【英语】2018届一轮复习人教版必修2Unit5Music学案(2)

【英语】2018届一轮复习人教版必修2Unit5Music学案(2)

Unit 5 Music Grammar导学案 定语从句——介词+关系代词 请观察下列句子：‎ The man with whom you shook hands just now is our English teacher. ‎ It is a famous school from which he graduated 3 years ago.‎ 总结：此类定语从句只能用介词+_________ /__________ 引导,当先行词指人时用_________; 当先行词指物时用_________。‎ 注意：‎ ‎1. 关系代词whose+名词 引导的定语从句可转化为 the+名词+of+ which / whom 或 of+ which/whom+ the +名词结构；of 表所属关系。‎ ‎【例】I live in a room whose windows are all broken.‎ ‎=I live in a room of which the windows are all broken.‎ ‎= I live in a room the windows of which are all broken.‎ ‎【练习】Pass me the book whose cover is red.‎ ‎=Pass me the book _______ __________ _______ ＿＿＿＿ is red.‎ ‎= Pass me the book _______ __________ _______ ＿＿＿＿ is red.‎ ‎2. 关系副词引导的定语从句都可以改为介词+which的结构:‎ ‎(1) This is the house where I lived two years ago.‎ ‎=This is the house _______ __________ I lived two years ago.‎ ‎(2) Do you remember the day when you joined our club?‎ ‎=Do you remember the day______ __________ you joined our club?‎ ‎(3) I don’t know the reason why he said so.‎ ‎=I don’t know the reason _______ __________ he said so.‎ ‎3. 介词如何来确定:‎ ‎(1) 根据定语从句中谓语动词的习惯搭配来决定。‎ This is the good car____ ______I spent all my money. (固定短语：_____________)‎ The teacher_____ ________you have been waiting is coming in a minute. (固定短语：______________)‎ ‎(2) 根据先行词的搭配习惯来决定。‎ ‎1949 was the year ______ _________the P.R.C. was founded.‎ I will never forget the day ______　＿＿＿ I met you for the first time.‎ ‎(3) 根据定语从句所表达的意义来确定。‎ Air, ______ __________ man can’t live, is really important.‎ ‎4. 有些介词可位于whom/which之前(此时whom/which不能省略)，但如果将介词移于句子末尾时，whom/which可省略。‎ ‎【例】The man (who/that/whom) you talked to just now is a famous singer.‎ ‎ The man to whom you talked just now is a famous singer.‎ ‎【练习】This is the factory __________ my father worked in.‎ ‎ This is the factory _____ _________ /__________my father worked.‎ 但是有一些动词短语中的介词是固定搭配，不可以拆开，一般放在动语之后，不能提前：‎ ‎【例】He is the student (who/whom/that) the teachers are looking for.‎ ‎【例】The number of the children (who/whom/that) she takes care of is 30.‎ 常见的介词+which/whom的复杂结构:‎ ‎1. 名词+介词+关系代词 ‎【例】This is the teacher whose daughter is a famous doctor.‎ ‎=This is the teacher the daughter of whom/of whom the daughter is a famous doctor.‎ ‎【练习】Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase（花瓶）, _______ was very reasonable（合理的）. ‎ A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose ‎ ‎2. 数词+介词+关系代词( 含基数词，序数词，分数和百分数） ‎ ‎【例】We have three foreign teachers, two of whom/of whom two are from Canada. (其中的两个）‎ ‎【练习】The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% ______ are sold abroad. ‎ A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that ‎ ‎3. 代词+介词+关系代词（代词有all, both, none, neither, either, some, any等） ‎ ‎【例】The old woman has two sons, both of whom/of whom both are teachers.（两个都是）‎ ‎【练习】Last week, two persons came to see the house, _______wanted to buy it.‎ A. both of they B. neither of whom C. both of them D. all of whom ‎4. 形容词最高级/比较级+介词+关系代词 ‎【例】China has thousands of islands, the largest of which/of which the largest is Taiwan Island.（其中最大的）‎ ‎【练习】There are two buildings, ________ stands nearly a hundred feet high. ‎ A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which ‎ ‎5. 介词+关系代词+名词 ‎【例】He spent four years in college, during which time he studied medicine.（在那段时间内）‎ ‎【练习】 In the office, I never seem to have time until after 5:30 p.m., ______ time many people have gone home. ‎ A. whose B. that C. on which D. by which ‎ ‎6. 介词短语+关系代词 ‎【例】They finally climbed up the mountain, on top of which many strange birds were seen. ‎ ‎【练习】Look at the photo. This is Mr. Green, _________sit three students.‎ A. whom B. from whom C. in front of him D. in front of whom ‎ 一、定语从句 概述在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。引导定语从句的有关系代词who，whom，whose，which，that，as等和关系副词where，when，why等。‎ 关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担任的句子成分加下嘉，‎ 先行词 引导词 引导词在句中担任的成分 ‎ 物 that, which 主语、宾语、表语 ‎ whose 定语 ‎ when, where, why 状语 ‎ 人 who, that 主语、宾语、表语 ‎ whose 定语 ‎ whom 宾语、表语 人、物、事 as 主语、宾语、表语 定语从句中选择引导词的依据有两个：一是看先行词是人还是物，二是看引导词在从句中担任的成分。‎ 二.that与which的辨析 ‎1．只用that不用which的情况 ‎(1)先行词是不定代词：all，few，little，much, something，nothing，anything等。例如：‎ All that we have to do is to practise every day.我们必须做的就是每天练习。‎ Little that he said is believable他的话很少有可信的。‎ ‎(2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。例如：‎ The first lesson thatI leamed will never be forgotten我将永远记得我的第一堂课。‎ ‎(3)先行词被all，any，。very，each，few，little，no．some等限定词修饰。例如：‎ Every means that had been tried proved to be useless.‎ 尝试过的每一种方法都证明是无用的。‎ I have read all the books (that)you gave me.我已读了你给我的所有的书。‎ ‎(4)先行词被the only，the very，the right，just the修饰时。例如：‎ He is the only person that l want to talk to．他是我想与之交谈的唯一的人。‎ This is just the book (that) I'm looking for．这正是我在找的书。‎ ‎(5)先行词既有人又有物时。例如：‎ They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.他们谈起了他们所记得的学校里的人和事。‎ ‎(6) the way作先行词并且引导词在从句中作状语。例如：‎ I hate the way(that)he talks to his wife.我讨厌他对他妻子说话的方式。‎ ‎(7) time作先行词表示“次数”，并且引导词在从句中不作成分。例如：‎ This is the first time( that)l have been here.我是第一次来这儿。‎ ‎1 won't forget the many times(that)he helped me outof trouble.我不会忘记他一次次地帮我脱离困境。‎ ‎(8)当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时，定语从句须用that，以免与先行词重复。例如：‎ Which of us that knows something about physics doesnot know this?我们当中懂得一些物理知识的人有谁不知道这个呢？‎ ‎ 2．在下列情况下只用which ‎(1) which作介词宾语并且与介词一起提至定语从句句首时。例如：‎ This is the very room in which l was born这正是我出生的那个房间。‎ It will be something of which you're proud.这将是你为之自豪的东西。‎ ‎(2)引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作主语、表语宾语时；或以整个句子为先行词时。例如：‎ He came late again, which made the teacher angry.‎ 他又来晚了，这让老师很生气。‎ We all agreed to the plan, which we thought was olgreat value我们都同意这个计划，认为它很有价值。‎ 三、其他词引导的定语从句 ‎1．whose引导的定语从句 ‎(1) whose引导定语从句，其后应紧跟名词，构成名词短语，whose用作定语。例如：‎ 那就是我们刚才看了他的绘画的那个孩子。‎ ‎[误]That's the childwhose we looked at dIaWmg just no、[正]That's the child—__、ive looked at just now.‎ ‎(2) whose的先行词指物时，可用of which代替whose，但词序不同，即whose+名词- the+名词+ofwhich。例如：‎ Ihe novelwhose title is Red and Black is very interesting ‎（二）标题为《红与黑》的那部小说很有趣。‎ He lives in the room whose window faces south(- thewindow of which)-f也住在窗户朝南的房间里。‎ 注意：which也可用作定语，但不表示所属关系，而是相当于this或that的含义。‎ 如：He stayed in England for three years, duringwhich time he learned English他在英国住了三年，在此期间他学会了英语。‎ ‎2．when，where，why引导的定语从句 when，where，why分别引导先行词为表示时间、地点和原因的名词之后的定语从句，并且在从句中作状语。‎ I know the reason why he came late.我知道他迟到的原因。‎ This is the place where we lived for five years．这就是我们住了五年的地方。‎ ‎1 will never forget the day when I met Mr. Liu我不会忘记遇见刘先生的那一天。‎ ‎ 注意：(1)先行词表示地点时，有时用where，有时用that或which引导定语从句。这时要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的来判断，是及物动词的就用that( which)，否则用where。即引导词在从句中作主语、宾语、表语时就用that( which)，否则就用where。‎ This is the house_ __he lived last year.‎ ‎{这就是他去年住的房子。‎ ‎{ These are the houses——were built ten yearsAgo.这些是十年前建的房子。‎ ‎(2)先行词表示时间时，若引导词在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，用that( which)；引导词在从句中作状语就用when。．I'll never forget the days we spent together.‎ 我不会忘记我们在一起度过的日子。‎ Do you still remember the day____we first met?‎ 你还记得我们第一次见面的那天吗？‎ ‎3．who，whom引导的定语从句 ‎(1) who用作主语、宾语或表语；whom作宾语或表语。‎ This is the man_ _helped me.这就是帮我的那个人。‎ The doctor____you are looking for is in theroom你找的那个医生在房间里。‎ 但如果引导词用作介词的宾语，且介词与引导词一起提到宾语从句的句首，则必须用whom引导定语从句。‎ 例如：‎ She's such a girl with whom you can share yoursorrow and happiness.她是个可以与你同甘共苦的女孩。‎ ‎(2)若先行词为人，其关系代词既可用who，whom，也可用that。‎ The girl who(that)is speaking at the meeting is ourmonitor.正在会上发言的那个女孩子是我们的班长。‎ 但在下列情况下多用who。‎ ‎（D关系代词在从句中作主语时，多用who。‎ Do you know the man who spoke just now?‎ 刚才发言的人你认识吗？‎ The doctor who treated me was very experienced.‎ 给我治病的医生是很有经验的。‎ ‎②先行词为all，anyone，one，ones等时，多用who。‎ All who heard the news were excited.‎ 所有听到这消息的人都感到兴奋。‎ Anyone who breaks the rule will be punished.‎ 任何破坏法规的人都将受到惩罚。‎ ‎③先行词为those和people时，多用who。‎ ‎___ _ please sign their names here.‎ 想去的人请在这里签名。‎ People who can see sometimes act just as foolishly.‎ 有时候，眼睛看得见的人也会做出同样的蠢事。‎ ‎④在非限制性定语从句中须用who。‎ Tom's father, who is over sixty, still works hard.‎ 汤姆的父亲已年过六旬，依然努力工作着。‎ Mr. Green,____ ,will teach us physics next term格林先生，就是你昨天在图书馆见过的那个人，下学期将教我们物理。‎ ‎⑤在被分隔的定语从句中须用who。‎ A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teachyou German教你们德语的新教师明天来。‎ ‎⑥在以there be开头的句子中多用who。‎ There is a stranger who wants to see our headmaster.‎ 有个陌生人要见我们的校长。‎ ‎⑦一个句子中带着两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词是that，另一个须用who。‎ The student who was praised at the meeting is themonitor—__and studies very hard.在会上受到表扬的学生是班长，他谦虚好学。‎ ‎4．as引导的定语从句as引导的限制性定语从句见于the same.，．as*和such．．．as.句型，其中as 为代词，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。‎ l like the same book as you do.我喜欢的书和你喜欢的一样。‎ ‎1 want to have such a dictionary as he has.我想要和他的一样的词典。‎ 注意辨析：‎ He wears the same dress that he wore yesterday.‎ ‎（同一件衣服）1 bought the same dress as she had bought.‎ ‎（同一类东西）5．as和which引导的定语从句___ ,he studies very hard这一点我们都知道，他学习很刻苦。‎ As is known to all, he is the best student in ourclass.正如大家所知，他是班上最好的学生。‎ 常用的这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above，asis known to all, as it is等。‎ 注意：as和which引导非限制性定语从句时都可代指整个主句内容，二者的区别是：①as引导的定语从句位置灵活，可放在句首、句中或句末；which引导的定语从句只能放在主句之后。②as翻译成“正如”“这一点”；which则译为“这件事”。‎ As is mentioned above, English is easy to learn正如上文所提及的，英语很容易学。‎ He failed in the examination again,____.‎ 他考试再次不及格，这令他的父母很失望。‎ 参考答案 三、1. (l)whose drawing; (2)the title of which2. (l)where; that/which; (2)that/which; when3. (l)who; whom; (2)③Those who want to go;④who you saw in the library yesterday;⑦that is verymodest5. As we all know; which disappointed his parents ‎ 巧学妙记定语从句 定语从句(the Attributive/Relative/Adjective Clause)是高中英语学习的主要语法项目之一，在高考各个题型中都有可能会涉及。它的结构和用法比较复杂，是高中阶段英语学习的一个难点，也是历年高考的热点。笔者根据多年的语法教学实践归纳出以下简易口诀，希冀对2013届考生学习掌握定语从句的用法有所帮助。‎ ‎◆ 一个定义：‎ 在复合句中相当于一个“形容词”，起“定语”的作用，修饰说明名词、代词或主句全部内容的从句。‎ ‎★ 复合句 = 主句 + 定语从句 ‎ ↓ ↓‎ ‎ 先行词 关系词 ‎★限制性定语从句（修饰限制、无逗号）；非限制性定语从句（附加说明、常有逗号隔开）‎ ‎◆ 二类关系词：（共9个）‎ ‎①关系代词（指物which、指人who/whom、既指物又指人that/whose/as）‎ ‎②关系副词（指时间when、地点where、原因why）‎ ‎◆ 三项作用：‎ ‎①连接作用 ②替代作用 ③成分作用 ‎◆ 四个核心考点：‎ ‎① which/that/as ‎★常见句型：such/so/as/the same…as…;as is known to all; as anybody can see; as is often the case; as is mentioned above; as is reported in the newspaper; as we had expected等。‎ ‎② who/whom/whose ‎★whose+n.=the+n.+of which/whom 或of which/whom +the+n.‎ ‎③ when/where/why/the way(in which/that)‎ ‎★注意一些抽象化的先行词：‎ situation/point/case/condition/stage/activity/job/game/race/…+where…;occasion/interval/age/…+‎ when…‎ ‎④ 介词+关系代词which/whom/whose+n.‎ ‎★ 介词选择“三原则”：先行词的习惯搭配；从句中动词、形容词的习惯搭配；综合考虑。‎ ‎★ All/both/none/neither/some/any/most/half/each/many/…+ of which/whom…‎ ‎◆ 五种成分：关系词可以在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语、表语或状语。‎ ‎◆ 六种特殊情况：‎ ‎① 当先行词是不定代词all, few, little, none, nothing, anything, everything, much等，定语从句的关系代词要用that；‎ ‎② 当先行词被all, any, little, few, no, the only, the very, the last等修饰，定语从句的关系代词要用that；‎ ‎③ 当先行词是最高级、序数词或被它们修饰，定语从句的关系代词要用that；‎ ‎④ 当先行词既有人又有物，定语从句的关系代词要用that；‎ ‎⑤ 当引导非限制性定语从句，指物或指代前面整个句子的内容，定语从句的关系代词要用which；‎ ‎⑥ 放在介词后面指物时，定语从句的关系代词要用which。‎ ‎◆ 七个易混点：‎ ‎① 定语从句 VS 强调句型 It was Nov.11,2011 when they got married.（定语从句）‎ It was on Nov.11,2011 that they got married.（强调句型）‎ ‎② 定语从句 VS 名词性从句 The fact that he told us is very surprising.（定语从句）‎ The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.（同位语从句）‎ ‎③ 定语从句 VS 并列句 Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office.（定语从句）‎ Jim passed the driving test, and it/this/that surprised everybody in the office.（并列句）‎ I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, but neither of them came.（并列句）‎ I invited Joe and Linda to dinner, neither of whom came.（定语从句）‎ They will fly to Kunming, where they will stay for two or three days.（定语从句）‎ They will fly to Kunming, and there they will stay for two or three days.（并列句）‎ ‎④ 定语从句 VS 状语从句 She is such a good teacher as we all respect.（定语从句）‎ She is such a good teacher that we all respect her.（状语从句）‎ ‎⑤ 关系代词as / which指代整个主句时的用法区别。‎ As is well-known to us all, smoking is harmful to our health.‎ It rained hard yesterday, which prevented me from going to the park.‎ ‎⑥ One of… / the (only)one of…作先行词时，从句主谓一致问题。‎ He is one of the boys who have passed the exam.‎ He is the (only)one of the boys who has passed the exam.‎ ‎⑦ The reason / the way等作先行词时，从句引导词的选择问题。‎ The way (that/which)he explained to us was quite simple.（作宾语）‎ The way (that/in which)he explained the sentence to us was quite simple.（作状语）‎ ‎◆ 八字口诀：一看（先行词），二析（从句成分），三思（特殊情况），四选（关系词）‎ ‎★速判关系代词或关系副词的关键是把先行词放到从句中，看它在从句中所作的成分。‎ ‎【高考真题训练】‎ ‎1.（2012全国II,8）That evening, ________I will tell you more about later, I ended up working very late.‎ A. that B. which C. what D. when ‎2.（2012江西卷，28）By 16:30, ________was almost closing time, nearly all the paintings had been sold.‎ A. which B. when C. what D .that ‎3.（2012天津卷,7）I wish to thank Professor Smith, without________ help I would never have got this far.‎ A. who B. whose C. who D. which ‎4.（2012山东卷，23） Maria has written two novels, both of ________have been made into television series.‎ A. them B. that C. which D. what ‎5.（2012四川卷,13）In our class there are 46 students, ________ half wear glasses.‎ A. in whom B. in them C. of whom D. of them ‎6.（2012陕西卷,14）It is the third time that she has won the race, ________has surprised us all.‎ A. that B. where C. which D. what ‎7.（2012北京卷,26）When deeply absorbed in work, ________he often was，he would forget all about eating or sleeping.‎ A. that B. which C. where D. when ‎8.（2012安徽卷，29）A lot of language learning, ________has been discovered, is happening in the first year of life, so parents should talk much to their children during that period.‎ A. as B. it C. which D. this ‎9.（2012福建卷，23） The air quality in the city, ________is shown in the report, has improved over the past two months.‎ A. that B. it C. as D. what ‎10.（2012江苏卷,22） After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, ________ urgently needed clean water, medicine and shelter to survive.‎ A. which B. who C. where D. what ‎11.（2012浙江卷,17） Ellen was a painter of birds and of nature, ________, for some reason, had withdrawn from all human society.‎ A. which B. who C. where D. whom ‎12.（2012浙江卷,9）We live in an age________ more information is available with greater ease than ever before.‎ A. why B. when C. to whom D. on which ‎13.（2012重庆卷,29）Sales director is a position________ communication ability is just as important as sales A. which B. that C. when D. where ‎【参考答案】1-5 BABCC 6-10 CBACB 11-13 BBD ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 七招详解掌握高中定语从句用法 一、 定语从句中的关系词（关系代词、关系副词）‎ 关系代词：that(指代人、物；充当主语和宾语)； 关系副词：where（充当地点状语）；‎ which（指代物，充当主语和宾语）；When（充当时间状语）； who（指代人，充当主语和宾语）；Why (充当原因状语)；whom（指代人，充当宾语）；whose（指代人、物，充当定语，在定语从句中和名词一起充当主语或宾语）；as（指代人、物，充当主语、宾语、表语）‎ 二、 定语从句的使用用法 首先：我们要明白关于定语从句两个最基本的概念：是个完整的句子，而且在句中充当定语成分。去掉定语从句后，剩下的仍然是个完整的句子，不过加上定语从句后，更方便我们对句子本身意思的理解。‎ 例：The visitor (whose passport was stolen) was on his way to the US.‎ 护照被偷的那位乘客正在去美国的路上。‎ 解析：括号里面的为定语从句，去掉后剩下的部分仍然是完整的，不缺少任何成分。‎ 其次：‎ 找出定语从句中的先行词，判断出指代人或者物之后，选择相应的关系代词，代入定语从句，因为定语从句也必须是个完整的句子，所以我们这个时候就要判断所选择的关系代词在定语从句中充当什么成分。比如上面的例子：Whose passport was stolen. 中whose指代the visitor’s，代入定语从句后完整的句子就是：The visitor’s passport was stolen.（那位游客的护照被偷了。）是个完整的句子。 The visitor’s passport在句中充当主语成分。‎ 初学定语从句的高一同学们在课堂时老师经常会让我们讲两个简单句合并成一个含有定语从句的复杂句，以下我们介绍一下合并的方法。‎ 例：Jack studies in a village school.杰克在一所乡村学校上学。‎ The village school is named after hisgrandfather.这所乡村学校是以他爷爷的名字命名的。‎ 方法：‎ 首先：找出两个句子的相同部分（the village school），这个相同部分也就是我们合并后的先行词。‎ 其次：确定两个句子中哪个担任复合句的主句，哪个担任定语从句（可以通过翻译判断出。翻译为：杰克在以他爷爷命名的那个乡村学校上学。）。所以Jack studies in a village school为主句。‎ 再次：将两个句子合并之前确定关系词的选择，以及关系词在定语从句中充当什么成分，是否可以省略。第二个句子中the village school在句中充当主语，指代物，不能省略，关系代词可以选择that或者which。‎ 合并后：Jack studies in a village school(that/which is named after his grandfather).‎ 用上面的方法，我们就成功将两个简单句合并为含有定语从句的复杂句了。‎ 下面我们再进行一次练习，将两个简单句合并成含有定语从句的复杂句。‎ My friend showed me round the town. My friend was very kind. ‎ 方法：‎ 红色（my friend）为相同部分，通过翻译判断前一句为主句，后一句充当定语从句。相同部分就是先行词，指代人，关系代词选择who或者that。合并后为：My friend(who/that was verykind ) showed me round the town.‎ 三、 关系词只用That不用which的情况：‎ ‎1． 当先行词为everything, anything,nothing, all, much, little, few等不定代词时。‎ ‎2． 先行词被序数词或者形容词的最高级修饰或者先行词本身就是序数词或者形容词最高级。‎ ‎3． 先行词既有人又有物时。‎ ‎4． 先行词被the only, the very, thejust, the right, all, no, some, any, just等词修饰时。‎ ‎5． 有两个 定语从句，其中一个已经用which修饰时。‎ ‎6． 当主句是who/which提问的特殊疑问句时。‎ 四、 关系词只用which引导定语从句的情况：‎ ‎1. 引导非限制性定语从句时。‎ ‎2. 关系代词前面有介词时。‎ ‎3. 先行词后面有插入语时。‎ ‎4. 有两个定语从句，其中一个已经用that修饰。‎ 五、 whose引导定语从句的用法；‎ ‎1. whose在定语从句中充当定语，不能单独使用，一般和名词一起在定语从句中充当主语或者宾语。‎ Her parents wouldn’t let hermarry anyone (whose family was poor).她的父母不允许她和家庭贫困的人结婚。‎ 解析：‎ Whose一般是先行词(此处是anyone)+’s的结合，此处表示anyone’s。如果能直接指代anyone则用关系代词who或者that了。‎ Whose在定语从句中不能单独使用，必须和名词一起充当主语或者宾语，此例句中whose family相当于anyone’s family，充当主语成分。‎ ‎2．“Whose+名词”相当于“the +名词+of +which/whom”结构，或者“of +which/whom+the +名词”结构。‎ 上面的例子我们可以改变为：‎ Her parents wouldn’t let hermarry anyone (the family of whom was poor).‎ ‎=Her parents wouldn’t let hermarry anyone (of whom the family was poor)‎ 其实如果我们理解了英语中所有格的用法和含义，就能很容易理解上面的两个结构了。‎ ‎3.whose后接名词时，名词前面不能有冠词或者代词，但是在“the +名词+of +which/whom”结构，或者“of +which/whom+ the +名词”结构中，名词前面是需要有冠词或者代词的。‎ 例：‎ The man pulled out a goldwatch,（whose hands were made of small diamonds）.‎ 那个男人拿出一块金表，表的指针是由小钻石组成的。‎ 解析：‎ Whose指代前面先行词的a gold watch +’s ，表示“那个金表的”。Whose hands一起充当定语从句的主语，hands前面没有任何冠词或者代词。变成“the +名词+of +which/whom”结构，或者“of +which/whom+the +名词”结构为：‎ The man pulled out a gold watch, the hands of which were made of smalldiamonds.‎ ‎=The man pulled out a gold watch, of which the hands were made of smalldiamonds.‎ 六、 where, when, why引导定语从句的注意事项：‎ ‎1. where, when, why分别在定语从句中充当地点、时间和原因状语。不能省略，有时候可以换成“介词+which”结构。‎ ‎2. 当先行词为表示地点、时间或者原因的名词时，是选择关系代词还是where, when, why引导的关系副词，需要我们根据定语从句中缺少什么成分来判断。也就是说，不能看到表示地点的先行词，就一定用where引导；一看到表示时间的先行词就一定用when引导定语从句等等。‎ 例：Do you remember those days_______ we spent along the seashore last week? A. when B. that 解析：‎ 分析句子结构，those days为先行词，表示时间，但是不一定关系词用when，我们要分析下定语从句中缺少什么成分。定语从句中spent缺少宾语而不是时间状语，所以应该选择B项。由于充当宾语成分，所以可以省略，什么都不填也是正确的。‎ 例：This is the company______ I used to work. A. where B. that 解析：‎ 定语从句为company后面的部分，先行词为the company,定语从句中缺少地点状语，也就是说把the company代入定语从句中为：I used to work in the company.所以我们的关系词用where，或者用in which也是正确的。‎ 七、as引导定语从句的情况：‎ ‎1. as引导定语从句可以指代人或者物，在定语从句中充当主语、宾语或者表语。常用于the same…as…., such as或者as…as…结构中。例：Such things ______ you described are rare now.像你描述的这种事情现在很少见。‎ 解析：先行词为things，被such修饰，所以定语从句的关系词用as。As在定语从句中充当described的宾语。‎ ‎2. the same…as…和the same…that…引导定语从句所表示的含义是不一样的。前者强调相似性，意为“如同……一样”，强调同一类相似；后者侧重指同一个事物。‎ 例：Tom didn’t take the camera awaybecause it was just the same camera _____ he lost last week.‎ 汤姆没有带走这部相机，因为它只是有些像他上周丢的那部。‎ 解析：‎ 此处强调的是两个相机的相似性。大家想，如果这部相机就是汤姆上周丢失的那个（同一个），他没有理由不拿走呀，对不对？所以此处强调的是相似性，所以用the same…as…结构。 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 浅谈两种不同类型的定语从句（as与which）‎ 英语中一般的非限定性定语从句均以名词或代词为先行成分，其句中位置总是在先行成分之后。然而英语中还有一种非限定性定语从句，他们的先行成分和句中位置均不同于一般的非限定性定语从句。为求有别，我们将其称为“特殊非限定性定语从句”。例如：‎ ‎（1） As we all know, he studies very hard.‎ ‎（2） As is known to all, he is a promising student.‎ ‎（3） He is sometimes impatient, which we teachers should never be.‎ ‎（4） He couldn’t tell me, which I was anxious to know, whether the book was still in print.‎ 引导这种特殊非限定性定语从句的关系代词一般只有as和which两个，为方便起见，下文称之为“as/which” 特殊定语从句。‎ 一、“as/which”特殊定语从句的先行成分 ‎1． 形容词或形容短语作先行成分 ‎（5） Tom is always careless in his work, as we should never be.‎ ‎（6） She thought his answer incorrect, which it probably was.‎ 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先行成分：‎ ‎（7） My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.‎ 在一定的语言环境里，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表示人的身份、职业、状态的名词。例如：‎ ‎（8） Don’t think him a fool(= foolish), which he is actually not.‎ ‎（9） His grandfather was a simple-mannered man (= simple-mannered), as the large-hearted and large-minded men are apt to be.‎ 值得一提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能用who/whom。试比较：‎ ‎（10） a. He became an actor, as/which his parents had never expected him to be.‎ b. ※ He became an actor, who/whom his parents， had never expected him to be.‎ ‎2． 动词短语作先行成分 这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。例如：‎ ‎（11） When this damned inflammation dies down, which it may be expected to do in a few weeks, I hope to get back to regular. （限定形式）‎ ‎（12） When anything is offered to you, it is not polite to say “I don’t want it”, as Chinese manners would allow. （不定式）‎ ‎（13） Instead of granting my request, as I had hoped, he declined it. (-ing分词)‎ ‎（14） 【Beijing】 outside of actual combat, which is the ultimate flying experience, most of us old-timers stayed in the military, because we loved to fly fast airplanes. (-ing分词)‎ 如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就一般有限定或非限定形式的替代动词do和as/which一起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能用其它动词代替。试比较：‎ ‎(15) a. He paid a visit to her, as he had not done for five years.‎ b. They say he plays truant, which he doesn’t.‎ c. He saw the girl, as/which he hoped he would do.‎ d. ※ He refused to write a dull book, as many poor writers would produce.‎ ‎3. 句子作先行成分 句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。例如：‎ ‎（16） The novel ends happily, which is a characteristic feature of the greater part of Dickens works.‎ ‎(17) A careful observer will notice that a wire becomes thinner when it is stretched as may be seen by pulling on a piece of rubber hose.‎ 有时作先行成分的是连续几个句子：‎ ‎（18） Colin married my sister and I married his brother, which makes Colin and me double in-laws.‎ 有时甚至可以是一个完整的故事，如我们讲完了《说谎的孩子》的故事后可以说“______ which indicates the fact that lies do harm to none other than the liar himself.”‎ 二、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置 ‎“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置比较灵活。由于先行成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况：‎ ‎1． 形容词做先行成分时 形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先行成分，“as/which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。例如：‎ ‎（19） It became terribly clear in Europe, as it never had been here, that we knew more about each other than any European ever could.‎ ‎（20） After leaving school, he became an artist, which his parents wanted him to be.‎ ‎2. 动词短语作先行成分时 动词短语作先行成分时，“as/which”特殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。例如：‎ ‎（21） Although Tianjing residents must still boil water before drinking it, as is customary throughout much of China, city residents consume 500 million litres of drinking water every day.‎ ‎（22） He had neglected to occupy the strategic centers of the city, which is really the first thing to do in a revolution.‎ 但是，当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。试比较：‎ ‎（23） a. She failed in the exam, as/which we believed she would.‎ b. As we believed she would, she failed in the exam.‎ ‎3． 句子作先行成分时 句子作先行成分时，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置不尽相同。‎ ‎“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。例如：‎ ‎（24） a. As is reported in today’s papers, the Chinese team has won another ten gold medals in the Asian Games.‎ b. The Chinese team, as is reported in today’s papers, has won another ten gold medals in the Asian Games.‎ c. The Chinese team has won another ten gold medals in the Asian Games, as is reported in today’s papers.‎ 但如果先行成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前：‎ ‎（25） As novelist George Eliot wrote more than a century ago, “Our deeds determine us as much as we determine our deeds.”‎ 如果先行成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同，可以使它产生不同的意义。试比较：‎ ‎（26） a. He is, as you suppose, not from Beijing As you suppose, he is not from Beijing.‎ ‎= You suppose that he is not from Beijing, and in fact, he is not from Beijing.‎ b. He is not, as you suppose, from Beijing.‎ He is not from Beijing,as you suppose.‎ ‎= You suppose that he is from Beijing, but in fact, he is not from Beijing.‎ 由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动，如下例a中的“as”从句不能移至先行成分之前，b中的“as”从句不能移至先行成分之后：‎ ‎(27) a. Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them.‎ b. As so many people say, camels are not really biting animals.‎ ‎“which”特殊定语从句的位置较固定，一般在先行成分之后。试比较：‎ ‎（28） a. The next letter has no date whatever, which is in itself suspicious.‎ b. ※Which is in itself suspicious, the next letter has no date whatever.‎ c. The next letter, which is in itself suspicious, has no date whatever.（语义与a、b两句不同）‎ 在非正式的文体里，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中：‎ ‎（29） Marvin and Terry-which is something I’ll never understand-were quarrelling within a month of their marriage and were separated within three months.‎ ‎（30） When the people looked, which was seldom, outside their own borders, England was still the ‎ dreadful enemy to be feared.‎ 为避免语义含糊，“which”特殊定语从句有时要出现在先行成分之前。试比较：‎ ‎（31） a. He went, and, which is more surprising, actually won the prize. (=He went, and, more surprisingly, he actually won the prize.)‎ b. He went and actually won the prize, which is more surprising. (=① It is more surprising that he went and actually won the prize./ ② He went, and more surprisingly, he actually won the prize.‎ ‎（32） a. I told him, which was true, that I was proud of his acquaintance. (=I told him that I was truly proud of his acquaintance.)‎ b. I told him that I was proud of his acquain?蛳tance, which was true. (=① It was true that I told him that I was proud of his acquaintance./② I told him that I was truly proud of his acquain?蛳tance.)‎ 三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能 ‎“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能有同有异。一般说来，先行成分为形容词（含具有形容词性质的名词）或形容词短语时，它们的语义功能相同，即都是对先行成分作补充说明，因此一般可以相互替换。例如：‎ ‎（33） He was not sick ,as/which some of the other passengers were.‎ ‎（34） Mr. Smith is a kind but strict man, as/which a good teacher should be.‎ 但先行成分为句子时，它们的语义功能则有差异。请先比较两个句子：‎ ‎（35） a. He married her, as/which was natural.‎ b. He married her, which was disgraceful.‎ 在这两个句子中，特殊定语从句的先行成分相同。为什么a句中的特殊定语从句既可用as又可以用which引导，而b句中的特殊定语从句则只能用which引导呢？其原因就在于这两个特殊定语从句具有不同的语义功能：a中的形容词natural呈中性，因而该特殊定语从句是对先行成分的内容加以评注； b中的形容词表结果，因而该特殊定语从句则是表明先行成分所述事实的结果。试比较：‎ ‎(36) a. He married her, which was disgraceful to us.‎ b. He married her, which, as a result, disgraced us.‎ 从比较中可以看出，“which”特殊定语从句既具有对先行成分加以评注的语义功能，又具有表明先行成分所述事实的结果的语义功能，而“as”特殊定语从句则只具有对先行成分的内容加以评注的语义功能。（36）b中的特殊定语从句表示结果，故不能有as引导。‎ 表结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系，从句中往往使用有结果意义的词，如动词result, make, enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。例如：‎ ‎（37） They lost their way, which delayed them considerably.‎ ‎（38） To avoid this, you must take charge of your life—which means taking charge of your time.‎ ‎（39） He admires Mrs Brown, which is surprising to me.‎ 表示评注的特殊定语从句对其先行成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向。这一点可以从下列两句的比较中看出：‎ ‎（40） a. George, you said, is a liar (but I don’t believe it)‎ b. George, as you said, is a liar(※but I don’t believe it).‎ 正由于表评注的特殊定语从句具有这一特点，所以它通常与那些表示客观事实、普遍真理或某种习性的先行成分连用；从句中则常用一些表示“合符自然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发生”等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual等。例如：‎ ‎（41） Socialist construction in China is in full swing, as/which is known all over the world.‎ ‎(42) He went out for a walk after dinner, as/which was often the case with him.‎ ‎(43) The day after his death all the ladies prepared to call at the house and offer condo?蛳lence and aid, as/which is our custom.‎ 除了表结果与表评注这一语义功能差异外，“as/which”特殊定语从句之有无状语意义这一语义功能的差异：“as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是方式状语意义），而“which”特殊定语从句则无状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先行成分的语义保持一致，“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。试比较：‎ ‎（44） a. She has married again, as/which was expected.‎ b. She has married again, which was unex?expected.‎ 上例a中可以用as，因为我们可以说（Just）as it was expected that she would marry again, she has married again.‎ 上例中b不能用as，因为我们不能说(Just) as it was unexpected that she would marry again, she has married again.‎ 同样下面两例中的which也不能用as:‎ ‎（45） He is very easy to get acquainted with, which is not a traditional English trait.‎ ‎（46） A think head of hair or a hairy body was supposed to be a sign of strength, which is false.‎ 正是由于它的状语意义，“as”特殊定语从句的位置可以移动，“which”特殊定语从句无状语意义，故它的位置比较固定。‎ 四、关系代词as与which的句法功能 ‎1. as/which 在特殊定语从句中做主语 as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中主语，但as做主语的情况没有which作主语普遍，这一现象与as特殊定语从句的语义功能有关。as只能在表评注的特殊定语从句中做主语，它引导的从句与其先行成分要在语义上保持一致，这些都限制了它做主语的范围，而which做主语则不受这些条件限制。例如：‎ ‎（47） He was absent from the meeting, as/which is usual with him.‎ ‎（48） Reports in the paper are often quoted or carried by foreign wire services, radio stations and newspapers, which is very encouraging to us.‎ ‎（49） Right now I’ m me, which is why you to be you —the best, real Brett Delosanto.‎ 另外，as做主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem）。主语补语为usual, a rule, a matter of fact等时，系动词be习惯经常省略。例如：‎ ‎（50） She has married again, as/seemed natural.‎ ‎（51） As (was) usual/a general rule, they got up about six o’clock.‎ ‎(52) As(is) a matter of routine, a contract must be signed by the two parties concerned before it comes into force.‎ ‎（53） And, as (is the case) with all retold tales that are in people’s hearts, there are only good and bad things and black and white things and good and evil things and no in-between any?蛳where.‎ 行为动词（常用的有announce, expect, indicate, mention, know, note, point out, say等）作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时一般用于被动语态（其中助动词be常略）。不及物的行为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen一词。例如：‎ ‎（54） Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.‎ ‎（55） As noted, many prefixes fall into this category.‎ ‎（56） However, as generally happens in these cases, the elephant of the neck became involved.‎ Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主语被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。例如：‎ ‎（57） Which the introduction of micro-tech?蛳nology, computers will operate and control entire production processes in many industries, which will result in an unacceptable level of unemploy?蛳ment.‎ ‎（58） A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning, which was mentioned previously.‎ As和which主语有一个共同的特点，即它们的谓语动词总是第三人称单数形式。这是因为它们代表的只是整个先行成分所表达的事实，而并非其他的东西。‎ ‎2． as和which在特殊定语从句中作宾语 as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。例如 ‎（59） At Oxford, they (Chinese students) are encouraged to use their own initiative, which they often find a bit strange to start with.‎ ‎（60） I lived a long way from work, as/which you know.‎ ‎（61） She was useful to him, as/which he realized.‎ ‎（62） They were invited to the state banquet, which they considered a great honour.‎ ‎3. as和 which在特殊定语从句中作补语 先行成分在句中作主语补语或宾语补语时，as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中作主语的补语。例如：‎ ‎（63） He looked happy, as/which he was not in fact.‎ ‎（64） We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.‎ ‎“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。试比较：‎ ‎（65） a. He was a catholic, as/※which were most of his friends.‎ b. He was a catholic, as/which most of his friends were.‎ 如果先行成分不是主补或宾补，关系代词用which而不用as。例如：‎ ‎（66） He talked like a native, which/※as he hardly was.‎ ‎4. which在特殊定语句中作定语 which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先行成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整，as不能作定语。例如：‎ ‎（67） He succeeded in the experiment, which (fact/matter/thing) surprised everyone.‎ ‎（68） I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.‎ ‎（69） My father may have to go into hospital, in which case he won’t be going on holiday. ‎ 定语从句关系词省略的6种情形 ‎ 定语从句中关系词省略的6种情形关系词有时可以省略，但这只限于限制性定语从句中，在非限制性定语从句中，关系词则不可省略。‎ 一、关系代词作宾语时的省略当关系代词who, whom, which和that在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略。如：在定语从句中用作动词宾语或介词位于句末时的介词宾语时，可以省略。如：Is there anything (which) you wanted? 想要什么东西吗? Who is the man (that / who / whom) you were talking to? 刚才和你讲话的人是谁?‎ 二、关系代词作表语时的省略当关系代词that在定语从句中用作表语时，可以省略。如：China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。(that作表语)‎ 三、关系代词作宾补时的省略当关系代词that在定语从句中用作宾语补足时，可以省略。如：I’m not the madman (that) you thought me. 我并不是你所认为的那个疯子。(that作宾语补语)‎ 四、关系副词when的省略用作时间状语的关系副词when通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于day, year, time等少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)也可换成。如：That was the year (that) I first went abroad. 就是那一年我第一次出国了。I’ll never forget the day (that) we met. 我永远也忘不了我们见面的那一天。‎ 五、关系副词where的省略用作地点状语的关系副词where通常不能省略，但有一种特殊情况，即用于place, somewhere, anywhere, everywhere, nowhere少数几个词后时可以省略(也可换成that)。如：This is the place (where) they met yesterday. 这就是他们昨天碰头的地方。Have you somewhere (that) I can lie down for an hour? 你有没有一个什么地方可以让我躺一个小时？‎ 六、关系副词why的省略关系副词why通常只用于the reason后引导定语从句，且通常可换成that或for which，均可省略。如：That’s the reason (why, for which, that) he came. 这就是他来的原因。‎ Give me one reason (why) we should help you. 给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由。 absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席，什么事也干不成。‎ ‎ ‎ 盘点高考英语定语从句命题切入点 ‎　　定语从句作为每年高考必考的语法项目，是每个考生都应熟练掌握的。尽管定语从句的关系词有很多，知识点比较琐碎，但定语从句在高考英语中的命题切入点还是有章可循的。下面笔者将对此进行总结，希望能帮助广大考生理清思路，提高复习效果。 ‎ ‎　　 ‎ ‎　　切入点之一：关系代词前介词的确定 ‎ ‎　　思路点拨   遇到定语从句题目的选项是“介词+关系词”‎ 结构的，可以从以下三方面来考虑介词的选择。‎ ‎　　1. 根据从句谓语动词的习惯搭配。例如：“Do you know the man with whom you just shook hands?” 该句中的 with来自习惯搭配shake hands with sb.。2. 由先行词的某种习惯搭配来决定。例如：“I'll never forget the day on which I joined the Party. ”该句中表示在具体某一天用介词on。3. 由句子表达的全部意义来确定。例如：“Water is very important for us without which we can't live. ”这句话想要表达的意思是：“水对我们来说很重要，没有它我们将无法生存。”故用介词without。 ‎ ‎　　例1： Wind power is an ancient source of energy_______ we may return in the near future. (2016年上海卷) ‎ ‎　　A. on which B. by which 　　C. to which D. from which ‎ ‎　　【解析】C。本题考查的是从句谓语动词的习惯搭配。首先判断此题考查的是定语从句，再看从句缺什么成分。从句的谓语动词return为不及物动词，常与to搭配，意为“返回到……，回归到……”，故答案为C。题干的意思是：“风能是一种古老的能源，在不久的将来，我们也许会回归到这一能源上。” ‎ ‎　　例2：Gun control is a subject _______Americans have argued for a long time. (2016年陕西卷) ‎ ‎　　A. of which B. with which 　　C. about which D. into which ‎ ‎　　【解析】C。本题同样考查定语从句谓语动词的介词搭配。从句谓语动词argue为不及物动词，常用搭配为“argue with sb about sth.”，先行词为a subject，是argue的内容而非对象，故选C。很多考生误选B，是受argue with sb.的影响，没有考虑先行词。 ‎ ‎　　 ‎ ‎　　切入点之二：数量词/代词+ of which/whom形式引导的定语从句 ‎ ‎　　思路点拨 此类题先行词人或物与从句中所提到的人或物一般具有整体与部分的关系。遇到此类题，只要两个句子之间以逗号隔开且没有连词连接，就只需要判定先行词是指人还是指物即可：指人时用whom，指物时用which，其他选项均不考虑。考生只要牢记其结构“数量词/代词+ of which/whom”即可快速准确地得出答案。 ‎ ‎　　例1：The settlement is home to nearly 1000 people, many of_______left their village homes for a better life in the city. (2016年浙江卷) ‎ ‎　　A. whom B. which C. them D. those ‎ ‎　　【解析】A。由两个句子之间以逗号隔开且没有连词连接，可判断此题考查定语从句，排除C、D这两个非定语从句关系词的选项。又因先行词1000 people指人，故排除指物的B，选A。 ‎ ‎　　 ‎ ‎　　切入点之三：作定语的whose 作关系词 ‎ ‎　　思路点拨在定语从句的关系词中，只有whose是在从句中作定语的，其修饰的名词与先行词构成一定的从属关系，意为“某人/某事/某物的”。表示所属关系的定语从句关系词有以下三种形式：1. whose + n. (与先行词构成所属关系)；2. the + n. (与先行词构成所属关系) + of + whom/which；3. of + whom/which + the + n. (与先行词构成所属关系)。 ‎ ‎　　例1：That's the new machine_______parts are too small to be seen. (2010年山东卷) ‎ ‎　　A. that B. which C. whose D. what ‎ ‎　　【解析】C。分析可知，从句主语parts与先行词machine之间是所属关系，关系词whose在从句中作parts的定语，表示“某人/某事/某物的……”, 而which 和that在从句中多作主语或宾语，what不能作定语从句的关系词，故选C。另外，表示所属关系还可以用of结构，此时需要用which来引导，具体体现在此题中为：the parts of which 或of which the parts。 ‎ ‎　　例2：The old temple_______roof was damaged in storm is now under repair. (2016年陕西卷) ‎ ‎　　A. where B. which C. its D. whose ‎ ‎　　【解析】D。分析句子结构可知，先行词temple与从句主语roof之间是所属关系，空格处在从句中作定语修饰roof，故用whose引导定语从句。用of结构表示所属关系则为the roof of which或of which the roof。 ‎ 切入点之四：限定性定语从句中 ‎ ‎　　关系词的确定 ‎ ‎　　思路点拨 定语从句中关系词的确定尽管非常复杂，需要对各个关系词的基本用法及特殊用法非常熟悉才能迅速选出答案。但是，只要会分析句子结构，问题就能迎刃而解。关系代词除whose外，在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，而关系副词when、where、why在从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语，所以搞清从句缺什么成分非常关键。 ‎ ‎　　例1：I've become good friend with several of the students in my school_______I meet in the English speech contest last year. (2016年湖南卷) ‎ ‎　　A. whoB. where C. when D. which ‎ ‎　　【解析】A。本题考查定语从句关系代词的用法。题干的意思为：“我已经与去年我在英语竞赛中遇见的我们学校的几个学生成了好朋友。”A选项应在定语从句中作主语或宾语，指人；B选项应指代前面的地点名词，在从句中作地点状语，没有弄懂句意的考生容易把先行词看成了my school 而误选B；C选项应指代前面的时间名词，在从句中作时间状语；而D选项在从句中作主语或宾语，指代前面的事物。本题的定语从句中缺少动词meet的宾语，故排除B、C，且由句意可知，空格处指代的是students (人)而非school (物)，故选A。 ‎ 例2：—Can you believe I had to pay 30 dollars for a haircut? ‎ ‎　　 —You should try the barber's _______ I go. It's only 15. (2010年天津卷) ‎ ‎　　A. as B. which C. where D. that ‎ ‎　　【解析】C。由于go是不及物动词，所以从句中不缺主、宾、表语中的任何一个，关系代词都不能选，所以A、B、D都可以排除。即使你不知道the barber's 表示“理发店”是用the sb.'s表示地点的特殊用法，还是可以通过排除法选出答案。 　　 ‎ ‎　　切入点之五：非限定性定语从句中 ‎ ‎　　关系词的确定 ‎ ‎　　思路点拨 非限定性定语从句中，可根据从句中缺少的成分是主、宾、表、定语还是时间、地点、原因状语来判定该选关系代词还是关系副词。对于关系代词，如果指物或指代前面整个句子，用which引导，如果指人，用who或whom引导。对于关系副词，除why的先行词只能是reason以外，when和where的先行词分别是可表示时间和地点的名词。例如：All the neighbors admire this family, where the parents are treating their child like a friend. ‎ ‎　　例1：As a child, Jack studied in a village school,_______is named after his grandfather. (2010年全国卷I ) ‎ ‎　　A. which B. where C. what D. that ‎ ‎　　【解析】A。空格设在school后，且和school之间有逗号隔开，可知本题考查的是非限定性定语从句关系词的选择。由于从句缺主语，因此应使用关系代词，排除B、C，又因that不能用于非限定性定语从句中，故选A。 ‎ ‎　　例2：After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, _______ turned out to be a wise decision. (2010年四川卷) ‎ ‎　　A. that B. which C. when D. where ‎ ‎　　【解析】B。此处考查由which引导的非限定性定语从句，which指代前面整个句子。题干的意思是：“大学毕业后，我抽出了一段时间去旅游，结果证明这是一个明智的决定。” ‎ ‎　　 以上为高考中考查定语从句时常用的命题模式，从中我们不难看出高考题对语法的考查主要在于其基础知识和基本用法。只要掌握了常见的命题切入点，仔细领会，认真研读，就可以对各个考点一一击破。‎