高考英语语法专题复习讲义代词

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高考英语语法专题复习讲义代词

语法复习专题(3)代词 Ñ一、考点聚焦 代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。‎ ‎1、人称代词 ‎(1)人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下4中情况:‎ ‎①作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。‎ ‎—Does any of you know where Tom lives?‎ ‎—Me.‎ What! Me (to)play him at chess? No!‎ ‎②句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。‎ The thief was thought to be he.(the thief是主格,故用he代替)‎ They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格,故用her 替代)‎ ‎③作表语人称代词一般用宾格,但在强调句型中,被强调部分代词的格不变。‎ I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.‎ ‎④在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如:He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。‎ I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.‎ I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.‎ ‎(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:‎ ‎①在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。‎ You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.‎ Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.‎ ‎②第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。‎ He and she still don’t agree to the plan.‎ ‎(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。‎ ‎①we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。‎ ‎②she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。‎ The “Titanic”was the largest, wasn’t she?‎ ‎2.物主代词 ‎(1)名词和形容词性物主代词各自的语法功能。‎ ‎(2)one’s own…=...of one’s own句式的转换。‎ ‎(3)某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。‎ 如: take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.‎ ‎3.反身代词 ‎(1)反身代词的语法功能:宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。‎ ‎(2)反身代词和某些动词连有,构成固定短语。‎ enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understood ‎(3)反身代词还可用于某些成语中。‎ for oneself为自己或独立地,of oneself自然地,自动地 by oneself独自地,in oneself本身性质,beside oneself喜怒哀愁至极 This problem gets a chapter to itself.这个问题占了一章(独有)。‎ Just between ourselves, I don’t think much of him.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。‎ They were discussing about it among themselves.(相互共同)‎ Left to himself he began to write.别人走后只留下他,他写了起来。‎ I’m very angry with myself.生自己的气。‎ ‎4.相互代词(each other, one another)‎ 相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other’s 、one another’s ,作定语。‎ 一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。‎ ‎5.指示代词(this, that , these, those, such, same)‎ 指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。‎ ‎(1)指示代词this和that的区别。‎ ‎①this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。‎ This is my desk and that is yours.‎ In those days they could not go to school.‎ ‎②this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。‎ I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday ‎ afternoon.‎ He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come.‎ ‎③为了避免重复,常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。‎ The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing.‎ The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.‎ ‎④this在电话用语中作自我介绍,that询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。‎ ‎(2)such和same的用法。‎ ‎①such指“这样的”人或事,在句中作主语和定语。‎ Such was the story.‎ We have never seen such a tall building.‎ ‎②same指“同样的”人或事,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语,same的前面要用定冠词the.‎ The same can be said of the other article.‎ 另一篇文章也是同样的情况。(主语)‎ Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.‎ 他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样。(表语)‎ ‎6、疑问代词(who,whom,which,what,whose)‎ 疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。‎ ‎(1)who/what ‎①询问姓名或关系。——Who is he? ——He is my brother./He is ‎ Henry.询问职业或地位。——What is he? ——He is a lawyer/teacher.‎ ‎②What/who 作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于说话人的视点,可单数也可复数。‎ What is /are on the table?‎ Who is/are in the library?‎ ‎(2)which与who、what which表示在一定范围内,而who、what则无此限制。‎ I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?‎ ‎7.连接代词和关系代词 连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同,主要有who、whom、whose、what、which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句,宾语从句和表语从句,即连接复合句中的主句和从句,并在从句中担任一定的句子成分,以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that.‎ 关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词,它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等。这两类代词的用法详见“名词性从句”和“定语从句”部分。‎ ‎8、不定代词 不定代词主要有:all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词,不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等(every、no只能作定语)。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。‎ ‎(1)some与any 一般用法:some、any可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。‎ He has some Chinese paintings.(定语)‎ Some like sports,others like music.(主语) ‎ Ask me if you have any questions.(定语)‎ Do you have any questions to ask?(定语)‎ I don’t know any of the students.(宾语)‎ 特殊用法:‎ ‎①any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。‎ Any child can do that.(定语)‎ You may take any of them.(宾语)‎ ‎②some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。‎ Smith went to some place in England.(定语)‎ ‎③在期待对方回答yes 时,some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。‎ Would you like some bananas?(邀请)‎ Mum,could you give me some money?(请求)‎ ‎④some 用于否定句表示部分否定。‎ I don’t know some of the students.(宾语)‎ some和any在句中还可作状语,作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any则表示程度,意为“稍,丝毫”。如:‎ There are some 300 workers on strike.‎ Do you feel any better today?‎ ‎(2)one,both,all ‎①one作定语、表语、主语或宾语,可以指人或物,表示“一个”的意思,其复数为ones,指人时,其所有格是one’s,反身代词是oneself.‎ One should try one’s best to serve the people.(主语、定语)‎ This is not the one I want.(表语)‎ one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词,以免重复,one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those或the、which等词修饰。如:‎ These books are more interesting than those ones.‎ Here are three pens.Which one is yours,this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box?‎ ‎②both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语,可以指人或指物,表示“两者都”的意思。‎ This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语)‎ Both of the boys are here.(主语)‎ We both are students.(同位语)‎ 注意:both用于否定句,表示部分否定;表示完全否定时,用neither。如:Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。‎ Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。‎ both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后,而应放在它们的前面。如:Both my parents like this film.‎ Both the /these boys are tall.‎ ‎③all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语,指“全部的”、“整个的”,可与可数或不可数名词连用,除少数情况外,一般不与单数可数名词连用,与复数名词连用时,表示“所有的”、“全部的”,指三个或三个以上的人或物。‎ He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。‎ All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。‎ I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。‎ That’s all for today.今天就在这儿。‎ They have all been to Xi’an.他们都去过西安。‎ 注意:all 用于否定句,表示部分否定,完全否定用none。如:‎ Not all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants don’t go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。‎ None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。‎ ‎(3)many和much many和much都表示“许多”,但many修饰或代替复数可数名词,much修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语。much有时用作状语。‎ ‎(4)few, little; a few, a little few和little表示没有多少,含否定意义;而a few 和a little表示有一些,有几个,含肯定意义。另外,few、a few 修饰可数名词;little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。‎ ‎(5)no和none no=not any,表示“没有”,用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词,通常作定语,none代替不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式;代替可数名词作主语时,谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。none还可以在句中作宾语。‎ 注意:none既可以指人又可以指物,no one只能指人。‎ ‎(6)each和every each(各个),指两个或两个以上的人或物,侧重个体,在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every(每个),指三个或三个以上的人或物,侧重整体,在句中只能作定语。‎ Every student it our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调班上“所有的人”)‎ Each student in our class has a dictionary.(定语,强调各个个体)‎ Each of them has been there.(主语)‎ The teacher gave each of the students a new textbook.(宾语)‎ We each got a ticket.(同位语)‎ ‎(7)either和neither either是“两者中任何一个”的意思,可修饰或代替单数可数名词,neither是“两者中没有一个”的意思,可以修饰或代替单数可数名词,它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。如:‎ Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语)‎ Neither boy knows French.(定语)‎ 注意:①either也作副词,其意为“也”,用于否定句的句末。He doesn’like tea, and I don’t either.(状语)②either与or构成连词,意为“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。He is either Japanese or Chinese. ③neither用作副词,意为“也不”,即“not…either”。He can’t do it, neither can I.‎ ④neither可与nor构成连词,意为“既不……也不”。Neither he nor you are a student.‎ ‎(8)other和another, the others 和others the other表示“两者中的另一个”;“the other + 复数可数名词”‎ 表示“其余(他)的……”;the others表示“其他的人或物”。“others及other + 复数名词”泛指“其他的(别的)人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如:‎ He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel.‎ Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow.‎ Some are singing, others are dancing.‎ another修饰或代替单数可数名词,意为“(三个或三个以上的)另一个”,不能指两者中的另一个,在句中可作宾语和定语。‎ This coat is too dark. Please show me another.(宾语)‎ Please give me another book.(定语)‎ 注意:another修饰复数名词时,意为“再,又”。如:Please give me another ten minutes. one … another(a second)… a third…the other…意为“一个……一个……一个……一个”用于三者或三者以上的排列。some…others…others…,意为“一些……一些……一些”。‎ %二、精典名题导解 选择填空 ‎1. The Parkers bought a new house but__________will need a lot of work before they can move in.(NMET 2001)‎ A.they B.it C.one D.which 解析:答案为B。分析题意可知,they显然不合,which多引导从句,从此为并列句式,one表示泛指,而此处空格内容指代前面提到的the new house。要仔细区别代词的所指范围,是人还是物,单数还是复数,另应注意句式。‎ ‎2.If you want to change for a double room you’ll have to pay_________$ 15.(NMET 2000)‎ A.another B.other C.more D.each 解析:答案为A。本题考查不定代词用于表示数量附加的用法。“another + 数字 + 复数名词”结构通常用来表示在原有数量上的附加。若选C,正确结构是“数词 + more + 复数名词”。掌握another和more与数字搭配的位置是此题关键。another放在数字前,more放在数字后。NMET 1995中第25小题命题思路与此题一致。‎ ‎3. Few pleasures can equal ___________of a cool drink on a hot day.(NMET 1999)‎ A.some B.any C.that D.those 解析:答案为C。本题考查替代词that的用法。that通常在句中替代同类的、特定的但不是同一的事物。本句中that替代the pleasure。句意为“在炎热的夏天几乎没有任何乐趣能与饮一杯冷饮的乐趣相比”。that指代单数或不可数名词,复数用those,表示特指,以避免重复,在比较句型中较为常用,代替可数名词时可换用the one。‎ ‎4. I like in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright.‎ A. this B. that C. it D. one 解析:答案为C。本句考惯用法及代词。Like是及物动词,需要宾语。此处“it”指模糊的情形或环境,无具体指代,其余项均不可。又如:I like it here(我喜欢这儿)。‎ ‎5.That’s an unpleasant thing to say about your father after he’s done for you.‎ A. something B. anything C. all D. that 解析:答案为C。本题考代词及定语从句。整句意思;在你父亲为你做了所有一切之后再说你父亲(的坏话)是件令人不愉快的事。‎ ‎6.We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made from some wood we had.‎ A. it B. one C. himself D. another 解析:答案为B。考代词。全句意为:我们需要为厨房填个橱柜,所以Peter用我们所拥有的木头做了一个。代词one替代上文的名词a cupboard,非特指的指代,正合题意。it应指代上文提到的同一事物,为特指,故不可。C项离题意太远,D项指“又”,“再”的意思,亦不可。‎ ‎ ‎
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