专题14 语法填空-备战2021年高考英语之纠错笔记系列（原卷版）

专题14 语法填空-备战2021年高考英语之纠错笔记系列（原卷版）

易错点 1 错用＂惯性思维＂ 1. Staying ________________ the oldest person is finished is considered to be a basic tradition of Korean table manners. 【错因分析】有些考生看到 stay 后面跟的是人，就会想到 with，殊不知这里不是填介词而是连词。 【试题解析】句意：一直等到最年长的人用膳完毕被认为是韩国餐桌礼仪的一个传统。故填 until。 【参考答案】until 2. July 1, 1997 saw the return of Hong Kong to China. The day our Chinese people had looked forward to ________________ (come) at last. 【错因分析】有些考生看到＂look forward to＂ 就马上想到固定搭配，后面用 doing。其实这里的主语是 That day，而 our Chinese people had looked forward to＂是省略了关系代词的定语从句。 【试题解析】come 在主句中充当的是谓语，这里是说过去发生的事情要用一般过去时，故填 came。 【参考答案】came 为了避免惯性思维的干扰，考生要认真理清词语的搭配和句子结构，判断出合乎逻辑的句意。下面再 给几句容易让思维定势造成误区的句子供考生们学习： The reason ________________ he gave us at the meeting was not acceptable. （应填 that/which，不要以为 reason 后面就一定是填 why；这里的先行词 reason 在从句中作 gave 的宾 语而不是状语） I will never forget the time ________________ we spent together in the countryside. （应填 that/which，不要以为先行词是表示时间的，后面就一定是填 when；这里的先行词 time 在从句 中作 spent 的宾语而不是状语） This is the factory ________________ we visited three years ago. （应填 that/which，不要以为先行词是一个地方，后面就一定是填 where；这里的先行词 factory 在从句 中作 visited 的宾语而不是状语） 3. He was very tired ________________ doing this for a whole day, but he felt very happy since the crop did ＂grow＂ higher. 【解析】有些考生一看到＂be tired＂就马上想到＂be tired of’＂这一短语，但这里不是＂厌倦＂的意思， 而是表示＂在 ⋯⋯ 之后感到累，因做某事而累＂。 【答案】after / from 4. I still remember the story, ________________ believe it or not we got lost on a rainy night. 【解析】有些考生看到＂story＂后面有逗号就填＂which＂，习惯性地认为是非限制性定语从句，其实这是 一个同位语从句。 【答案】that 易错点 2 错用＂藕断丝连＂ 结构 1. Is there anyone you can think of ________________ may know which hospital he was sent to? 【错因分析】考生可能会因为没看出来本句中的＂you can think of’＂是插入语而误填答案。 【试题解析】句意：你能不能想到有谁可能知道他被送往哪一家医院了？句中的＂you can think of’’是插入 语，＂anyone＂后面跟的是定语从句，且定语从句中缺少主语，所以要用 who 来引导。 【参考答案】who 命题者有意在句子中使用插入语，给考生的理解带来一定的困难和干扰。要解决这样的困扰，考生必 须对英语中的插入语有一定的了解。 首先，插入语在英语中属于独立成分，是对一句话进行附加解释或说明。通常由一个词、一个短语或 一个句子构成，常位于句首、句中或句末，一般用逗号或破折号与句子隔开。由于插入语与句中其他成分 没有语法上的关系，将它删掉之后，句子结构仍然完整，所以遇到此类题目时，考生应先删掉插入语来理 解句子成分。下面列出一些含有插入语的句子(主要是插入语位于句中的句子)供考生们理解，画线部分为插 入语： 1. He made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science. 2. Who do you think will give us a talk this afternoon? 3. An awful accident did, however, occur the other day. 4. If metal is heated and then cooled very quickly, for example, by dipping in water, it will be very hard but will break easily. 5. Some are young people who, for one reason or another, have left home and have nowhere to live. 6. Therefore, our tobacco seller, Mr. Johnson, always asks his customers, if they are very young, whom the cigarettes are bought for. 7. A fast-food restaurant is the place where, just as the name suggests, eating is performed quickly. 2. And this is, when my taxi driver told me, ________________ I now call, ＂The Law of the Garbage Truck. ＂ 【解析】本题中，＂when my taxi driver told me＂是插入语，＂this is＂后面跟的是表语从句，从句中缺少宾 语，且表示＂什么＂，因此要用 what。 【答案】what 3. We were driving in the fight lane ________________ all of a sudden, a black car jumped out of a parking space right in front of us. 【解析】此处是＂be doing sth when...＂结构，表示＂正在做……这时……＂。 【答案】when 4. An American professor, Charles Zastrow, offers an interesting answer, particularly ________________ the second question. 【解析】＂an answer to the question＂表示＂问题的答案＂，是固定搭配。 【答案】to 易错点 3 错用＂同形异性＂ 1. Stage schools often act as agencies which supply children for stage and television work. ________________ visit to such schools will leave you in no doubt that the children enjoy themselves. 【错因分析】考生可能会误以为空后的 visit 是动词，所以错填了代词，而实际上，visit 在此用作名词，所 以前面缺的应是冠词。 【试题解析】句意：戏剧学校经常充当了代理机构的角色，为孩子提供上台表演和上电视工作的机会。一 次到这种学校的参观会毫无疑问地让你相信，那里的孩子是真心享受学校生活。表示＂一次＂要用不定冠 词 a。 【参考答案】A 2. Language learning research ________________ (show) that successful language learners are similar in many ways. 【错因分析】有些考生会误以为题中的 research 是作动词，从而错填成了非谓语 showing，实际上这里 research 这里用作名词，空处在句中用作谓语。 【试题解析】句意：语言学习研究显示，成功的语言学习者们在很多方面都相似。主语 Language learning research 为第三人称单数形式，因此谓语也要用第三人称单数，故填 shows。 【参考答案】shows 英语中有很多这种同形同义但异性(词性)的单词，或者是同形异性并异义的单词。考生在分析句子成分 的时候要仔细，根据＂主语+谓语＂来确定主要成分，再结合句意确定这类单词的词性和意义。此外，平时 要注意积累这类单词，下面列出一些常见的词汇： help v. 帮忙 n. 帮忙 like v. 喜欢 prep. 象 hand v. 交给 n. 手 head v. 前进 n. 头/首脑 form v. 形成 n. 表格 end v. 结束 n. 终点 influence v. 影响 n. 影响 smile v. 微笑 n. 微笑 smell v. 嗅到 n. 嗅觉/气味 study v. 学习 n. 学习/书房 time v. 计时 n. 时间/次数 train v. 培训 n. 火车 match v. 相配 n. 比赛/火柴 work v. 工作/起作用 n. 工作 slow adj. 慢的 v. 减速 object v. 反对 n. 物品 right adj. 正确的 n. 权利 watch v. 看 n. 手表 patient adj. 耐心的 n. 病人 matter v. 要紧 n. 事情 3. Many people care for the question: am I getting enough vitamins, and am I getting the right kind? Even though very small amounts of each vitamin are enough for the needs of the body, ________________ worry that people have about vitamins has some reasons. 【解析】worry 在此用作名词，表示＂担心，担忧＂，在句子中作主语，这里表示＂这种担心＂，且为特指， 所以空处要填定冠词 the。 【答案】the 易错点 4 忽视语篇语境和上下文的逻辑关系 1. It was raining lightly when I 61（arrived） (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didn’t care. A few hours 62 , I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with 63（its） (it) choking smog. 【错因分析】考生在做此题时容易忽视上下文的语境，单纯从空格所在的句子入手，去揣测答案。 【试题解析】分析题干不难看出，空后的的句子用的是过去完成时，而空格前用的是过去时，由此可以判 断“at home in Hong Kong”发生在“was raining”之前，因而得出答案，故填 earlier。 【参考答案】earlier 常用的语篇连词和短语：first, second, what’s more, in addition, apart from this, last but not the least, however, but, although, though, despite, because, as, since, now that, therefore, thus, so, not only... but also..., as well as, in a word, in short, to sum up 等。 2. He had a mate and she was dying on the ground. Sitting close beside her, he opened and closed _______wings as if to fan her. 【解析】做该题时，不少学生忽视了空格处与句子主语的关系，因而误填 the，此处的主语为 he，所以空格 处要用 his，表示＂他的＂。 【答案】his 【名师点睛】考生在做题时要注意句子的整体性，注意句子的前后联系，使用符合英语表达习惯的词来完 成空格。如本题，代词的人称和数应与它替代的名词或代词保持一致，而 the 表示特指或指上文提到过的人 或事。 易错点 5 错误理解抽象名词或物质具体化 1. Yes it would come as _________surprise to a lot of people to hear that Christmas was actually originally meant to celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ. 【错因分析】有些抽象名词具体化后，表示一个具体的人或者事，前面必须用不定冠词。比如：pity, shame, pleasure, must, success 等。 【试题解析】句意：在听到圣诞节实际上是为了庆祝耶稣的诞生时，很多人都会很惊讶。surprise 在此用作 名词，表示＂令人惊奇的事＂。 【参考答案】a 抽象名词具体化通常可分为以下两类： 一、表示情感、情绪的词，强调具体的人或事时常将其具体化使用。常用的重点抽象名词可概括为如 下 11 个字：惊、乐、幸、憾、傲、慰、险、助、成、败、美。 1. surprise 吃惊、惊奇（不可数名词） a surprise 令人吃惊的人或事（可数名词） in surprise 惊奇地、吃惊地 to one’s surprise 令人吃惊的是 What a surprise to see you here! 在这里见到你真是个意外的事。 2. pleasure 愉快、高兴（不可数名词） a pleasure 一件乐事、一个乐趣（可数名词） 如：with pleasure 高兴地、乐意地 take pleasure in 以……为乐、爱好 It’s a pleasure to work with him. 和他一块儿工作是件乐事。 3. honor 荣誉、信誉（不可数名词） an honor 一种光荣的人或事（可数名词） 如：for the honor of the country 为了国家的荣誉 It’s an honor to speak here. 在这里发言是我的荣幸。 4. pity 遗憾 a pity 一件遗憾的事 It’s a pity that you should fail to pass the exam. 你没通过考试真是件遗憾的事。 5. pride 骄傲（不可数名词） a pride 令人骄傲的人或事（可数名词） 如：He takes pride in his son. 他以儿子为骄傲。 He is a pride to his parents. 他是父母的一个骄傲。 6. comfort 安危、舒适（不可数名词） a comfort 一个令人安慰的人或事（可数名词） 如：enjoy comfort 享受舒适 Books become a comfort to him. 书籍成为他的一种安慰。 She tried to make her children live in comfort, which is a great comfort to her. 她尽力让她的孩子生活舒适， 这对她来说是一种安慰。 7. danger 危险（不可数名词） a danger 可能引起危险的人或物（可数名词） 如：In war, a soldier’s life is full of danger. 战争中，士兵的生命充满了危险。 The man is a danger to society. 那是个对社会危险的人物。 8. success 成功（不可数名词） a success 一个成功的人或事（可数名词） 如：be sure of success 确信成功 He is a great success as a scientist. 作为科学家，他是个伟大的成功者。 9. failure 失败（不可数名词） a failure/failures 失败的人或事（可数名词） 如：Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。 He had had six failures and would have a seventh try. 他已经历六次失败，并将再次努力。 10. help 帮助 a help 帮手，起帮助作用的物 It’s a great help to me. 这对我来说帮助很大。 11. beauty 美、美丽（不可数名词） a beauty 美人、美丽的东西（可数名词） 如：the beauty of nature 大自然的美 He regarded his wife as a beauty. 他把妻子视为美人。 二、表行为的抽象名词，强调其具体表现形式时，常以 a/an 加抽象名词，或 a/an+形容词+抽象名词。 常用短语、句型如下： have a wonderful supper have a strong character have a bright future have a good time have a population of have a good knowledge/understanding of have an income of receive a good education receive a warm welcome cover an area of reach a height of It’s a waste of time/money. It’s a great help to me. It’s a pity that... 三、表示具体动作意义的抽象名词，加 a/an 与某些动词（have, take, make, give）等词连用时，表示某 一次短暂的动作。 have a swim/rest/look/trip/discussion/smoke/wash/sleep take a walk/bath give/take a try make an advance/an early start/an apology take/have a great interest go out for a walk 四、接同源宾语的短语，通常名词表示具体化意义。 die a heroic death live/lead a happy/simple/hard/poor/bitter life dream a strange dream 2. My parents approached the site, which was still wet from ___________ heavy rain. 【解析】在这道题中，很多考生会误填 the，认为 rain 是物质名词，前面不用冠词，即使使用冠词也应用 the， 但这里 rain 前有形容词 heavy 修饰，因此 rain 就具体化了，表示＂一场大雨＂要用不定冠词 a。 【答案】a 【名师点睛】 类似于 rain 的用法的名词被称为物质名词，它们一般都是不可数名词，但是一旦在它们前面加上了形容词， 就成了物质名词具体化。此处表示＂一场大雨＂，因此应用不定冠词 a .类似的名词还有：dinner 泛指＂饭＂， a good dinner 指＂一顿美餐＂；fire 泛指＂火＂，a big fire 指＂一场大火＂等。 易错点 6 冠词的误用 1. On the other hand, as is known to all, ______ honest man wins the respect of others. 【错因分析】有些考生会认为 honest 是以辅音字母 h 开头，而误认为要用不定冠词 a。实际上，判断是用 a 还是用 an 的关键是看单词发音而不是看首字母。 【试题解析】句意：另一方面，众所周知，诚实的人会赢得别人的尊重。这里是泛指一个诚实的人，因此 要用不定冠词，又因 honest 是以元音音素开头，因此要用 an。 【参考答案】an 2. There was ______big bright moon hanging in the sky, giving off a magic glow. 【错因分析】有些考生一看见 moon，就认为这里是要用定冠词 the，而忽略了其前有形容词修饰时，要用 不定冠词。 【试题解析】表示独一无二的事物的名词前有形容词修饰时，需要用不定冠词 a 或者 an，此处 moon 前有修 饰语 big bright，因此应用 a。 【参考答案】a 3. Anyone who achieves success in this field can be ____________ success. 【解析】句意：任何一个在这一领域取得成功的人都是成功人士。success 在此表示＂一个成功的人“，因 此其前要用不定冠词。 【答案】a 4. We can never expect ____________ bluer sky unless we create ____________ less polluted world. 【解析】句意：如果我们不创造一个污染较少的世界，就永远不要期待一片更蓝的天空。sky 前有形容词比 较级 bluer 修饰，因此其前要用不定冠词。 【答案】a；a 5. ____________ Shanghai of tomorrow is sure to create new splendor and spring up as another center of international economy. 【解析】表示人名或者地名的专有名词前一般不用冠词，但是如果表示＂……的人＂或者具有某种特点的 地点，前面可以根据具体情况用不定冠词或者定冠词，这里指的是明天的上海，为特指，因此要用定冠词 the。 【答案】The 2018 年 高考真题 Cloze 1（2018·新课标卷 I） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 According to a review of evidence in a medical journal, runners live three years 61 (long) than non-runners. You don’t have to run fast or for long 62 (see) the benefit. You may drink, smoke, be overweight and still reduce your risk of 63 (die) early by running. While running regularly can’t make you live forever, the review says it 64 (be) more effective at lengthening life 65 walking, cycling or swimming. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 66 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all 67 (cause). The best exercise is one that you enjoy and will do. But otherwise … it’s probably running. To avoid knee pain, you can run on soft surfaces, do exercises to 68 (strength) your leg muscles (肌肉), avoid hills and get good running shoes. Running is cheap, easy and it’s always 69 (energy). If you are time poor, you need run for only half the time to get the same benefits as other sports, so perhaps we should all give 70 a try. Cloze 2（2018·新课标卷 II） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Diets have changed in China — and so too has its top crop. Since 2011,the country ___61___（grow）more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ___62___ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent. A taste for meat is ___63___ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another reason for corn's rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice ___64___ (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water ___65___ rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥) runoff. This switch has decreased ___66___ (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people. According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total ___67___ (globe)fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government ___68___ (start) a soil-testing program ___69___ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission(排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. China's approach to protecting its environment while ___70___ (feed) its citizens "offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide." says the bank's Juergen Voegele. Cloze 3（2018·新课标卷 III） 阅读下面短文，在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 I'm not sure _____61_____ is more frightened, me or the female gorilla(大猩猩）that suddenly appears out of nowhere. I'm walking on a path in the forest in the Central African Republic. Unexpectedly, I'm face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ____62____ top of her lungs. That makes her baby scream, and then a 400-pound male appears. He screams the___63___(loud)of all. The noise shakes the trees as the male beats his chest and charges toward me. I quickly lower myself, ducking my head to avoid ____64____(look) directly into his eyes so he doesn't feel____65____(challenge). My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a ___66___(science)who studies animals such as apes and monkeys. I was searching ___67___ these three western lowland gorillas I'd been observing. No one had seen them for hours, and my colleagues and I were worried. When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find ____68____(they) alive. True to a gorilla's unaggressive nature, the huge animal ____69____(mean)me no real harm. He was just saying: "I'm king of this forest, and here is your reminder!" Once his message was delivered, he allowed me ____70____ (stay)and watch. 2017 年 高考真题 Cloze 1（2017·新课标卷 I） There has been a recent trend in the food service industry toward lower fat content and less salt. This trend, which was started by the medical community（医学界） 61 a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side 62 (effect) such as overweight and heart disease—the very thing the medical community was trying to fight. Fat and salt are very important parts of a diet. They are required 63 (process) the food that we eat, to recover from injury and for several other bodily functions. When fat and salt 64 (remove) from food, the food tastes as if is missing something. As 65 result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing. Even 66 (bad), the amount of fast food that people eat goes up. Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt; by 68 (eat) more fast food people will get more salt and fat than they need in their diet. Having enough fat and salt in your meals will reduce the urge to snack( 吃点心) between meals and will improve the taste of your food. However, be 69 (care) not to go to extremes. Like anything, it is possible to have too much of both, 70 is not good for the health. Cloze 2（2017·新课标卷 III） She looks like any other schoolgirl, fresh-faced and full of life. Sarah Thomas is looking forward to challenge of her new A-level course. But unlike school friends,16-year-old Sarah is not spending half-term ___61___ (rest). Instead, she is earning $6, 500 a day as ___62___ model in New York. Sarah ___63___ (tell) that she could be Britain’s new supermodel earning a million dollars in the new year. Her father Peter, 44, wants her to give up school to model full-time But Sarah, ___64___ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ___65___ (prove) that she has brains as well as beauty. She is determined to carry on with her ___66___ (educate). She has turned down several ___67___ (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies. After school she plans to take a year off to model full-time before going to university to get a degree ___68___ engineering or architecture. Sarah says, ＂My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the moment, school ___69___ (come) first. I don’t want to get too absorbed in modeling. It is ___70___ (certain) fun but the lifestyle is a little unreal. I don’t want to have nothing else to fall back on when I can’t model any more.＂ Cloze 3（2017·浙江卷） Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small 56 (carrot) and was about to throw them away. But something made her look closer, and she noticed a 57 (shine) object. Yes, there beneath the leafy top of one tiny carrot was her long-lost wedding ring. Pahlsson screamed 58 loudly that her daughter came running from the house. ＂She thought I had hurt 59 (I),＂says Pahlsson. Sixteen years 60 (early), Pahlsson had removed the diamond ring 61 (cook) a meal. When she wanted to put the ring back on later, it was gone. She suspected that one of her three daughters — then ten, eight, and six — had picked it up, but the girls said they hadn’t. Pahlsson and her husband 62 (search) the kitchen, checking every corner, but turned up nothing. ＂I gave up hope of finding my ring again,＂ she says. She never replaced it. Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got 63 (sweep) into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden, 64 it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. For Pahlsson, its return was 65 wonder. 语法填空之解题策略 语法填空题就设题类型而言主要分为有提示词类和无提示词类，这两种设题类型的解题方法不尽相同， 下面分别就这两种类型的解题步骤进行详细介绍： 一、有提示词类 1. 提供动词：当设空处提供动词原形，设空处一般考查动词的时态、语态，非谓语动词或词类转化。 2. 词性转换类：词性转换多以派生词变化为主，如：形容词与副词间的相互转化；形容词与名词间的 相互转化；形容词与动词间的相互转化；动词与名词间的相互转化等。 3. 有个别空可能是词义转换题，词性不一定改变，主要考查与词根意义相反的派生词，此事，需根据 句子意思及上下文的逻辑关系，加 un-，im-等或在词根后加-less 等。 二、无提示词类 首先，分析句子结构确定要填哪类词。然后，根据句子的意思及结构，确定具体填什么词。最后，根 据上下文逻辑关系及语意确定具体用哪个词。解题时要注意以下规律： 1. 缺少主语或宾语，要填代词。 （1）如果在谓语动词前挖空，答案应首先考虑代词。所填代词主要考虑人称代词（he，she，they，it 等）和关系代词（that，which，who 等）。 （2）如果空前为及物动词、及物动词短语或者介词，要考虑人称代词宾格和在定语从句中作宾语的关 系代词。 2. 名词、代词、动名词前挖空，可以考虑用限定词或介词。 （1）如果在名词前挖空，答案应首先考虑限定词。限定词包括冠词（a，an，the）、物主代词（my，her 等）、关系词（whose 等）、疑问代词（what，which 等）、不定代词（no，some，neither 等）等。 （2）名词或代词前挖空，而该名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语，也不作动词的宾语时，该空很可能 填介词。此时要特别注意空格处的词与空前的词构成的固定搭配。 3. 若两个或几个单词或短语之间或两个句子间没有连词，可能需要填连词，主要有表示并列关系的 and 和表示选择关系的 or 等。 4. 若两句之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，一般考虑填关系词或从属连词。 5. 若句子结构较完整，空格后的谓语动词是原形，且与上下文时态不一致或主谓不一致时，很可能填 情态动词或表示强调或倒装的助动词（do，does，did 等）。如果是一般疑问句则要考虑填助动词或情态动词 （do，does，did，have，has，had，can，may 等）。 6. 形容词或副词前设空，表示程度要考虑用 how，so，too 等；名词前设空，如果是感叹句考虑用 what 等。 语法填空之必备知识 1. 词性转换 （1）名词→形容词 后缀 例词 -al industry 工业 → industrial 工业的 nation 国家 → national 国家的 -ern east 东方 → eastern 东方的 north 北方 → northern 北方的 -ful/-less meaning 意义 → meaningful 有意义的 care 小心 → careful/careless 小心的；粗心的 -en gold 黄金 → golden 金色的 wood 木头 → wooden 木制的 -ic reality 现实 → realistic 现实的 history 历史 → historic 历史的 -like child 孩子 → childlike 天真的 woman 妇女 → womanlike 女人似的 -an Europe 欧洲 → European 欧洲的 America 美国 → American 美国的 -able reason 原因 → reasonable 合理的 value 价值 → valuable 有价值的 -ish child 孩子 → childish 孩子气的 self 自己 → selfish 自私的 -y anger 生气 → angry 生气的 health 健康→ healthy 健康的 -ary revolution 革命 → revolutionary 革命的 -some trouble 麻烦 → troublesome 令人讨厌的 -ly friend 朋友 → friendly 友好的 love 爱 → lovely 可爱的 （2）形容词→副词 一般情况 直接加-ly bright → brightly 明亮地 clear → clearly 清楚地 correct → correctly 正确地 以＂辅音字母+y＂结尾 变 y 为 i，再加-ly easy → easily 容易地 heavy → heavily 沉重地 happy → happily 高兴地 以 le 结尾的形容词 去 e 加-ly simple → simply 仅仅；只；简单地 possible → possibly 可能 （3）动词 → 名词 后缀 例词 -ance allow → allowance 允许 appear → appearance 外貌，出现 perform → performance 演出 exist → existence 存在 -ence refer → reference 参考 exist → existence 存在 -al refer → refusal 拒绝 arrive → arrival 到达 propose → proposal 建议 survive → survival 幸存 -ion/-ation discuss → discussion 讨论 express → expression 词语；表达方式 instruct → instruction 指导，介绍 predict → prediction 预言 -ment achieve → achievement 成就 commit → commitment equip → equipment 装备，器材 manage → management 经营管理 （4）形容词 → 名词 后缀 例词 -ness happy 高兴的 → happiness 幸福 ill 生病的 → illness 疾病 kind 善良的 → kindness 善良 weak 弱的 → weakness 弱点 -y/-ly efficient 有效率的 → efficiency 效率 urgent 紧急的 → urgency 紧急 -ism social 社会的 → socialism 社会主义 -th warm 温暖的 → warmth 温暖 true 真的 → truth 真理 wide 宽的 → width 宽度 （5）否定前缀 后缀 例词 dis- agreeable（adj. 使人愉快的）→ disagreeable（adj. 不愉快的） agreement（n. 同意）→ disagreement（n. 意见不同） appear（vi. 出现）→ disappear（vi. 消失，不见） courage（n. 勇气，精神）→ discourage（vt. 使气馁） un- happy（adj. 快乐的）→ unhappy（adj. 不幸的，不快乐的） friendly（adj. 友好的）→ unfriendly（adj. 不友好的） il- legal（adj. 法律的，法定的）→ illegal（adj. 违法的） logical（adj. 合乎逻辑的）→ illogical（adj. 不合逻辑的） literate（adj. 有文化的 n. 学者）→ illiterate（adj. 没受教育的 n. 文盲） im- possible（adj. 可能的）→ impossible（adj. 不可能的） mortal（adj. 必死的，人类的）→ immortal（adj. 不朽的） moral（adj. 道德的）→ immoral（adj. 不道德的） ir regular（adj. 规则的）→ irregular（adj. 不规则的） rational（adj. 理性的）→ irrational（adj. 无理性的） resistible（adj. 可抵抗的）→ irresistible（adj. 不可抵抗的） in- correct（adj. 正确的）→ incorrect（adj. 不正确的） justice（n. 正义，公平）→ injustice（n. 不正义，不公平） sincere（adj. 真诚的）→ insincere（adj. 虚假的，不真诚的） Cloze 1（2018 届江西省金溪一中、余江一中等五市八校高三联考） The first part of the underwater tunnel for the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge was 1 (success) completed on Oct 8, 2016. Known as "one of the seven modem wonders in the world, "it is the world's 2 (long) bridge currently being constructed 3 (start)from Lantau Island in Hong Kong. the Y-shaped bridge will have 4 total length of about 55 kilometers, including a 6.7-kilometer underwater tunnel and a 23-kilometer bridge over the sea. Artificial islands will be built at both ends off the tunnel 5 (allow) for the passage of large ships. The bridge will serve 6 an important channel linking Hong Kong, Macau, Zhuhai and the western part of the Pearl River Delta, 7 is one of the most economically developed areas in the Chinese mainland. 8 (construct) of the bridge started in 2009. 9 (it) total cost will come to some 10 billion RMB. It 10 (expect) to be completed by the end of this year. Cloze 2 A Chinese businessman, Mr. Wang, treated 5,000 people 1 a free bowl of noodles after he found his lost $45,000 engagement(订婚)ring. He was going to ask his girlfriend 2 (marry) him last Sunday. However, he lost the engagement ring in his bag at a noodle restaurant. But he was fortunate enough 3 a customer in the restaurant found the bag and gave it to the manager. The manager found Mr. Wang’s details in the bag and telephoned him immediately by 4 (he). Mr. Wang was very surprised to recover his ring. Mr. Wang wanted to say thank you to the restaurant. On Tuesday, he bought 5,000 5 (customer) each a bowl of spicy noodles. This is 6 average daily sales of the restaurant. There 7 (is) a long queue for the free noodles outside the restaurant. Mr. Wang told reporters: "Chongqing has the woman I love. I feel very 8 ( luck) and happy." He also put a thank-you letter with a picture of his girlfriend 9 ( wear) the engagement ring outside the restaurant. A local man said: "I think the story is 10 (extreme) moving. Love is beautiful and people’s hearts are more beautiful." Cloze 3 The Silk Road is in fact a relatively recent term. These ancient roads had no particular name until in the mid-nineteenth century, Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen 1 (name) the trade and communication network the Silk Road. Since then the term 2 (accept) globally. In the nineteenth century, a new type of travelers stepped onto the Silk Road: archaeologists and geographers, enthusiastic explorers who were eager 3 (look) for adventure. Researchers who came from many countries traveled through the Taklamakan Desert, 4 is now in Xinjiang, to explore ancient sites along the Silk Road, 5 (lead) to many discoveries and studies, and most of all, a renewed interest 6 the history of these routes. Today, many historic 7 (build) and monuments still stand, marking the passage of the Silk Road through hotels, ports and cities. What’s more, the long-standing legacy(遗产) of this remarkable network is reflected in 8 large number of cultures, languages, customs and religions that have developed for many years along these routes. The passage of merchants and travelers of many 9 (difference) nationalities resulted not only in commercial exchange, but in a widespread and continual process of cultural interaction. 10 (obvious), it has become a driving force in the formation(形成) of diverse societies. Cloze 4 The Great Wall of China is more than 6, 000 kilometres long. It winds 1.________ (it) way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys 2.________ at last it reaches the sea. The Great Wall has a history of over twenty centuries. The first part of it 3.________(build) during the Spring and Autumn period. During the Qin Dynasty, 4.________ (keep) the enemy out of his empire, Emperor Qin Shi Huang had all the walls 5.________ (join) up. Thus, the Great Wall came into being. The Great Wall is wide enough at 6.________ top for five horses or ten men to walk side by side. Along the wall are watchtowers, 7.________ soldiers used to keep watch. Fires were lit on the towers as a 8.________ (warn) when the enemy came. It was 9.________ (extreme) difficult to build such a wall in the ancient days without any modern machines. All the work was done 10.________ hand. Thousands of men died and were buried under the wall they built. The Great Wall was made not only of stone and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________