[rI5gret] n.[U]遗憾，抱歉 v.遗憾，后悔：I regret to tell you that he can’t come. 很抱歉他不能来。/ She never regretted doing this. 她从没后悔这样做过。‎ ‎【用法】后接动名词表示对已发生之事后悔，后接不定式表示对未发生之事后悔。‎ regular[5regjJlE] adj.有规律的，规则的；经常的；不变的；正规的，职业的；整齐的：He leads a regular life. 他过着有规律的生活。/ It’s a regular verb. 它是规则动词。/ He made a regular visit to his parents. 他定期看望父母亲。‎ relation[rI5leIFEn] n.[C]家人，亲人 (常用复)关系，交往 [U](有时连用a)关系，联系：Your answer has no relation to the question. 你答非所问。‎ ‎【用法】若表示客观的关联或关系，通常不可数；若表示人际关系、利害关系等，则通常用复数：the relation between cause and effect 因果关系 / He has [enjoys] friendly relations with his workmates. 他与同事关系友好。‎ relative[5relEtIv] adj.相对的，比较的；关于…的，有关…的n.[C]亲属，亲戚：Is he a relative [relation] of yours? 他是你的亲属吗? / East is a relative term; for example, Chicago is east of California but west of NewYork. 东是一个相对概念，比如，芝加哥在加利福尼亚的东面但是却在纽约的西面。‎ remain[rI5meIn] vi.留下，遗留；继续，保持，仍是：She remained in bed for three days. 她在床上躺了3天。/ There remained just thirty pounds. 只剩30英镑了。/ He remained listening. 他一直在听。/ We can remain friends. 我们可以继续做朋友。‎ remember[rI5membE] v.记得，想起：Remember to lock the door. 记得锁门。/ I remember seening [to have seen] him do it. 我记得曾看见他这样做。/ Please remember me to Mary. 请代我向玛丽问好。‎ ‎【用法】后可接动名词也可接不定式，但意思不同，接动名词表记得做过某事；接不定式表记得要去做某事。‎ remind[rI5maInd] vt.提醒，使记起：I reminded her of her promise. 我提醒了她答应过的事。‎ ‎【比较】remind sb to do sth 与 remind sb of doing sth：前者表示“提醒某人去做某事”，后者表示“提醒某人或使某人想起已经做过某事”：He reminded me to see the film. 他提醒我去看这部电影。/ He reminded me of my seeing the film. 他提醒我说，我曾看过这部电影。‎ remove[rI5mu:v] vt.拿走，移开，去掉；脱掉(衣服等)：We must do all we can to remove their doubts. 我们要竭尽全力来消除他们的疑虑。‎ repair[rI5pZE] vt.& n.[C,U]修理，修补：The road is being repaired. 路正在修整。/ These shoes need repairing. 这双鞋需要补一补。‎ ‎【短语】in need of repair 需要修理 / under repair 在修理中 / in (good) repair 修好 / in bad repair 失修 / out of repair 失修 / during repairs 修理期间 / for repairs 为了修理 repeat[rI5pi:t] v.重复，重说，重做：Please repeat what you’ve just said. 请把你刚才说的话再说一遍。/ Repeat the text after me. 跟我读课文。‎ reply[rI5plaI] v.&n.回答，答复：Please reply to my question at once. 请马上回答我的问题。/ I asked him if I could help, but he made no reply. 我问他我是否能帮忙，他没有回答。‎ ‎【短语】in reply to 作为对…的回答(答复)‎ ‎【用法】其后虽然可接that引导的宾语从句，但不能接普通的名词或代词，遇此情况需用reply to。‎ report[rI5pR:t] v.& n.报告，汇报，报道：We must report to the teacher at once. 我们必须马上向老师报告。/ They reported seeing [having seen] UFOs. 他们报告说他们看见了飞碟。/ It’s reported that he was seriously injured. 据说他受了重伤。‎ republic[rI5pQblIk] n.[C]共和国：the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国 request[rI5kwest] n.& vt.请求：Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 参观人士请勿触摸展品。/ Such books are in great request. 那样的书非常需要。‎ require[rI5kwaIE] vt.需要，要求：They required her to keep silent. 他们要求她保持沉默。‎ ‎【说明】1.其后可接动名词(主动表被动)或不定式(被动表被动)：These children require looking after [to be looked after]. 这些孩子需要照看。2.后接that从句通常用虚拟语气：He required that everyone (should) attend the meeting. 他要求人人参加会议。‎ research[rI5sE:tF] n.[U]调查，研究：He’s doing research(es) into the causes of cancer.=He’s doing research(es) on cancer. 他在研究癌症的病因。‎ ‎【说明】虽不可数，但有时可用复数形式(注意不能受数词或many的修饰)。‎ respect[rIs5pekt] vt.尊敬，尊重n.[U]尊敬，尊重；关心，注意；(用复数)敬意，问候 [C]方面：If you don’t respect yourself, how can you expect others to respect you? 自己不自重，又怎能受到别人的尊重呢?‎ rest[rest] n.& v.休息；其余的：Let’s stop and take a rest. 我们停下来歇会儿吧。‎ restaurant[5restErEnt] n.[C]饭馆，饭店：a restaurant car 餐车 result[rI5zQlt] n.[C]结果，效果 vi.由…而造成；结果，导致：What was the result of the game? 比赛结果如何? / Love results in marriage, naturally. 恋爱终归于婚姻(有情人终成眷属)。/ His failure resulted from his carelessness. 他的失败是由他的粗心造成的。‎ ‎【短语】as a result 结果，因此 / as a [the] result of 由于…的结果 return[rI5tE:n] v.回来；归还；回答 n.(用单数)归来，返回；归还；回报：He didn’t return me the money.=He didn’t return the money to me. 他没有还书给我。‎ ‎【短语】in return for 作为…的报答或交换 review[rI5vju:] v.复习；重新调查，审查；回顾 n.[C,U]复习；复查，回顾；评论：We were reviewing our lessons last night. 昨天晚上我们在复习功课。‎ revolution[7revE5lu:FEn] n.[U,C]革命；旋转：One revolution of the earth around the sun takes a year. 地球绕太阳运行1周需1年时间。‎ rice[raIs] n.[U]水稻，米饭：Rice is an important food crop. 稻是重要的粮食作物。/ Most of the Asians live on rice. 大多数亚洲人以大米为主食。‎ rich[rItF] adj.富裕的，有钱的：Oranges are rich in vitamin C. 桔子含有丰富的维生素C。/ The rich should help the poor. 富人应该帮助穷人。‎ ride[raId]v.(rode, ridden)骑马，骑自行车，乘车旅行 n.(乘车船)旅行：He likes to ride (on) a camel. 他喜欢骑骆驼。‎ right[raIt] adj.右，右边的；正确的，对的n.右，右边；正确，对 adv.正好；正确：Small children do not know right from wrong. 小孩子不懂是非。/ I read right to the end of the book. 我一口气把这本书看完了。/ You answered right. 你答对了。/ He was right in selling [to sell] the farm. 他把农庄卖掉是对的。‎ ring[rIN] n.[C]环，戒指v. (rang, rung) (钟，铃等)响；打电话：Call in, or ring us up. It’s up to you. 你可以亲自来访，也可以打电话来，由你定。‎ ripe[raIp] adj.(成)熟的：Is it ripe enough for us to eat? 它熟到我们能吃吗?‎ rise[raIz] v.(rose, risen)上升，升起；起床，起立：The river is rising after the rain. 雨后河水涨了。/ He rises very early. 他起床很早。‎ river[5rIvE] n.[C]江，河：There is a bridge across [=over] the river. 河上有座桥。‎ ‎【用法】1.用于专有名词时，英国英语通常将River加在名称之前；而美国英语则通常将River加在名称之后，但不管是英国英语还是美国英语，在含有River的专有名词前，一般用定冠词：the River Thames 泰晤士河 / the Mississippi River 密西西比河 2.说a city on the river，其意通常不是指“河上的城市”，而是指“河畔的城市”。‎ road[rEJd] n.[C]路，道路，街道：It takes three hours by train and four by road. 乘火车要3小时，乘汽车要4小时。/ the road to wealth 致富之路 ‎【用法】其前可用介词in (英)或on (美)：I live in [on] Marston Road. 我住在马斯顿路。‎ rock[rRk] n.[C,U]大石头：The house is as solid as a rock. 这房子坚如磐石。‎ role[rEJl] n.[C]角色，作用，职责，任务：He will play [take] the leading role. 他将出演主角。/ The U.N. plays an important role in international relations. 联合国在国际关系中扮演重要角色。‎ roll[rEJl] v.打滚，滚动：Children like to roll on the grass. 小孩子喜欢在草地上打滚。/ He rolled over in bed. 他在床上翻了个身。‎ roof[ru:f] (pl. roofs)n.[C]屋顶，顶部：We share the same roof. 我们住在一起。‎ room[ru:m] n.[C]房间 [U]空间；余地：Move along and make room for me. 往前挪一下，让出点空位给我。/ There is much room for improvement. 大有改进的余地。‎ root[ru:t] n.[C]根，根茎；(比喻)根源：This is the root cause of poverty. 这是贫穷的根本原因。‎ rose[rEJz] n.[C]玫瑰：No rose without a thorn.=There’s no rose without a thorn.=Every rose has its thorn. 没有不带刺的玫瑰(没有十全十美的幸福等)。‎ rough[rQf] adj.粗糙的；粗野的，粗暴的；狂暴的，汹涌的；粗略的，大概的；倒霉的，难熬的；不舒服的：The cloth feels rough. 这布摸起来很粗糙。/ He has a rough tough. 他说话很粗野。/ A rough wind was blowing. 大风刮起来了。‎ round[raJnd]adj.圆的，球形的adv. 到处；转过来；循环地，围绕地prep. 环绕，围绕；绕过，转过；四处，在…的附近；大约n. [C] 一轮v.变圆，绕行：The earth goes round the sun. 地球围绕太阳转。/ The children stood round the teacher. 孩子们围着老师站着。/ Come round and see us this evening. 今晚请过来看我们。‎ row[rEJ] n.[C](一)排，(一)行；划船 v.划船：They rowed across the lake. 他们划船过湖。/ What about going for a row? 一起去划船好吗?‎ rubber[5rQbE] n.[U]橡胶，合成橡胶 [C]橡皮擦：Tires are made of rubber. 轮胎是用橡胶做成的。‎ rubbish[5rQbIF] n.[U]垃圾，废物：Don’t talk rubbish. 别胡说八道。‎ rude[ru:d] adj.粗鲁的，无礼的：It’s rude to point your fingers at people. 用手指指人是很不礼貌的。‎ ruin[5ru:In] vt.(使)毁坏，(使)毁灭 n.[U]毁灭 [C](用复数)废墟，遗迹：The heavy rain ruined our holiday. 大雨把我们的假期彻底搞糟了。‎ rule[ru:l] n.[C]规则，规定；习惯 v.统治：Students must obey [observe, follow, keep] the rules of the school. 学生必须遵守校规。‎ ‎【短语】as a rule通常 / by rule 按规定，循规蹈矩 ruler[5ru:lE] n.[C]统治者；尺：He was a wise ruler. 他是位明智的统治者。‎ run[rQn] v.跑，奔跑；(车船等)行驶，(溪河等)流动，(机器等)运转，(钟表等)走动；(颜色)褪色；经营 n.奔，跑；短途旅行：Don’t drink running water. 别喝自来水。/ The well has run dry. 水井已干涸了。/ The engine runs well. 发动机运转良好。‎ ‎【短语】in the long run 终究，到最后 / in the short run 在短期内，当前 / on the run 忙忙碌碌的(地)，匆匆忙忙的(地) / run away 逃走，逃脱 / run out of 用完 rush[rQF]v.冲，奔跑；匆忙；催促n. [C]繁忙，抢购，冲，奔：rush hour 交通高峰时刻，上下班交通最拥挤的时候 / She rushed into the room to tell us the news. 她冲进房间告诉我们这个消息。‎ Russia[5rQFE] n.俄国，俄罗斯：Tolstoy was one of Russia’s most famous writers. 托尔斯泰是俄国最著名作家之一。‎ Russian[5rQFEn] adj.俄国的 n.[U]俄语 [C]俄国人：Russian is a difficult language to master. 俄语是一种难掌握的语言。‎ S sad[sAd] adj.悲伤的；使人悲伤的：We were sad about [at, over, with] her death. 我们为她的死感到悲伤。/ He was sad to hear the news. 他听到这个消息很伤心。‎ safe[seIf] adj.安全的，平安的：They were safe from attack. 他们很安全，未受到攻击。/ We’re safe in accepting the offer. 我们接受这个提议不会有错。‎ safety[5seIftI] n. [U]安全，保险：They ran to safety, away from the fire. 他们跑到安全的地方，远离了大火。/ We are now in safety. 现在我们安全了。‎ sail[seIl] n.(常用单)航行 [C]帆，帆状物v.开航，驾(船)，航行(于)：The ship sails for Shanghai tomorrow. 这船明天开往上海。‎ sailor[5seIlE] n.[C]海员，水手，水兵：a bad (good) sailor 晕船(不晕船)的人 sale[seIl] n.[U,C]卖，出售；销量，销售额；减价出售，拍卖：He got $1000 from [for] the sale of his house. 他卖房子得了1000美元。‎ ‎【短语】for sale 待售，出售的 / on sale (有货)售卖，上市；减价时 salt[sR:lt] n.[U]盐vt.加盐于，用盐腌：Please pass me the salt. 请把盐递给我。‎ same[seIm] adj.同一的，同样的 pron.同样的事：Do whatever you want, it’s all the same to me. 你想干就干啥，我无所谓。/ He likes to read in bed, and it is the same with me. 他喜欢在躺床上看书，我也一样。‎ ‎【用法】1.其前通常要加定冠词。2.表示“与…一样”，要用 the same as，不能用 as same as或the same with [like]。3.It’s the same with…意为“…也一样”，与“so+助动词+主语”意思相似。4.The same to you 为口语常用语，意为“你也一样”，主要用于回答祝愿。‎ sand[sAnd] n. [U]沙，沙子 (复数)沙地，沙滩：The children were playing on the sand(s). 孩子们在沙滩上玩。‎ sandwich[5sAnwIdV] n.[C]三明治，夹心面包：He made some cheese sandwiches. 他做了一些干酪三明治。‎ satisfaction[7sAtIs5fAkFEn] n.[U]满意 [C]乐事，趣事：I find great satisfaction in his improvement. 我对于他的进步极为满意。‎ satisfy[5sAtIsfaI] v.满足，使满意，使相信：Are you satisfied with the service? 你对这服务满意吗?‎ Saturday[5sAtEdI] n.星期六：She doesn’t work on Saturdays. 她星期六不工作。‎ save[seIv] v.救，挽救；节省，存钱；免去，省去；保全，保留：He saved the boy from drowning. 他救起了这个男孩，使他免于溺死。/ Save me some milk.=Save some milk for me. 给我留点牛奶吧。‎ ‎【用法】用于save sb (from) doing sth 表示“免去某人做某事”：/ If you do it tonight, it will save you from having to get up early. 你如果今晚做这事，明天早上你就不必早起了。‎ say[seI] v.(said, said)说，讲；(被动)据说：It’s said that he knows your father. 据说他认识你父亲。‎ ‎【用法】What do [would] you say to…? 意为“你说…怎么样呢?”，其中的to 为介词：What do you say to playing tennis? 打打网球怎么样?‎ scene[si:n] n. [C,U] (戏剧、电影等的)一场，场景；布景；风景，景色；(事件或事故的)发生地点：The sunrise was a beautiful scene. 日出是一幅美景。/ The criminal fled the scene. 罪犯逃离了现场。‎ school[sku:l]n.[C]学校，学院 [U]上学，上课：There will be no school tomorrow. 明日学校放假。/ Did you take history at school? 你在学校上过历史课吗?‎ science[5saIEns] n.[U,C](一门)科学，学科；(统称)科学，科学研究；(统称)自然科学，理科：computer science 计算机科学 / The chief sciences are chemistry, physics and biology. 主要的自然科学是化学、物理和生物。‎ scientific[saIEn5tIfIk]adj. 科学的，合乎科学的：a scientific method 科学方法 / He has a scientific mind. 他有科学头脑。‎ scientist[5saIEntIst] n.[C]科学家：Scientists have discovered a new virus. 科学家发现了一种新病毒。‎ scold[skEJld]v.责骂，申斥，斥责：His mother scolded him for getting his clothes dirty. 他妈妈因他弄脏了衣服而责骂他。‎ score[skR:] n.[C]二十；得分 vi.记分, 刻痕, 得分：What is the score now? 现在比分是多少? / Jack got a low score on the test. 杰克测验得分不高。‎ ‎【用法】表示“二十”时，其复数形式通常不加词尾-s，且其后一般不接介词of，如three score eggs 60只鸡蛋。当其后的名词前有the, these, those 等表示特指的限定词修饰时，或当其后接的是us, them, you 等人称代词时，则score 后必须要有介词of：three score of these eggs 这些鸡蛋中的60只。另外，scores of(许多)是习语，其中的score用复数。‎ scream[skri:m] v.尖声叫, 尖声喊叫n.[C]尖叫声, 喊叫声：She screamed out that there was a thief under the bed. 她尖叫道床下有小偷。‎ sea[si:] n.[U]海，海洋 [C]许多，大量：I don’t like to travel by sea. 我不喜欢乘船旅行。‎ ‎【用法】构成专有名词时，其前通常要用定冠词：the Red Sea 红海 search[sE:tF]v.& n.[C,U]搜索，搜寻：The police searched the city. 警察搜遍了全城。/ The police searched for the thief. 警察搜找那个小偷。‎ ‎【短语】in search of 搜找 / in one’s (the) search for 搜找 season [5si:zn] n.[C]季，季节：Spring is a lovely season. 春天是怡人的季节。‎ ‎【短语】in season 当令，及时，正是时候 / out of season 不当令，在淡季 seat[si:t]n.[C]座，座位vt.使坐下：Which are our seats? 哪些是我们的座位? / He seated himself at the writing table. 他在写字台前坐下。‎ second[5sekEnd]n.[C]秒；片刻；第二者；第二人adj. 另一个；又一个num. 第二：We’ll have to do it a second time. 我们得再做一次。‎ secret[5si:krIt] n. [C]秘密， 秘诀adj.秘密的，隐秘的：We have no secrets from you. 我们对你毫无隐瞒。‎ ‎【短语】in secret 秘密地，偷偷地 / in the secret 知道秘密 secretary[5sekrEtrI]n.[C]秘书；书记：He was secretary of this Party branch. 他是这个党支部的书记。/ She’s private secretary to the Minister. 她是部长的私人秘书。‎ see[si:]v. (saw, seen)看，看见；了解，领会：I saw her crying under the tree. 我看见她在树下哭。/ I’ve never seen the word used that way before. 我从来没有看见这个词这样用过。/ I see little of Mr Smith. 我很少见到史密斯先生。‎ ‎【短语】see about (doing) sth 负责处理(安排)某事 / see off 为…送行 / see sb out 送某人出门(到门口) / see through 看穿，识破；帮助渡过(困难等)；进行到底 seed[si:d]n.[C]种子，萌芽v.结实，播种：Plants develop from seeds. 植物由种子发育而成。‎ seek[si:k]v.(sought, sought)寻找，探索：He has sought to explain it. 他一直想对此作出解释。/ He sought out his friend in the crowd. 他在人群中找到他的朋友。‎ seem[si:m]vi.像是，似乎：It seems as if he is happy. 他好像很高兴。/ It seems that he has caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。/ It seems like a good idea. 那似乎是个好主意。/ He seems to know everything. 他似乎什么都懂。‎ seize [si:z]v.抓住, 逮住, 夺取：He was seized with a slight fever. 他突然有点发烧。/ She seized the gun from him. 她从他手里夺过了枪。‎ seldom [5seldEm]adv.很少，不常：The children are seldom ill. 这些孩子很少生病。‎ ‎【用法】在正式文体中可放在句首，其后用倒装语序：Seldom does he read in his free hours. 他空余时间很少看书。‎ sell[sel](sold, sold) v.出售，卖：He sold me his camera.=He sold his camera to me. 他把照相机卖给了我。/ He sold his car at a low price. 他低价卖掉了他的汽车。‎ ‎【短语】sell out 卖完 send[send]vt.(sent, sent)送，寄，派遣：Please send him my best wishes.=Please send my best wishes to him. 请代我向他问好。/ He sent his son to post the letter. 他叫他儿子去寄信。/ The sound of the gun sent the birds flying away. 枪声把鸟吓飞了。‎ ‎【短语】send up发射 / send out 发出(光亮等)；生出(长出)某物 ‎【比较】1.send sb to do sth与send for sb to do sth：前者表示派某人做某事，后者表示派人请某人做某事。2. send sb to do sth 与send sb (sth) doing sth：前者表示派(叫)某人去做某事，后者表示使某人或某物很快地或失去控制地做某事。‎ sense[sens]n.[C]官能，感觉，意识 vt.感到，理解，认识：Can you make sense of this poem? 你能看懂这首诗吗? / I sensed that I had made a serious mistake. 我意识到自己犯了个严重的错误。‎ ‎【短语】in a sense 在某个意义上 / make sense 有意义，讲得通，有道理 sentence[ 5sentEns]n.[C]句子，判决vt.审判，判决：A sentence usually contains a subject and a verb. 句子通常包括主语和动词。/ The sentence was twenty years in prison. 判决是20年徒刑。‎ separate[5sepEreIt]v.分开adj.[5sepErEt]分开的，分离的，个别的，单独的：Separate the longer ones from the shorter ones. 把长的与短的分开。/ Our children have separate bedrooms. 我们的孩子有各自的卧室。‎ September[sEp5tembE]n.九月：School begins in September. 九月开学。‎ serious[5sIErIEs] adj.严重的，严肃的，认真的：He was serious about (doing) his work. 他对待(做)工作很认真。/ I’m serious. 我是认真的。‎ servant[5sE:vEnt] n.[C]仆人，用人；公仆，公务员：A politician should be a servant of the people. 政治家应该是人民的公仆。‎ serve[sE:v] v.服务，服役：Let those who can serve as teachers. 能者为师。/ We must serve the people heart and soul. 我们必须全心全意地为人民服务。/ She served us (with) fruit and tea.=She served fruit and tea to us. 她用水果和茶招待我们。‎ service [5sE:vIs]n. [C,U]服务，服役：My car is at your service. 我的汽车随你使用。/ Will you do me a service? 帮我个忙好吗?‎ set [set]v. (set, set)(太阳等)下落；放置；摆设；规定；确定；使(做事) n.[C]一套，装置：When we arrived there, the sun had set. 我们到达那儿时，太阳已落山了。/ What he said set us thinking. 他的话使我们思考起来。‎ ‎【短语】set about 开始或着手做某事(后接名词或动名词) / set out 动身；开始；想要(后接不定式)；安排，摆设；陈述，解释 ‎ ‎【比较】set sb to do sth与set sb (sth) doing sth：前者表示使某人做某事，后者表示使某人(物)开始做某事或处于做某事的状态。‎ settle[5setl] v.安放；使定居；安排；解决；决定：The affair wasn’t so easily settled. 这事不是那么容易解决的。/ He settled to sell his car. 他决定把汽车卖掉。‎ ‎【短语】settle down (使)安静下来；(使)舒服地坐下；安居下来；习惯于某种生活；安下心来 / settle for 勉强接受 / settle in 定居于；(使)习惯于 / settle up 结账，付清 seven[5sevEn]num.七，七个：at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟 several[5sevErEl] adj.几个 pron.几个：I’ve read it several times. 我已经读过好几遍了。‎ ‎【用法】通常不与 only 连用，遇此情况可改用 a few：I have only a few friends. 我只有几个朋友。‎ sew[sEJ]v.(sewed, sewn / sewed)缝制，缝纫：I like sewing. 我喜欢缝纫。‎ sex[seks] n.[C,U]性；性别：This is a school for both sexes. 这是一所男女兼收的学校。/ There is a lot of sex in the book. 这本书有很多性描写。‎ shade[FeId] n.[U]阴凉，树阴 [C]遮光物，帘 v.遮住(光线)：They sat in the shade. 他们坐在阴凉处。/ I shaded my eyes with my hand. 我用手遮在眼睛上挡住光线。‎ shadow[5FAdEJ] n.[C]影子，阴影：The shadows of the trees grew longer as the afternoon went on. 随着下午时光的延续，树影会越来越长。‎ shake[FeIk]v.(shook, shaken)摇动，摇，颤抖，震动：He stood up and shook hands with me. 他站起身来同我握了手。/ He didn’t reply, but just shook his head. 他没有回答，只是摇头。‎ shall[FAl] v.aux.将要，会；(用于疑问句中征求意见)要不要，…好吗；(用于陈述句中表示允诺、告诫、威胁、命令、规定、必然性)：Shall we all go to the film tonight? 我们今晚都去看电影吗?/ You shall have an answer by tomorrow. 到明天你可以得到答复。‎ ‎【用法】其主语通常为第一人称；若表示说话者的意图、警告、命令、决心等，此时主语的行动受讲话者支配，那么则用于第二、三人称；用于问句中，征询对方对于主语行动的意见，主语可以是第一人称，也可以是第三人称；在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，也用于第三人称。‎ shame[FeIm] n.[U]羞愧，惭愧 [C]惋惜的事，可耻的事 vt.给…带来羞辱，使难为情：It’s a great shame to treat him like that. 这样对待他太不像话了。/ To my shame, I never thanked him for his kindness. 令我感到惭愧的是我对他的好意从未表示过感谢。‎ ‎【用法】汉语说“感到羞愧”，说成英语可以用 feel shame：He felt shame at having told a lie. 他因说了谎而感到羞愧。但不能用 feel shameful(因为 shameful的意思是“可耻的，丢脸的”)。‎ shape[FeIp]n.[C,U]形状；体形；形式v.使成形，塑造：Childhood experiences often play a big part in shaping one’s character. 童年经历在形成一个人的性格方面往往起重要作用。‎ share[FZE] n.[C]共享，一份，份额，参股v.分享，共有：Let’s share the cake (with her). 我们(与她)一起分吃这块蛋糕吧。‎ ‎【比较】share sth与share in sth：前者可用于具体的事物，也可用于抽象的事物；后者主要用于抽象的事物。‎ sharp[FB:p]adj.锋利的adv.整；锐利地；急速地：I need a sharp knife. 我需要一把锋利的小刀。/ The lecture started at three o’clock sharp. 讲座于3点整开始。‎ shave[FeIv] v.修(面)，刮(脸) n.[C]理发，刮胡须，修面：My father shaves every day. 我父亲每天都刮脸。‎ she[Fi:] pron.她：I love her and she loves me. 我爱她，她也爱我。‎ sheep[Fi:p](pl.sheep) n.[C]羊，绵羊：a black sheep 败类，害群之马 / Sheep feed on grass. 羊吃的是草。‎ sheet[Fi:t]n.[C](一)片，(一)张，薄片；被单，被褥：She wrote her name and address on a sheet of paper. 她把名字和地址写在一张纸上。‎ shelf[Felf]n.[C]架子，搁板：Put it on the luggage shelf. 把它放在行李架上。‎ shine[FaIn]v. (shone, shone)照耀，发光：Make hay while the sun shines. (谚)趁太阳好垛干草。‎ ship[FIp] n.[C]船，海船，舰v.装上船：They crossed the Pacific by ship. 他们乘船横渡太平洋。‎ shirt[FE:t]n.[C]衬衫，衬衣：How much is that shirt? 那件衬衫多少钱?‎ shock[FRk] vt.使震惊，使受电击 n.[C,U]震动；震惊；撞击；电击：He was shocked to hear her talking like that. 听到她这样讲话他感到震惊。‎ shoe[Fu:]n.[C]鞋，鞋子：Your shoe laces are undone. 你的鞋带散了。‎ shoot[Fu:t]n.[C]射击，发射v. (shot, shot)射击，投射：He was shot three times in the leg. 他的腿中了三枪。‎ ‎【比较】shoot sb (sth)与shoot at sb (sth)：前者指打中某人(某物)，后者指向某人(某物)射击(但不一定打中)。‎ shop[FRp]n.[C]商店，店铺vi.买东西，购货：We usually shop on Sundays. 我们常在星期天去商店买东西。/ I’ve got some shopping to do. 我要买些东西。‎ shore[FR:] n.[C]岸，滨：We went to the shore for the summer. 我们去海滨度假。‎ short[FR:t] adj.短的，矮的；缺乏的：Don’s cut it too short. 不要把它剪得太短。‎ ‎【短语】(be) short of 缺少 / for short 为了简短，简称 / in short 总之 shot[FRt] n.[C]射击，开枪，开炮，射击声；射门；投篮；击球：The policeman fired a warning shot. 警察鸣枪示警。/ His shot went wide. 他没射进球门。‎ should[FJd] v.aux. (shall的过去式)将，会；应当，应该；可能；(表建议、命令、决定、必要等)应该，必须：You shouldn’t leave so soon. 你不应当这么早就走。/ They should be given a chance to try. 应当给他们尝试的机会。‎ ‎【用法】1.后接动词原形，表示应该要做某事；后接动词完成式，表示本来应该发生某事(但实际未发生)或可能已经发生了某事：He should leave. 他应该离开。/ He should have left. 他可能已经离开了。/ He shouldn’t have left so soon. 他本不该那么快就离开的。‎ ‎2.should表示推断时，语气较肯定，通常是指非常可能的事(因为暗示有一定的事实依据或合乎常理)，而与之相比 may, might, could等表示推测时，则语气较不肯定，尤其是might, could。‎ shoulder[5FEJldE] n. [C]肩膀：She looked over her shoulder. 她回过头来看。‎ ‎【短语】shoulder to shoulder 肩并肩 shout[FaJt] v.& n.[C]喊，高声呼喊：Don’t shout at me. 别冲着我喊。/ He was too far away and I had to shout to him. 他离得太远，我只好大声喊他。‎ show[FEJ] v.(showed, shown)给…看，出示，显示；表明，显示 n. [C]展览会：Please show me your photo.=Please show your photo to me. 请给我看看你的照片。/ He showed me how to do it. 他教我如何做此事。‎ ‎【短语】on show 展出 / show off 炫耀 / show sb (a)round 陪某人参观，带某人到处看看 shower[5FaJE] n.[C]阵雨，淋浴：He was caught in a shower. 他被淋雨了。‎ shut[FQt] v.(shut, shut) 关闭，关门，禁闭：Shut up! 闭嘴！/ Please will you shut the door? 请你关上门好吗?‎ ‎【短语】shut off 关掉，切断(电源等)；停止供应(煤气，水等) / shut up 闭嘴，住口 shy[FaI] adj.害羞的，羞怯的：Don’t be shy. 别害羞。/ He was not shy of [about] offering suggestions. 他并不怯于提建议。‎ sick[sIk]adj.生病的；恶心的；厌烦的：She is sick with a cold. 她患感冒。/ I’m really sick of housework. 我的确厌烦做家务事。‎ ‎【辨析】ill与sick：两者均可表示“生病的”，前者主要作表语，后者则可用作表语或定语。另外，the sick 可用作名词，表示“病人们”，但ill不这样用。‎ side[saId] n.[C]边，旁边；面，侧面：There are trees on both sides of the road. 路的两边都种有树。/ He painted all four sides of the box. 他把箱子的四面都漆了。‎ ‎【短语】on the side of 在…一边 / side by side 肩并肩 / take sides 支持(偏袒)某一方 sigh[saI] v.& n.叹气，叹息：We heard him sigh. 我们听到他叹气。‎ sight[saIt] n.[U]视力；看见；视野 [C]情景，风景：He had good sight.=His sight was good. 他的视力好。‎ ‎【短语】at first sight 第一次见到 / at sight 一看见 / catch sight of 看见，望到 / in sight 在视线范围内，可以看见 / lose sight of 看不见；忽略 / out of sight 在视线范围之外，看不见 sign[saIn] n.[C]符号，标记；身体的示意动作，手势；标志牌，指示牌；迹象，征兆 v.签名；打手势：A cloudy sky is not always a sign of rain. 阴天不一定是下雨的预兆。/ The policeman signed (to / for) me to stop. 警察示意我停下。/ Has he signed (to, on) the cheque? 他在支票上签名了吗?‎ silence[5saIlEns] n.[U]安静，沉默：Silence means [gives] consent. 沉默意味着同意。/ They walked on in silence. 他们默默向前走去。‎ silent[5saIlEnt] adj.无声的，无对话的，沉默的：You’d better keep silent. 你最好什么也别说。/ History is silent about [upon] this person. 历史对这个人没有记载。‎ silk[sIlk] n.[U]丝绸：The dress was (made of) silk. 这连衣裙是丝(做)的。‎ silly[5sIlI] adj.傻的：You are silly to do so.=It’s silly of you to do so. 你这样做真蠢。/ Don’t be silly, that insect can’t hurt you. 别傻了，那虫子不会伤你的。‎ silver[5sIlvE] n. [U]银，银币，银餐具adj.银制的，银的；银(白)色的：a silver ring 银戒指 / silver hair 银发 / It’s made of silver. 它是银做的。‎ similar[5sImIlE] adj.类似的，相似的：My problems are similar to yours. 我的问题与你的差不多。‎ ‎【说明】要表示“与…相似”，可用 be similar to，而不用 be similar as [with]，也不说 as similar as。‎ simple[5sImpl] adj.简单的，简易的，朴素的：The operation of this machine is simple. 这个机器的操作很简单。‎ since[sIns] prep.从…以来 adv.从那时以来：conj.从…以来；由于，既然：I haven’t heard from him since he left. 他走之后我还没接到过他的信。/ It’s two years since I saw you last. 上次见到你到现在已经两年了。/ Since it is so hot, let’s go swimming. 既然天气这么热，我们去游泳吧。‎ ‎【用法】表示“自从…以来”时，句子(主句)谓语通常都与完成时态连用。但在It has been …since…中，主句中的It has been通常用It is代替。‎ sing[sIN] v.(sang, sung)唱，唱歌：You sing better than I do. 你的歌比我唱得好。‎ single[5sINgl] adj.惟一的，一个的；各个的，单个的；单人用的；单程的；单身的：He leads a single life. 他过着单身生活。/ Not a single song did she sing at yesterday’s party. 昨天晚会上她一首歌都没唱。‎ sink[sINk](sank, sunk) v.下沉，消沉；下降：The ship is sinking. 这船正在下沉。‎ sir[sE:]先生，阁下：This way, sir. 先生，这边请。‎ ‎【用法】用于对长者、上司、顾客、老师等的尊称。单独使用，不与姓或姓名连用。‎ sister[5sIstE] n.[C]姐，妹：elder sister 姐姐 / Where is Sister? 姐在哪?‎ sit[sIt] v.(sat, sat) 坐：Please sit down. 请坐。/ Let’s all sit under this tree. 咱们都坐在这棵树下。‎ situation[7sItFJ5eIFEn] n.[C]形势，情况；处境，状况；位置，场所：The situation is serious enough. 形势够严重的。/ Situation Wanted. 求职。‎ six[sIks] num.六：at sixes and sevens 乱七八糟 ‎ size[saIz] n. [C,U]尺寸，大小：Those shirts are all the same size. 那几件衬衫大小都一样。/ What’s the size of the park? 这个公园有多大?‎ skate[skeIt] vi. 滑冰：Mary never skis or skates. 玛丽从不滑雪，也不溜冰。‎ skill[skIl] n. [U]技能，技巧，熟练：Reading and writing are different skills. 阅读和写作是不同的技能。‎ skin[skIn] n. [U]皮肤：Babies have soft skin. 婴儿的皮肤很柔滑。‎ skirt[skE:t] n. [C]女裙：Short skirts are out. 短裙不时兴了。‎ sky[skaI] n. [U,C]天空，天：The sky suddenly turned dark. 天色突然变得昏暗起来。‎ ‎【用法】有时用复数形式，主要表示与气候有关的天空(如下雨、下雪、刮风等)。‎ slave[sleIv] n.[C]奴隶：Abraham Lincoln freed the slaves. 亚伯拉罕·林肯解放了奴隶。‎ sleep[sli:p] v. (slept, slept)& n. 睡觉：Now go to sleep and stop worrying about it. 快睡吧，别再为此担心了。/ Did you have a good sleep? 你睡得好吗?‎ ‎【注意】sleep late 的意思不是“睡得迟”，而是“起床迟”。‎ slightly[5slaItlI] adv.微小地，细小地：He is slightly drunk. 他有点醉了。‎ slow[slEJ] adj.& adv.慢的(地)；不聪明，迟钝：He is slow in understanding. 他理解迟钝。/ He is slow to show anger. 他不易发怒。‎ ‎【说明】slow down与slow up 的意思并不相反，而是相同，均表示“减速”、“缓行”、“松驰下来”。‎ small[smR:l] adj.小的：He lives in a small town. 他住在一座小镇上。‎ smart[smB:t] adj.灵巧的，伶俐的；时髦的，帅的：He’s a smart businessman. 他是个精明的商人。/ You look smart in the new suit. 你穿这套新衣服很帅气。‎ smell[smel] v.(smelt, smelt / smelled, smelled) 嗅，闻到；散发气味n. [C,U]味，气味，嗅味：“It looks nice and smells delicious.” “Mm, it does have a pleasant smell.” “它看起来好看，闻起来也香。”“噢，它确实很好闻。”‎ ‎【说明】smell like 闻起来像 / smell of 有…的气味 smile[smaIl] vi.& n.[C]微笑：He gave a satisfied smile. 他满意地笑了笑。/ He smiled a strange smile. 他奇怪地笑了笑。‎ smoke[smEJk] n.[U]烟 [C]抽烟v.冒烟；抽烟：(There is) No smoke without fire. 无火不起烟(无风不起浪)。/ No smoking. 禁止抽烟。‎ smooth[smu:T] adj.光滑的，平坦的 vt.使光滑，清除：A baby has a smooth skin.婴儿皮肤很平滑。/ He smoothed down his hair. 他弄平了头发。‎ snake[sneIk] n.[C]蛇：She was afraid of snakes. 她怕蛇。‎ snow[snEJ] n.[C,U]雪 v.下雪：The ground is covered with snow. 地上白雪覆盖。/ It snowed heavily last January. 今年一月雪下得很大。‎ so[sEJ] adv.(表示程度)那么，如此；(表示强调)非常，很；也，同样conj.因此，所以：Don’t talk so loud. 不要这样大声讲话。/ Hold your pen so. 这样拿笔。/ She likes dogs, and so do I. 她喜欢狗，我也喜欢。/ He was sick, so he didn’t come. 他病了，所以没有来。‎ soap[sEJp] n.[U]肥皂：She washed her hands with soap. 她用肥皂洗手。‎ socialism[5sEJFElIzEm] n. [U]社会主义：We are working hard to build socialism. 我们在为建设社会主义而努力工作。‎ socialist[5sEJFElIst] n.& adj.社会主义者，社会主义的：China is a socialist country. 中国是一个社会主义国家。‎ society[sE5saIEtI] n.[C,U]社会；社团，协会：Society makes laws to protect people. 社会制定法律保护人民。/ the Red Cross Society of China 中国红十字会 sock[sRk] n.[C]短袜：She bought a pair of sock. 她买了一双短袜。‎ soft[sRft] adj.(柔)软的；柔和的，温和的；(饮料)不含酒精的：She speaks in a soft voice. 她说话声音很柔和。‎ soil[sRIl] n. [C,U]土壤，土地：Most plants grow best in rich soil. 大多数植物在土壤肥沃的地方长得好。‎ soldier[5sEJldVE] n.[C]士兵：A soldier must stand up to danger. 一个战士必须敢于面对危险。/ He has been a soldier for 2 years. 他参军两年了。‎ solid[5sRlId] adj.硬白，固体的 n. [C]固体：Gold is solid, but when you heat it, it becomes liquid. 黄金是固体，可是把它加热时，就成了液体。‎ some[sQm] adj.一些，若干；有些；某人(人或物) pron.若干，一些 adv.大约，稍：Some think so. 有些人这样想。/ He waited for some time. 他等了一会儿。/ Some 40 people attended the meeting. 大约有40个人参加了会议。‎ ‎【用法】主要用于肯定句，在否定句或疑问句中通常换成any，但在表示请求或征求意见的疑问句中，有时也用some：Would you like some bananas? 你想吃点香蕉吗?‎ somebody / someone[5sQmbEdI][5sQmwQn] pron.某人，有人：Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see who it is. 有人在按门铃，去看看是谁。‎ something[5sQmWIN] pron.某事(物，某东西)：You must do something about it. 你必须对此采取措施。/ The book has something to do with this subject. 这本书与这个问题有些联系。‎ sometimes[5sQmtaImz] adv.有时：Sometimes we quarreled. 有时我们也吵架。‎ somewhere[5sQmwZE] adv.& n. 某处，在哪里，在某处：I thought I had seen you somewhere. 我记得在哪里见到过你。/ We were looking for somewhere to live. 我们在找一个地方住。‎ son[sQn] n.[C]儿子：Father and son went to New York by a morning train. 父子两人坐早班车去了纽约。‎ song[sRN] n.[C]歌唱，歌曲：She was often heard to sing this song. 人们常常听见她唱这支歌。‎ soon[su:n] adv.很快，不久：Do you have to leave so soon? 你必须这么早就走吗? / She will be back soon. 她马上就回来。‎ ‎【短语】as soon as 一…就，如…那么早或快 / no sooner...than 刚…就 / sooner or later 迟早，早晚，总有一天 sorry[5sRrI] adj.难过的，对不起：Aren’t you sorry for [about] what you have done? 你不对自己所做的事感到遗憾吗? / I’m sorry to hear that. 听到这话我很难过。‎ sort[sR:t] n.[C]种类，类别；…的(种类的)人 vt.把…分类，拣选：A hammer is a sort of tool. 锤子是一种工具。/ Sort these cards according to their colors. 按颜色把这些卡片整理好。‎ ‎【短语】a sort of 某种，模模糊糊的一种 / all sorts of 各种各样的 / sort of 稍微，有几分，多少 / sort out 整理，分类；挑出，拣出 soul[sEJl] n.[C,U]灵魂，精神；人：She puts her whole soul into work. 她把全部精力投入工作。‎ ‎【短语】body [heart] and soul 全心全意地，完完全全地 sound[saJnd] n.[C,U]声音 vt.听起来 adj.健全的，彻底的 adv.充分地，彻底地：The report sounds true. 这个报导听起来是真的。/ Your idea sounds a good one. 你的想法听起来很好。‎ soup[su:p] n. [U]汤：The soup tastes of onion. 这汤有洋葱味。‎ ‎【说明】英语说“喝汤”，通常用 have [take, eat] soup等，一般不用drink soup。‎ south[saJW] n.& adj. 南，南方(的) adv.在南部，在南方：Mexico is to the south of the U.S.A. 墨西哥在美国之南。‎ southern[5sQTEn] adj.南部(方)的：She lives in southern Italy. 她住在意大利南部。‎ space[speIs] n.[C,U]间隙，间隔；空间，太空：It won’t take (up) too much space.这不会占很多地方(篇幅)。‎ Spanish[5spAnIF] n.[U]西班牙语 adj.西班牙人的，西班牙的：My mother tongue is Spanish. 我的母语是西班牙语。‎ spare[spZE] adj.空闲的，多余的 vt.节省，抽出(时间)：Have you any spare time to help me? 你有空帮助我吗?/ They have three tickets to spare. 他们多3张票。‎ speak[spi:k] v.(spoke, spoken)说话，讲话；讲，说(某种语言)：Do you speak English? 你说英语吗? / Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于语言。‎ ‎【短语】speak about 谈论 / speak of 谈到，提起 / speak to [with] 同…说话 / speak out 大胆说，自由地说 / speak up 大声说 special[5speFEl] adj.特别的，专门的：He has a special car because he cannot walk. 他有一辆专车，因为他不能走路。‎ speech[spi:tF] n.[C]演讲 [U]说话(的能力)：He will come to make [give] a speech to the students. 他要来给学生作演讲。‎ speed[spi:d] n.[C,U]速度，快速 v.急行；使加速：Please drive at a safe speed. 请以安全速度行驶。‎ ‎【短语】at speed 高速地，很快地 / at full [top] speed 全速地 / at a [the] speed of 以...的速度 / with all [great] speed 很快地 / speed up (使)加速 spell[spel]v. (spelt, spelt)拼写：How do you spell your name? 你的名字怎么拼?‎ spend[spend]v.(spent, spent)花费, 度过：I spent an hour reading. 我花了一小时读书。/ He doesn’t spend much time on his homework. 他花在作业上的时间不多。‎ ‎【用法】表示花钱(时间)做某事，根据情况可用spend money (time) on [for] sth 或 spend money (time) (in) doing sth，其中的(in) doing sth通常不能换成to do sth，但在美国英语中有时也用不定式，表示花钱或花精力做某事(建议学生慎用)。‎ spirit[5spIrIt] n.[U,C]精神；心情，情绪：Everyone is in good [high, top, great] spirits. 每个人都很高兴(情绪好)。‎ splendid[5splendId] adj.壮丽的；(口语)极好的：We won another splendid victory. 我们又赢得了辉煌的胜利。/ He has a splendid memory. 他记忆力极好。‎ spoon[spu:n] n.[C]匙，调羹：Add two spoons of sugar. 加两匙糖。‎ sport[spR:t] n.[C,U]运动，锻炼 (用复数)运动会：Football is my favourite sport. 足球是我最喜欢的运动。‎ ‎【用法】可用于名词前作定语，表示“运动的”或“运动用的”，常用复数：sports meet 运动会 / sports shoes 运动鞋 spread[spred]v.(spread, spread)伸开，伸长，展开；传播，流传：The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone was able to get out. 宾馆里的火势蔓延得非常快，但每个人都设法逃了出来。‎ spring[sprIN] n.[C,U]春天，春季；青春(期)；源泉；弹簧 v. (使)跳；使爆炸：the Spring Festival (中国)春节 / spring cleaning 大扫除 / If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗? ‎ square[skwZE] n.[C]广场；正方形；平方 adj.平方的；方形的：Tian An Men Square 天安门广场 / The room is 14 meters square. 这房间14米见方。‎ stage[steIdV] n.[C]舞台；时期，阶段：Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.莎士比亚把世界比作舞台。‎ stair[stZE] n.(常用复)楼梯：She met him on the stairs. 她在楼梯上遇到了他。/ He took the stairs two or three at a time. 他一步跨两三级楼梯。‎ stamp[stAmp] n.[C]邮票；跺脚v.贴上邮票，跺脚：He collects stamps. 他集邮。/ He stamped his feet with [in] anger. 他气得直跺脚。‎ stand[stAnd] v.(stood, stood) 站，站起，坐落，忍受，经受 n.[C]看台，场所：Stand up, please. 请起立。/ Can you stand the pain? 你受得了这痛苦吗?‎ ‎【用法】stand by 在场，站在旁边，袖手旁观；支持，忠于 / stand for 表示，代表；拥护，支持；容忍(用于否定句) / stand up 站起来；经得起(磨损等)‎ ‎【用法】can’t stand(不能忍受)后除可接名词或代词，还可接不定式或动名词：I can’t stand being treated [to be treated] like that. 我可不能容忍别人那样对我。‎ standard[5stAndEd] n.& adj.标准(的)：Your performance in the driving test didn’t reach required standard—in other words, you failed. 你在驾照考试中的表现没有达到要求的标准，也就是说你没及格。‎ star[stB:] n.[C]星，恒星；明星；星级：a movie star 电影明星 / a five star hotel五星级宾馆 stare[stZE] v.盯着看，凝视：Don’t stare at me like that. 别那样盯着我看。/ The teacher stared the class into silence. 老师瞪着眼睛看全班学生直到他们安静下来。‎ start[stB:t] v.开始，着手；出发：Mr. Smith, tired of the boring speech, started to read a novel. 史密斯先生对这枯燥的演讲感到厌烦，他开始读起小说来。‎ ‎【短语】start for 动身去… / start off 动身，出发；开始(做某事) / start out 动身，出发；开始(做某事) / to start with 在开始时，起初，首先 ‎【用法】1.表示出发去某地，习惯上用start for a place，不用 start to a place。2.表示开始做某事，其后可接不定式或动名词：It has started to rain [raining]. 开始下雨了。但若 start 本身为进行时态或其后接的是表示心理活动的动词，则其后的动词用不定式：She was starting to cook the dinner. 她开始做饭。‎ starve[stB:v] v.饿死，(使)挨饿；渴望，极需：I’ll never be dependent on anyone again. I’d rather starve. 我再也不依靠任何人了，我宁愿饿死。‎ state[steIt] n.[C]状态，状况；州，国家，政府 vt.说，说明，陈述：Ice is water in a solid state. 冰是水的固体状态。/ Please state your problem. 请说明你的问题。‎ station[5steIFEn]n.[C](火车、汽车等)站，电台 vt.驻扎，安置：a railway station 火车站 / Guards were stationed around the prison. 监狱周围驻有看守。‎ stay[steI] v. & n.停留，暂住；逗留，呆；保持：Won’t you stay for [to] supper? 留下来吃晚饭好吗? / Are you staying at a hotel? 你们是住旅馆吗? / The shop stays open till seven o’clock. 这家商店一直开到七点。‎ ‎【短语】stay away (from) 不去(某地)，不去(上学，上班)；不接近，避开或远离 / stay behind 留下 / stay in 呆在家里，不出门 / stay out 不在家，在外面 / stay up 不睡，熬夜 steal[sti:l]vt. (stole, stolen)偷：He stole my money. 他偷了我的钱。‎ ‎【说明】steal sb sth的意思不是“偷某人的某东西”，而是“为某人偷东西”：He stole her a ring. 他为她偷了一个戒指。‎ steam[sti:m] n.[U]汽，水蒸气 vi.蒸发，冒热气：The hot water was steaming. 热水在冒热气。/ Who invented the steam engine? 谁发明了蒸气机?‎ steel[sti:l]n.[U]钢：Most tools are made from steel. 大多数工具是由钢做的。‎ step[step] n.[C]脚步；一步的距离；脚步声；台阶，一级 vi.走，踩：The school is only a step away. 学校就在附近。/ We must take steps to prevent it from happening again. 我们采取措施防止它再次发生。‎ ‎【短语】in (out of) step (with) (与…)步调一致(不一致) / step by step 一步一步地，按部就班地 stick[stIk]v.(stuck, stuck)粘贴n.[C]小树枝，棒，棍，手杖：A walking stick is a must for me now. 如今我行走离不开手杖了。‎ ‎【短语】stick at 对…有顾虑；坚持(干) / stick by 忠于，遵守 / stick out 伸出，突出；坚持 / stick to 粘住；坚持 still[stIl] adv.还，仍，更 adj.静止的, 静寂的：The light was still on. 灯还亮着。/ It’s still raining. 还在下雨。/ The sea was calm and still. 大海风平浪静。‎ ‎【用法】用于否定句时，通常要置于否定词之前：I still don’t understand what you mean. 我还是不明白你的意思。‎ stomach[5stQmEk] n. (pl.stomachs) [C]胃；(口语)肚子：She has a pain in her stomach. 她胃痛。/ The children are lying on their stomachs. 孩子们俯卧着。‎ stone[stEJn] n.[C,U]石头：To kill two birds with one stone. 一石二鸟。‎ stop[stRp] v.停止；阻止 n.[C]停止；终止；停车站：We are waiting for the rain to stop. 我们在等候雨停。/ You’d better stop smoking. 你最好戒烟。/ He stopped to talk to us. 他停下来和我们说话。‎ ‎【用法】1.后接动名词，表示停止做某事；后接不定式，表示停下来去做某事。2.stop sb (sth) (from) doing sth 的意思是“阻止某人(某事)做某事”：Her parents tried to stop her (from) seeing him. 她父母不让她见他。‎ store[stR:] n.[C](美)商店；大百货商店 v.储藏，存储：We have a good store of food. 我们存有许多食物。‎ storm[5stR:m] n. [C]风暴，狂暴天气：We were caught in a storm on the way to the farm. 我们在去农场的路上遇上了暴风雨。‎ story[stR:rI] n.[C]故事，小说：He is good at telling stories. 他擅长讲故事。/ The story goes that he beats his wife. 传说他打老婆。/ But that’s another story. 但那是另外一个问题。‎ straight[streIt] adj.& adv.直的(地)，直接地，坦率地：I want a straight answer to my question. 我要求对我的问题作出直截了当的回答。‎ ‎【注意】可直接用作副词，不要用straightly作其副词。‎ strange[streIndV] adj.陌生的；奇怪的：He is still strange to city life. 他还是过不惯城市生活。‎ stranger[5streIndVE] n.[C]陌生人，外行：He felt a stranger in the house. 在这房子里他感到自己是个陌生的人。‎ street[stri:t] n.[C]街，街道：Don’t play in [on] the street. 别在街上玩。‎ strength[streNW] n. [U]力量，力气：Strength lies in numbers. 人多力量大。/ I haven’t the strength to lift this table. 我没有力气抬这张桌子。‎ strict[strIkt] adj.严格的：You should be strict with yourself. 你应该严格要求你自己。/ He is strict in his work. 他对工作要求严格。‎ strike[straIk] vt.(struck, struck)侵袭；擦(打)火；打动，迷住 vi.咬，抓 n. [C]罢工，打；击：He struck me with a stick. 他用棍子打我。/ How does the idea strike you? 你感觉那主意怎么样?‎ strong[strRN] adj.强壮的；坚强的；坚固的；强有力的；浓烈的：Dancing is not her strong point. 跳舞不是他的强项。/ He has a strong will. 他有坚强的意志。‎ struggle[5strQgl] vi.& n.斗争，挣扎：The soldiers were struggling against the floods. 士兵们在与洪水作斗争。‎ student[5stju:dEnt] n.[C]学生：three-good students 三好学生 study[5stQdI] n.& v.学习；研究 n.[C]书房：I am studying art. 我在学习艺术。/ He will finish his studies next year. 他明年将完成学业。‎ stupid[5stju:pId] adj.笨的，愚蠢的：It is stupid of you to do such a thing. 你做这种事真是太蠢了。‎ subject[5sQbdVIkt] n.[C]科目；(语法)主语：Enough has been said on this subject. 关于这个问题已经说得够多了。‎ succeed[sEk5si:d] vi.成功v.接替；继承：You will succeed in the end unless you give up halfway. 除非你半途而废，否则到最后你将会成功。/ Spring succeeds (to) winter. 冬去春来。‎ ‎【说明】表示成功地做某事，后接in doing sth，不接不定式。‎ success[sEk5ses] n.[U]成功，成就 [C]成功的人(事)：Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。/ She was a success as an actress. 她是位成功的女演员。‎ ‎【说明】have success in doing sth 意为成功地做某事，其中的in doing sth不能换成不定式。‎ such[sQtF]adj.这样的，那样的 pron.这样的人(事物)：Don’t be in such a hurry. 不要如此匆忙。/ One such dictionary is enough. 这样的字典有一本就够了。‎ ‎【短语】such (...) as 像…这样的；例如，诸如此类的，像…那样的 / such...that 如此…以致…‎ ‎【用法】受 such 修饰的名词后跟定语从句时，引导定语从句的关系词只能是 as，而不能是 that, which, who, where等：I’ve never heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过他讲那样的故事。‎ suddenly[5sQdnlI] adv.突然地：The sky suddenly turned dark. 天色突然变得昏暗起来。/ Suddenly everybody stopped talking. 突然大家都停止谈话了。‎ suffer[5sQfE] v.受苦；遭受；患病：We were suffering from poverty. 我们当时受贫穷之苦。/ He is suffering from a bad cold. 他在患重感冒。‎ sugar[5FJgE] n. [U]糖 [C]方糖，一块糖：Do you take sugar with your tea? 你的茶里放糖吗? ‎ suggest[sE5dVest] vt.建议，提议；暗示，表明：He suggested going out for a walk. 他建议出去走走。‎ ‎【用法】1.后接动词作宾语时，要用动名词，不能用不定式(有时动名词有逻辑主语)：He suggests her doing it. 他建议她做此事。2.不要将汉语的“建议某人做某事”直译为suggest sb to do sth，可考虑后接宾语从句或后接one’s doing sth。3.后接that从句时，若表示“‎ 建议”，则其后的 that 从句谓语通常用“(should)+动词原形”；若表示“暗示”、“意指”、“表明”等，则其后的that从句用陈述语气。‎ suit[sju:t] n.[C]一套衣服 v.适合，使适应：He is quite suited to [for] the work. 他很适合做此工作。/ He is suited to be a doctor. 他适合当医生。‎ suitable[5sju:tEbl] adj.合适的，适宜的，相配的：An evening dress would be more suitable. 晚礼服会更合适。/ Such books are not suitable for children. 那样的书不适合儿童阅读。‎ suitcase[5sju:tkeIs] n.[C]手提皮箱，衣箱：The suitcase wouldn’t take another thing. 这个衣箱再装不下别的东西了。‎ summer[5sQmE] n.[C,U]夏天，夏季：Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。‎ sun[sQn] n. (与the 连用)太阳；阳光：The sun is set. 太阳已经下山。/ Don’t read in the sun. 不要在阳光下看书。‎ ‎【短语】under the sun 世界上，到底，究竟 Sunday[5sQndI] n.[C,U]星期日：Sunday is the first day of the week. 星期日是每周的第一天。/ Let’s go swimming on Sunday. 我们星期日去游泳吧!‎ sunny[5sQnI] adj.晴朗的：The day was bright and sunny. 这天阳光灿烂。‎ sunset[5sQnset] n.[C,U]日落：They stopped work at sunset. 他们日落而息。/ We saw a glorious sunset. 我们看到一次壮观的落日景色。‎ ‎【用法】指日落的景象，可数；指日落的时候，则不可数(此时通常不用冠词)。‎ supper[5sQpE] n.[C,U]晚餐：I’ll first get the supper ready. 我先去把晚饭准备好。/ What do we have for supper today? 今天晚餐我们吃什么?‎ supply[5sEplaI] vt.供给，供应；向…提供某物 n.[C,U]供应，供给；(用复数)生活必需品，日用品：Cows supply us with milk.=Cows supply milk to us. 奶牛给我们提供牛奶。/ We need some office supplies. 我们需要一些办公用品。‎ support[sE5pR:t] v.& n.支撑；支持；维持；赡养：These posts support the roof. 这些柱子支撑着房顶。/ He has a large family to support. 他要抚养一大家人。‎ suppose[5sEpEJz] v.猜想，推测，认为；假定：I should suppose him to be fifty. 我想他会有50岁了吧。/ Let’s suppose it to be so. 我们假定情况是这样。‎ ‎【短语】be supposed to 应该，按理：They are supposed to arrive before dark. 他们应该在天黑前到。‎ ‎【用法】当do you suppose要连用疑问词时，疑问词总是位于其前，而不是其后，如“你放学后想干什么?”应译为What do you suppose you will do after school? 而不是Do you suppose what you will do after school?‎ sure[FJE] adj.确信，自信；一定，肯定adv.的确，当然：I’m not sure of [about] that. 我对此没有把握。/ You’re sure to fail if you do it that way. 你要是那样做，你肯定会失败。/ I’m not sure whether our team will win. 我不能肯定我队是否能赢。‎ ‎【短语】for sure 肯定地，无疑地 / make sure 弄清，弄确实；设法，确保 ‎【注意】下面一句要用certain不用sure，因为句首的it为形式主语：It’s certain that he will come to help us. 他肯定会来帮助我们。‎ surface[5sE:fIs] n.[C]表面；水面：It has a rough surface. 它表面粗糙。‎ surprise[sE5praIz] vt.使惊奇，使诧异n.[U]惊奇，诧异 [C]意外之事：You surprise me! 你吓了我一跳! / lt’s nothing to be surprised about [at]. 这事不值得大惊小怪。/ I was surprised at seeing [to see] him there. 我真想不到会在那里见到他。‎ ‎【短语】in surprise 惊奇地 / to one’s surprise 出乎意料地，使人吃惊的是 sweater[5swetE] n.[C]羊毛衫，毛(线)衣，厚运动衣：She’s knitting her father a sweater. 她在为父亲织毛线衣。‎ sweep[swi:p] v.扫除；刮走，席卷；掠过，横扫n.(用单数)打扫：Sweep the floor clean. 把地扫干净。/ Her eyes swept the room. 她的目光扫视着房间。‎ sweet[swi:t] adj.甜的；甜美的，愉快的；芳香的；可爱的n.[C,U]糖果；甜食：The apples taste sweet. 这些苹果很甜。/ He dreamed a sweet dream. 他做了一个美梦。/ Don’t eat too many sweets. 不要吃太多的糖果。‎ swim[swIm]n.& v.(swam, swum)游；游泳：A horse can swim. 马会游泳。/ She went swimming every day. 她每天都在游泳。/ Let’s go for a swim. 我们去游泳吧。‎ ‎【辨析】swim与swimming：两者均可用作名词，前者为可数名词，表示“一次游泳”；后者为不可数名词，表示抽象意义或泛指意义的游泳。‎ T table[5teIbl] n.[C]桌子；表，目录：I’ll have to consult the plane timetable first. 我得先查阅飞机时刻表。‎ ‎【比较】at table 与 at the table：前者指“在吃饭”，后者指“在桌边”。‎ tail[teIl] n.[C](动物的)尾巴，尾部：The dog wagged its tail with pleasure. 狗高兴地摇摆尾巴。‎ tailor[5teIlE] n.[C]裁缝：The tailor measured me for a coat. 裁缝量了我的尺寸给我做外套。‎ take[teIk]v.(took, taken)拿，取； 拿走，带走，带去；花费(时间) (常用it作形式主语)；吃，喝，服用；乘船(车)：The mother took her child by the hand. 母亲拉着孩子的手。/ Take her some flowers.=Take some flowers to her. 带一些花给她。/ Do you take me for a fool? 你以为我是个傻瓜吗? / It took me an hour to write the letter.=The letter took me an hour (to write).=I took an hour to write the letter. 我写这封信花了一个小时。‎ ‎【短语】take back 收回，接回，退回 / take down 写下，记下 / take in 收留；包括；理解；欺骗，使上当 / take off 脱下；起飞；打折扣，扣掉，去掉；请假，休息 / take on 聘用，雇用；呈现，显现，具有 / take over 接替，接管，继承 / take to 喜欢；养成习惯；去(某处) / take up开始(学习或从事等)；继续；占去(时间或空间)；接纳(乘客等)，接受(挑战，条件等)；提出(商讨)，讨论 tale[teIl] n.[C]传说，故事：fairy tales 童话故事 / folk tales 民间故事 / A Tale of Two Cities was written by Dickens. 《双城记》是狄更斯写的。‎ talk[tR:k] n.[C]谈话，聊天；讲话，演讲 v.说话，交谈：What are you talking about? 你们在谈些什么? / People will talk. 人们要说长道短的。‎ ‎【短语】have a talk 谈话；做报告 / talk about 谈论 / talk of 谈到 / talk to [with] 与…说话或谈话 / talk sb into (out of) 说服某人做/不做(某事)… / talk over 讨论，商量 ‎ tall[tR:l] adj.高的：He was about six feet tall. 他约六英尺高。‎ tap[tAp] n.[C](自来水、煤气等的)龙头；开关；塞，栓；轻打 v.轻打，轻敲：Don’t leave the tap running. 别让水龙头开着。/ He tapped on the door. 他轻轻敲门。‎ tape[teIp] n.[C,U]磁带，录音带；线带；胶布；卷尺v.录音；系住，粘贴：He recorded the program on tape. 他把节目录在磁带上。‎ task[tB:sk] n. [C]任务，工作：Mary’s task is to set the table. 玛丽的任务是摆桌子。/ I’m not equal to the task. 我不能胜任这项任务。‎ taste[teIst] v.尝味；吃，喝；体验 n.[C,U]滋味；味道；尝一尝：This food tastes sweet. 这种食品是甜的。/ I haven’t tasted meat for ages. 我已有好久没吃过肉了。/ Chocolate has a sweet taste. 巧克力有甜味。‎ ‎【短语】taste like 尝起来像… / taste of 有…的味道 / to one’s taste 合某人的口味，合某人的意 ‎【用法】1.要表示某东西尝起来有什么味道，不要将其用于被动语态，而用主动式表被动意义。2.作为连系动词，其后可接形容词作表语，且该形容词前不能用to be。‎ tax[tAks] n.[C,U]税；税款 vt.对…征税：business tax 营业税 / income tax 所得税 / interest tax 利息税 / Every citizen must pay taxes. 每个公民都必须纳税。‎ taxi[5tAksI] n.[C]出租汽车：You’d better call a taxi. 你最好叫一辆出租车。‎ tea[ti:] n. [U]茶，茶叶 [C]一杯茶，一种茶：I prefer tea to coffee. 我喜欢茶胜于咖啡。/ Three teas and a coffee, please. 请给我们来3杯茶和1杯咖啡。‎ ‎【说明】汉语的“绿茶”说成英语是green tea，但汉语的“红茶”说成英语却不是red tea，而是 black tea。‎ teach[ti:tF] v.(taught, taught)教，教书：Who teaches you English?=Who teaches English to you? 谁教你英语? ‎ teacher[5ti:tFE] n.[C]教师，教员：a maths teacher=a teacher of maths 数学教师 team[ti:m] n.[C]队，组：She is the best player in [on] the team. 她是队里最优秀的运动员。‎ tear1[tIE] n.[C](常用复)眼泪，泪珠：She burst into tears. 她突然哭了起来。/ We found her in tears. 我们发现她在哭泣。‎ ‎【说明】是可数名词，且通常用复数，特殊情况下也可连用不定冠词或数词：To his surprise, James saw a tear steal down her cheek. 令詹姆士吃惊的是，他看到一颗泪珠从她面颊上悄悄滚落。‎ tear2[tZE] v.(tore, torn)扯开，撕裂：She tore the letter into pieces. 她把信撕得粉碎。/ This material tears easily. 这种料子很容易撕破。‎ technical[5teknIkEl] adj. 技术的，专业的：The job calls for technical skill. 做这项工作需要专门技术。/ technical training 专业训练 technique[tek5ni:k] n. [C,U]技术，技能；方法：They need to learn modern management techniques. 他们还得学习现代管理技术。/ Writing poetry requires great technique. 写诗需要极大的技巧。‎ telegram[5telIgrAm] n.[C]电报：This is a telegram for you. 这是你的电报。‎ telegraph[5telIgrB:f] n. [U]电报v.打电报：We are asked to answer by telegraph. 要求我们用电报答复。‎ ‎【辨析】telegram与telegraph：前者主要指通过电报发出的电文，为可数名词；后者主要指用电报发送信息的通讯方式，为不可数名词。表示“通过电报”时，本来要用 by telegraph，但事实上也可用 by telegram。‎ telephone[5telIfEJn] / phone[fEJn] n.[C]电话v.打电话：Who answered the telephone? 接电话的是谁? / I telephoned her to buy some tickets. 我打电话叫她买几张票。‎ ‎【短语】on the telephone 在打电话；通过电话；接通电话 ‎【说明】表示“通过电话”除可用on the telephone外，也可用 over the telephone或by telephone。‎ television[5telIvIVEn] / TV[7ti:5vi:]n.电视：He’s been watching television all day. 他看了一天电视了。‎ tell[tel]v.(told, told)告诉；讲述；吩咐；分辨：Did you tell her your name?=Did you tell your name to her? 你把你的名字告诉她了吗? / How can we tell the good from the bad? 我们怎样才能区分好坏?‎ temperature[5temprItFE] n.[C,U]温度；体温：He had a high temperature for three days. 他一连三天发高烧。/ Have you taken his temperature? 你给他测量体温了吗?‎ ten[ten] num.十：Ten to one he has forgotten it. 他很可能已经忘记了。‎ tense[tens] n.[C]时态 adj.紧张的，拉紧的：Is the rope tense? 绳子拉紧了吗? / The players were tense at the start of the game. 队员们在比赛开始时很紧张。‎ tent[tent] n.[C]帐篷：He pulled down [stroke] the tent. 他拆了帐篷。/ They spent the night in a tent. 他们在帐篷里过夜。‎ term[tE:m] n. [C]学期；任期；期限；术语：Are there any exams at the end of term?=Are there any end-of-term exams? 期末有考试吗? / The President is elected for a four-year term. 总统任期4年。‎ ‎【短语】come to terms 达成协议 / come to terms with 甘心接受(不愉快的事) / on good (bad) terms with sb 与某人关系好(不好) / in terms of 以…观点，就…而言，谈到 terrible[5terEbl] adj.可怕的；很糟的；严重的：She caught a terrible cold. 她患了重感冒。/ It was a terrible blow to him. 这对他是一个可怕的打击。‎ test[test]v.&n.[C]测试，试验，检验：I passed my driving test today. 我今天通过了驾驶考试。‎ text[tekst] n.[C]课文 [U]正文，原文：The text of every chapter is followed by questions. 每一章正文之后有问答题。‎ than[TAn] prep.& conj.比：She looks younger than she is. 她看起来比她实际岁数显得要年轻。/ He was less hurt than frightened. 他与其说受了伤，还不如说受了惊。‎ ‎【短语】other than 除…之外 / than ever 比以往 / than before 比以前 ‎【用法】有时具有类似关系代词的作用，并在句中充当主语、宾语或表语：Some of the stories were really more than could be believed. 有些故事实在让人难以相信。‎ thank[WANk] vt.感谢，致谢，道谢n.(常用复)谢意，感谢：Thank you [Thanks] for reminding me of it. 谢谢你提醒我。‎ ‎【用法】1.用作动词时，及物，且其宾语只能是人而不能是事物。2.要表示感谢某人做某事，英语习惯上用thank sb for doing sth，而不用thank sb to do sth。3.thanks虽为名词，但其后可接a lot或very much，也可受many修饰。4.thanks to 为习语(用作介词)，意为“由于，幸亏”：I was late thanks to the traffic. 由于交通的原因我才迟到的。‎ that[TAt] adj.& pron.那；那个 conj.(引导从句) adv.那么：He’s always like that. 他总是那样。/ I can’t give you that much. 可能我不能给你那么多。‎ the[TE,Ti:] art. 这(那)个，这(那)些：The tiger is [Tigers are] in danger of becoming extinct. 老虎有灭绝的危险。/ The rich are not always happier than the poor. 富人并不总是比穷人过得开心。‎ ‎【用法】英语定冠词，用法较复杂，如表特指，表独一无二的事物，表方向或方位，表类别，表计量单位，用于序数词或最高级前，用于乐器名词，用于姓氏的复数前，用于逢整十数词的复数前，用于江、河、海、洋、山脉等前等。‎ theatre / theater[5WIEtE] n.[C]剧院：Let’s go to the theatre. 我们去看戏吧。‎ their[TZE] pron.他们，她们，它们的：They have a house of their own. 他们自己有一所房屋。‎ theirs[TZEz] pron.他们，她们的，它们的：The car is theirs. 这车是他们的。‎ them[Tem] pron.他(她)们，它们：Do you know them? 你认识他们吗?‎ themselves[TEm5selvz] pron.他(她，它)们自己：They did it themselves. 这事是他们自己做的。/ They themselves are to blame. 是他们自己不好。‎ then[Ten] adv.当时，那时；然后，后来，接着；那么：We lived in the country then. 我们那时住在乡下。/ Then I filled in the forms. 然后我把表填好。‎ there[TZE] adv.在那儿，往那儿；(作引导词表示“存在”)：Hi there！喂！/ There comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。/ There is no harm in trying. 不妨一试。‎ therefore[TZE5fR:] adv.因为，所以：I was ill, and therefore could not come. 我病了，所以没能来。/ I think, therefore I am. 我思故我在。‎ these[Ti:z] adj.& pron.这些：Choose a book from among these. 从这些书中选一本吧。/ Finding work is difficult these days. 现今找工作可不容易。‎ they[TeI] pron.他(她)们，它们：They seem to be tired. 他们似乎累了。‎ thick[WIk] adj.厚的，粗的；密布的；浓的，稠的：The walls are 80 cm thick. 墙80厘米厚。/ He has thick hair. 他头发浓密。/ Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。‎ thief[Wi:f] n.(pl. thieves)贼，小偷：Stop thief. 捉贼啊! / The policeman caught the thief. 警察逮住了小偷。‎ thin[WIn] adj.薄的；细的，瘦的；稀的，稀松的，稀少的：The cloth is too thin. 这布太薄。/ She is getting thin. 她瘦下来了。/ He has thin hair. 他头发稀疏。‎ thing[WIN] n.[C]东西；事情；(用复数)物品，用品；情况；衣服：He’s fond of sweet things. 他喜欢吃甜食。/ Things are getting worse and worse. 情况越来越糟。‎ think[WINk] v.(thought，thought)想，思考；认为；考虑：I think her to be honest. 我认为她是诚实的。/ What do you think of [about] this plan? 你觉得这个计划怎么样? / We didn’t think we’d be this late. 我们没有想到会这样晚。‎ ‎【短语】think of 考虑；为…着想；想起；认为 / think over 仔细考虑 / think out 想清楚，想出 thinking[5WINkIN] n.[U]思；见解 adj.有思考力的；有思想的：This article will affect my thinking. 这篇文章将会影响我的思想。‎ third[WE:d] num.第三：Are you in the third-year class? 你是读三年级吗?‎ thirsty[5WE:stI] adj.口渴的；渴望的：Salty food makes you thirsty. 吃咸的食品会令你口渴。/ He is thirsty for power. 他渴望掌权。‎ thirteen[WE:5ti:n] num.十三：Some people think that thirteen is an unlucky number. 有些人认为13是一个不吉利的数字。‎ thirty[5WE:tI] num.三十：He was born in the thirties. 他生于30年代。‎ this[TIs] adj.& pron.这，这个 adv.这么：I saw her this morning. 我今天上午看到她了。/ Is it this hot every day? 每天都有这么热吗?‎ those[TEJz] adj.& pron.那些：Whose are those? 那些是谁的?‎ though[TEJ] conj.虽然adv.可是，然而：Though he was poor, he was happy. 虽然他很穷，却很快乐。/ It’s hard work, I enjoyed it, though. 这工作很艰苦，可是我乐于干。‎ ‎【短语】as though 好像 / even though 即使，纵然 ‎ ‎【注意】不要将汉语中的“虽然…但是…”直译为thought…but。‎ thought[WC:t] n.[U,C]思考，考虑；想法，意见：After serious thought, he decided to accept their terms. 经认真考虑，他决定接受他们的条件。/ He had no thought of hurting her. 他没想要伤害她。‎ thousand[5WaJzEnd] num.千：thousands of people 成千上万的人 / A thousand thanks (pardons, apologies). 万分感谢(对不起)。‎ thread[Wred] n.[C,U]线；线索，条理，思路：a piece of thread 一根线 / a thread of hope 一线希望 three[Wri:] num. 三：by twos and threes 三三两两地 / When three know it, all know it. (谚)三人知，天下晓。‎ through[Wru:] prep.穿过，经过；自始至终，从头到尾；一直到…(并包括)；(表方式或方法)凭，通过；由于；遍及，在…的到处 adv.穿过；全程地，直达地；自始至终；接通(电话)：I saw you through the window. 我是透过窗子看到你的。/ He became rich through [by means of] hard work. 他通过勤劳致富。‎ throughout[Wru:5aUt] prep. 遍及于，到处；在…期间 adv.到处；始终；全部：News spread throughout the country. 消息传遍了全国。/ He visited me throughout my illness. 我生病期间他常来看我。/ He was wrong throughout. 他全都错了。‎ throw[WrEJ] v.(threw, thrown)投；掷；扔：He threw the ball to me, and I caught it. 他把球扔给我，我接住了。‎ ‎【比较】throw sth at sb与throw sth to sb：前者表示“向某人扔某物(有挑衅或带恶意)”，后者表示“把某物扔给某人(无挑衅之意)”。‎ Thursday[5WE:zdI] n.星期四：He came last Thursday. 他上周星期四来的。‎ thus[TQs] adv.这样；因而：She studied hard; thus she got high marks. 她用功读书, 因此获得高分。‎ ticket[5tIkIt] n.[C]票，券：Do you want a single or a return ticket? 你是要单程票还是双程票? / Entrance to the theatre is by ticket only. 凭票进入剧院。‎ tide[taId]n.[C,U]潮，潮汐，潮流，趋势：The tide is down. 潮退了。/ Time and tide wait for no man. (谚)岁月不饶人。‎ tie[taI] n.[C]鞋带；关系；领带 v.系, 打结, 扎：My dress ties (up) in the back. 我的连衣裙带子在后面。/ He tied his horse to a tree. 他把马拴在树上。‎ tiger[5taIgE] n.[C]虎：All difficulties are paper tigers. 一切困难都是纸老虎。‎ tight[taIt] adv.紧紧地 adj.紧的；牢固的：Is the rope tight? 绳子拉紧了吗? / She held him tight and kissed him. 她紧紧地抱住他、吻他。‎ till[tIl] prep.& conj.直到：Wait till I return. 等到我回来! / People do not know the value of health till they lose it. 人们直到失去健康，才知道健康的可贵。‎ time[taIm] n.[U]时间；时刻 [C]一段时间；次(数)；倍；(常用复)时代，时势 vt.安排…的时间，定好时间；测定(记录)…的时间：What’ s the time? 几点了? / It’s time for [to have] lunch. 该吃午饭了。/ I’ll excuse you this time. 这次我就原谅你算了。‎ ‎【比较】all the time 一直，老是 / at all times=at any time 随时 / at no time 在任何时候都不 / at the same time 同时 / at times 有时 / behind time 迟，晚 / behind the time(s) 过时，落伍 / from time to time 不时 / in time 及时 / on time 按时，准时 / have a good time 玩得高兴 ‎【比较】 at one time与at a time：前者指“一度”、“从前”，通常与过去时态连用；后者表示“每一次”。‎ ‎【用法】1.every time(每次)，each time(每次)，(the) next time(下次)，any time(随时)，(the) last time(上次)，the first time(第一次)等可用作连词，引导时间状语从句。注意，其中的every time, each time, any time前不用冠词，(the) next time, (the) last time中的冠词可以省略，而the first time中的冠词通常不能省略。2.It’s time 后接的that从句谓语通常用过去式：I think it’s time you went to bed. 我想你该睡觉了。‎ tin[tIn] n.[C]罐头 vt.将…装入罐头中：I bought a tin of cigarettes. 我买了一听香烟。/ I don’t like tinned fruit. 我不喜欢罐头水果。‎ tiny[5taInI] adj.极小的，微小的：a tiny room 一个很小的房间 / make tiny changes 作微小的改动 tip[tIp] n.[C]稍；尖，尖端；小费 v.付小费：the tip of a finger 手指尖 / Don’t tip freely. 不要乱给小费。‎ tire[5taIE] v. 使疲劳，厌倦：Digging tires me. 挖地使我累了。‎ tired[taIEd] adj.疲劳的；厌烦的：He is too tired to go any further. 他累得再也走不动了。/ I’m tired of living abroad. 我在国外已经住腻了。‎ ‎【说明】be tired of doing sth(厌烦做某事)中的 of doing sth习惯上不能换成 to do sth。‎ title[5taItl]n.[C]标题；题目；称号：He was awarded the title of Model Worker. 他被授予模范工人称号。‎ to[tu:] prep.向，朝，往，到；离，距离；导致，引起；对，给；属于，归于：Turn to the left. 向左转。/ All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马。/ Japan lies to the east of China. 日本位于中国东面。/ It is not far from here to the farm. 从这儿去农场不远。/ He works from morning to night. 他从早到晚工作。/ To our joy, he lent us the money we needed. 使我们高兴的是，他把我们需要的钱借给了我们。/ He is kind to me. 他对我友好。‎ ‎【说明】除用作介词外，还用作不定式符号：I’m glad to hear the news. 听到这消息我很高兴。但需注意的是，要分清一些结构中的to到底是介词还是不定式符号，如以下结构中的to就是介词，而不是不定式符号(若其后接动词要用动名词)：look forward to 盼望 / be used to 习惯于 / be devoted to 献身于 / be equal to 等于，能胜任 / be reduced to 沦为，使变为 tobacco[tE5bAkEJ] n.[U]烟草，烟叶：I gave up tobacco. 我戒烟了。‎ today[tE5deI] adv.& n.今天；现在，如今：Here is today’s paper. 这是今天的报纸。/ Many people use computers today. 如今许多人都使用计算机。‎ together[tE5geTE] adv.一起：We often talked together. 我们常常一起聊天。‎ ‎【短语】all together 一起，同时，总共 / get together 聚会 / together with 和，连同 toilet[5tRIlIt] n.[C]洗手间：Where is the toilet, please? 请问卫生间在哪儿?‎ tomato[tE5mB:tEJ] n. (pl. tomatoes) [C]西红柿，番茄：Tomatoes can be eaten raw. 番茄可以生吃。‎ tomorrow[tE5mRrEJ] adv.& n.明天：The news will be in tomorrow’s newspaper. 明天的报纸将刊载这条消息。/ The world of tomorrow will be very different. 未来的世界将大不相同。‎ ton[tQn] n.[C](重量单位)吨；(用复数)大量：I have tons of work to do before I leave. 我走前有大量工作要做。‎ tongue[tQN] n.[C]舌，舌头；语言，口语：mother tongue 母语 too[tu:] adv. 也；太：He lives here too. 他也住这儿。/ He drives too fast. 他开车太快了。/ He is too young to drive a car. 他太年轻，不能开车。‎ ‎【用法】表示“也”时，不用于否定句(在否定句中用either表示“也”)。‎ tool[tu:l] n.[C]工具：Tools of this kind are made from steel. 这类工具是钢制的。‎ tooth[tu:W](pl. teeth)n.[C]牙齿：I brush my teeth twice a day. 我每天刷牙两次。‎ top[tCp] n.[C]顶部，上端；盖子；首位 adj. 顶端的，最高的，最重要的 vt.高于，优于，超过；给…加盖：He sang at the top of his voice. 他放声高唱。‎ ‎【短语】at the top of 在…的上部；以最大限度；处于前茅 / on (the) top of 在…的上面 total[5tEJtl]adj.完全的，绝对的；总的，全体的n. [C]总数；总额；合计v.合计，总计：What does the total come to? 总数是多少?‎ touch[tQtF]v.接触，触摸；够着：Don’t touch it. 不要摸它。/ I’ve been out of touch with her. 我一直和她没有联系。‎ ‎【短语】lose touch with… 与…失去联系 / get in touch with 与…取得联系 / keep in touch with 与…保持联系 tour[tJE] v.&n. [C]参观，游览，旅行：They have gone on a tour. 他们去旅行了。/ We went on [made, took] a tour of the city. 我们游览了一下这座城市。‎ toward(s)[ tE5wR:d(z)] prep.向，朝；对于：He stood with his back towards me. 他背朝我站着。/ What are his feelings towards us? 他对于我们的感情如何?‎ tower[5taJE] n.[C]塔：a television tower 电视塔 / a bell tower 钟楼 / a water tower 水塔 / the Leaning Tower of Pisa 比萨斜塔 town[taJn] n. [C]城镇；(连用the)城镇居民 [U]城镇中心，商业区：I saw him in town. 我在城里见到了他。/ I’ll go to town today. 今天我要进城去。‎ toy[tCI] n. [C]玩具，玩物 vt.随便对待；玩弄：a toy gun 玩具手枪 track[trAk]n.[C]足迹；(火车等的)轨道：The train left the track. 火车脱了轨。‎ tractor[5trAktE] n.[C]拖拉机：walking tractor 手扶拖拉机 trade[treId] n.[U]贸易，交换，买卖 [C,U]职业，行业 v.用…进行交换；做生意，从事交易：Japan does lots of trade with the United States. 日本与美国间的贸易频繁。/ They trade in fruit and vegetables. 他们做水果和蔬菜生意。‎ traffic[5trAfIk] n.[U]交通，车辆：The traffic is moving pretty slowly. 车辆行驶得相当缓慢。‎ ‎【注意】说明交通的拥挤，可用 busy或heavy修饰，但不能用crowded。‎ train[treIn] n.[C]火车，列车 v.培训，训练：Are you going by train or by plane? 你坐火车去还是坐飞机去? / They trained the dog to obey. 他们训练狗听从命令。‎ training[5treInIN] n. [U]培训，训练：technical training 专业训练 translate[trAns5leIt] v.翻译；转化：He translated the book from French into English. 他把这本书由法语译成英语。‎ transport[5trAnspC:t] n.[U]运输；交通工具vt.运输，运送：I’d like to go to the concert, but I have no transport. 我想去听音乐会，但是我没有交通。/ The goods were transported by train. 货物是用火车来运输的。‎ travel[5trAvEl] n.[U]旅行；(常用复)长期旅行，海外旅行v.旅行；传导：He is fond of traveling. 他喜欢旅游。/ Light travels faster than sound. 光比声音传播得快。‎ ‎【用法】1.泛指一般意义的旅行，不可数；有时用复数，指时间较长的各处旅行，此时其前通常有物主代词。2.只泛指旅行，不特指某次具体旅行，所以不说：How was your travel?(可改用trip或journey)‎ treasure[5tredVE] n.[C,U]金银财宝；财富；珍品vt.珍藏；珍惜：I treasure your friendship. 我珍惜你的友谊。‎ treat[tri:t] v.对待，看待；把…看作；处置；治疗；请客n.[C]乐事；请客：Don’t treat me as [like] a child. 别把我当小孩对待。‎ tree[tri:] n.[C]树：Fruits grow on trees. 果实长在树上。‎ ‎【比较】in the tree与on the tree：前者多指树外的东西在树上，后者多指树本身的东西。‎ trick[trIk] n.[C]恶作剧；戏法；窍门；诡计vt.欺骗：I saw through his trick. 我识破了他的诡计。/ He tricked me into giving him the money. 他哄骗我给了他钱。‎ ‎【短语】play a trick on 捉弄 trip[trIp] n.[C]旅行，旅程v.绊倒；犯错误，说错：Good-bye. A pleasant trip. 再见。祝旅途愉快。/ I tripped over the box and fell. 我被箱子绊了一下，摔倒了。‎ trouble[5trQbl] n.[C,U]困难，烦恼；麻烦；疾病；争吵 v.(使)苦恼，(使)忧虑，麻烦：We had no trouble (in) finding his house. 我们没花吹灰之力就找到了他的家。/ I’m sorry to give you so much trouble.=I’m sorry to put you to so much trouble. 对不起，给你添了这么多麻烦。‎ ‎【短语】be in trouble 处于不幸(苦恼，困境)中 / get into trouble 陷入困境 / make trouble 制造麻烦，捣乱 trousers[5traJzEz] n.(复数)长裤：I bought two pairs of trousers. 我买两条裤子。‎ truck[trQk] n.[C]卡车：He carried the goods by truck. 他用卡车运货。‎ true[tru:] adj.真实的，真正的，正确的：The news is true. 这消息是真的。‎ truth[tru:W] n.[C,U]真理；事实，真相：You should always tell the truth. 你要自始自终说实话。‎ ‎【短语】to tell (you) the truth 说实话，老实说 try[traI] v.试图；尝试；尝尝 n.[C]尝试；审判：Do try this fish. 请尝尝这鱼。/ Let me have a try. 我来试一试。‎ ‎【短语】try for 设法得到 / try on 试穿 / try one’s best 尽力，尽量 / try out 试用，试验 ‎【比较】try to do sth与try doing sth：前者表示设法做某事，后者表示做某事试试看(有何效果)：Please try to be quiet. 请设法保持安静。/ Try pressing the green button. 按绿色按钮试试。‎ Tuesday[5tju:zdI] n.星期二：I’ll come to see you on Tuesday. 我星期二来看你。‎ turn[tE:n] v.旋转，转动，翻转，转变：Turn left at the end of the road. 在路的尽头向左拐。‎ ‎【短语】turn down 关小，调低 / turn into 变成，变得 / turn off 关掉(自来水、电灯、收音机等) / turn on 开(电灯、无线电等) / turn over 翻倒；翻身；翻(书页) / turn to 翻到；转向；求助于；求救于 / turn up 开大(音量)；出现 twelfth[twelfW] num.第十二：December is the twelfth month of the year. 十二月是一年的第12个月。‎ twelve[twelv] num.十二：There are twelve inches in a foot. 1英尺有12英寸。‎ twentieth[5twentIEW] num.第二十：live in the twentieth century 生活在20世纪 twenty[5twentI] num.二十：He got married in his twenties. 他20多岁结的婚。‎ twice[twaIs] adv.两次；两倍：We meet twice a week. 我们每星期碰两次头。/ This box is twice as large as that one.=This box is twice the size of that one. 这个盒子是那个盒子的两倍。‎ two[tu:] num.二：Add two spoons of sugar. 加两匙糖。‎ type[taIp] n.[C]类型；样式 v.打字：Are you familiar with this type of car? 你熟悉这种型号的汽车吗?/ She types fast. 她打字打得快。‎ typist[5taIpIst] n.[C]打字员：She works as a typist. 她当打字员。‎ U ugly[5QglI] adj.丑陋的；讨厌的；不愉快的：an ugly building 难看的建筑物 / I can’t bear the ugly smell. 我受不了这讨厌的臭味。‎ umbrella[Qm5brelE] n.[C]雨伞：Down came the rain and up went the umbrellas. 雨开始下起来，雨伞也都打开。‎ uncle[5QNkl] n.[C]叔，伯，舅，姑父，姨夫：Uncle Jack 杰克叔叔 / Uncle Sam 山姆大叔(美国或美国人的绰号) ‎ under[5QndE] prep.在…下面，在…里面；(数量、程度、范围等)少于，低于，在…以下；(职位、权势等)低于，在…之下；在…中，在…期间 adv.向下，在…下面；少于，年纪小于：The bottle fell under the table. 瓶子掉到桌子底下。/ The price is under five dollars. ‎ 价钱不到5美元。/ He is under the doctor’s care. 他在医生的照顾中。/ My car is under repair now. 我的车现在正在修理中。‎ understand[7QndE5stAnd] v.(understood, understood)明白；理解；懂得：Can he make himself understood in English? 他能用英语表达自己的意思吗? / I can’t understand him [his] leaving so suddenly. 我不理解他怎么这样突然走掉。‎ uniform[5ju:nIfR:m] n.[C,U]制服 adj.一致的，一样的，整齐划一的：The students are in school uniform. 学生穿着校服。‎ unit[5ju:nIt] n.[C]单位，单元；(机构的)部件，装置；部队：The metre is a unit of length. 米是长度单位。/ The book has 12 units. 这本书有12个单元。‎ unite[jJ5naIt] v.联合；团结：United we stand, divided we fall. (谚)团结则存，分裂则亡。/ We must be united as one. 我们必须团结得像一个人一样。‎ united[jJ5naItId] adj.统一的；联合的；团结的：united front统一战线 / United Nations 联合国 / We should make a united effort. 我们应该携手合作。‎ universe[5ju:nIvE:s] n.(连用the)宇宙：Our world is but a small part of the universe. 我们的世界只是宇宙的一小部分。‎ university[7ju:nI5vE:sEtI] n.[C]大学：Beijing University 北京大学 / Has he been to university? 他上过大学吗? ‎ unknown[Qn5nEJn] adj.不出名的，不为人所知的：His plan is unknown to us. 他的计划我们不知道。‎ unless[En5les] conj.除非；如果不：I shall go there tomorrow unless I’m too busy. 如果我不太忙，明天将到那儿去。/ One can not learn a language well unless one works hard. 学好一种语言非下苦功不可。‎ until[En5tIl] prep.& conj.直到…为止：Until he returns, nothing can be done. 他不回来什么也不能做。/ We can’t go out until our homework is complete.我们把作业做完才能出去。/ It was not until yesterday that I noticed it. 直到昨天我才注意到此事。‎ ‎【用法】在肯定句中，句子(主句)的谓语必须是持续性动词，不能是终止性动词；而在否定句中，句子(主句)谓语可以是终止性动词。‎ unusual[Qn5ju:VJEl] adj.不正常的，异常的；稀有的，独特的：There’s something unusual in her voice. 她声音有些反常。‎ up[Qp] prep.在…的上方，沿着…往上；沿着adv.向上，在上方；起来；上升，上涨；结束：The cat climbed up the tree. 那只猫爬上树。/ The house stands up the river. 那座房子在河的上游。/ They normally get up at six. 他们一般六点起床。‎ upon[E5pRn] prep.在(到)…上面；在…时：Please place it upon the table. 请把它放在桌上。/ Upon arrival, he went in search of a hotel. 在到达时他就去找旅馆。‎ upstairs[7Qp5stZEz] adv.在楼上，往楼上 adj.楼上的；在楼上的：The bathroom is upstairs. 洗澡间在楼上。‎ upward(s)[5QpwEd(z)] adj.& adv.向上的(地)；往上的(地)：The smoke rose straight upwards. 烟一直向上升。‎ us[Qs] pron.我们：Please give the book to us. 请把书给我。‎ use[ju:z] v.利用，使用，应用 n.[ju:s]利用，使用；用途：Mother uses old socks as dusters. 母亲用旧袜子作抹布。/ Is there [it] any use trying waiting here? 在这儿等有用吗? / A hammer is used for driving [to drive] in nails. 锤子是用来钉钉子的。‎ ‎【短语】come into use 开始使用 / for use 供使用 / in use 在使用当中 / make use of 利用；借用 / put to use 使用，起用 used[ju:st]adj.习惯于，适应于 v.(连用to)过去经常：You must be [get] used to getting up early. 你必须习惯于早起。/ He usedn’t [didn’t use] to come. 他过去不常来。‎ ‎【说明】used to与be used to：前者表示“过去经常”，后接动词原形；后者表示“习惯于”，后接名词或动名词(不能接动词原形)。‎ useful[5ju:sfJl] adj.有用的，有益的：She is useful at cooking. 她很会烧菜。/ The dictionary is useful for [to] beginners. 这本词典对初学者有用。‎ usual[5ju:VJEl] adj.通常的，平常的：My usual chair had been moved from its usual place. 我平常用的椅子已从老地方移开了。‎ ‎【短语】as usual 跟往常一样；像平常一样 / than usual 比平常 usually[5ju:VJElI] adv.通常，经常：The shops usually open at nine o’clock. 商店一般在9点钟开始营业。‎ V vacation[vE5keIFEn] n.[C,U]假期，休假：She has gone to Canada on vacation. 她到加拿大去度假。/ He took ten days’ vacation. 他请假10天。‎ valley[5vAlI] n.[C](山)谷；流域：the Changjiang valley 长江流域 valuable[5vAljJEbl] adj.值钱的，有价值的，有用的：Your suggestions are very valuable to us. 你的建议对我们很宝贵。‎ value[5vAlju:] n.[U,C]价值；价格v.估价；尊重；珍惜：Your help has been of great value. 你的帮助很有价值。/ I value your advice. 我尊重你的劝告。‎ variety[vE5raIEtI] n.[C]种类，种种 [U]多样性：At school we learn a variety of things. 在学校我们学习各种东西。‎ various[5vZErIEs] adj.各种各样的，不同的；许多的：For various reasons I’d prefer not to meet him. 由于种种原因，我还是不见他的好。‎ ‎【用法】其后通常接复数名词，偶尔也接不可数名词，表示“多方面的”：various reading 多方面的阅读 vast[vB:st] adj.巨大的；广阔的：That makes a vast difference. 那是天壤之别。‎ vegetable[5vedVItEbl] n.[C]蔬菜：Vegetables are best when they are fresh. 蔬菜新鲜时最好吃。/ They trade in fruit and vegetables. 他们做水果和蔬菜生意。‎ verb[vE:b] n.[C]动词：I thought it was a regular verb. 我认为它是规则动词。‎ very[5verI]adv.很，非常 adj.恰好的：He was very angry. 他非常生气。/ This is the very lowest price. 这是最低的价格。‎ victory[5vIktErI] n. [C,U]胜利：They won a victory in battle. 他们在战斗中获胜。/ They went from victory to victory. 他们从胜利走向胜利。‎ village[5vIlIdV] n.[C]村庄，乡村：The village boy is now used to city life. 这个农村男孩现已习惯了城市生活。‎ visit[5vIzIt]v.& n.[C]参观；访问，拜访：I paid my friend Jim a visit yesterday.=I paid a visit to my friend Jim yesterday. 昨天我拜访了我的朋友吉姆。‎ visitor[5vIzItE] n. [C]访问者，参观者：Visitor not admitted. 谢绝参观。‎ voice[vRIs] n. [C,U]说话声，嗓音；嗓子：He spoke in a loud voice. 他大声地说话。/ Don’t raise your voice to me. 不要对我大声叫嚷。‎ volleyball[5vRlIbR:l] n.[C,U]排球：Let’s play volleyball. 我们打排球吧。‎ voyage[5vRIIdV] n. [C]航行，航海，旅行：We had a rough voyage. 我们作了一次艰苦的航行。‎ W wait[weIt] v.等，等候：Please don’t wait for me. 请不必等我了。/ We are waiting for the rain to stop. 我们在等雨停。/ I’ll wait to hear from you. 我将等你的回音。‎ waiter[5weItE] n.[C](餐厅)服务员(男性)；侍者：She tipped the waiter. 她付给侍者小费。/ Waiter, the bill, please. 服务员，买单。‎ waitress[5weItrIs] n.[C]女服务员：She is a new waitress. 她是新来的服务员。‎ wake[weIk] v.(woke, woken)醒，醒来：The noise woke me up. 这声音把我吵醒了。‎ walk[wR:k] v.& n.[C]走，步行；散步：Let’s go out for a walk. 我们出去走走吧。‎ ‎【辨析】walk与walking：两者均可用作名词，前者可数，表示“一次散步”；后者不可数，表示抽象意义或泛指意义的散步。‎ wall[wR:l] n. [C]墙：the Great Wall 长城 / To talk to him is to talk to the wall. 和他讲话是对牛弹琴。‎ want[wRnt] v.要，想要；需要，必要；缺少：I want you to think it over. 我希望你好好想一想。‎ ‎【比较】want to do与want doing：前者表示“想做…”，后者“需要(被)…”(动名词用主动表被动)：He wanted to go abroad. 他想出国。/ The machine wants repairing. 这机器需要修理。(=The machine wants to be repaired.)‎ war[wR:] n.[C,U]战争：When did the war break out? 战争什么时候爆发的?‎ warm[wR:m] adj.暖和的；热情的v.使暖和：It is getting warmer day by day. 天气一天比一天暖和了。‎ warn[wR:n] vt.警告，预先通知：The doctor warned the patient not to smoke [against smoking]. 医生告诫病人不要抽烟。/ We warned him of the danger. 我们警告过他有危险。/ I’ve warned him that it is not allowed. 我警告过他这是不允许的。‎ wash[wRF] n. [C,U]洗(涤)，冲洗；洗的衣服 v.洗，冲洗：The material washes easily. 这料子很好洗。/ Go and give the car a wash. 去把汽车冲洗一下。‎ waste[weIst] n.[U](但可连用a)浪费；废物 v.浪费：It’s a waste of time doing that. 做那事是浪费时间。/ He wasted his time (in) doing nothing. 他无所事事，浪费光阴。/ Don’t waste any more time over it. 不要再在这上面浪费时间了。‎ watch[wRtF] v.观看；注意看；当心，注意；寻找，等待(机会等)；看守，监视n.[C]手表，表 [U](可连用a)看守，守卫：I watched him eat his breakfast.=I watched him eating his breakfast. 我瞧着他吃早饭。‎ ‎【短语】keep watch 值班 / on the watch for 注意，提防 / on watch 值班 / watch out (for) 当心，提防 ‎【用法】后接从句通常要用现在时表示将来：Watch (that) he doesn’t cheat you. 注意别让他给骗了。‎ water[5wR:tE] n. [U]水 v.浇水：Water boils at 100℃. 水在100摄氏度沸腾。/ Will you water the flowers? 请你浇花好吗?‎ wave[weIv] n.[C]波；波浪；挥手 v.挥手；挥动；波动：She waved her hand to say good-bye. 她挥手告别。‎ way[weI] n.[C]道路，路线；路途；方法；手段：Do it (in) your own way. 按你自己的方法做吧。/ There are different ways to do [of doing] it. 做这事有不同的办法。‎ ‎【短语】by the way 在途中的路旁；顺便说，顺便问 / by way of 经由，意在，为了 / in the way 挡路，碍事 / on the [one’s] way (to) 在某人去…的路上；即将 we[wi:] pron.我们：We like to play football. 我们喜欢踢足球。‎ weak[wi:k] adj.软弱的，虚弱的；薄弱的，优柔寡断的：She was weak after her illness. 她病后很虚弱。/ He’s weak in [at] English. 他的英语不行。‎ weakness[5wi:knIs] n.[U]软弱，虚弱 [C]弱点，短处：We all have our little weaknesses. 我们大家都有些小短处。‎ wealth[welW] n. [U]财富，财产：Health is above wealth. 健康高于财富。/ He gained his wealth by printing the works of famous writers. 他通过印刷名作家的作品赚得财富。‎ wear[wZE] vt.穿，戴；留(发型等)；带有(表情或样子)；(常与away, down连用)磨损，使疲惫不堪：She wore a red flower in her hair. 她头发上插一朵红花。/ The man wore his hair long. 这个人留着长发。/ He wore a sad look. 他一副愁容。‎ weather[5weTE] n.[U]天气：I don’t like cold weather. 我不喜欢寒冷的天气。‎ wedding[5wedIN] n.[C]婚礼，结婚：golden wedding金婚 / We have set the date for the wedding. 我们已经确定了婚期。‎ Wednesday[5wenzdI] n.星期三：Ash Wednesday 圣灰星期三(四旬节第1天)‎ week[wi:k] n.[C]一星期，一周：I was quite busy last week. 上周我很忙。‎ weekend[7wi:k5end] n.[C]周末：I don’t work at [on] weekends.=I don’t work at [on] the weekend. 我周末不工作。‎ ‎【用法】复数形式的weekends可用作名词，也可用作副词，所以用作状语的 on weekends也可省略其中的介词on。‎ weigh[weI]v.重(若干)；称…的重量：He weighed the fish. 他把鱼称了一下。‎ weight[weIt] n. [U]重量，体重：She put on weight recently. 她最近体重增加了。‎ welcome[5welkEm] interj.欢迎adj.受欢迎的，随意的n.[C]欢迎，迎接 vt.欢迎：Welcome to Beijing. 欢迎到北京来。/ They received a warm welcome. 他们受到热烈欢迎。/ You are welcome to (use) my car. 我的汽车你尽管用。/ He was welcomed by the students. 他受到同学们的欢迎。‎ ‎【说明】1.口语中说You are welcome，主要用于回答感谢，意为“不用谢”。2.用作动词时，其过去式和过去分词均为welcomed(即为规则动词)，不要误认为按 welcome—welcame— welcome变化。‎ well[wel] adj.(better, best)健康的 adv. (better, best)好，令人满意地，完全地interj. (表示同意，惊讶)好，那么；哎呀：Well done! 干得好! / You look quite well. 你气色很好。‎ ‎【短语】as well 也，又；同样地 / as well as 既…也…，不仅…而且…‎ well-known[5welnEJn] adj.出名的，众所周知的：He is a well-known writer. 他是个有名的作家。‎ ‎【比较】be well-known as=作为…出名，be well-known for=因为…出名，be well-known to=为…所知 ‎【说明】用作表语时也可写成 well known，其比较等级可以在其前加 more 和 most，也可将 well 改为better和best：Professor White has written some short stories, but he is better known for his plays. 怀特教授写了一些短篇小说，但他的戏剧更有名。‎ west[west] n.& adj.西，西方；西方的：the West Lake 西湖 / He lives on the west side of town. 他住在城的西边。‎ western[5westEn] adj.西方的；西部的：the Western countries 西方国家 wet[wet] adj.湿的，潮的；多雨的：Mind the wet paint. 当心油漆未干。‎ what[wRt] pron.什么；(所)…的 adj.多么：What we need is money. 我们所需要的是钱。/ What lovely weather! 多好的天气呀！‎ whatever[wRt5evE] adj.无论什么…都 pron.不管，无论：I will do whatever you wish. 我将做你希望我做的一切事情。/ Whatever she did was right. 她所做的一切都是对的。/ Whatever happened, I must be calm. 不管发生什么情况，我都必须镇静。‎ ‎【说明】1.引导名词性从句时，相当于anything that，可视为what的强调说法。2.引导让步状语从句，起连词作用，在用法和含义上相当于no matter what。‎ wheat[wi:t] n. [U]小麦：Wheat is grown mainly in the north. 小麦主要产在北方。‎ wheel[wi:l] n. [C]轮，车轮：The brakes locked the wheels. 刹车器将车轮刹住。‎ when[wen] adv.什么时候 conj.当…时候，每当；这时(突然)：When she saw this, she turned red. 她看到这时脸红了。/ I was reading the newspaper when the door bell rang. 我正在看报，突然门铃响了。‎ ‎【说明】有时还表示“一…就…”或“既然”等：I’ll call you when I get there. 我一到那里就给你打电话。/ Why use wood when you can use plastic? 既然能用塑料，为什么还要用木料?‎ whenever[wen5evE] conj.无论什么时候；每次adv.(究竟)什么时候：Come and see me whenever it is convenient to you. 你什么时候方便就来看我。/ Whenever did he tell you that? 他什么时候告诉你的?‎ ‎【说明】表示“每当”，引导时间状语从句，与when用法相似，但语气更强；表示“无论什么时候”，引导让步状语从句，与no matter when用法相似：Whenever [No matter when] you call, you’ll find him reading. 无论你什么时候去找他，你都会发现他在看书。‎ where[wZE] adv.在哪里；…的地方 conj.在…的地方：Where did you go? 你上哪去了? / After the war, a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre. 战争过后，在原先是剧院的地方建起了一座新的教学楼。‎ wherever[wZEr5evE] conj.无论在哪里 adv.究竟在(去)哪里：Sit wherever you like. 你爱坐哪儿就坐哪儿。/ Wherever are you going? 你究竟到哪里去?‎ ‎【说明】用作连词，引导地点状语从句，相当于where，但语气更强；引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter where：Wherever [No matter where] you work, you must serve the people heart and soul. 不论你在哪里工作，你都必须全心全意为人民服务。‎ whether[5weTE] conj.是否：The price has gone down, but I doubt whether it will remain so. 价格现在已经降下来了，但是我怀疑它是否会维持这样。/ Time will tell whether I made the right choice or not. 时间将会证明我所做的选择是对还是错。‎ ‎【辨析】if与whether：两者均可表示“是否”，引导宾语从句时常可互换，但在以下情况，通常用whether而不宜用if：引导主语从句时，引导表语从句时，引导宾语从句且位于句首时，位于介词之后时，后接不定式时，直接与or not连用时：I don’t know whether to accept or refuse. 我不知道应该接受还是拒绝。/ I worry about whether I hurt her feelings. 我担心是否伤了她的感情。/ I am considering whether or not to buy a new car. 我在考虑是否要买一辆新汽车。‎ which[wItF] adj.& pron.哪一个；哪些：Which are our seats? 哪些是我们的座位? / I can’t decide which to choose. 我不能决定选哪个好。/ She was not in the train which arrived just now. 她不在刚到的那列火车上。‎ while[waIl] conj.当…的时候；和…同时；虽然 n.[C]一会儿，一段时间：She listened while he read. 他朗读时她听着。/ While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。‎ ‎【用法】用作连词引导状语从句时，其主句谓语必须是延续性动词，不能是终止性动词。‎ whisper[5wIspE] vi. & n.[C]低语，耳语，私语：He is whispering to his neighbor.他向邻座的人耳语。‎ white[waIt] adj.& n.白色(的)；白人：White House (美国)白宫，美国政府 / white coffee 加牛奶或奶油的咖啡 / black and white 黑白相间，白纸黑字 who[hu:] pron.谁；…的人：Who were you talking to? 你在和谁谈话? / She asked who would like to go. 她问谁愿意去。/ Everyone who [that] knows him likes him. 认识他的人都喜欢他。‎ whole[hEJl] adj.全体的，整个的；整整的 n.[C]全部，全体：They told me the whole story. 他们给我讲了整个的故事。‎ ‎【短语】as a whole 作为整体，一般说来 / on [upon] the whole 总的说来，大体上，基本上 / the whole of 整个，全部 whom[hu:m] pron.谁：Who(m) do you like best? 你最喜欢谁? / I wanted to find someone with whom I could discuss music. 我想找一个能和我谈音乐的人。‎ whose[hu:z] pron.谁的；…的：Whose side are you on? 你在谁的一边? / There are some students whose questions I can’t answer. 有些学生提出的问题我回答不了。‎ why[waI] adv.为什么；…的 interj.怎么啦(表示惊讶)：Why do you want a new job when you’ve got such a good one already? 你已经有一份这么好的工作了，你为什么还要一份新的工作呢? / She didn’t tell me the reason why she refused the offer. 她没跟我讲她拒绝这项工作的原因。‎ ‎【用法】1.许多疑问词后可接不定式，但why是例外，其后通常不接不定式，但可接动词原形：Why bring so many? 为什么要带那么多来? / Why not go earlier? 为什么不早点去?(这类结构只用于现在和将来，不用于过去) 2.用作关系副词，不能引导非限制性定语从句，而只能引导限制性定语从句，且其先行词通常只能是the reason，而不能是其他词。‎ wide[waId] adj.宽阔的；…宽 adv.睁大(眼睛)，张大(嘴巴)，打开(门等)；到处，在各地；充分地：She stared at him with wide eyes. 她睁大了眼睛注视他。‎ wife[waIf] n.[C]妻子：husband and wife 夫妻 wild[waIld] adj.野生的，野的：wild flowers 野花 / wild animals 野生动物 will[wIl]v. aux. (would) (表示将来)将，会；(表示同意，允诺)愿意要；(客气提问)是否愿意；…好吗? n.[C,U]遗嘱，意志，决心：You will be the first to speak. 你将第一个发言。/ Will you shut the door? 你把门关上好吗? ‎ willing[5wIlIN]adj.乐意的，愿意的：Are you willing to go with her? 你愿意同她去吗? / Is your father willing for you to go abroad? 你父亲愿意让你出国吗?‎ win[wIn] v.(won, won)获取，赢得：She is the girl who won the prize. 她就是获奖的姑娘。‎ ‎【辨析】win与beat [defeat]：三者均可表示“赢”，但其宾语不同：win的宾语通常为比赛或战斗，beat /defeat的宾语通常是比赛或战斗的对手：We won the match. 我们赢了比赛。/ He beat [defeated] me at swimming. 他游泳胜过了我。‎ wind1[wInd] n.[C,U]风：A cold wind blew from north. 冷风从北边吹来。‎ wind2[waInd] v.(wound, wound)使弯曲前进；迂回，蜿蜒：The path winds through the woods. 这条路蜿蜒穿过树林。‎ window[5wIndEJ] n. [C]窗；计算机的窗口：He stood by the window. 他站在窗户边。‎ wine[waIn] n.[U]酒；葡萄酒：Dinner costs $80, and wine is extra. 饭菜80美元，酒费另收。‎ wing[wIN] n.[C]翅膀，翼：A bird’s wings enable it to fly. 鸟的翅膀使鸟能飞。‎ winter[5wIntE] n.[C]冬天，冬季：Spring follows winter. 冬去春来。‎ wipe[waIp] vt.擦，擦净，擦干：Let’s wipe off the dust (on the table). 咱们把(桌上的)尘土擦掉。‎ ‎【短语】wipe away [off] 擦掉，清除掉，刷掉 / wipe out 消灭，清除，洗净 wire[5waIE] n.[U,C]电线，铁丝；电报：Will you connect this wire to the television. 你把这根电线和电视机连上好吗?‎ wise[waIz] adj.聪明的；英明的；有见识的：It was wise of you to give up smoking.= You were wise to give up smoking. 你把烟戒掉是明智的。‎ wish[wIF] n.[C]愿望，心愿；(用复数)祝愿，祝福 v.想要，希望；祝愿；但愿，要是…多好：We all have a wish for peace. 我们都希望和平。/ He has a wish to go abroad. 他想出国。/ He wishes for a computer. 他希望有台电脑。/ I wish you success. 我祝你成功。/ I wish you to come early. 我希望你早点来。/ He wishes to be alone. 他希望别人别打扰他。/ I wish to go with her. 我希望同她一起去。‎ ‎【用法】后接that从句时，从句谓语通常要用虚拟语气：指将来谓语用“could, would, might+动词原形”，指现在或当时的情况谓语用过去时，指过去谓语用过去完成时：I wish he were more careful. 但愿他能更仔细些。/ I wish that I had never met him. 但愿我从未见过他。‎ with[wIT] prep.与…(在)一起，带着；有…的，持有，随身带着；以，用；在…的情况下；尽管，虽然；若是，如果；因为；随着：With all his money, he is unhappy. 尽管他有钱，他并不快乐。/ With your permission, I’ll go. 如蒙你同意我就去。/ He is tired with work. 他工作做累了。/ I slept with the window open. 我开着窗睡觉。‎ ‎【辨析】with 和 as：两者均可表示“随着”，但前者是介词，后者是连词：He will improve as he grows older. 随着年龄的增长，他会进步的。/ People’s ideas change with the change of the times. 时代变了，人们的观念也会变化。‎ within[wIT5In] prep.在…之内，在…范围之内：She returned within an hour. 她不到1小时就回来了。/ It’s a task well within your powers. 这是你力所能及的工作。‎ without[wIT5aJt] prep.没有，无，不：He went out without his umbrella. 他外出没有带伞。/ There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪。/ She left without saying goodbye. 她没有说再见就走了。/ Can you see without your glasses? 你不戴眼镜能看得清东西吗?‎ ‎【用法】有时用于引出虚拟语气，相当于 but for：Without your advice I would have failed. 假若没有你的劝告，我想必已失败了。‎ woman[5wJmEn](pl. women) n.[C]妇人，女人：women doctors 女医生 / Generally speaking, man is taller than woman. 一般说来，男人比女人高。‎ wonder[5wQndE] vt.& vi.诧异；不知道，想知道 n. [C,U]惊奇，奇迹，奇事：I wonder whether [if] you would mind helping me. 不知你是否能帮帮我的忙。/ It’s no wonder you can’t sleep when you eat so much. 你吃得太饱，自然睡不着。‎ wonderful[5wQndEfJl] adj.极好的，精彩的：This is a wonderful place for a picnic. 这里是野餐的好地方。‎ wood[wJd] n.[U]木头，木材 [C](常用复)树林，森林：We got lost in the wood(s). 我们在森林里迷了路。‎ wooden[5wJdn] adj.木制的，木头的：The wooden bridge is not strong enough to allow the passage of lorries. 这座木桥不够坚固，载重货车不能通行。‎ wool[wJl] n.[U]羊毛，毛线：The dress was made of wool. 这衣服是羊毛做的。‎ word[wE:d] n.[C]词，单词；话，言语 [U]口信，消息；承诺：Tell me in your own words. 用你自己的话告诉我。‎ ‎【短语】break one’s word 失诺 / give one’s word 许诺，保证 / in a [one] word 一句话，总而言之 / in other words 换句话说，也就是说 / keep one’s word 守诺 / leave word 留言 ‎【比较】have a word with与have words with：前者表示“同…说句话”，后者表示“同…争吵”。‎ work[wE:k] v.工作，干活；运转，转动；行得通，奏效；使…工作n.[U]工作，劳动 [C]著作，作品 (用复数)工厂：What time do you get home from work? 你什么时候下班回家? / The drug will not work. 这药不起作用。‎ ‎【短语】at work 在工作，在上班；从事，忙于 / in (out of) work 有(无)工作 / work on 继续工作；从事于，致力于 / work out (计)算出；制订出，想出 worker[5wE:kE] n.[C]工人，工作者：a skilled worker 熟练工人 world[wE:ld] n.(连用the)世界：He has travelled round the world. 他周游了世界。‎ ‎【短语】in the world 在世界上，在人间；究竟，到底；全然(不)，一点也(不)‎ worry[5wQrI] n.[C,U]忧虑，担心；烦恼事 v.烦恼，担心，发怒；困扰，烦人：She had a worried look on her face. 她脸上带有愁容。/ He worried about making mistakes. 他担心犯错误。/ He was worried about his job. 他为自己的工作担心。‎ ‎【辨析】worrying与worried：前者指“令人担心的”，后者指“感到担心的”。‎ worse[wE:s] adj.更坏的；更差的，(病情)更重的：You’re working worse than I expected. 你做的比我预料的要差。/ He did worse than you. 他做得比你更糟。‎ worst[wE:st] adj.最坏的，最恶劣：Hope for the best and prepare for the worst.(谚)作最好的打算, 作最坏的准备。‎ worth[wE:W] adj.值得…的，有…价值的：The book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一读。/ Is it worth visiting the place? 这个地方值得一看吗? / The work is worth your while. 这工作值得你花时间去做。‎ ‎【用法】1.要加强worth的语气，习惯上用 well修饰，不用very。2.后接动词时，不用不定式，而用动名词，且该动名词用主动形式表被动意义。3.It’s worth (one’s) while 后接动词时，用不定式或动名词均可：It’s worth your while to visit [visiting] the museum. 这个博物馆值得你去看看。‎ would[wJd]v.aux.(will的过去式) (表示推测)大概；(婉转语气)愿意：I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。/ Would you ask them to wait outside? 你可否请他们在外面等等? / He would come to see us on Sundays. 过去星期天他经常来看望我们。/ If he were in town he would help you. 如果他在城里，他会帮助你的。‎ wound[wu:nd] n.[C]创伤，伤口 vt.使受伤：The soldier was wounded in the arm. 这个士兵的胳膊受伤了。/ The wound would not heal. 伤口老不愈合。‎ write[raIt]v. (wrote, written) 书写，写下；写信；写作，著述：Write down everything he says. 把他所说的全都记下来。/ He wrote out a check (receipt). 他开出一张支票(收条)。/ Please write me the result.=Please write the result to me. 请把结果写给我。/ He wrote to ask me to come. 他写信请我来。‎ wrong[rRN] adj.坏的，邪恶的；不对的，错误的：The machine has gone wrong again. 机器又出毛病了。/ You are wrong to do [in doing] it. 你这样做是不应该的。/ It’s wrong for you to say that. 你那样说是错误的。/ It’s wrong for you to sell your car. 你把汽车卖掉是错误的。/ It is wrong of you to say so. 你这样说是不对的。/ You did me wrong. 你冤枉我了。‎ Y yard[jB:d] n.[C]院子；码(1 yard=3 feet)：Came and play in our back yard. 到我们的后院来玩吧。‎ year[jIE] n.[C]年；学年；年级：We used to work six days a week all (the) year round. 我们过去全年都是每周工作6天。‎ ‎【比较】year after year与year by year：前者表示“年年”，强调时间之久；后者表示“一年一年地”，强调逐年变化：It’s always the same, year after year. 年年总是如此。/ Prices tend to rise year by year. 物价总是一年一年地往上涨。‎ ‎【用法】the year可用作连词，引导状语从句：His father died the year he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年去世。‎ yellow[5jelEJ] adj.& n.黄色(的)，黄色；懦弱的 v.(使)变黄：the Yellow River 黄河/ He is too yellow to stand up and fight. 他太胆怯而不敢起来抵抗。‎ ‎【说明】汉语说的“黄色电影”，译成英语不是yellow films，而是 blue films 或 sex films。‎ yes[jes] adv.是，是的，好，同意 ‎【用法】除用于对一般疑问句的肯定回答外，在口语还有许多用法：1.用来应答呼唤：“Waiter!” “Yes, sir?” “服务员!”“先生，你要什么?”2.用来表示疑问或希望对方进一步讲述(用升调)：Yes, what happened next? 说呀，后来呢? 3.用来征求对方意见(用升调)：Let’s go out for a walk, yes? 我们出去散散步，好不好?‎ yesterday[5jestEdeI] n. & adv.昨天，在昨天：He came yesterday and he is still here. 他昨天来的，现仍在此。‎ yet[jet] adv. 到目前为止，还；仍然：She has not come yet. 她还没有来。/ He was poor, yet happy. 他很穷，可是很快乐。‎ ‎【短语】and yet=but yet 虽然如此，可是，然而 / as yet 到目前为止，迄今 / not yet 还没有，尚未 you[ju:] pron.你，你们：How have you been? 你近来怎样? / When did you learn about it? 这事你是什么时候知道的?‎ young[jQN] adj.年轻的：He married young. 他很年轻就结了婚。‎ ‎【说明】the young 可用作名词，意为“年轻人”：Respect the old and cherish the young. 敬老爱幼。‎ your[jR:, jUE] pron.你的，你们的：I’m pleased at [with] your success. 我为你的成功感到高兴。/ Now comes your turn. 现在该你了。‎ yours[jR:z, jJEz] pron.你的(东西)，你们的(东西)：Is that coffee yours or hers? 这咖啡是你的还是她的? / My views are different from yours. 我的看法和你不同。‎ yourself[jR:5self] pron.你自己：Take good care of yourself. 好好保重。/ Help yourself to more cake. 再吃一点蛋糕。‎ yourselves[jR:5selvz] pron.你们自己：Make yourselves at home, everybody. 大家请随便一点。/ I hope you’ll both enjoy yourselves. 希望你们两人都玩得开心。‎ youth[ju:W] n.[U]青春；青年时代，年轻时候 [C,U]青年人：She lost (kept) her youth. 她青春不再(青春依旧)。‎ ‎【说明】表示“青年人”时，若指男青年，则可数；若泛指所有青年(包括男女)，则不可数，但用作主语时，谓语可用单数或复数：The youth of today is [are] better off than we used to be. 今天的青年比我们过去处境要好。‎ Z zero[5zIErEJ] n.& num.(数词)零；(温度计等)零度；零点：It was four (degrees) below (above) zero this morning. 今天早上的气温是零下4度(是4度)。‎ zoo[zu:]n.[C]动物园：Would you please direct me to the zoo? 请问去动物园怎么走?‎