解析高考英语阅读中的长难句

解析高考英语阅读中的长难句

解析高考英语阅读中的长难句 一、 判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是主从复合句 ‎( 1 ) We took pity on the people in the disaster-hit area in Yushu and many students raised money for them.‎ ‎( 2 ) Having suffered a number of health problems, former Olympic President Samaranch died on April 21 in Barcelona. ‎ ‎( 3 ) The Internet is an exciting tool that not only puts vast information at your fingertips but expands options.‎ 二、长难句阅读法：结构分析法 ：明晰句子结构，把握句子的基本框架。‎ ‎ A.判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；‎ ‎ B.找出句子的主干成分(主语和谓语)，分清句子附属成分，理解句子大意。‎ ‎ C.层层分析，层层剥离 句子较长，一个从句套着另一个从句，环环相扣。不管句子有多长有多复杂，它只由两部分构成，即主干和修饰成分。主干是整个句子的骨架，主要指主谓宾结构或主系表结构。而修饰成分在句中只起修饰或补充主干的作用，它既可以是单词，也可以是短语，更常见的则是从句，尤其是定语从句和状语从句。我们应通过仔细分析，将每个修饰成分划出来，找出句子的主干，这样整个句子结构就清晰了。‎ 三、长难句之分门别类篇 ‎1.带有较多成分的简单句：去枝叶, 留主干。‎ Schools across China are expected to hire 50,000 college graduates this year as short-term teachers, almost three times the number hired last year, to help reduce unemployment pressures . (2009 江苏) ‎ ‎2.含有多个从句的复合句：找从属连词,分析从句, 理解句意。‎ Whereas a woman’s closest female friend might be the first to tell her to leave a failing marriage，it wasn’t unusual to hear a man say that he didn’t know that his friend’s marriage was in serious trouble until he appeared one night asking if he could sleep on the sofa.‎ 并列和主从复合句并存的处理方法 ——先读懂并列句，再看主从复合句 ‎ If you ask people to name one person who had the greatest effect on the English language, you will get answers like “Shakespeare”, “Samuel Johnson”, and “Webster”, but none of these men had any effect at all compared to a man who didn’t even speak English—William, the Conqueror.‎ ‎3.含有插入语的句子: 忽略插入成分,直奔句子主题.‎ 这种句子的特点是在正常的句子中插入一些或长或短的成分或句子，比如同位语（从句）、‎ 非限制性定语从句、状语从句、分词、插入语等等，打断读者的思路，割裂前后之间的语义，造成理解上的困难。我们称之为“打岔”。有时有逗号或破折号分开，‎ The lack of right male (男性的) role models in many of their lives—at home and particularly in the school environment (环境)—means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against.(2008辽宁卷C篇) 　　‎ Science has become so important in the modern world, with its procedures so highly standardized and so widely accepted, that it is included among modern social institutions.‎ ‎4. 成分省略: 把握大意, 找出上文对应信息, 补充省略成分 The magazine is male-targeting because young guys generally won’t pick up a magazine that appears to be directed at females, whereas girls usually will.‎ ‎5. 倒装句: 确定主语, 调整语序,把握大意.‎ Before 1066, in the land we now call Great Britain lived peoples belonging to two major language groups. ‎ 四、长难句之小试牛刀篇 1. Mobile phone SIM cards which are put in the collars(项圈) of elephants automatically send a text message when they get too close to farms, allowing wildlife workers to drive them off rather than shoot them.‎ 2. I was discussing this problem recently with a colleague who had been beating his head against the wall for months trying to get a story about a mysterious “dark force” in cosmology(宇宙学) past editors at New Yorker.‎ 五、 备考方法：‎ ‎1. 意群阅读法 ‎①When two cars travelling at 30 mh hit each other，②an unbelted driver would meet the windshield③with a force equal to diving headfirst into the ground from a height of 10 meters.‎ 分析：①是状语从句，②是主句，③是with引导的介词短语作状语，修饰谓语。这样，把整个句子划为3个意群，可以大大提高阅读速度。 ‎ ‎2.剥丝抽茧法 先跳读修饰成分或附加成分，找出句子的主干并理解其意义；然后再分层理解修饰成分或附加成分。如果待处理的长难句为一个复杂的主从复合句，可这样处理：先分清主句与从句，然后弄清从句的性质，即弄清它是什么从句。是名词性从句，还是状语从句，或是定语从句。另外，有一点要提醒同学们，在处理长难句时，如果既能正确理解句意，又能将其准确地译成中文，那是最好了。但是，对于有些长难句，要在较短时间内（如在参加考试时）将其译成中文比较困难，此时只要能正确理解其意思就行了， ‎ ‎3. 良好习惯 多尝试分析长难句并找出20个长难句进行朗读并背诵。‎ 六、长难句理解朗诵：‎ ‎1. Hary also studying biology said they wanted to make as much noise as possible to force the government officials to realize what everybody was having to stand.（NMET1999）‎ 也攻读生物学的哈利说他们要制造尽可能大的噪音来迫使政府官员们认识到大家正不得不忍受的东西。‎ 简析：句型结构as...as possible尽可能地 ‎2. But when John and his fellow soldier came in sight some of the people watching couldn’t help laughing at the one who couldn’t keep pace with the others as they march along.（NMET 98）‎ 但当约翰和他的战友们出现时，一些观看的人们禁不住嘲笑那个在行进中不能同步的那个人（约翰）。‎ 简析：句子结构较复杂，关键词keep pace with 与…步伐一致。‎ ‎3. The measure of a man’s real character is what he would do if he knew he would never be found out.（NMET 96）‎ 衡量一个人真正品质的标准是看如果他知道他不会被别人发现的情况下他会做些什么事。‎ ‎    简析：表语从句中还含有虚拟语气。‎ ‎4. Waiting above the crowded streets, on top of a building 110 stories high, was Philippe Pettit.（NMET 94）‎ 菲力浦帕底特在110层高的建筑物上，人群拥挤的大街上空等候。‎ 简析：含倒装句型及分词用法。‎ ‎5. It happened that father had sent us upstairs because he thought he would be able to lock the door—which was twenty feet away—before the animal reached it.（NMET90）‎ 事情发生是这样的,爸爸先把我们送上楼，因为他原以为他能够在那个动物赶到之前（距离‎20英尺远）将门锁上。‎ 简析：句型结构It happened that…事情发生是这样的…。‎ ‎6. How could I ever get him to finish unloading the car without screaming at me and making a scene in front of the other girls, who I would have to spend the rest of the year with? （NMET2000）‎ 我怎么才能让父亲卸完车上的行李而不向我大喊大叫，在其他女孩子面前出洋相呢？我还要和这些女孩一起度过以后的日子。‎ 简析：关键词make a scene 大吵大闹，出洋相。‎ ‎7. It is the ability to do the job that matters not where you come from or what you are. （NMET2000.24）‎ 重要的是你做这件工作的能力，而不是你来自什么地方，或是你是什么身份。‎ 简析：强调句型It is +强调部分+that / who+从句。‎ ‎8. The WTO cannot live up to its name if it dose not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. （NMET2000.21）‎ 世贸组织如果没有一个占世界五分之一人口的大国加入的话，那么它就不能名副其实。 ‎ 简析：关键词live up to one’s name 名副其实。‎ ‎9. Most believe the footprints are nothing more than ordinary animal tracks , which had been made larger as they melted and refroze in the snow. （NMET2001）‎ 大多数人相信这些脚印只是普通动物的足迹，这些足迹由于在雪里融化再结冰而变大了。‎ 简析：关键词nothing more than only。‎ ‎10. The home improvements have taken what little there is of my spare time . （NMET2001.27）‎ 房子装修花费我的闲暇时间不多。‎ 简析：句型结构little of的用法，例We see very little of our children (we do not see them often) now that they are grown up.孩子们已经长大了，所以我们现在很少见到他们。‎ ‎11. It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows what to do with it. （NMET2002 .33）‎ 据说在澳大利亚土地太多以致政府不知道怎么去处理。‎ 简析：含比较级句型。‎ ‎12. In a way , I think we both won : I the game , but cousin Ed my respect.（NMET2003） ‎ 在一定程度上，我认为我们都赢了，我赢得了这次比赛，伊德表弟赢得了我的尊重。‎ 简析：承前省略谓语动词won。‎ ‎13. So when Ed arrived for our game not only with the bottom of his shirt gathered inside his trousers but also with a stomach you could hardly notice , I was so surprised that I was speechless , my cousin must have made an effort to get himself into shape .（NMET2003）‎ 因此当伊德来参加我们的比赛时,我发现他不仅将衬衫的底部扎进裤里,而且几乎注意不到他的肚子,我感到很惊奇,以致无话可说,我的表弟过去一定努力把自己训练好,保持很好的竞技状态。‎ ‎14. As a result , at the point in our game when I’d have figured on (predicted) the score to be about 9 to ‎1 in my favor , it was instead 7 to 9 — and Ed was leading.（NMET2003）‎ 就在我们比赛之前，我曾预料这场比赛对我有利，比分大概是9比1，结果比分反而是7比9，伊德暂时领先。‎ 简析：关键词figure on预计，估计；in one’s favor对某人有利。‎ ‎15. After all, Ed’s idea of exercise has always been nothing more effort-making than lifting a fork to his mouth.（NMET2003）‎ 要记住的是，伊德搞锻炼的想法根本没有进餐使用刀叉那么费力。‎ 简析：含比较级句型。‎ ‎16. After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured, just as you choose to look at it.‎ 八十大寿，毕竟非同一般，不管怎么说你又活了十年，或者说熬了十年，是活还是熬，‎ 全在于你怎么看了。‎ ‎    简析：关键词endure (stand; bear; put up with)忍受。‎ ‎17. Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen, the nearest person he contact by radio, unless there was a ship nearby, would be on an island 885 miles away. ‎ 他禁不住寻思起来，要是果真有什么意外，除非附近有条船，他用无线电能联系上的 最近的人远在‎885英里以外的岛上。‎ ‎    简析：含虚拟语气。‎ ‎18. It covered the whole distance from broken –hearted misery to bursting happiness—too fast.‎ 先是令人心碎的痛苦，继而是极度的喜悦，从一个极端到另一个极端—变换得实在太 快了。‎ ‎    简析：比喻形象生动。‎ ‎19. I went around to the front of the house, sat down on the steps, and, the crying over, I ached, And my father must have hurt, too, a little.‎ 我绕到房子的前面，坐在台阶上，哭了一阵之后，我感到阵阵心痛，我的父亲心里肯 定也有一点不好受。 ‎ 简析：动作描写，情真意切。‎ ‎20 Ill and suffering as she was after the inhuman punishment, she yet remained so cheerful and confident, eager to devote the little strength left to her to helping the other comrades. ‎ 她受过重罚，而且有病，可她却这样愉快，这样充满了信心，这样用尽她所剩的力量来帮助其他同志。‎ 简析：含有让步状语从句及形容词短语作状语。‎ ‎21. The present question is that many people consider impossible what is really possible if effort is made. ‎ 目前的问题是，很多人把其实只要付诸努力就能做到的事情看成是做不到的。‎ 简析：consider后的宾语后置。‎ ‎22. Rising through the roof is the Tower of the Sun, inside Which stands a 160 –foot –tall Tree of Life.‎ 穿过屋顶矗立着太阳之塔，在里面有一棵‎160英尺高的生命之树。‎ 简析：含有两个倒装句。‎ ‎23. Dad, in a hurry to get home before dark so he could go for a run, had forgotten wear his safety belt—a mistake 75% of the US population make every day. （NMET1999. D篇）‎ ‎    爸爸，急匆匆地在天黑之前赶回家，以便他能出去跑步，却忘记系安全带—这是75%‎ 的美国人每天犯的一个错误。‎ 简析：关键词for a run去跑步。‎ ‎24. After all, what lively children wouldn’t settle for spending only half the day doing ordinary school work, and acting, singing or dancing their way through the other half of the day? （NMET1999. E篇）‎ 毕竟，难道这些活泼可爱的孩子们不满足于半天搞普通教育的文化课，半天搞表演、唱歌、舞蹈等舞台训练吗？‎ 简析：反问句式，语气强烈。‎ ‎25. Decision thinking is not unlike poker — it often matters not only what you think, but also what others think you think and what you think they think you think. （NMET2000. C 篇）‎ 做决策像打扑克牌，起作用的不但是你怎么想的，还包括别人对你的想法是怎么看的以及你对别人的看法是如何考虑的。‎ 简析：含较复杂的句型结构not unlike=like not only…but also…不仅…而且…‎ ‎26. These words, I have just made up, have to stand for thing and ideas that we simply can’t think of. （NMET2000.D篇）‎ 这些词，是我编造的，只是代表我们不能想到的事物和观念。‎ 简析：关键词make up 编造。‎ ‎27. That you won’t be for long means it won’t be long before you’ll have to recycle your rubbish. （NMET2000. E篇）‎ 你不会等很长时间意味着过不了多久你就会回收你的垃圾。‎ 简析：夹杂主语从句及宾语从句。‎ ‎28. The major market force rests in the growing population of white-collar employees, who can afford the new service, in other words, Shanghai’s car rental industry is growing so fast mainly due to the increasing number of white-collar employees.（NMET2001. A篇）‎ 主要的市场因素取决于白领工人的人数增加，这些人付得起这种新型服务，换句话说，‎ 上海的汽车出租行业发展如此快，主要因为白领工人人数的增加。‎ 简析：关键词rest in 依赖。‎ ‎29. When Americans visit Europe for the first time, they usually find Germany more “Foreign” than France because the German they see on signs and ads seems much more different from English than French does. （NMET2001. D篇）‎ 当美国人第一次游览欧洲时，他们通常发现德国比法国对他们来说更加“陌生”，因 为他们在标牌和广告上看到的德语，比起法语更加不同于英语。‎ ‎   简析： 含比较级句型结构。‎ ‎30. We even have different word for some foods, meat in particular, depending on whether it is still out in the fields or at home ready to be cooked, which Shows the fact that the Saxon peasants were doing the farming. while the upper-class Normans were doing most of the eating. （NMET2001. D篇）‎ 我们甚至对某些食物有不同的单词，特别是肉类，取决于它是长在田野里，还是在 家里准备煮着吃，这就表明一个事实，即萨克森农民在农田干活，而上层阶级的诺曼人在大吃大喝。‎ ‎   简析：含对比。‎ ‎31. For the most part, interactions between men are emotionally controlled —a good fit with the social requirements of“manly behavior”.（NMET2001. E篇）‎ 就大部分而言，男人间的交往在感情上受控制，这与“男子汉气概” 的社会要求是 相符合的。‎ ‎    简析：关键词for the most part就大部分而言。‎ ‎32. Gold is one of a growing number of shoppers buying into the organic trend, and supermarkets across Britain are counting on more like him as they grow their organic food business. （NMET2002. B篇）‎ 戈德是对有机食品感兴趣众多购买者当中的一位，遍及英国的超市依赖更多像他那 样的购买者，因为他们要增加有机食品生意。‎ ‎    简析：关键词count on 依赖。‎ ‎33. He had realized that the words: “one of six to eight” under the first picture in the book connected the hare in some way to Katherine of Aragon, the first of Henry VIII’s six wives. （NMET2002. D篇）‎ 他曾认识到那本书里第一幅图画下面的那些词“一、六、八”在某些方面将这个野 兔和阿拉甘的凯撒英，即亨利八世的六个妻子当中的第一个妻子，联系起来。‎ ‎   简析：夹杂宾语从句及过去分词短语。‎ ‎34. Our parties are aimed for children 2 to 10 and they’re very interactive and creative in that they build a sense of drama based on a subject. （NMET2002. E篇）‎ 我们的（生日）聚会针对两到十岁的小孩，它们互动感强，富有创新，因为它们能 基于一个主题构建一种戏剧的氛围。‎ ‎    简析：关键词aim for 针对；in that 在于。‎ ‎35. Newton is shown as a gifted scientist with very human weaknesses who stood at the point in history where magic ended and science began. （NMET2003 .C篇）‎ 牛顿被证明是一位很有才华的科学家，他处于一个魔术终结科学开启的历史时期，‎ 他也有普通人所特有的弱点。‎ ‎    简析：夹杂两个定语从句。‎ ‎36. First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the seventeenth century, the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a major advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Ecolab polytechnique. （NMET2003.C篇）‎ 这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家皮尔法特提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，包括一位法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，她曾女扮男装为了能够在伊科尔理工学院学习。‎ ‎    简析：夹杂过去分词短语，现在分词短语，动名词及两个定语从句。‎ ‎37. It is difficult to measure the quantity of paper used as a result of use of Internet-connected computers, although just about anyone who works in an office can tell you that when e-mail is introduced, the printers start working overtime. That is, the growing demand for paper in recent years is largely due to the increased use of the Internet. （NMET2003.E篇）‎ 由于因特网的使用，计算所使用的纸张的数量是很难的，然而几乎任何在办公室工作的人能告诉你，当引进电子邮件后，打印机就开始超时工作。也就是说近年来人们对于纸张的日益需求主要是由于因特网越来越多的使用。‎ 简析：夹杂较复杂的句型结构，关键词just about几乎；overtime超时地。‎ ‎38. Their study found that theobromine，found in cocoa，was nearly a third more effective in stopping coughs than codeine，which was considered the best cough medicine at present. 　　The Imperial College London researchers who published their results online said the discovery could lead to more effective cough treatment，“while coughing is not necessarily harmful(有害的) it can have a major effect on the quality of life and” this discovery could be a huge step forward in treating this problem，” said Professor Peter Barnes. 　　(NMET2008全国 ll D篇) 　　简析：第一个句子中有一个宾语从句，宾语从句中有一过去分词短语found in cocoa作定语，还有一个非限制性定语从句；第二个句子中有一个定语从句。 　　译文：目前，可卡因是最佳的止咳药物，可是他们的研究发现在可可粉中包含的可可碱，其疗效又比可卡因几乎高三分之一。 　　在因特网上公布了他们的研究成果的伦敦皇家大学的研究员们说道：这种发现可能有助于找到更有效的治咳方式。彼得·巴恩斯教授说道：“这种发现可能在治咳史上向前迈了一大步”。 实例： 53.According to Professor Barnes，theobromine______. 　　A.cannot be as effective as codeine 　　B.can be harmful to people’s health 　　C.cannot be separated from chocolate 　　D. can be a more effective cure for coughs 39. Much of the energy that comes from the Sun never reaches the Earth’s surface.It is either reflected or absorbed by the gases in the upper atmosphere.Of the energy that reaches the lower atmosphere，30% is reflected by clouds or the Earth’s surface.The remaining 70% warms the surface of the planet.(NMET 2008 江苏卷B篇) 　　简析：句子中含有两个定语从句，这是解题的关键。 either ...or连结的是并列结构。 　　译文：来自太阳的大部分能量都不会到达地球的表面，这种能量或者被上层大气中的气体反射或吸收。在到达低层大气的能量中，有30%的能量被云层或地球的表面所反射，剩下的70%使地球的表面温暖。 　　实例： 60.Only a small part of the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s surface because most of it is______. 　　A.absorbed by the clouds in the lower atmosphere 　　B.reflected by the gases in the upper atmosphere 　　C.lost in the upper and lower atmosphere 　　D.used to evaporate water from the oceans and lakes 40. The endless choice gives birth to anxiety in people’s lives.Buying something as basic as a coffee pot is not exactly simple.Easy access to a wide range of everyday goods leads to a sense of powerlessness in many people，ending in the shopper giving up and walking away，or just ‎ buying an unsuitable item(商品) that is not really wanted.(NMET 2008重庆卷E篇) 　　简析：句子中夹杂着固定短语，v-ing式作主语，复杂主语，v-ing式作结果状语以及定语从句。 　　译文：无穷尽的选择给人们的生活带来了无尽的烦恼。买像咖啡壶这样最基本的东西也不是那么简单了。对许多人而言，面对触手可及的一系列的日常用品却感到眼花瞭乱、不知所措，结果是购物者只好放弃选择、匆匆而去，或者仅仅买了一件并非真正需要的不合适的商品。 　　实例：73.Why do more choices of goods give rise to anxiety? 　　A.Professionals find it hard to decide on a suitable product. 　　B.People are likely to find themselves overcome by business persuasion. 　　C.Shoppers may find themselves lost in the broad range of items. 　　D.Companies and advertisers are often misleading about the range of choice. 41. These brain differences also explain the fact that more men take up jobs that require good spatial skills，while more women speech skills.It may all go back to our ancestors(祖先)，among whom women needed speech skills to take care of their babies and men needed spatial skills to hunt，according to one research.(NMET 2008陕西卷E篇) 　　简析：第一句中包含一个that引导的同位语从句，在其中又有一个that引导的定语从句，还有一介词 + 关系代词(among whom)引导的定语从句。注意more women之后省去了与前半句中相同的take up jobs that require ...。 　　译文：大脑这些差异也解释了这样的事实：更多的男性从事空间技能的工作，而更多的女性则从事需要语言技能的工作。这种现象也可以追溯到我们的祖先时代，据一项研究表明，在他们当中，女性做的是照看孩子这样的需要语言技能的工作，男性做的是像狩猎这样的需要空间技能的工作。      　实例：59.Which of the following do you agree with according to the fourth paragraph? 　　A.Young boys may be stronger than young girls. 　　B.More women take up jobs requiring speech skills 　　C.Women may have stronger feelings than men. 　　D.Our ancestors needed more spatial skills. 42. The busier we are，the more important we seem to ourselves and，we imagine，to others.To be unavailable to our friends and family，and to be unable to find time to relax—this has become the model of a successful life.(NMET 2008湖北卷D篇) 　　简析：句中有“The + 比较级，the + 比较级”的结构，还有复杂的不定式结构。 　　译文：我们越忙，对我们自己而言，而且我们也以为在其他人看来，我们越重要。我们无空帮助朋友，找不到时间照顾家庭，找不到自己放松的时间，这已经成为了成功生活的模式。 　　实例：74.According to Paragraph 4，a successful person is one who is believed to ____ . 　　A.be able to work without stress 　　B.be more talented than other people 　　C.be more important than anyone else 　　D.be busy working without time to rest ‎ ‎43. The researchers said that among the problems with some earlier studies is that they often failed to take into account those people most at risk for skin cancer—people with fair skin and freckles(雀斑)，for example—are more likely to use sunscreen.As a result，it may appear that sunscreen users get cancer more often.(NMET 2008福建卷E篇) 　　简析：第一句的主体结构为：The research said that ...is that they failed to ...，其中第一个that引导一个宾语从句，宾语从句中又含有一个倒装结构，其中主语为that they often ...的一个主语从句，表语为among the problems with ...。破折号间内容为插入语。 　　译文：研究员们说，早期研究带来的问题之一是他们没有考虑到那些最有可能患皮肤癌人，比如皮肤白皙和有雀斑的人。可是皮肤白皙的和有雀斑的人最有可能使用防晒剂，结果是好像防晒剂的使用者患皮肤癌更常见。 　　实例：73.People with fair skin and freckles______. 　　A.seldom use sunscreen 　　B.are more in danger of skin cancer 　　C.can be free from the harm of the sun 　　D.often expose themselves to the sun 44. Yocum and Bell，who have just completed an art gallery for the city，feel that the experience from decoration of their building，focusing on the inside rather than the outside，has influenced their work.It has also given these architects a chance to show how they can make more out of less.(NMET 2008湖南卷B篇) 　　简析：该句中有一个who引导的定语从句，两个宾语从句(分别由that及how引导)，v-ing式作定语。第一句的主体结构为：Yocum and Bell feel that the experience has influenced their work。 　　译文：刚刚为这座城市建成艺术画廊的约克姆和贝尔，确切感受到装饰他们自己的房子中获得的经验，也就是说，把装饰的注意力放在房子的里面而不是外面对他们的工作产生了影响。同时这使这两位建筑师有了一次机会去展示他们是如何以较少的钱做更多的事。 　　实例：63.It can be inferred from the passage that Yocum and Bell______. 　　A.benefited a lot from pulling down the roof 　　B.turned more old buildings into art galleries 　　C.got inspiration from decorating their old building 　　D.paid more attention to the outside of the gallery ‎