高考英语词汇 短语 语法 试题 高分冲刺

高考英语词汇 短语 语法 试题 高分冲刺

‎2012高考英语考点汇总 一、冠词 冠词分为不定冠词（a, an），定冠词（the），和零冠词。‎ I. 不定冠词的用法 ‎1‎ 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.‎ ‎2‎ 第一次提及某人某物，非特指 A boy is waiting for you.有个男孩在等你。‎ ‎3‎ 表示“每一”相当于every，one We study eight hours a day.‎ ‎4‎ 表示“相同”相当于the same We are nearly of an age.‎ ‎5‎ 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事 ‎— Hello, could I speak to Mr. Smith?‎ ‎—Sorry, wrong number. There isn't______ Mr. Smith here.‎ A. 不填 B. a C. the D. one That boy is rather a Lei Feng.（活雷锋）‎ ‎6‎ 用于固定词组中 a couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time ‎7‎ 用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后 This room is rather a big one.‎ ‎8‎ 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后 She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.‎ ‎9‎ 用于抽象名词具体化的名词前 success(抽象名词)→a success(具体化) 成功的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的事 a good knowledge of 精通掌握某一方面的知识 II. 定冠词的用法 ‎1‎ 表示某一类人或物 In many places in China, ___ bicycle is still ___ popular means of transportation.‎ A. a; the B. /; a C. the; a D. the; the ‎ ‎2‎ 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前 the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean ‎3‎ 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事 Would you mind opening the door? ‎ ‎4‎ 用于演奏乐器 play the violin, play the guitar ‎5‎ 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人 the reach, the living, the wounded ‎6‎ 表示“一家人”或“夫妇”（对比上文的不定冠词用法5）‎ ‎—Could you tell me the way to ____ Johnsons, please? —Sorry, we don’t have ____ Johnson here in the village. A. the; the B. the; a C. /; the D. the; /‎ ‎7‎ 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前 He is the taller of the two children.‎ ‎8‎ 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French ‎9‎ 用于表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China.‎ ‎10‎ 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代 in the 1990’s(二十世纪九十年代)‎ ‎11‎ 用于表示度量单位的名词前 I hired the car by the hour.‎ ‎12‎ 用于方位名词，身体部位名词 He patted me on the shoulder.‎ III. 不用冠词（又名零冠词）的用法 ‎1‎ 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前 Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air ‎2‎ 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制 I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?‎ ‎3‎ 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前 March, Sunday, National Day, spring ‎4‎ 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前 Lincoln was made President of America.‎ ‎5‎ 表示球类，棋类等运动的名词前 He likes playing football/chess.‎ ‎6‎ 与by连用表示交通方式的名词前 We went right round to the west coast by ______ sea instead of driving across ______ continent. ‎ A. the; the B.不填；the C. the; 不填 D. 不填；不填 ‎7‎ 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时 husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night ‎8 ‎ 表示泛指的复数名词前 Horses are useful animals.‎ 二、名词和主谓一致 I. 名词的种类 专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名，团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 特别注意名词类别的相互转换 个体名词与抽象名词的相互转换 例 句 意 义 名词性质 ‎①She held some flowers in her hand.‎ ‎②The trees are now in flower 花儿 个体名词 开花 抽象名词 ‎①Youth is beautiful.‎ ‎②He is a youth of twenty 青春 抽象名词 年轻人 个体名词 ‎①They have achieved remarkable success in their work.‎ ‎②—How about the Christmas evening party? ‎ ‎ —I should say it was a success. ‎ 成功 抽象名词 成功的事 个体名词 物质名词与个体名词的相互转换 例 句 意 义 名词性质 ‎①Iron is a kind of metal.‎ ‎②Please lend me your iron.‎ 铁 物质名词 熨斗 个体名词 ‎①He broke a piece of glass.‎ ‎②He broke a glass.‎ 玻璃 物质名词 玻璃杯 个体名词 ‎①I bought a chicken this morning ‎②Please help yourself to some chicken 小鸡 个体名词 鸡肉 物质名词 抽象名词与个体名词的转换 具有动作意义的抽象名词加用与某些动词（如：have等）连 用，表示某一次短暂的动作 ‎①—I’d like______information about the management of your hotel,please.‎ ‎—Well, you could have____word with the manager. He might be helpful A.some,a B.an,some C.some,some D.an,a ‎②They sent us word of the latest happenings. 消息 （抽象名词）‎ A.a B.an C./ D.the ‎③Could we have word before you go to the meeting? 话（个体名词）‎ A.a B.an C./ D.the 类例：have a dream/a rest/a smoke/a swim/a trip/a wash/a discussion/a look take a walk/a bath make an advance(进步)/make an early start(早点出发)‎ ‎/make a decision/make a change/give a cry of pain(发出痛苦的叫声) /give a try 表示知识和时间的抽象名词转换为普通名词时可以用来表示 其中的一部分 ‎①Many people agree that___knowledge of English is a must in____international trade today.‎ A.a, / B.the, an C.the, the D. /, the a knowledge of truth(知道实际情况)‎ give a fuller knowledge of China(提供关于中国更为翔实的知识)‎ have a knowledge of shorthand(有速记的知识) ‎ ‎②If there were no examination, we should have______at school.‎ A.the happiest time B.a more happier time ‎ C.much happiest time D.a much happier time ‎③ is money.‎ ‎ A.The time B.A time C.Time D.Times 抽象名词转换为普通名词可用来表示“一次、一阵、一种”具体的行为、事件、现象或结 果。这时名词前往往有形容词修饰 ‎①Oh, John. _____you gave me!‎ A.How a pleasant surprise B.How pleasant surprise ‎ C.What a pleasant surprise D. What pleasant surprise ‎②She looked up when I shouted.‎ A.in a surprise B.in the surprise C.in surprise D.in some surprise 其它例子：The gift came as a complete surprise to me. We have had some unpleasant surprise ‎③It is_____work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it.‎ A.so unusual B. such unusual C.such an unusual D.so an unusual II. 名词的数 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表 规 则 例 词 ‎1‎ 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice ‎ ‎2‎ 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species ‎ ‎3‎ 只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents ‎4‎ 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff ‎5‎ 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）‎ audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party ‎6‎ 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)‎ ‎7‎ 表示“某国人”‎ 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchwomen ‎8‎ 合成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 主谓一致 规则 情 况 举 例 语 法 一 致 原 则 以单数名词或代词动词不定式短语，动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词 用复数形式。‎ His father is working on the farm. ‎ To study English well is not easy.‎ Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes. ‎ What he said is very important for us all. ‎ 由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。‎ what I bought were three English books. ‎ What I say and do is (are) helpful for you.‎ 由连接词and或both…and连接起来的主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。但若所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物 时，它后面的谓语就用单数形式。由and 连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every 或more than a (an)/one,many a (an) 修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。either, neither, each, every 或no+单数名词和由some, any no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。.‎ Lucy and Lily are twins The writer and artist has come.‎ Every student and every teach is in the classroom.‎ Many a boy and many a girl likes it.‎ No boy and no girl likes it.‎ Each of us has a new book. Is everyone here today?‎ Somebody is speaking in class. Everything around us is matter 若none of 后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数。若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。‎ None of the sugar was left. ‎ None of us has (have) been to America.‎ 在定语从句里，关系代词that, who, which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。‎ Those who want to go please write their names on the blackboard.‎ He is one of my friends who are working hard.‎ He is the (only) one of my friends who is working hard.‎ 在强调句型中应与被强调部分一致 It is I who am going to the cinema tonight.‎ It is we who are going to the cinema tonight.‎ 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数形式； 如果它指的集体的成员，其谓语动词用复数形式 The police are looking for the lost child. ‎ The cattle are eating grass in the field.‎ His family has moved to the south .(他的一家) ‎ His family are watching TV.（他的家人）‎ Class four is on the third floor.（四班） ‎ Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor.（四班的学生）‎ 由a lot of /lots of/ plenty of/ a heap of/ heaps of/ the rest of/the majority of+名词构成的短语以及由分数或百分数+名词构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。‎ There are a lot of people in the classroom. ‎ Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.‎ ‎50 percent of the students in our class are girls.‎ 此外，还有a number of +复数名词有类似的用法（用复数），但the number of +复数名词的数就得依number 而定（用单数）。‎ A number of students have gone to the farm to help the farmer pick apples.‎ The number of pages in this book is three hundred.‎ 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致 There comes the bus. On the wall are many pictures.‎ Such is the result. Such are the facts.‎ Between the two hills stands a monument.‎ 逻 辑 What, who, which, any, more, all 等代词可以是单数，也可是复数， 主要靠意思来决定。‎ Which is your bag? Which are your bags?‎ Are any of you good at English? Has any of you got a pen?‎ All can be done has been done. All is going well. ‎ All have been taken out. All have gone to Beijing.‎ 意 义 一 致 原 则 表示时间重量长度价值等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式，这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体。‎ Thirty minutes is enough for the work..‎ Twenty pounds is too dear.‎ 如强调这类词的复数意义，则谓语动词要用复数形式 Forty kilos of water are used every day.‎ 若英语是书名名格言剧名报名国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。‎ The United States is smaller than China.‎ ‎“The Arabian Nights” is an interesting story-book.‎ 表数量的短语“one and a half”后面接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。‎ One and a half apples is left on the table.‎ 一些学科名词是以-ics结尾，如：mathematics, politics, physics 以及news, works 等。都属于形式上是复数的名词， 实际意义为单数名词，‎ 它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。‎ The paper works was built in 1990.这家造纸厂建于1990年。‎ I don’t think physics is easy to study.‎ trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, scissors (剪刀)等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a(the) pair of 等量词修饰时（clothes被a suit of 修饰）谓语动词用单数。‎ My glasses are broken.‎ The pair of shoes under the bed is his.‎ ‎“定冠词the+形容词或分词”，表示某一类人动词用复数；若表示某一类东西时，动词用单数。‎ The old are taken good care of there.‎ The beautiful gives pleasure to all.‎ 就 近 ‎/远 一 致 原 则 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, not only but also ,whether or 连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语保持一致,即就近一致。‎ Either the teacher or the students are our friends. ‎ Neither he nor they are wholly right.‎ Neither they nor he is wholly right. ‎ Is neither he nor they wholly right?‎ there be 句型中be 动词的单复数取决于其后的主语。如果其后是由and 连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致，即就近一致。‎ There are two chairs and a desk in the room.‎ There is a desk and two chairs in the room.‎ 主语后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, no less than, rather than, more than, besides, along with, including, in addition to 等引起的短语， 谓语动词要跟主语一致，即就远一致。‎ Mr. Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China.‎ A woman with a baby was on the bus.‎ Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground.‎ She, like you and Tom, is very tall.‎ The girls as well as the boy have learned to speak Japanese.‎ No one except my teachers knows anything about it.‎ 三、代词 I. 代词可以分为以下八大类 ‎1‎ 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 形容词性物主代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性物主代词 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs ‎2‎ 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves ‎3‎ 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some ‎4‎ 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever ‎5‎ 关系代词/连接代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as ‎6‎ 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either ‎7‎ 相互代词 each other,one another II. 不定代词用法注意点 类 别 区 别 例 句 one, some，‎ any和it one可以泛指人或者事（东西），其复数为ones ‎①We’ve been looking at the houses but haven’t found ___ we like yet. ‎ A.one B.ones C.it D.them ‎ ‎②Cars do cause us some health problems — in fact far more serious _______ than mobile phones do. ‎ A.one B.ones C.it D.those ‎ some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议，请求等 ‎—Your coffee smells great! —It’s from Mexico．Would you like ________?‎ A.it B.some C.this D.1ittle some 和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个 ‎①I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.‎ ‎②—Which of the three ways shall I take to the village? ‎ ‎—________way as you please.‎ A.Each B.Every C.Any D.Either one指同类中的一个，it指代同一种类的东西。此外it还可以作形式主语、形式宾语和用于强调句型中。‎ ‎—There is still a copy of the book in the library. Will you go and borrow ? ‎ ‎—No, I’d rather buy in the bookstore. ‎ A.it;one B.one;one C.one;it D.it;it some多用于肯定句，any多用于疑问句和否定句 ‎①There’s ________cooking oil in the house. Would you go to the corner store and get ________. ‎ ‎ A.1ittle,some B.1ittle,any C.a little,some D.a little,any ‎②We had three sets of garden tools and we seemed to have no use for ________.‎ A.none B.either C.any D.each ‎③He doesn’t have _________ furniture in his room --just an old desk.‎ A. any B. many C. some D. much each和every each强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体，所指的数必须是三个或三个以上 ‎①Each student has a pocket dictionary.‎ Each (of us) has a dictionary. = We each have a dictionary.‎ ‎②Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong and weak points.‎ none和no no等于not any，作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以 ‎①There is no water in the bottle.‎ ‎②How much water is there in the bottle? None.‎ ‎③None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.‎ other和another other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他 词连用，如：the other day, every other week, someother reason, no other way, ‎ the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others ‎①Both sides have accused of breaking the contract.‎ A. another B. the other C. neither D. each ‎②Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam.‎ another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，‎ 复数形式是others，泛指“别的人或 事”‎ ‎①We had a picnic last term and it was a lot of fun，so let’s have ______ one this month． ‎ A．the other B．some C．another D．other ‎②The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.‎ ‎③Some like football, while others like basketball.‎ either和neither 前者意思为：两者都（两者中任何一方都）；后者意思为：两者都 ‎①—Do you want tea or coffee? — ______, I really don't mind. ‎ A. none B. neither C. either D. all ‎②It was hard for him to learn English in a family, in which _____ of the parents spoke the language.‎ A. none B. neither C. both D. each 四、形容词和副词 I. 形容词 ‎1.形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况下后置 ‎1‎ 修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible ‎2‎ 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible ‎3‎ alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等作定语时后置 the only person awake ‎4‎ 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long ‎5‎ 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room simple and beautiful ‎6‎ 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with ‎7‎ enough修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修饰形容词或副词时要后置 ‎______to take his adventure course will certainly learn a ‎ lot of useful skills.(NMET2000)‎ A.Brave enough students B.Enough breave students ‎ C.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave 注意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序 熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。‎ 规则：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。‎ ‎▲This ________ girl is Linda’s cousin. (05北京卷)‎ A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish ‎2.复合形容词的构成 ‎1‎ 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted ‎6‎ 名词+形容词 world-famous ‎2‎ 形容词+形容词 dark-blue ‎7‎ 名词+现在分词 peace-loving ‎3‎ 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking ‎8‎ 名词+过去分词 snow-covered ‎4‎ 副词+现在分词 hard-working ‎9‎ 数词+名词+ed three-egged ‎5‎ 副词+过去分词 newly-built ‎10‎ 数词+名词 twenty-year ‎3.形容词（短语）作伴随状语 As he looked at the goat, it rolled over, dead. 当他看着山羊的时候，山羊翻了个身，死了。‎ Afraid of difficulties, they prefer to take the easy road.由于害怕困难，他们宁愿走好走的路。‎ II.副词的分类：‎ ‎1‎ 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently ‎5‎ 频度副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never ‎2‎ 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above ‎6‎ 疑问副词 how, where, when, why ‎3‎ 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really ‎7‎ 连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile ‎4‎ 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather ‎8‎ 关系副词 when, where, why III. 形容词和副词的比较等级 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。‎ 项 目 例 句 同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…‎ She is as tall as her mother.‎ I am not as/ so good a player as you are.‎ 双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 （+ than）”‎ 的结构表示。要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏起来的情况。‎ This picture is more beautiful than that one.‎ I have never seen such a more interesting film (than this one).‎ 表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than”的结构表示 This room is less beautiful than that one.‎ 表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型 The harder you work, the more progress you will make 用比较级来表达最高级的意思 I have never spent a more worrying day.‎ 我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天。‎ ‎（意为：我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天。）‎ 倍数的表达 表达法一：A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B. ‎ The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.‎ 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）/这座新楼比那座旧楼大（高）三倍。‎ 表达法二：A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B. ‎ Asia is four times as large as Europe. ‎ 亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。‎ 表达法三：A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.‎ Your school is three times bigger than ours.‎ 你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。‎ 用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.‎ 注意：1. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal；‎ ‎2. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect，superior,junior等。‎ 五、动词和短语动词 知识网络 动词的分类 行为动词（实义动词）‎ ‎①及物动词（带宾语）：study, develop;‎ ‎②不及物动词（不带宾语）work, swim, go, come ‎③状态动词（相对静止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong ‎④动作动词：延续性（work, stay）；非延续性（marry, go, come）‎ 连系动词（汉语中没有这种词类）‎ 助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语）‎ be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall 情态动词 can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)‎ 短语动词常见的构成方式及其注意点 动词+副词所构成的短语动词分及物的和不及物的两类 Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。（及物）‎ Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left.‎ 晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。（不及物）‎ 注意：‎ ‎①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开 She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。‎ ‎②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间 She gave them away.她送掉了它们。‎ ③同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异 ring back回电话 ring off挂断电话 ring up打电话 put away放好 put on穿，上演 put up挂起，举起。‎ ④不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上有很大的差异 break out发生，爆炸 carry out进行，开展 go out熄灭 hand out分发 let out放出 look out当心 sell out卖完 set out出发, take out取出 work out算出 ‎ 动词+介词(及物)‎ I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。‎ 注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。‎ ‎②同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。‎ look after照料，look at看，look for寻找 动词+副词+介词 I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。‎ 注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。‎ 考点聚焦及解题点拨 ‎(单个动词)同义词近义词辨析 从三个方面考虑：词的恰切含义、搭配（与介词、名词或非谓语动词的搭配）和用法（是及物动词还是不及物动词）‎ 系动词的用法 状态系动词be 持续系动词keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest 表象系动词seem,appear 感官/感觉系动词look,smell,taste,sound,feel 变化系动词become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come 终止系动词prove,turn out 解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意，然后是分析句子结构，由此可判断出该动词是否用作系动词，最后确定所要填入的答案。特别关注：go hungry,come true,turn writer 接双宾语的动词 give sb. sth=give sth.to sb buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb 但是我们只能说：suggest sth. to sb. explain sth.to sb. read sth. to sb.‎ 短语动词的辨析 熟记常考的短语动词的意义 容易被我们忽视的知识点 sell, write, wash, wear等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义 happen, occur,take place, break out, come out, belong to等无被动形式 六、动词的时态和语态 ‎1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）‎ 名称 构成 用法 一般现在时 do/does,( 连系动词is/am/are )‎ ‎1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。‎ ‎2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。‎ I’ll go there after I finish my work.‎ If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.‎ ‎3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。‎ There goes the bell.铃响了。‎ There comes the bus.汽车来了。‎ Here she comes.她来了。‎ 一般过去时 did,( 连系动词was/were)‎ 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。‎ 现在进行时 is/am/are doing ‎1.表示正在进行的动作。‎ ‎2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。‎ She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。‎ He is working as a teacher tomorrow.‎ 从明天起他要做老师。‎ My father is coming to see me this Saturday.‎ 这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。‎ ‎3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。‎ The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.‎ 长江江水滚滚向东流。‎ The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。‎ 过去进行时 was/were doing ‎1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）‎ He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.‎ ‎2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行 They were still working when I left.‎ ‎3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生 I was writing while he was watching TV.‎ ‎4.表示过去将来动作 He said she was arriving the next day.‎ 现在完成时 has/have done ‎1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已 完成的动作。‎ I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.‎ ‎2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往 和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用。‎ He has learned English for six years.‎ They have worked here since they left college.‎ ‎3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。 ‎ ‎—Where is Li Hua? ‎ ‎－He has gone to the reading-room.‎ ‎—She knows a lot about Shanghai.‎ ‎－She has been there.‎ ‎4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），‎ join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态 中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years.‎ 要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用 ‎①“ago法”‎ He joined the army three years ago.‎ ‎②“延续法”‎ He has been in the army for three years.‎ ‎③“since法”‎ It is/has been three years since he joined the army.‎ 过去完成时 had done ‎1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。‎ He had shut the door before the dog came up.‎ Everything had been all right up till this morning.‎ ‎2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到 另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。‎ At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.‎ He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.‎ ‎3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的 过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。‎ We had expected that you would be able to win the match.‎ 将来完成时 will/shall have done 用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短 语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。‎ We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.‎ 现在完成进行时 has/have been doing 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下 去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.‎ 过去完成进行时 had been doing 表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。‎ 一般将来时 will/shall do is/am/are going to do is/am/are（about）to do 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况 ‎（详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）‎ 过去将来时 would/should do was/were going to do was/were（about）to do ‎1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态 He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。‎ I was told that he was going to return home.‎ 有人告诉我他准备回家。‎ ‎2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常 He would sit silent for hours. ‎ 他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。‎ ‎2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较 将来时 用 法 例 句 ‎1‎ be + doing 进行时表将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作 He is moving to the south.‎ Are they leaving for Europe? ‎ ‎2‎ be about to + 动词原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语 I was about to leave when the bell rang.‎ The meeting is about to close.‎ ‎3‎ be to + 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.‎ ‎4‎ 一般现在时表将来 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来 The meeting starts at five o’clock.‎ The plane leaves at ten this evening.‎ ‎3.容易混淆的时态比较 项 目 区 别 例 句 一般过去时与现在完成时的比较 现在完成时强调过去动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果 We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?‎ A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened 说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况.‎ Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. ‎ A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. works ‎ ‎(只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在) ‎ 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态 Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?‎ A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been 说明：didn’t know 强调见面前不知道 I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)‎ 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较 着重表示动作的结果时，用现在完成时 I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容）‎ 着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则用现在完成进行时 ‎—Hi, Tracy, you look tired. ‎ ‎—I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.‎ A. painted B. had painted ‎ C. have been painting D. have painted ‎ 说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续 现在进行时与过去进行时的比较 现在进行时表示现在某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______.‎ A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come 说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。‎ 过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 ‎— Hey, look where you are going! ‎ ‎— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______.‎ ‎ A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. ‎ C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice.‎ 说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.‎ 一般过去时与过去进行时的比较 一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态 Tom________ into the house when no one ___________.‎ A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed ‎ C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed 说明：slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。‎ 过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作 ‎.He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it.‎ A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish 说明：正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it.推断，他去年一直在写。‎ II. 动词的被动语态 常用被动语态 构 成 常用被动语态 构 成 ‎1‎ 一般现在时 am/is/are done ‎6‎ 过去进行时 was/were being done ‎2‎ 一般过去时 was/were done ‎7‎ 现在完成时 have/has been done ‎3‎ 一般将来时 shall/will be done ‎8‎ 过去完成时 had been done ‎4‎ 过去将来时 should/would be done ‎9‎ 将来完成时 will/would have been done ‎5‎ 现在进行时 am/is/are being done ‎10‎ 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be done 注 意 事 项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to, ‎ used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。‎ Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates.‎ Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.‎ 汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示：‎ It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… ‎ It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… ‎ It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…‎ 被动语态的句型 ‎1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：He was scolded by the English teacher.‎ ‎2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.‎ 使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者”‎ ‎3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。‎ She lent me a bike.®被动：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her).‎ ‎4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.‎ ‎5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分 These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.‎ The murderer was ordered to be shot.‎ 下面主动形式常表示被动意义 ‎1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。‎ This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 These books sell well.这些书好卖。‎ The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。‎ The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。‎ ‎2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。‎ The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful.‎ The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft.‎ 不可变为被动语态的几种情况 ‎1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。‎ ‎2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。‎ ‎3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.‎ 因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。‎ ‎4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.‎ 因为象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。‎ 含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢 Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.‎ 特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih.‎ 下面词或短语没有被动态：‎ leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等 七、非谓语动词 非谓语动词的语法功能 所能充当的成分 主语 表语 宾语 宾语补足语 定语 状语 V-ing形式 现在分词 ‎△‎ ‎△‎ ‎△‎ ‎△‎ 动名词 ‎△‎ ‎△‎ ‎△‎ ‎△‎ 不定式（to do）‎ ‎△‎ ‎△‎ ‎△‎ ‎△‎ ‎△‎ ‎△‎ 过去分词(done)‎ ‎△‎ ‎△‎ ‎△‎ ‎△‎ 注：现在分词、不定式、过去分词都可以作独立成分 generally speaking一般说来；frankly speaking坦白地说；judging from/by...根据……来判断；considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到……；‎ to tell you the truth说实话；seeing...考虑到……；supposing假设，如果；providing如果；given考虑到，鉴于；provided that如果 非谓语动词的形式变化 非谓语 形式 构成 时态 语态 复合结构 否定式 主动 被动 不定式 一般式 to do to be done for sb. to do sth.‎ 或 of sb. to do sth.‎ 在“to”前加not 或never 进行式 to have done to have been done 完成式 to be doing ‎/‎ 完成 进行式 to have been doing ‎/‎ 动名词 一般式 doing being done sb.或sb’s doing 作主语要用 sb’s doing 在前加not 特别注意复合结构的否定式： ‎ sb’s not doing sb’s not having done 完成式 having done having been done 现在分词 与动名词变化形式相同 在前加not 在解非谓语习题时同学们遇到最大的困难有两个：一是如何判别是谓语动词还是非谓语动词；二是如何选用哪一种非谓语动词及其恰当的形式。‎ 一、谓语与非谓语的比较 非谓语动词是汉语中没有的语言现象。汉语中几个谓语动词连用而动词不用作任何形式的变化。如：他明天来拜访你。翻译成英语不是He will come visit you，而是He will come to visit you.这里就用了不定式to visit。因此同学们要特别注意弄清句子的结构。‎ 例：Tom sat under a tree and seeing his friend, up in no time.‎ A. to stand B. standing C. stood D. would stand 分析：stood是与sat并列的谓语。‎ 非谓语语法功能的比较 ‎ 做宾语的非谓语动词比较 情况 常用动词 只接不定式 做宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen 只接动名词 做宾语的动词或短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具体的动作，接动名词多指一般或习惯行为）‎ need, want, require（主语与动名词之间存在逻辑上的动宾关系，接动名词主动形式表示被动意义，若接不定式则应用被动形式）‎ 意义相反 stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事 意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do（指动作尚未发生）‎ remember/forget/regret doing（指动作已经发生）‎ go on to do（接着做另外一件事）‎ go on doing（接着做同一件事）‎ try to do（设法，努力去做，尽力）‎ try doing（试试去做，看有何结果）‎ mean to do（打算做，企图做）‎ mean doing （意思是，意味着）‎ can’t help （to） do（不能帮忙做）‎ can’t help doing（忍不住要做）‎ be considered to have done被认为已经做了 consider…to be认为是 consider doing考虑做某事 非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别 分 类 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例 句 不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系，强调动作将发生或已经完成 I asked to be sent to the countryside.‎ I heard him call me several times.‎ have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分词 notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系，强调动作正在进行，尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio.‎ 过去分词 动宾关系，动作已经完成，多强调状态 We found the village greatly changed.‎ IV. 非谓语动词做定语的区别 分 类 区 别 例 句 不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系，一般式表示将来，进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生，完成式表示在谓语动词之前发生 I have a lot of papers to type.‎ I have a lot of papers to be typed.‎ I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介词at不能丢)‎ 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途，无逻辑上的主谓关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool?‎ 现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓关系，表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country/the developed country the falling leaves/the fallen leaves 过去分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系，表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，现已经完成或只表示状态 注意：the bridge to be built 将建造的桥, the bridge being built 正在建造的桥,the bridge built已经建好的桥 八、情态动词和虚拟语气 情态动词 I.情态动词基本用法 情态动词 用 法 否定式 疑问式 简答式 can 能力（体力，智力，技能）‎ 允许或许可（口语中常用）‎ 可能性（表猜测，用于否定句或疑问句中）‎ can not / cannot /can’t do Can…do…?‎ Yes,…can.‎ No,…can’t.‎ could couldn’t do may 可以（问句中表示请求）‎ 可能，或许（表推测）‎ 祝愿（用于倒装句中）‎ may not do ‎ May…do…?‎ Yes,…may. ‎ No,…mustn’t/can’t.‎ might might not do Might…do…?‎ Yes,…might No,…might not.‎ must 必须，应该（表主观要求）‎ 肯定，想必（肯定句中表推测）‎ must not/mustn’t do Must…do…? to.‎ Yes,…must.‎ No,…needn’t/don’t have have to 只好，不得不（客观的必须，有时态和人称的变化）‎ don’t have to do Do…have to do…?‎ Yes,…do. ‎ No,…don’t.‎ ought to 应当（表示义务责任，口语中多用should）‎ ought not to/oughtn’t to do Ought…to do…?‎ Yes,…ought. ‎ No,…oughtn’t.‎ shall 用于一三人称征求对方意见 用于二三人称表示许诺、命令、警告、威胁等 shall not/shan’t do Shall…do…?‎ Yes,…shall. ‎ No,…shan’t.‎ should 应当，应该（表义务责任）‎ 本该（含有责备意味）‎ should not/shouldn’t do Should…do…?‎ will 意愿，决心 请求，建议，用在问句中would比较委婉 will not/won’t do Will/Would…do…?‎ Yes,…will. ‎ No,…won’t.‎ would would not/wouldn’t do dare 敢（常用于否定句和疑问句中）‎ dare not/daren’t do Dare…do…?‎ Yes,…dare.‎ No,…daren’t.‎ need 需要,必须（常用于否定句和疑问句中）‎ need not/needn’t do Need…do…?‎ Yes,…must. No,…needn’t.‎ used to 过去常常（现在已不再）‎ used not/usedn’t/usen’t to do didn’t use to do Used…to do…?‎ Did…use to do…?‎ Yes,…used. ‎ No,…use(d)n’t. ‎ Yes,…did. ‎ No,…didn’t.‎ II.情态动词的重点知识 表示“能力、许可”的can和may 表示能力的情态动词用can/could A computer_____think for itself; it must be told what to do.‎ A.can’t B.mustn’t C.may not D.might not 表示许可时用may/might ,can/could 都可以，但在问句中用could…?或might…？ 以使口气委婉客气，其回答一定要用can或may，以使回答口气明确（must表示一定，必须，mustn’t表示禁止，不许可）。‎ ‎①—Could I call you by your first name? —Yes, you______‎ A.will B.could C.may D.might ‎②Johnny, you_____play with the knife, you_____hurt yourself.‎ A.won’t/can’t B.mustn’t/may ‎ C.shouldn’t/must D.can’t/shouldn’t 在肯定句中could不可以用来表示过去某一特定场合的能力，而要用was/were able to。‎ The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_____get out.‎ A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to 表示“推断、判断”的can may,must 在肯定句中都可以用来表示可能。在含义上must语气最肯定,may表示的是事实上的可能性。‎ Peter______come with us tonight, but he isn’t very sure yet.‎ A.must B.may C.can D.will 而can表示的是逻辑上的可能性：‎ Mary is in poor health. She can be ill at any times.‎ 在否定句中只能用can和may。所以can’t时用以代替mustn’t，语气比may更肯定。中文可以翻译为不可能。‎ Michael______be a policeman, for he’s much too short.‎ A.needn’t B.can’t C.should D.may 在疑问句只能用can，不能用may和must。‎ He may be very busy now. Can he be very busy now?‎ He must be very busy now. Can he be very busy now?‎ need need作为情态动词只有一种形式，只用于否定句和疑问句。‎ dare dare作为情态动词用时有两种形式：dare和dared两个词形，除了可以用于否定句和疑问句外，还可以用于条件从句或表示怀疑的句子中。‎ If he dare come,I will kick him out. I don’t know whether he dare say.‎ 注意:He doesn’t dare(to)answer the question.（否定句）‎ Does she dare(to)enter the dark room?（疑问句）‎ shall 用于第一人称：征求对方的意见。‎ What shall we do this evening?‎ 用于第二、三人称：警告、命令、允诺、威胁等。‎ You shall fail if you don’t work harder. 警告 He shall have the book when I finish reading.允诺 He shall be punished.威胁 should 劝告、建议、命令、应该做、道义上的责任。‎ You should(ought to) go to class right away. ‎ I should(ought to) help him because he is in trouble.‎ will/would 请求、建议，would比will委婉客气。‎ Would you pass me the book?‎ 表示意志、愿望和决心。‎ I will never do that again. ‎ They asked us if we would do that again would可表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。‎ During the vacation he would visit me every week The wound would not heal.（伤口老是不能愈合）‎ would表示估计或猜想。‎ It would be about ten when he left home. ‎ What would she be doing there?‎ could+have done：本可以做而实际上未能做。‎ You could have done better, but you didn’t try your best.‎ 情态动词+have done的用法 cannot+ have done：表示对现在或过去行为的否定推测。‎ He cannot have been to that town.‎ can+主语+ have done：表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定（用在疑问句中）。‎ Can he have got the book?‎ might(may)+ have done：对过去发生的行为不太肯定的推测。‎ He may not have finished the work.‎ If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.‎ must+ have done：对过去发生的行为肯定的推测。‎ 其否定式为：cannot have done。‎ You must have seen the film.‎ You cannot have seen the film.‎ needn’t+ have done：本来不必要做的而实际上又做了。‎ You needn’t have watered the flowers,for it is going to rain.‎ 注意：didn’t need to(have to)do：‎ 没有必要做而实际上也没有做 I didn’t need to clean the windows.My sister did it 2 hours ago.‎ should(ought to)+ have done：本来应该做而实际上又没有做。其否定形式表示某中行为不该发生却发生了。‎ You should have started earlier, but you didn’t.‎ She shouldn’t have taken away my measuring tape,‎ for I worked to use it.‎ 注意：He should have finished the work by now.（表推测）‎ 虚拟语气 类 别 用 法 例 句 If引导的 条件从句 与现在事实相反 从句动词：过去式（be用were）‎ 主句动词：should/would/could/might+do If he were here, he would help us.‎ 与过去事实相反 从句动词：had+done 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+done If I had been free,I would have visited you.‎ 与将来事实相反 从句动词：过去式/should+动词原形/were+to do 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.‎ 省略if的虚拟条件句 将虚拟条件从句中的were，had,should放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装 ‎①Should he come ,tell him to ring me up.‎ ②Were I you,I would not do it.‎ ③Had I been free,I would have visited you.‎ 混合虚拟条件句 不同时间的虚拟：各遵守各的规则 ‎①If he had listened to me, he would not be in trouble now.‎ ②If he had told me yesterday,I should know what to do now.‎ ③If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.‎ 虚拟与陈述的混合：各遵守各的规则 ‎①He could have passed the exam,but he wasn’t careful enough. ‎ ②You should have come earlier.The bus left a moment ago.‎ 含蓄虚拟 条件句 but for+名词表示虚拟条件 句子或主句中的谓语动词的形式视具体情况而定。这是考查考生应变能力的最佳试题。‎ ‎---But for your timely warning,we ______ into great trouble.‎ ‎---You know we’re friends.‎ A. would get B. must have got ‎ C. would have got D. can’t have got without+名词表示虚拟条件 Without the air to hold some of the sun's heat, the earth at night would be freezing cold.‎ 动词不定式表示虚拟条件 It would be only partly right to follow in this way. 如果用这种方式，仅仅对了一半。‎ 现在分词表示虚拟条件 Having known in time ,we might have prevented the accident.要是及时得知的话，我们也许能阻止这场事故。‎ 过去分词表示虚拟条件 Given more attention, the tree could have grown better. 如果多留心的话，这树本来可以长的更好。‎ 副词otherwise表示虚拟条件 I was too busy at that time.Otherwise,I would have called you.我当时太忙，否则我就给你打电话了。‎ 连词but连接的句子表示虚拟条件 He _____fatter but he eats too little .‎ A. would become B. would have become ‎ C. must become D. must have become ‎ 其它 状语从句 as if/as though引导的状语从句中动词用did或had＋done或would／could／might＋do。‎ 注意：as if/as though引导的状语从句中也可以用陈述语气：‎ 当说话者认为所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时：‎ It sounds as if it is raining．听起来像是在下雨。 He talks as if he is drunk．从他谈话的样子来看他是醉了。‎ ‎①与现在事实相反 He talks as if he knew where she was．‎ ②与过去事实相反 He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.‎ ③与将来事实相反 He opened his mouth as if he would say something.‎ in order that/so that引导的状语从句中动词用can/could/may/ might/ would等+do Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.‎ 宾语从句 demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+do He suggested that we not change our mind.‎ wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+do表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反 I wish I could be a pop singer.‎ I wish I would have gone to Shanghai last month.‎ 主语从句 在It is necessary / important / strange that…‎ It is suggested / demanded/ ordered / requested that…等从句中，‎ 谓语动词用should+do It is strange that such a person should be our friends.‎ 其它 句型中 It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+do It’s high time that we left/should leave.‎ would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式 I would rather you stayed at home now.‎ If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望 If only our dream had come true!‎ 九、句子的种类 按用途分 种 类 类 型 例 句 陈述句 肯定句 We love our motherland. 我们热爱祖国。‎ 否定句 They don’t go to work on Sundays. 他们星期日不上班。‎ 疑问句 一般疑问句 Are you a worker? 你是个工人吗？ ‎ Haven’t you seen the film? 你没看过这部电影吗？ ‎ 特殊疑问句 Who is the man? 这人是谁？‎ When do you watch TV? 你什么时间看电视？‎ What are they doing now? 他们现在正在干什么？‎ 选择疑问句 Do you want tea or coffee? Either will do. 你要茶水还是要咖啡？哪种都行。‎ Does he learn Japanese or French? He learns French. 他学日语还是学法语？他学法语。‎ 反意疑问句 They are going to the airport, aren’t they? 他们要去机场，是吗？‎ You haven’t finished your homework, have you? 你没做完作业，是吗？‎ 祈使句 肯定句 Be sure to get there at eight. 务必八点钟到那儿。‎ 否定句 Don’t worry. I’ll help you out. 别担心，我会帮助你的。‎ 感叹句 what + 名词 What great changes we have had these years! 这几年我们有了多么大的变化啊!‎ What a fine day it is! 多好的天气呀!‎ how + 形容词或副词 How brave he is! 他多么勇敢呀!‎ How hard they are working! 他们工作多努力呀！‎ how +句子 How time flies! 时间过得多么快呀!‎ How + adj. + a (an) + n.=What a(an)+adj.+n How nice a boy (he is) !=What a nice boy (he is)! 多好的孩子啊!‎ 按结构分 种类 类型 例句 简单句 主+谓 They disappeared. 他们消失了。‎ 主+谓+宾 He likes swimming.他喜欢游泳。‎ We help each other. 我们互相帮助。‎ 主+谓+间宾+直接宾 I told my friend the good news. 我把好消息告诉了我的朋友。‎ They sent us a telegram. 他们给我们拍了电报。‎ 主+谓+宾+宾补 They named the boy Jack. 他们给孩子起名叫杰克。‎ I want everything ready by eight o’clock. 我要求一切都要在八点前准备好。‎ 主+系+表 She is a university student. 她是一名大学生。‎ He has become a pilot. 他已成为一名飞行员。‎ 并列句 并列关系and, not only…but also, neither …nor, both…and, not…but,‎ Either you do it, or I ask for somebody else to do it. 要么你来做，要么我请其他人来做。‎ ‎ Neither Tom nor Jack has finished the homework. 汤姆和杰克都没有完成作业。 ‎ Not couldn’t they complete the task, but the task was too tough. ‎ 不是他们完不成任务，而是任务太重了。 ‎ 转折关系but,while（而，尽管）‎ nevertheless(然而；不过)‎ John likes playing basketball, but he didn’t play it yesterday. 约翰喜欢打篮球，但他昨天没打。‎ 选择关系or, otherwise or else, either…or We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。‎ ‎ Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。‎ 因果关系for, so, thus, therefore, and so We had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。‎ He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination.‎ 他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。‎ 复合句 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。在复合句中主句是全句的主体，从句是全句的一个成分，不能独立。‎ 从句有：名词性从句（主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句和同位语从句）‎ 状语从句 定语从句 ‎（详细请看以下各节罗列的内容）‎ 十、名词性从句 种类 关联词 例 句 说 明 主 语 从 句 连 词 that That he will come and help you is certain.‎ 他来帮助你是确实无疑的。‎ that在引导主语从句时不可省去 whether Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. ‎ 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。‎ 主语从句中只能用whether不可用if。‎ 连接代词 who what which whatever What he wants to tell us is not clear. ‎ 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。‎ Who will win the match is still unknown. ‎ 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。‎ 主语从句放在句首，句子常显得笨重，因此一般 连接副词 when where why how It is known to us how he became a writer. ‎ 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。‎ Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。‎ 把它移到句子后面，前面用引导词“it”来作形式主语。‎ 宾 语 从 句 陈述意义 that I believe(that) he is honest. 我相信他是忠诚的。‎ We must never think(that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. ‎ 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。‎ that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。‎ 疑问意义 if whether I wonder whether he will come or not. ‎ 我想知道他来还是不来。‎ Everything depends on whether we have enough money. ‎ 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。‎ I don’t know if(whether) it is interesting. ‎ 我不知道它是否有意思。‎ He doesn’t care if it isn’t a fine day.他不在乎天气是否好。‎ whether常与or not连用，不能用if代替。‎ 作介词宾语要用whether不能用if。‎ 从句是否定句时一般用if引导。‎ 特殊疑问意义 who, whom,‎ which,whose,‎ what, when,‎ where, why,‎ how,whoever,‎ whatever,‎ whichever Please tell me what you want.请告诉我你需要什么？‎ She always thinks of how she can work well. ‎ 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。‎ She will give whoever needs help a warm support.‎ 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。‎ 宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。‎ 注1‎ 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语，则用it作形式宾语，将从句后置。‎ We must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will be punished. ‎ 我们必须认清无论谁违反了法律都要受到惩罚。‎ 注2‎ think,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，移到主句中。‎ We don’t think you are right. 我们认为你不对。‎ I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做的。‎ 表 语 从 句 连词 that whether as if The problem is(that) they can’t get here early enough. ‎ 问题是他们不能很早到达这里。‎ It looks as if it’s going to rain.看起来天要下雨。‎ 在非正式的文体中that可以省去 表语从句位于主句系动词之后 连接代词 who what which That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。‎ The question is who(which of you) will be the next speaker. ‎ 问题是谁（你们哪一位）接着发言。‎ 连接副词 when where why how This is where our problem lies.‎ 这就是我们的问题所在。‎ That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. ‎ 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。‎ 同 位 语 从 句 由连词that引导，不担任成分，也可有when, how, where等引导。‎ The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world.他曾在月球上登陆这个消息传遍世界。‎ I have no idea when he will come back home. ‎ 我不知道他什么时候回来。‎ The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. ‎ 他想到可能玛丽生病了。‎ He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.‎ 他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。‎ 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用的名词如：fact, news, idea, hope, thought,question, order, fear, doubt, word, proof， belief, story等。‎ 特别注意what的双重功能：‎ ①What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality．‎ ‎(what为“所……的事”，相当于“the thing that…；all that…；everything that…”)‎ ②After ________ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed．（M ET'93） ‎ A.what B.when C.that D.which ‎ ‎(what相当于“the time that”，表示“……时间”)‎ ③He is not what he was a few years ago. Who is it that has made Fred what he is now？‎ ‎(what表示“……的人”，相当于“the person that…”)‎ ④What is now the North Sahara Desert was once a civilized world．‎ ‎(what表示“……的地方”，相当于“the place that…”)‎ ⑤Our income is now double what it was ten years ago ‎(what表示“……的数目”，相当于“the amount ／number that…”)‎ 十一、状语从句 种 类 从属连词 例 句 说 明 时 间 状 从 When whenever When I came into the room, he was writing a letter.当我进屋时，他正在写信。‎ We shall go there whenever we are free.我们什么时间有空，我们就去那里。‎ when指的是“某一具体的时间”‎ whenever指的是“在任何时间”‎ when I was walking along the street when suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.我正在街上走着，这时忽然有人从后面拍我的肩膀。‎ when意为“这时”或“在那个时候”,可以看作是并列句,这种用法的when分句一般位于句末。‎ while While it was raining, they went out.天下雨的时候，他们出去了。‎ I stayed while he was away.他不在的时候我在。‎ while指“在某一段时间里”，“在…期间”，while引导的动作必须是持续性的 as He hurried home, looking behind as he went.‎ 他赶快回家，不时地一边走一边向后看。‎ as引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生 before Be a pupil before you become a teacher.先做学生，再做先生。‎ after He arrived after the game started.比赛开始后，他到了。‎ till We waited till (until)he came back .我们一直等到他回来。‎ 如主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定式，表示“直到…为止”‎ until She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock .她到11点钟才停止工作。‎ Until he had passed out of sight, she stood there.‎ 她站在那里看着，直到看不见他的身影。‎ 如主句动词是瞬间动词，常用否定式，表示“直…才”“在…以前不”,从句放在句首表示强调，一般用until since as soon as Great changes have taken place in China since 1978.‎ 自从1978年以来中国发生了巨大的变化。‎ As soon as I arrive in Shanghai, I’ll write to you.我一到上海就给你写信。‎ 状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开，如从句在主句之后则不必用标点符号。‎ hardly…when no sooner…than I had hardly got home when it began to rain.‎ 我刚一到家，就下雨了。=Hardly had I got home when it began to rain.‎ No sooner had we got to the station than the train left.‎ 我们刚到车站，火车就走了。‎ Hardly had we begun when we were told to stop.我们刚开始就被叫停。‎ hardly…when和no sooner…than的意义相当于as soon as,但只表示过去发生的事情，主句为过去完成时，从句为过去时，如hardly或no sooner位于句首时语气强，而且主句的谓语要用部分倒装 every time, by the time, the moment等 Every time I travelled by boat, I got seasick.我每次乘船都晕船。‎ The moment I heard the song, I felt cheerful.‎ 我一听到这首歌，就感到很愉快。‎ Next time you come ,you’ll see him.下次你来的时候，就会见到他。‎ 在时间状语从句中，不能用将来时或过去将来时，而要用现在时或过去时代替将来时 地 点 状 从 where wherever Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者，事竟成。‎ Where there is water there is life.哪里有水，哪里就有生命。‎ You are free to go wherever you like.你可以随意到你喜欢的任何地方去。‎ Wherever you go, you must obey the law.无论你去哪都要遵守法律。‎ where与wherever意义基本相同，但后者语气较强，多用于书面语 原 因 状 从 because I came back late yesterday because I was on duty.昨天我回来晚了，因为我值班。‎ because用来回答why 的问题，语气最强 since Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting.既然大家都到了，我们开始开会。‎ since表示既然或全已知的理由,稍加分析即可表明的原因,多放句首 as As he didn’t know much English, he looked up the word in the dictionary .‎ 由于他英语懂得不多，他在字典中查阅这个单词。‎ 从句常放在句首，说明原因，主句说明结果，常用于口语中。‎ now that, seeing that Now (that) the weather has cleared up, we can start our journey.‎ 鉴于天气已经晴朗，我们可以启程了。‎ Seeing (that) he was badly ill, we sent for the doctor.‎ 鉴于他病情严重，我们派人去请医生去了。‎ seeing (that), now that 和since, as 意义相似，他们都有“鉴于某个事实”的意思，that可以省去 目 的 状 从 that so that in order that lest = for fear that I shall write down your telephone number that I may not forget.‎ 我要把你的电话号码记下来，以免忘记。‎ We’ll tell you the truth so that you can judge for yourself.‎ 我把真实情况告诉你，使你能自己作出判断。‎ They worked harder than usual in order that they could finish the work ahead of time .他们比往常更加努力工作，为了能提前完成工作。‎ Put on more clothes lest (= for fear that ) you should catch cold.‎ 多穿点衣服，以免感冒。‎ 目的状语从句中常用情态动词may (might) can (could) ,should 等放在动词之前，从句往往放在主句之后，主从句之间不用任何标点符号 结 果 状 从 so that so…that We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news.‎ 我们把收音机的音量放大，大家都听到了新闻。‎ He was so excited that he couldn’t say a word.‎ 他十分激动，以致一句话都说不出来。‎ so that前有逗号为结果状语从句 so…that的so后面跟形容词或副词 such…that He gave such important reasons that he was excused.‎ 他说出了这么重要的理由，得到大家的谅解。‎ It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it. ‎ It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it.‎ 这是一本十分有趣的书，大家都想看。‎ such…that的such后面跟名词，如果名词是单数就要用such a /an…that还可以转换用so…that，语气较强 条 件 状 从 if unless as/so long as in case so far as Difficulties are nothing if we are not afraid of them.‎ 如果我们不怕困难，困难就算不了什么了。‎ We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains.除非下雨，我们明天就去那里。‎ ‎= We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain.‎ So/As long as you work hard, you will succeed.‎ 只要你努力工作，你就一定能成功。‎ In case I forget, please remind me about it .万一我忘了，请提醒我一下。‎ So far as I know, the book will be published next month.‎ 据我所知，那本书下月出版。‎ unless从句的谓语只能用肯定式。unless和if…not同义，unless是书面语，if…not是口语，通常二者可以换用 条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时 方 式 状 从 as as if…‎ as though Draw a cat as I taught you .按照我教你的画一只猫。‎ Do as you are told.按照人家告诉你做的去做。‎ She looks as if she is ill.看上去她好象是生病了。‎ He acted as if (though) nothing had happened.他的行动就好象什么也没有发生。‎ They treat the black boy as if (though) he were an animal.‎ 他们对待这黑孩子仿佛他是一头牲口。‎ 此处as译为：按照或正如 as if或as though的意义和用法基本一样。从句中可以用现在时表示可能符合事实，也可以用虚拟语气 让 步 状 从 although though Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French.‎ 虽然他六十多岁了，但仍开始学习法语 。‎ We were not tired though (although) we had worked all day.‎ 虽然我们干了一天活，但并不累。‎ 在句子中一般用了“虽然”就不能再用“但是”（but）但可以与yet或still连用。though / although意义相同，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化，后者正式多放主句的前面 even if,even though I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow.即使明天下雨，我也要去。‎ even if 和even though的意思为“即使”“纵使”有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中 as Child as he is , he knows a lot .虽然他是一个孩子，但他懂得很多。‎ Cold as it is, (= Though it is cold,)the children play outdoors.‎ 虽然天气冷，但孩子们仍在户外玩。‎ as引出的状语从句多用于书面语，它比用 though或although引导的从句，语气强，更有表现力，从句常放在句首，语序部分倒装。‎ no matter (who, what when, where which, how…)‎ Do it no matter what others say.不管别人怎么说,尽管干。‎ No matter how busy he was, he studied English every day.‎ 不管他多忙，他都每天坚持学习英语。‎ No matter who takes up the matter for me ,I shall be very grateful.‎ 不管谁为我处理这件事，我都将非常感激。‎ no matter……与 who-ever引导的让步状语从句意义基本一 样，no matter……引导的从句可是以位于主句前或主句后 wh+ever (whatever whoever ,whenever whichever ,however)‎ Whatever happens / may happen , we shall not lose heart.‎ 无论发生什么，我们都不要失去信心。‎ Whoever comes, he will be welcome.无论谁来，都会受到欢迎。‎ 比 较 状 从 as…as ,‎ not so/as…as the same…as such…as Mary is as old as my sister.玛利和我姐姐一样大。‎ He doesn’t run so (as) fast as Jack (does).他不如杰克跑得那样快。‎ His book is the same as mine.他的书和我的一样。‎ Henry is not such a good worker as Peter .享利这个工人不如彼得那样好。‎ 连词表示同程度级的比较，肯定句用as…as否定句可用not as…as 或not so…as ‎…than…‎ She has made greater progress this year than she did last year.‎ 她今年比去年进步更大。‎ He bought fewer books than I (did).他买的书比我买的少。‎ the more ‎…the more…‎ The more you read, the better you understand.你看的书越多，你懂得的就越多。‎ The more tickets you sell, the more money you will get.‎ 你卖的票越多，你的收入也越多。 ‎ The harder you work, the greater progress you will make.‎ 你工作越努力，你取得的进步就越大。‎ The sooner, the better.越快越好。The warmer, the better.越暖和越好。 ‎ the more…the more 意思为越…越…，通常的语序为从句在前主句在后，这两个the都是表示程度的副词，用在比较级的形容词或副词前面 十二、定语从句 I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。‎ 关系词 先行词 从句成分 例 句 备 注 关系代 词 who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?‎ whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that whom 人 宾语 Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..‎ whose 人或物 定语 I like those books whose topics are about history.‎ The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. ‎ that 人或物 主语，宾语 A plane is a machine that can fly.‎ She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.‎ which 物 主语，宾语 The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.‎ The picture which was about the accident was terrible.‎ as 人或物 主语，宾语 He is such a person as is respected by all of us.‎ This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. ‎ as做宾语一般不省略 关系副 词 when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there.‎ 可用on which where 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born.‎ 可用in which why 原因 原因状语 I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.‎ 可用for which II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别 情 况 用法说明 例 句 只用that的情况 ‎1.先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时 ‎2.先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 ‎3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 ‎4.先行词既指人又指物时 ‎5.先行词被the only, the very修饰时 ‎6.句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时 ‎1.He told me everything that he knows.‎ ‎2.All the books that you offered has been given out.‎ ‎3.This is the best film that I have ever read.‎ ‎4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.‎ ‎5.He is the only man that I want to see.‎ ‎6.Who is the man that is making a speech?‎ 只用which, who, whom的情况 ‎1.在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 ‎2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。‎ ‎3.先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。‎ ‎1.He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.‎ ‎2.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.‎ ‎3.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.‎ III. as、which和that的区别 从句 区 别 例 句 限制性 定语从句中 名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which He is not such a fool as he looks.‎ Don’t read such books as you can’t understand. ‎ 非限制性 定语从句中 as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。‎ They won the game, as we had expected.‎ They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.‎ As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.‎ the same... as和 the same ...that the same... as指同类事物 the same ...that 指原物 That’s the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把）‎ That’s the same tool that I used last week.那就是我上周用过的工具。‎ 注意：the way 做先行词时，定语从句可由that, in which 引导或不用引导词。‎ IV.定语从句与其它从句（句型）的区别 类 别 区 别 例 句 定语从句 与 并列句 ‎①Mr Li has three daughters，none of _____ is an engineer． ‎ ‎②Mr Li has three daughters，but none of _____ is a dancer．‎ 从结构上看，①小题是定语从句，故填whom；‎ 定语从句与并列句的主要区别在于：并列句有像and，but，so等并列连词或两个句子用分号连接，这时就不能再用引导定语从句的关系词了。‎ ‎②小题有并列连词but，是并列句，故填代词 them。‎ 定语从句 与 状语从句 定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。‎ This is the place where we used to live a few years ago. ‎ 这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）‎ Let’s go where we can find a better job. ‎ 我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）‎ 定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以放在主句的前面。‎ Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）‎ It was already five o’clock when the class was over.‎ ‎=When the class was over, it was already five o’clock. ‎ 当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）‎ When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。‎ This is the factory in which (where) his father once worked. ‎ 这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）‎ Put back the book where it was. 把书放回原处。（状语从句）‎ 定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。‎ It is such an interesting book as we all like. 它是我们大家都喜欢的如此有趣的书。‎ ‎（as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句）‎ It is such an interesting book that we all like it. ‎ 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都喜欢它。‎ ‎（that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句）‎ 定语从句 与 同位语从句 定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，对先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用，与先行词之间有从属关系。同位语的作用相当于名词，对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释，是前面名词的具体内容,与先行词之间是同位关系。‎ The news that she had passed the exam made her parents very happy. ‎ 她考试及格的消息使她父母亲很高兴。（同位语从句）‎ 此句中的同位语从句 The news that she had passed the exam ‎ 可以改写成表语从句：The news is that he passed the exam. ‎ The news that he told us interested all of us.‎ 他告诉我们的消息使大家都感兴趣。（定语从句）‎ The news that he told us 是定语从句，此句不能改写为：The news is that he told us.‎ 定语从句 与 强调句 强调句的结构为“It is／was＋被强调部分＋that＋从句”。被强调部分可以是除谓语以外的任何成分，当被强调部分是人时，还可用who代替that。这一句型中，一定不能因为被强调部分是表时间或地点的词就用when或where代替 that。‎ ‎①It is on the morning of May 1st _____ I met Liang Wei at the airport． ‎ ‎②It is the factory _____ Mr Wang works．‎ 从结构上看：‎ ‎①小题是强调句，故填 that。‎ ‎②小题则是定语从句，用上述方法转换便知the factory前差个介词in，故填 where。‎ 十三、强调句 强调的类别 说 明 例 句 It is (was) +被强调部分+that(who)…‎ 为了强调句子的某一成分（通常是主语、宾语或状语），常用强调结构：‎ It is (was) +被强调部分+that(who)…‎ 表示强调的it在这种结构的 句子中作主句的主语。‎ 原始句：Last night I saw a film in the Youth Palace.‎ 强调主语：It was I that (or: who) saw a film in the Youth Palace last night.‎ 强调宾语：It was a fiml that I saw in the Youth Palace last night.‎ 强调地点状语：It was in the Youth Palace that I saw a film last night.‎ 强调时间状语：It was last night that I saw a film in the Youth Palace. ‎ 一般讲，原句的谓语动词如果是现在或将来各种时态，用It is…that (who)…；如果原句谓语动词是过去各种时态，则用It was… that(who)…。‎ 注意点 ①在强调主语时，that后的谓语动词要与被强调者保持人称和数的 It is I who am a teacher.‎ ②即使被强调的主语是复数，主句中的谓语动词也用单数 It is they who often help me with my lessons.‎ ③在强调时间、地点、原因、或方式状语时，不要用when,where,why 或 how ，而用that ‎ It was because her mother was ill that she didn't go with us.‎ ④在强调not … until 结构中由 until 短语（或从句）表示的时间状语时，‎ 要用固定的强调句型 It is(was) not until ...that...。that 从句中的谓语动词用肯定式。‎ My father didn't come home until 12 o'clock last night.‎ It was not until 12 o'clock last night that my father came home.‎ ⑤在强调一般疑问句中的某一成分时，主句要用一般疑问句的语序：‎ 把is/ was提到it前面。‎ Did this happen in Beijing?‎ Was it in Beijing that this happened? ‎ ⑥特殊疑问句中只有疑问词可以强调，其强调结构是“被强调部分（通 常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/was + it + that/ who + 其它部分?"‎ Where were you born?‎ Where was it that you were born?‎ ⑦not …until…句型的强调句[来源:学|科|网Z|X|X|K]‎ 句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分 原始句：He didn’t go to bed until/ till his wife came back.‎ 强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.‎ 此句型只用until，不用till。但如果不是强调句型，till, until可通 用；因为句型中It is/ was not … 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句 要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。‎ 谓语动词的强调 It is/ was … that …结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did。‎ Do sit down. 务必请坐。‎ He did write to you last week.上周他确实给你写了信。‎ Do be careful when you cross the street.‎ 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！‎ 此种强调只用do/does和did ，没有别的形式；过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。‎ 十四、省略句 类别 具体内容 例句 词 法 上 的 名词所有格后修饰的名词在以下情况可以省略 ‎①如果名词所有格修饰的名词在前文已出现，则可以省略。‎ ‎②名词所有格后修饰的名词如果是指商店、住宅等地点时，这些名词也常常省略。‎ These are John's books and those are Mary's (books).‎ 这些是约翰的书，那些是玛丽的书。 ‎ at the doctor's 在诊所 at Mr. Green's 在格林先生家 ‎ to my uncle's 到我叔叔家 at the barber's 在理发店 ‎ 省 略 冠词的省略 ‎ ‎①为了避免重复 ‎ ‎②在副词的最高级前面的定冠词常可以省略。‎ ‎③在某些独立主格结构中。‎ ‎④在as引导的让步状语从句中，当作表语的单数名词提前时，不定冠词要省略。‎ ‎①The lightning flashed and thunder crashed.电闪雷鸣。‎ ‎（thunder前省略了定冠词the）‎ ‎②She sings best in the class.她在班上唱歌唱得最好。 ‎ ‎③Our teacher came in, book in hand.‎ ‎(=Our teacher came in, with a book in his hand.) ‎ 我们的老师手里拿着一本书进来了。‎ ‎④Child as he is, he knows a lot.‎ 虽然他还是一个孩子，却懂得很多 介词的省略 ‎ ①both 后常跟of短语，其后可以接名词复数形式，也可以接代词宾格复数形式。接复数名词时，介词of可以省略，但接代词宾格时，of不能省略。‎ ‎②在现在完成时表持续和重复的句型中，一段时间前的介词for可以省略。 ‎ ‎③和一些动词搭配构成的短语中的介词，consider... (as)..., prevent / stop... (from)doing...,‎ have trouble / difficulty... (in) doing...,spend... (in / on) doing... 等中的介词可以省略。‎ ①Both (of) the films were interesting. 这两部电影都很有趣。 ‎ She invited both of us to her birthday party.‎ 她邀请我们俩去参加她的生日派对。 ‎ ‎②These shoes are worn out. They have lasted (for) a long time. ‎ 这双鞋穿破了，已经穿了很长一段时间了。‎ ‎③Trees can prevent the earth (from) being washed away.‎ 树能阻止泥土被冲走。‎ Can you stop him (from) going swimming in the river?‎ 你能阻止他下河洗澡吗？ ‎ I have some difficulty (in) answering the question.‎ 回答这个问题我有点困难。‎ ‎①有些动词，believe, find, think, feel, consider, imagine, prove等后作宾补的结构。‎ to be + n. / adj.中的to be可以省略。‎ ‎②感官动词see, hear, feel, watch, notice 等以及使役动词let, make, have后作宾补的动词不定式，‎ 其中的不定式符号to要省略，但变为被动结构时，to必须保留。‎ ‎③在can not but, can not choose but, can not help but之后的动词不定式一般不带to；but之前有实 义动词do的某个形式do, does, did, done 时，也不带to, 否则要带to。‎ ‎④在并列结构中为了避免重复。‎ ‎⑤在why, why not 引导的特殊问句中后跟省略to的动词不定式。‎ ‎⑥动词不定式中动词原形部分是否省略，主要看句子前面是否已出现过同样的动词。如果句子前面出现过同样的动词，为了避免重复，句子后面的不定式常省略动词原形，而保留不定式符号to。‎ ‎①I consider him (to be) lazy.我认为他懒。‎ His mother found him (to be) a clever boy.‎ 他母亲发觉他是一个很聪明的孩子。‎ ‎②They made the boy go to bed early.他们强迫这个男孩早睡。‎ The boy was made to go to bed early. 这个男孩被迫早睡。‎ 注：help后作宾补的动词不定式中的to可以省略也可保留。‎ ‎③We have nothing to do now but wait.‎ 我们现在除了等没有别的事可做。‎ I can not but admire his courage. 我不能不钦佩他的勇敢。‎ He has no choice but to accept the fact.‎ 除了接受这个事实他别无选择。‎ ‎④I'm really puzzled what to think or say.‎ 我真不知道该怎么想，怎么说才好。‎ 但两个不定式有对照或对比的意义时，则后一个to不能省。‎ I came not to scold but to praise you.‎ 我来不是责备你，而是赞美你。‎ ‎⑤Why talk so much about it?为什么大谈这个事呢？‎ Why not try it again? 为什么不再试一试呢？‎ ‎⑥They may go if they wish to(go).‎ 如果他们想去，他们就可以去。‎ Don't go till I tell you to.直到我告诉你去，你才可以去。‎ 在一些动词afford, agree, expect, forget, mean, pretend, remember, want, refuse, hope, wish, would like (love), try等后跟动词不定式作宾语，不定式中的to可以承前（后)省略。‎ ‎—Will you go to the cinema with me?‎ 你愿和我一起去看电影吗？‎ ‎—Well, I'd like to (go with you). 我愿意。‎ I would do it for you, but I don't know how to (do it for you).‎ 我想为你做这事，但我又不知如何做。‎ 在某些形容词，afraid, glad, willing, happy, eager等后承前省 略动词原形，只保留不定式符号to。‎ ‎—Will you join us in the game?‎ 你愿和我们一起做这个游戏吗？‎ ‎—Sure, I'll be glad to(join you in the game). 当然，我愿意。‎ 有些动词，tell, ask, allow, expect, force, invite, permit, persuade, order, warn, wish, would like,forbid等后跟动词不定式作宾语补足语、主语补足语时，不定式承前省略动词原形， 保留动词不定式符号to。‎ He didn't come, though we had invited him to (come).‎ 尽管我们邀请他来，他却没来。‎ 注：承前省略的动词不定式如果有助动词have或be，则要保留be或have。‎ ‎—Are you a teacher? 你是老师吗？‎ ‎—No, but I used to be (a teacher).不，我以前是。‎ 句 法 上 简单句中的省略 ‎①感叹句中常省略主语和谓语。‎ ‎②在一些口语中可以省略某些句子成分。‎ ‎①What a hot day (it is)!多热的天啊！‎ How wonderful!多妙啊！‎ ‎②—（Will you）Have a smoke?你抽烟吗？‎ ‎—No.Thanks.不，谢谢了。‎ ‎（Is there）Anything else to say?还有别的要说吗？‎ 的 省 略 并列句中的省略 ‎①如果主语不同，而谓语动词中的一部分相同，则省略谓语动词中相同的那部分。‎ ‎②主语相同，谓语动词也相同，则二者都可以省略。‎ ‎③主语相同，而谓语不同，则可以省略主语。‎ ‎④在并列复合句中，如果that从句从属于第二个并列句且它的谓语动词和宾语等其它一些成分与第一个并列句相同时，这个that从句通常可以省略这些相同的部分。‎ ‎①John must have been playing football and Mary (must have been) doing her homework.‎ 约翰一定在踢球，而玛丽一定在做作业。‎ ‎②His suggestions made John happy, but (his suggestions made) Mary angry.‎ 他的建议使约翰高兴，却使玛丽很生气。‎ ‎③Old McDonald gave up smoking for a while, but (he) soon returned to his old ways.‎ 老麦克唐纳戒了一阵子烟，可很快又抽上了。‎ ‎④Jack will sing at the party, but I know John won't （sing at the party）.‎ 杰克将在晚会上唱歌，但我知道约翰不会在晚会上唱歌。‎ 复合句中的省略 ‎▲名词性从句中的省略 ‎ ‎①作宾语的what从句中的谓语动词与主句的相同，则what从句可以省略谓语，甚至主语 ‎②有时候也可以根据说话的情景来省略主句中的一些成分。‎ ‎③在某些表虚拟语气的主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中，从句谓语动词中的助动词should可以省略。‎ ‎▲定语从句中的省略 ‎ ‎①在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词that, which, who (whom)常可以省略。‎ ‎②关系副词when, where, why以及that在the time(day, morning, afternoon, evening, night, week,‎ month, year等) when, the place(desk, table, room, spot, house, town, country, school等)where, the reason why, the way that结构中引导限制性定语从句时，在非正式场合下，可以省略关系副词when, where, why, that。‎ ‎▲状语从句中的省略 ‎ 当状语从句中的主语和主句的主语一致，或状语从句中的主语是it，并且又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句中的主语和be动词。 ‎ ‎①在as, before, till, once, when, while等引导的时间状语从句中。‎ ‎②在though, although,等引导的让步状语从句中。‎ ‎③在if, unless(=if... not)等引导的条件状语从句中。‎ ‎④在as, as if, as though引导的让步状语从句中。‎ ‎⑤在as(so)... as..., than引导的比较状语从句中。‎ 复合句中的省略 ‎▲名词性从句中的省略 ‎①Someone has used my bike, but I don't know who (has used it).‎ 有人用了我的自行车，但我不知道是谁。‎ He has gone, but no one knows where (he has gone).‎ 他走了，但没人知道他去哪儿了。 ‎ ‎②（I'm）Sorry I've kept you waiting so long.‎ 对不起，让你久等了。‎ ‎③It's important that we (should) speak to the old politely.‎ 我们对老人说话要有礼貌，这很重要。‎ ‎▲定语从句中的省略 ‎①The man(who/whom)I saw is called Smith.‎ 我见到的那个人名叫史密斯。‎ Where is the book (which) I bought this morning?‎ 今天上午我买的那本书在哪儿？‎ ‎②I shall never forget the day (when) we first met. ‎ 我永远也不会忘记我们第一次见面的那一天。 ‎ The reason (why) he came so early is his own affair.‎ 他来这么早是他自己的事。 ‎ The way (that) you answered the questions was admirable.‎ 你回答这些问题的方式令人钦佩。‎ ‎▲状语从句中的省略 ‎①While（I was）waiting, I was reading some magazines.‎ 我一边看杂志，一边等。‎ ‎②Though (they were) tired, they went on working.‎ 虽然他们累了，但他们仍继续工作。‎ ‎③You shouldn't come to his party unless (you were) invited.‎ 除非你被邀请，否则你不应该来参加他的宴会。 ‎ ‎④He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那样去做了。 ‎ He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak.‎ 他停下来，好像是在期待她说话。 ‎ ‎⑤He did as (he had been) told. 他按照被告知的那样去做了。‎ He paused as if (he was) expecting her to speak.‎ 他停下来，好像是在期待她说话。‎ I know you can do better than he (can do).‎ 我知道你能比他做得更好。‎ This car doesn't run as fast as that one (does).‎ 这辆小车不及那辆跑得快。‎ 十五、倒装句 类 型 情 况 例 句 部分倒装 ‎（部分倒装是把be动词、情态动词、助动词放到主语之前。如果句子中没有这些词,要在主语之前加助动词do/does 句首状语为否定词或半否定词的句子。‎ 这类词或短语主要有never, neither, nor, little,seldom,rarely,hardly,scarcely,no sooner, not only,in no way,at no time,few, not,no等 Not a word did I say to him.‎ Never have I found him so happy.‎ Little does he care about what I said.‎ I can’t swim. Neither can he.‎ No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell asleep.‎ Hardly/Scarcely had he gone to bed when he fell asleep.‎ ‎ /did等,而把原来的谓语动词变成原形放在主语之后。）‎ only+状语放在句首,要部分倒装 Only by this means is it possible to explain it. (介词短语)‎ Only then did I realize the importance of math. (副词)‎ Only when the war was over in 1918 was he able to get happily back to work. (从句)‎ 注意:如果only后面不是状语,则不用倒装。‎ OnlyWang Ling knows this.‎ so或so引导的短语放在句首,要部分倒装 I saw the film, so did she.‎ So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him.‎ ‎“Not only+分句,but also+分句”句型中的前一分句要部分倒装“Not only + 分句,but also + 分句”句型中的前一分句要部分倒装 Not only does John love Chinese, he is also good at speaking it.‎ 但not only...but also...连接主语时,不倒装。‎ Not only the mother but also the children are sick.‎ Not until放在句首,从句不倒装,主句倒装 Not until last week did they find the lost bike. (简单句)‎ Not until my son had entered the university did he realize the importance of time. (复合句)‎ as/though引导的让步状语从句 Proud as these nobles are, he’s afraid to see me.‎ Tired as he was, he kept on running.‎ Tired though he was, he kept on running.‎ ‎=Though he was tired,he kept on running Child as he is,he knows a lot.(注意：child前没有冠词a)‎ 在以often, well, many a time, now and again 等方式或频度副词(短语)开头的句子中,要用部分倒装结构 Many a time has John given me good advice.‎ Often have we made that test.‎ 在虚拟结构中，条件从句的谓语含有were,‎ had 和should这三个词是，可省去if，将 这些词移至主语之前。‎ Had I time (= If I had time), I would go and help you.‎ Were I you (= If I were you), I would go abroad.‎ Should he come (=If he should come), tell him to ring me up.‎ 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里 May you succeed!‎ 完全倒装 There be结构。另外,在此结构中可以用来代替be动词的动词有:exist, seem, happen, appear,live, rise, stand等 There stood a dog before him.‎ There exist different opinions on this question.‎ ‎“Here,There, Now, Then + come (或be等) + 主语” 结构 说明:本句型中there是副词,应重读,强调地点。而前一句型中的there是引导词,本身没意义 Here comes the old lady!‎ Then came the hour we had been looking forward to.‎ There comes the bus.‎ Now comes your turn.‎ 除了then引导的句子用过去式以外,其余的均用一般现在时,表示一种生动的描述。其次,如果主语是人称代词,就不用倒装。‎ Here you are.‎ There she comes.‎ 表示方向的副词out, in, up, down等置于句首,要用全部倒装。‎ In came Mr White.‎ Up went the arrow into the air.‎ Away went the boy. ‎ 表示地点的介词短语 (如on the wall, under the tree, in front of the house,in the middle of the room等)放在句首时,要全部倒装 On the top of the hill stands a pine tree.‎ In front of the classroom is a playground.‎ They arrived at a house, in front of which sat an old man.‎ 其它形式的完全倒装 Present at the meeting was Mr. Green, a headmaster.（形容词短语）‎ Such was the story he told me.（代词）‎ East of the city lies a new railway. (副词短语)‎ First to be completed was the seven-storey teaching building. (不定式短语)‎ Gone are the days when my heart was young and gay. (过去分词)‎ Lying on the floor was a boy aged 15. (现在分词短语)‎ 用于某些表示祝愿的句子里 Long live the People’s Republic of China!‎ 定语从句及连词 答题秘诀二 as与which均可替代整个主句 在非限制性定语从句中，均可替代整个主句. 如从句在主句之后，两者皆可用；如从句在主句之前，用as。 介词/逗号后, 永远不用that!‎ They failed in the exam，as/which is natural.‎ As is known to all，the earth moves around the sun.‎ ‎ He passed the College Entrance Examination, made his parents very happy.‎ ‎ A. as B. which C. that D. it 关系代词as的考查。关系代词as引导限制性定语从句时既可指人又可指物。它只能替代由such，the same等修饰的先行词；as引导非限制性定语从句时，可放于句首，句中或置于句尾，而which则只能置于主句之后。但如果定语从句为否定句或表示否定意义，使用which。As引导的定性定语从句有"正如"之意，而which引导的没有。‎ ‎〖2010全国Ⅰ〗As a child , Jack studied in a village school ,_____ is named after his grandfather. ‎ A. which B. where C. what D. that 空格设置在名词school后, 且school后有逗号, 此题考查非限定性定语从句。定语从句所修饰的先行词是school, 它在定于从句中做主语, 因此使用关系代词, 选项中的关系代词只有which和that, 由于是非限定性定语从句, 不能使用that, 因此选择A。‎ ‎〖2010四川〗After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, turned out to be a wise decision. ‎ A. that B. which C. when D. where 此处应为which引导的非限制性定语从句, which代替前边整个句子。句意为： “大学毕业后, 我们休假一段时间去旅游, 这结果证明是一个明智的决定。”‎ ‎〖2009山东〗Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. ‎ A. who B. which C. when D. that ‎ 不论何时遇见她, 她总是用甜美的微笑和我打招呼,这是非常经常的事。考查非限制性定语从句, 从句_________ was fairly often插在主句中的时间状语从句后, 关系代词which可代替主句整个句子的意思并在从句中作主语。答案B。‎ ‎〖2009辽宁〗They’ve won their last three matches, ________I find a bit surprising ‎ A. that B. when C. what D. which ‎ 此处意思是 “他们赢得了最后的三场比赛, 我觉得这确实有点让人意外”, which代替上句 “They’ve won their last three matches”做find的宾语, 选D。A项不能用于非限制性定语从句中, B, C此处没有他们的意思。‎ 状语从句及连词 While是解!‎ ‎◆常接持续性的动词，强调主从句谓语动作同时发生，常用进行时。有时还有对比意义，意为“然而”。‎ ‎ ◆主句从句主语不同,表示“而…” ‎ I do every single bit of housework __ my husband Bob just does the dishes now and then.‎ ‎ A. since B. while C. when D. as ‎◆While置于句首可表示As long as 或 Although While there is life there is hope.‎ While I admit his good points, I can see his bad ones.‎ ‎（2008湖南)______ the Internet is of great help, I don’t think it’s a good idea to spend too much time on it. A. If B. While C. Because D. As ‎〖2011四川卷〗 volleyball is her main focus, she’s also great at basketball.‎ A. Since B. Once C. Unless D. While 虽然排球是她的主要项目，但她还擅长篮球。while“虽然，尽管”。答案D。‎ ‎〖2010全国Ⅰ〗Mary made coffee ________ her guests were finishing their meal .‎ A. so that B. although C. while D. as if so that译为 “以便”表示目的, although译为 “尽管, 虽然”, as if译为 “好像”, while译为 “当….的时候”, 因此while符合句意, 选择C。‎ ‎〖2009安徽〗—I wonder how much you charge for your services.‎ ‎—The first two are free the third costs $30.‎ A. while B. until C. when D. before while表转折 “而, 然而”。根据句子意思, 前两份免费, 而第三份要$30。‎ ‎〖2006全国Ⅱ〗We thought there were 35 students in the dining hall, , in fact, there were 40.‎ A.while B.whether C.what D.which 此题考查连词的用法。while在此表示转折, 意为 “但是, 而”。‎ ‎〖2006天津〗The cost of living in Glasgow is among the lowest in Britain, the quality of life is probably one of the highest. A.since B.when C.as D.while 根据句中among the lowest in Britain和probably one of the highest可知前后的意义存在对比；while用作连词, 可用于表示对比或相反的情况, “而；但是”。‎ 名词性从句 区别什么从句应看主句，主句不完整时从句肯定是名词性从句。主句完整时，从句可能是定语从句，状语从句，或者同位语从句。‎ 需要用什么引导词看从句。名词性从句中缺什么意思用什么意思的引导词; 缺名词性成份时，指人用who/whom，指物用what; 不缺意思和成份时用that。That只有在宾语从句中可以省略。‎ 缺成分时,what和whatever是第一高频答案!‎ 引导主、宾、表语从句时，what要充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分，that不作任何成分，只在语法上起连接的作用。‎ ‎◆____ we can’t get∧ seems better than ____ we have∧.‎ A. What; what B. what; that C. That; that D. That; what 本句包含一个主语从句和一个宾语从句，且两个从句都缺乏宾语，可见两个引导词都必须充当成分，所以答案是A。‎ ‎◆____ ∧caused the accident is still a complete mystery.‎ A. What B. That C. How D. Where 该题答案是A，what在主语从句中作主语，即作谓语动词caused的执行者。在下面的例句中，that不充当任何成份，只起语法连接作用（因为句子本身不缺成分）：‎ That the former Iraq president Saddam was captured has been proved.‎ ‎〖2011江西卷〗The villagers have already known we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge.‎ A．this B．that C．what D．which 考察宾语从句和主语从句。村民们已经知道我们将要做的事情是重建这座桥，后面的宾语从句的主语从句中缺少主语且指物，所以选择what。答案：C ‎〖2011四川卷〗Our teachers always tell us to believe in we do and who we are if we want to succeed.‎ A. why B. how C. what D. which in介词后面接宾语从句，且从句中缺do的宾语，故选C项。why、how在句中作状语；which在名词性从句中作定语。选C.‎ ‎〖2011陕西卷〗I’d like to start my own business –that’s I’d do if I had the money. ‎ A.why B.when C.which D.what 所填词引导的从句位于系动词之后，是表语从句，所填词在从句中做宾语，指物，用what，选D。其余选项与题意不符。‎ ‎〖2011北京卷〗 Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness.‎ A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom 考察名词性从句中的主语从句。主语从句中缺少offer的宾语，选择what。‎ 冠词 和某些抽象名词连用，使其具体化,一般以What和It做主语!‎ 抽象名词前加a／an表具体的人或物。抽象名词表示一般概念时，通常不加冠词，如Failure is the mother of success. ‎ success(抽象名词) → a success(具体化) 成功的人或事 a failure 失败的人或事 a shame 带来耻辱的人或事 a pity 可惜或遗憾的事 a must 必需必备的东西 〖2011山东卷〗Take your time—it’s just_____short distance from here to_____restaurant.‎ A.不填；the B. a; the C. the; a D.不填；a 句意为“别急—从这儿到餐馆只不过短短的距离而已。”a short distance短距离，是固定搭配的短语；the restaurant指双方都知道的餐馆，故用the特指。答案：B ‎〖2011浙江卷〗 Experts think that ______recently discovered painting may be ______ Picsso. ‎ A.the ;不填 B. a ;the C. a ; 不填 D. the; a 句意为“专家认为，最近发现的油画可能是毕加索的作品。”the painting特指最近发现的油画；a Picsso意为a Picsso’s painting，指毕加索的一件作品，有one的含义。答案：D ‎〖2010福建〗It’s good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them pleasure.‎ A. 不填, a B. a, 不填 C. the, a D. a, the good feeling并非特指, 故用a；pleasure是抽象名词, 无需冠词。句意为 “人们喜欢上海世博会给它们的快乐, 这是（一）种不错的感觉” ‎ a good feeling , 一种不错的感觉, give sb pleasure。〖答案〗B a／an与专有名词连用表示“一个叫什么的人”“一个像什么的人”“…的作品／制品”或表示不确定，如a Sunday,a Monday等。 (2006全国卷) —Hello，could I speak to Mr． Smith? 　　 —Sorry,wrong number, There isn’t_______ Mr． Smith here． 　　A．不填 B．a C．the D．one ‎ 题意为：这儿没有一个叫史密斯的。史密斯是姓氏，史密斯先生很多，aMr． Smith表示其中一位。【答案】B 　 (2005山东卷)I knew__________John Lennon，but not_________famous one． 　　A．不填;a B．a；the C. 不填;the D．the；a 题意为：我原先认识一个叫约翰列农的人，不是那个著名的约翰列农。据题意可知叫约翰列农的人很多他只是其中一位，故用a；那位著名的也即是特指的，应用the。 ‎ a／an与专有名词连用表示“一个叫什么的人”“一个像什么的人”“…的作品／制品”或表示不确定，如a Sunday,a Monday等。 (2005山东卷)I knew__________John Lennon，but not_________famous one． 　　A．不填;a B．a；the C. 不填;the D．the；a 题意为：我原先认识一个叫约翰列农的人，不是那个著名的约翰列农。据题意可知叫约翰列农的人很多他只是其中一位，故用a；那位著名的也即是特指的，应用the。 　 (2005湖南卷)I can’t remember when exactly the Robinsons left______city．I only remember it was_______Monday． 　　A．the，the B．a，the C．a，a D．the，a 　　题意为：我记不清罗宾逊一家人何时离开这坐城市了。我只记得是星期一。第一空用the表示双方都明白的人或物；第二空用a表示不确定的某个周一。【答案】D ‎〖2010江苏〗The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that_______ people from all walks of life are working hard for_____ new Jiangsu.‎ A.不填； a B. 不填；the C. the； a D. the； the 第一空,来自社会各阶层的人. 是不特指,不用冠词. 第二空, 在Jiangsu 前有形容词new 因此,应加冠词a.表示一个全新的江苏.〖答案〗A.‎ 具有动词意义的名词前用a／an其意义相当于动词，如take a look=look．‎ ‎(2007四川卷)How about taking_______short break?I want to make______call． 　　A．the；a B．a;the C．the;the D．a；a 　 稍稍休息如何?我想打个电话。break相当于rest，make a call相当于call．【答案】D 　 (2007天津卷)I wanted to catch_____early train,but could’t get______ride to the station． 　　A．an；the B．／；the C．an；／ D．the；a 　 题意为：我想赶早班车但没能找到到车站去的车。第一空用the表示双方都明白的人或物；第二空用a，get a ride=ride．【答案】D 　　(2007浙江卷)I like_____color of your skirt．It is______good match for your blouse 　　A. a;the B．a；a C.the；a D．the;the 　　我喜欢你的衬衫的颜色,与你的短裙极相配。a good match相当于match well. 答案C ‎〖2010四川〗In most countries, a university degree can give you flying start in life.‎ ‎ A. the; a B. the; 不填 C.不填; 不填 D.不填; a most countries此处表泛指, most前不加定冠词the.第二个空处应为 “一个高起点的开始”, 故用a ,正确答案为D。‎ It：作形式主语和形式宾语 当动词不定式,动名词或从句作主语时,通常把它们放在谓语之后,而用it作句子的形式主语:‎ It is not easy to finish the work in two days.‎ It is no use crying over split milk.‎ It is a pity that you didn’t read the book..‎ 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式,动名词,宾语从句时,往往把宾语放在它的补足语后面,而用it作形式宾语,放在宾语补足语之前:‎ I think it no use arguing with him.‎ I found it very interesting to study English.‎ He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.‎ 注意：see to it that…（务必）和take it for granted that…（想当然）句型中的it，以及词组make it中的it（做事成功，搞定）。‎ ‎〖2011北京卷〗The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase .‎ A. them B. those C. it D. that 句意为“由于当地政府的努力，大城市里的就业率持续升高。”it代指前面交代过的“the employment rate”，是单数，而them和those是复数。答案：C ‎〖2011江西卷〗Why don’t you bring _____ to his attention that you’re too ill to work on?‎ A. that B.it C.his D.him 考查代词it作形式宾语的用法。句意为“为什么你不让他注意到你病得太严重了以至于不能工作？”it作形式宾语，指代句子后面that引导的宾语从句。答案：B ‎〖2011山东卷〗The two girls are so alike that strangers find __ difficult to tell one from the other.‎ A. it B. them C. her D. that 句意为“这两个女孩长得很相似，不熟悉的人很难将她俩区分开来。”it在此句中充当形式宾语，代指“to tell one from the other”。 答案：A ‎〖2011天津卷〗We feel our duty to make our country a better place.‎ A. it B. this C. that D. one 句意为“我们觉得将我们的国家变得更好是我们的职责。”it在此句中充当形式宾语，代指“to make our country a better place”。答案：A ‎〖2010全国Ⅱ〗The doctor thought ___________would be good for you to have a holiday.‎ ‎ A. this B. that C. one D. it It的两个重要用法是作形式主语和形式宾语。本题考查形式宾语, it 在这里代指后面的真正宾语to have a holiday。‎ one 的用法 ‎◆常用来代替与上文所提到人或物相类似的不确定的另一人或物（泛指），且被替代者为可数名词单数形式。‎ ‎◆若下文替代者表示非特指含义，则用a/an—adj—one形式表示；若下文替代者为另一特指含义，则用the one或the—adj—one表示；若下文替代时为复数含义，则用the—adj—ones 或the ones表示。‎ ‎〖2011福建卷〗We have various summer camps for your holidays. You can choose ____ based on your own interests. ‎ A. either B. each C. one D. it ‎ 句意为“在你们的假期里，我们这儿有各种暑期夏令营，你们可以根据自己的兴趣任选一个。”one代替单数可数名词，表泛指，相当于“a/an + 单数名词”。这里泛指某个summer camp夏令营。答案：C ‎〖2010山东〗Helping others is a habit, _______ you can learn even at an early age. ‎ A. it B. that C. what D. one 句意应为”帮助别人是一种习惯, 一个你在很小时就能学会的习惯。”空格处与前句中的habit构成同位关系, 所以选择D项。句中you can learn even at an early age是省略了关系代词that 的定语从句, that在定语从句中作learn的宾语使用。‎ that的用法 ‎◆that用来指前文中确定的非同一事物，常用来替代与定冠词或形容词性物主代词连用的单数可数名词或不可数名词，相当于“the+名词”，其复数形式为those。‎ ‎◆that表替代时为始终是特指（作指示代词和关系代词用时另论），可指上文谈到的人、物或情况（均为单数），可代替可数名词和不可数名词。‎ ‎◆若that所代替的内容为前置用法，即要代替的内容将出现在下文中，一般用this,these或the following表示。‎ ‎〖2011重庆卷〗——Silly me! I forget what my luggage looks like.‎ ‎——What do you think of over there?‎ A. the one B. this C.it D.that 指示代词that指时间与空间上较远的事物，over there交代了空间上的远距离。this指时间与空间上较近的事物，the one和it都特指前面曾经交代过的事物。答案：D ‎〖2010陕西〗The cost of renting a house in central Xi’an is higher than ____ in any other area of the city. ‎ A. that B. this C. it D. one ‎ 所填词用于比较状语从句中, 指代句子的主语cost, 即指代不可数名词, 用that。This指代下文即将提到的事物；it指代 “同一物”；one指代 “同类中的一个”之意。‎ 介词与动词/名词/形容词搭配 in 要求接in 的名词有：interest、satisfaction、expert等。‎ ‎〖2007上海〗Leaves are found on all kinds of trees, but they differ greatly size and shape. A.on B.from C.by D.in differ in在……方面不同；differ from与……不同。〖答案〗D ‎〖2007湖南〗 the silence of the pauses, we could hear each other’s breathing and could almost hear our own heartbeats. A.In B.For C.Under D.Between 句意为：在停顿的沉默中, 我们能听到对方的呼吸, 甚至能听到我们自己的心跳。Ａ项为 “在……中”；Ｂ项为 “因为, 由于”；Ｃ项为 “在……下面”；Ｄ项为 “在……之间”。‎ in favor of赞成 ‎〖2011湖北〗 When asked about their opinions about the schoolmaster, many teachers would prefer to see him step aside _________ younger men.‎ A. in terms of B. in need of C. in favor of D. in praise of 句意为“当被问到对于校长的看法时，许多老师都愿意看到他靠边站为更年轻的人让路。”in terms of就而论；in need of需要；in favor of赞成；in praise of表扬，赞扬。答案：C。‎ in detail详细地 ‎〖2011江苏〗We’d better discuss everything _______ before we work out the plan.‎ A．in detail B．in general C．on purpose D．on time 句意为“我们最好先详细地讨论好一切，然后再制定计划。”in detail详细地；in general一般而言, 总的来说；on purpose故意地；on time准时。根据句意，先讨论后定计划，选A。‎ in store贮藏着；储备着 ‎〖2008湖北〗When she first arrived in China, she wondered what the future might have for her, but now all her worries are gone. A.in need B.in time C.in preparation D.in store in need需要；in time及时；in preparation准备；in store贮藏着；储备着, 由句意可知D项正确。‎ in turn 反过来 ‎〖2007湖北〗People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, and this ‎ creates further problems. A.in short B.in case C.in doubt D.in turn A项 “简言之”；B项 “以防万一”；C项 “怀疑”；D项 “反过来”。句意为：人们想开自己的车来避免交通耽搁, 这反过来却导致了进一步的问题。〖答案〗D in exchange for 作为交换 ‎〖2007山东〗I have offered to paint the house a week’s accommodation. A.in exchange for B.with regard to C.by means of D.in place of in exchange for作为交换；with regard to至于, 关于; by means of通过……的方式；in place of代替。句意为：我提出愿意粉刷房子, 条件是让我免费吃住一周。〖答案〗A in case万一, 以防 ‎〖2010浙江〗I guess we’ve already talked about this before but I’ll ask you again just . ‎ A．by nature B．in return C．in case D．by chance 分析四个选项的意思：by nature 天生地；in return作为回报, 作为交换；in case 万一, 以防；by chance偶然地。根据句意：我想我之前已经跟你谈论过这件事, 但是以防万一, 我再问你一次。〖答案〗C ‎〖2000 NMET〗I don’t think I’ll need any money but I’ll bring some_________.‎ A. at last B. in case C. once again D. in time in case的意思是 “万一”。表明说话人带一些钱的目的是以防万一。答案为B。‎ 名词单项选择高频考点 ‎ reach 够不着的地方 out of shape变形 range不在范围内 ‎ stock缺货 reach 够得着的地方 ‎〖2011四川卷〗）Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of children’s .‎ A.touch B.sight C.reach D.distance 句意为“时刻记住：这些危险物品，比如刀子，要放在孩子们够不着的地方。”out of touch不联系，不接触；out of sight看不见, 在视野之外；out of reach手够不着, 达不到；out of distance远离=far away。根据前面的交代的危险品，选C。‎ ‎〖2004天津〗I keep medicines on the top shelf,out of the children’s______.‎ A.reach                     B.hand                      C.hold               D.place A意思是：够得着的地方；B是：指示, 掌管；C是：控制, 照管；D是：地方。根据句意, 目的是不让孩子们拿着, out of one's reach “某人够不着的地方”。所以答案选A。 ‎ shape型状 ‎〖2006广东〗You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of           .‎ A. date           B. shape                C. order               D. balance out of shape是 “变型”的意思, 根据前面 “你坐在我的帽子上”可判断出帽子是 “变型”了。out of date意为 “过时”, out of order意为 “混乱”, out of balance意为 “失衡”。〖答案〗B range  范围 ‎〖2001上海〗—Can you shoot that bird at the top of the tree?‎ ‎—No,it’s out of__ ____.‎ A.range                     B.reach                     C.control                  D.distance 本句的意思是:你能射中树梢上的那只鸟吗?不能,它在射程之外。根据上文中的shot,我们应该选range。out of control意为"失去控制"。〖答案〗A out of stock“缺货”‎ ‎〖2011高考英语吴军押题〗We regret to inform you that the materials you ordered are out of________.‎ A. work B. reach C. stock D. practice out of stock“缺货”；out of work“失业”；out of reach“够不到”；out of practice“荒疏，久不练习”。‎ 情景交际 高频答案词 How come?常用于口语，表示惊讶，意为“为什么？怎么搞的？‎ ‎(2011浙江) —— I don't think I'll be able to go mountain-climbing tomorrow.‎ ‎ ——______?‎ A. And how B. How come C. How’s it going D. How about it 情景对话。难度较小。How come？为什么？‎ ‎ (2006江西)—Michael was late for Mr.Smith’s oral class this morning. ‎— ? As far as I know，he never came late to class. A.How come B.So what C.Why not D.What for How come?常用于口语，表示惊讶，意为“为什么？怎么搞的？”；So what?意为“那有什么了不起，那又怎样”；Why not?表示对他人所说的或建议做出肯定反应或表示同意，意为“为什么不”；What for?意为“为什么”。根据答语可知对迈克尔迟到感到很惊讶，故选A How ‎ come。‎ That’s all right = That’s OK不用谢；没关系 ‎（2011山东）-I’m sorry I broke the vase.‎ ‎ -Oh,_____. It wasn’t very expensive.‎ A. you’d better not B. I’m afraid not C. as you wish D. that’s all right 句意：对不起，我打碎了花瓶。--哦，没关系，它不很贵。根据句子情境上下文，用来回答sorry.其他选项不符合英语表达习惯A.“你最好别那样做”。B“我恐怕不是这样”C“正如你期待的” 答案D.‎ ‎（2010天津）Professor Johnson, I’m afraid I can’t finish the report within this week. ‎ ‎ How about next week?‎ A. Good for you B. It won’t bother me C. Not at all D. That’s OK 句意：—约翰逊教授，恐怕我这周完不成报告。—好的，下周怎么样？根据后面的How about next week，可以看出，Johnson教授已经确认这周完不成报告没关系，所以，用That’s OK。‎ ‎ (2005福建)—James，I’m sorry I used your computer when you were away this morning. ‎— . A.That’s all right B.It’s a pleasure C.You are welcome D.Don’t mention it That’s all right意为“不用谢；没关系”，主要用于对感谢或歉意的礼貌回答答案 A ‎(2005江西)—Hello，Mr.Smith.This is Larry Jackson.I am afraid I won’t be able to arrive on time for the meeting in your office.‎ ‎— .We’ll wait for you.‎ A.Hurry up B.No doubt C.Cheer up D.That’s all right 由答语知We’ll wait for you可知，应选That’s all right，意为“没关系” ，答案D。而Hurry up.意为“抓紧”；No doubt.意为“多半，很可能”；Cheer up意为“加油”。‎ That’s great 、Good idea 太好了 ‎（2011陕西）—— We can give you a ride into town.‎ ‎ —— ____________ Thank you.‎ A. Yes, why not? B. Oh, it would be my pleasure.‎ C. Yes, please. D. Oh, that would be great.‎ 情景对话。没有难度。We can give you a ride into town.是要做的动作，是过程，还没做，B. Oh, it would be my pleasure.强调的是结果，所以不是正确答案；D. Oh, that would be great.是强调过程，当然是答案了。‎ ‎（2010重庆）----Honey, let’s go out for dinner. ‎ ‎ ----- I don’t have to cook. ‎ A. Forgot it! B. That’s great! C. Why? D. Go ahead!‎ 句意为“亲爱的，我们出去吃饭吧。”“太好了，我不必做饭了。”所以选B。A. Forget it. 没关系 C. Why为什么 D. Go ahead 随便 均不符合语境。‎ 情态动词与虚拟语气 may / might as well do sth “还是…好”、“不妨” ‎ You might as well tell me the truth. 你最好把真相告诉我的好。‎ ‎〖2008全国Ⅱ〗Liza well not want to go on the trip—she hates traveling. A.will B.can C.must D.may 句意为：Liza极有可能不想去旅行——她讨厌旅行。may well很可能, 极有可能, 表示猜测。当表示猜测时, will和can不能与well连用, must只能用于肯定句中。‎ must只用于肯定句/表示很有把握的猜测/翻译成“肯定/一定”；‎ can/could用于疑问句和否定句；‎ may/might用于肯定句/表示没有把握的猜测/翻译成“可能也许”‎ mustn’t have done 绝对错/是无效选项 must必须，“不必”用needn’t/don’t have to mustn’t 禁止/不准 ‎〖2011四川卷〗The police still haven’t found the lost child, but they’re doing all they .‎ A.can B.may C.must D.should 句意为“警方依然没有找到失踪的孩子，但他们现在正在做他们所能做的一切。”can可以，能够；may可能，许可；must必须；should应该。根据句意，选A。‎ ‎〖2011湖南卷〗No one ________ be compared with Yao Ming in playing basketball.‎ A. can B. need C. must D. might ‎ 句意为“在打篮球方面没人能比得上姚明。”can可以，能够；need需要；must必须；might可能。故根据题意，选A。‎ ‎〖2011全国卷II〗 If you smoke, please go outside.‎ ‎ A. can B. should C. must D. may 句意为“如果你非得要抽烟，请到外面去抽。”must (表示主张)一定要，坚持要。根据后一句please go outside的要求，选C。‎ ‎〖2011北京卷〗—I don’t really like James. Why did you invite him?‎ ‎—Don’t worry. He come. He said he wasn’t certain what his plans were.‎ A. must not B. need not C. would not D. might not 句意为“——我真不喜欢James。你为何请了他？——别担心。他可能来不了。他说他的计划还没安排好。”题干中的he wasn’t certain说明他可能不来，可能来，因此使用不完全否定might not。选D。‎ ‎〖2011浙江卷〗—How’s your new babysitter?‎ ‎—We ________ask for a better one. All our kids love her so much.‎ A. should B. might C. mustn‘t D. couldn’t 句意为“——你的新保姆怎么样？——找不到更好的了。我们的孩子们很喜欢她。”should应该；might可能，可以；mustn‘t禁止；couldn’t不可能。根据句意选D。‎ ‎〖2011福建卷〗——Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now?‎ ‎——I am afraid you , in case he comes late for the meeting .‎ A.will B.must C.may D.can 句意为“——需要我现在就通知他计划有变吗？——恐怕你得这样做，以防他开会迟到。”must (表示必要、命令或强制)必须,得。根据后半句，选B。‎ ‎〖2011辽宁卷〗If you go, at least wait until the storm is over.‎ A. can B. may C. must D. will 句意为“如果你非得走话，至少也要等到这暴风雨过去后。”‎ can可以，能够；may 可能，许可；must(表示主张)一定要，坚持要；will将要，愿意。根据后句的劝告，选C。‎ It is time that ‎ wish 现在→did/were ‎ if only ＋ 过去→had done ‎ as if/though 将来→could/would do would rather ‎ ‎◆How I wish every family ____a large house with a beautiful garden! ‎ A. has B. had C. will have D. had had ‎◆He acts as if he _______the owner of the house. ‎ ‎ A. will be B. has been C. is D. were ‎◆It’s about time that you _____to study English. ‎ ‎ A. begin B. will begin C. have begun D. began ‎◆Look at the trouble I’m in，if only I ______ your advice！ ‎ A.followed B.would follow C.had followed D.should follow ‎ ‎〖2011北京卷〗——Where are the children? The dinner’s going to be completely ruined.‎ ‎——I wish they always late.‎ A. weren’t B. hadn’t been C. wouldn’t be D. wouldn’t have been 句意为“——孩子们哪儿去了？这顿饭快要吃不起来了。——我但愿他们不要老是迟到。”wish引出虚拟语气，题干中出现always，从句虚拟使用一般过去时。选A。‎ 形容词和副词 高频词汇 normal 正常的 usual 通常的，强调时间，比如as usual regular 有规律的, 固定的, 正规的 common 普遍的, 常见的 常识 general 大致的，总体的 ‎ frequent（=经常的 ‎ particular 特殊的，挑剔的 curious excited anxious ‎ ordinary 普通的，一个普通的人，平凡的人，就是an ordinary man，同义词有plain，相对意项exordinary表示，超呼寻常 typical 典型的 ‎〖2011江西卷〗She has already tried her best. Please don’t be too ______ about her job.‎ A.special B.responsible C.unusual D.particular 考察固定搭配。be particular about 对…挑剔。句意为“她已经尽了最大的努力。请不要对她的工作太挑剔了。”选D。‎ ‎〖2010福建〗Drunk driving, which was once a occurrence, is now under control.高考资源网 A. general B. frequent C. normal D. particular A.一般的；B.经常的；C.正常的；D.特别的。理解词义后, 根据生活常识可以得答案B。‎ ‎〖2008江西〗Jack is late again. It is ___ of him to keep others waiting.‎ A. normal B. ordinary C. common D. typical It is typical of sb.to do sth.是固定句型, 意为 “某人一向如此”。〖答案〗D ‎〖2006浙江〗Letterboxes are much more _______ in the UK than in the US, where most people have a mailbox instead.‎ A. common B. normal C. ordinary D. usual ‎ common是指很常见common是指很常见，这题就是个例子，normal是指正常，比如他的反意词abnormal就是不正常，比如精神不正常啊就是abnormal，而精神正常就是normal，正常人也是这个词 ordinary指普通，usual是指和平时一样，比如as usual 〖答案〗A ‎ finally = eventually （最终地, 终于 ）是解！‎ ‎〖2010浙江〗Do you think shopping online will take the place of shopping in stores?‎ A. especially B. frequently C. merely D. finally 分析四个选项的意思：especially 特别, 尤其；frequently经常, merely仅仅, finally最终。根据语境：你认为网上购物最终会替代商场购物吗？〖答案〗D ‎〖2005上海〗There was such a long queue for coffee at the interval that we ________ gave up. A. eventually    B. unfortunately  C. generously  D. purposefully ‎ 考查副词使用能力。eventually 最终地, 终于；unfortunately 不幸地；generously 慷慨地；purposefully 自觉地, 有目的地。根据题意, 只有A项合适。‎ In fact = actually（事实上）是解！‎ ‎〖2009安徽〗--Do you think it's a good idea to make friends with your students?‎ ‎-- , I do. I think it's a great idea.‎ A. Really B. Obviously C. Actually D. Generally ‎〖答案〗C ‎〖2004浙江〗The winter of 1990 was extremely bad. ________ most people say it was the worst winter of their lives. ‎ A. At last B. In fact C. In a word D. As a result 选项A表示顺序；B表示补充事实或评价；C表示总结；D表示前面动作的结果。根据句意, 答案选B。‎ ‎〖2002京皖春〗Two middle—aged passengers fell into the sea. ____, neither of them could swim. ‎ A. In fact B. Luckily C. Unfortunately D. Naturally in fact常用来表示与上文不相符的某件事；luckily常用来表示一种好的结果；unfortunately常用来表示一种好的的结果；naturally表示一种理所当然的结果。根据下文的意思, 只有选项C正确。‎ especially = above all（尤其是，）是解！‎ ‎〖2000NMET〗It's always difficult being in a foreign country, ____if you don't speak the language.‎ A.extremely B.naturally C.basically D.especially 四个选项的副词都可以修饰条件状语从句作状语, 但所表达的意思不同:extremely极端地；naturally自然地；basically基本地；especially特别地、尤其。语言是交际工具, 尤其是不会讲外语而又在国外生活的人更是困难。条件状语从句表示的是一种突出的情况, 故最佳答案选D。又如：Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially as Father was away in France.因为小爱丽丝病了, 母亲很是担忧, 尤其是父亲外出在法国的时候。〖答案〗D 〖2004福建〗I’d like to buy a house modern, comfortable, and __________in a quiet neighborhood. ‎ A. in all B. above all C. after all D. at All 选项A的意思是：总计, 共计；B的意思是：首先. 最重要的是；C的意思是：毕竟, 终究；D的意思是：根本, 全然(一般用于否定句中)。根据句子的意思, 答案选B。‎ ‎3年寒窗苦读不如只学3天!‎ 高考英语7选5破题技巧一 文章首段首句定位法 选项中具有指代的代词,一般不放在首段句首,复数名词（表示总体概念、类概念，一般放在句首）,首段句首不能用连接词,祈使句或绝对化的句子.可以用前后矛盾的句子,即否定句加副词或介词词组结构,或双重否定的句子;也可以用含有可能,不肯定副词的句子,如sometimes,Maybe等.‎ I,my,me,we,our,us,he,his,him,she,her,you,your,it,its,they,their,them,this,that,these,those,other,another等,但everyone,someone,others等可单独用的不在其列.‎ ‎ _71_ One of the best things you can possibly do is to start you own club. It’s great fun especially if you are the sort of person who feels there’s never anything to do during the school holidays.‎ ‎ The first thing you need to come up with is an idea for your club. _72_ Pets, clothes, pop music or dancing groups, sports, making things? The list is endless.‎ ‎ Next you need some friends to be in your club with you. _73_ All you need is three or four other people who are interested in the same thing as you.‎ ‎ _74 You should all sit down somewhere together with lots of pieces of paper and write down every name you can think up. That’ll keep you busy for ages.‎ ‎ At your first meeting you should make up a rule book. And the first rule should be no grown-ups or little/big brothers or sisters! The best clubs are always secret!‎ ‎(不能用代词)‎ A.    That’s easy.‎ B.     Enjoy your own club!‎ C.     Invite a designer to join you.‎ D.    What are you interested in?‎ E.     Some vacation is just around the corner.‎ F.      Then you need to pick a name for your club.‎ G.    Use a bright thick pen to make a special design. (不能用祈使句)‎ ‎ 高考英语完形填空教案五 完形综合解题规律与技巧 完形填空解题秘诀 太极推手： 1.忍à（1.搜集逻辑信息 2.忌冲动）‎ ‎ 2.联à（1.文首文末；2.隔开数行；3.紧邻填空；4.中心靠拢）‎ ‎ 3.首段首句没有读懂就不要做下去 完形应试技巧与思路：‎ ‎1.   紧邻填空出现的并列、解释说明、补充说明能够提供足够线索。‎ ‎2.    找对应关系（文首文末，隔开数行，与中心一致）‎ ‎3.    根据文章逻辑的发展方向寻找连词 挖掘逻辑信息突破口：‎ ‎1． 时态、语态（动作是否已完结；判断意愿）过程、状态、还是结果?‎ ‎2． 基调（肯定、消极）+ 还是 - ?‎ ‎3． 连词或其他还有逻辑关系的短语 ‎4． 学会从个别词来判断情形（副词、形容词）‎ 复现原则 ‎◆Have you ever shouted at a teacher, told someone you were lonely, or said you were in love, and then 23 later you had kept your mouth shut? It isn’t always 24 to express your feelings freely.‎ Does this mean that it’s smarter always to 25 our feelings? No! If you 26 feelings of anger, sadness, and bitterness hidden away or bottled up inside, your body stays 27 .‎ ‎24. A. useful B. right C. easy D. wise ‎ 高考英语阅读理解教案一 擒贼先擒王 先抓文章的中心思想 主旨题解题思路与技巧 方法一：找中心句 全文首句 ‎　　第一段末句(一段末出现转折)‎ 二段一句、二句(二段对一段进行总结或否定)‎ ‎     中心句特征词：‎ 表转折和因果处:but, yet, however, today, this day, so, therefore;‎ 情态动词must, should, ought to, 连词although, though;‎ I, We, My, our;‎ There is/there was 后接抽象名词;‎ It shows/suggests/turns out/proves…等表示结论意思的动词,在如:find out,research was proved that…, his study is told that…;‎ 转折处有状从或不定式短语做状语的句子不是主旨.‎ ‎ 中心句中的名词/动词等与选项中的名词/动词能复现的即为答案!‎ It is true that good writers rewrite and rewrite and then rewrite some more. But in order to work up the desire to rewrite, it is important to learn to like what you write at the early stage.‎ ‎ I am surprised at the number of famous writers I know who say that they so dislike reading their own writing later that they even hate to look over the publishers’ opinions. One reason we may dislike reading our own work is that we’re often disappointed that the rich ideas in our minds seem very thin and plain when first written down .Jerry Fodor and Steven Pinker suggest that this fact may be a result of how our minds work .‎ ‎ Different from popular belief, we do not usually think in the words and sentences of ordinary language but in symbols for ideas (known as “mentalese”), and writing our ideas down is an act of translation from that symbolic language. But while mentalese contains our thoughts in the form of a complex tapestry (织锦)，writing can only be composed one thread at a time .Therefore it should not be surprising that our first attempt at expressing ideas should look so simple. It is only by repeatedly rewriting that we produce new threads and connect them to get closer to the ideas formed in our minds.‎ When people write as if some strict critics (批评家) are looking over their shoulder , they are so worried about what this critic might say that they get stuck before they even start. Peter Elbow makes an excellent suggestion to deal with this problem .When writing we should have two different minds. At the first stage, we should see every idea, as well as the words we use to express it, as wonderful and worth putting down. It is only during rewrites that we should examine what we excitedly wrote in the first stage and check for weaknesses.‎ ‎ ‎ What do we learn from the text about those famous writers? ‎ A They often regret writing poor works B Some of them write surprisingly much .‎ C Many of them hate reading their own works ‎ D They are happy to review the publishers’ opinions.‎ C为答案!‎ ‎ 基本上不看短文内容仅看选项，2010年高考有人竟然过了100分！‎ 高考有没有瞬间大幅度提分的可能？‎ ‎ ‎ 谁能让你不用花很多时间和心思学习，英语就能提高至少20-30分？要是真的话，简直是白捡的分数！不仅如此，当你了解了高考真题答案的所有内幕规律，看到了绝密的解题招式，就会豁然开朗。哇！原来也可以这么做题！你的思路因此将会被彻底打通，提高的分数将不仅仅是20-30分！无论现在的英语成绩是60分，还是110分，任何人都可以做到！这些绝密招式是太简单、太震撼了！所以，如果你看到了，切勿告诉他人，否则，他们会在高考中轻松超过你！‎ 请注意 !‎ 如果你不相信这世上有考试秘诀，请立即将您的眼睛离开；‎ 如果你习惯于按照传统思路做题，不希望有思维上的突破，请你立即将您的眼睛离开；‎ 如果你现在的成绩已接近满分，甚至已是满分，请你立即将您的眼睛离开；‎ 如果你患有心理疾病或心脏病，请您立即将您的眼睛离开；‎ 如果你选择留下来，那么接下来的事，很可能让你目瞪口呆！‎ 如果我告诉你N个秘诀，在做完形填空和阅读理解题时，不用看文章和题干，只是简单的比较四个选项，就能瞬间选出正确答案，你是否想看？‎ 请先看下面的例子，它是辽宁卷2010年真题的第36题，是一个完形填空题. 在此我只列出它的四个选项,试试看，只是比较选项，你是否能够在3秒之内选出正确答案?‎ ‎36. A. worried B. sad C. surprised D. nervous 正确答案是C, ABD都是一个人状态不好的倾向词，而C则为中性词，表述态度不一致者是答案。.如果你知道了这个秘诀，可以解决很多类似的完型填空题!‎ 看一下辽宁卷2010年完形填空真题的第52题:‎ ‎52. A. Largely B. Generally C. Gradually D. Probably 正确答案是C, ABD都是含义不肯定的副词，排除表述不明确的选项,答案就水落石出了. 如果你知道了这个秘诀，你更是可以解决很多类似的完型填空题! 试想一下,知道了全部36个完形秘诀之后,您的分数会怎么样呢?‎ 请再看下面的例子，它是辽宁卷2010年真题阅读理解题的第56题，在此我只写出它的题干和四个选项.也试试看，只是比较选项，你是否能够在5秒之内选出正确答案?‎ ‎56. From Paragragh 1 we learn that the villagers .‎ ‎ A.worked very hard for centuries ‎ B.dreamed of having a better life ‎ ‎ C.were poor but somewhat content ‎ D.lived a different life from their forefathers 正确答案是C, 选项中表述的内容前后相互矛盾的是答案! 思路很简单，如果你掌握了其中的秘诀，抛开文章，你也可以很快选出正确答案. 掌握此类瞬间解题秘诀，不仅缩短了答题时间，还能保障近乎100%的准确率！请上www.sypeterwu.com或上百度,输入"沈阳英语家教吴军"查询!‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 吴军英语高分密码，让您第一次课就提10分！20次课提25-62分！‎ 模棱两可处和看不懂，该怎么办？‎ 要知道，如果对文章似懂非懂，那么，在文章中寻找答案线索就像大海捞针一样的难,更谈不上做对题！吴军英语高分密码将会告诉你此类瞬间解题秘诀,帮助你辨识选项中的诸多暗示点，瞬间找出正确答案,或者瞬间排除错误选项.请记住!在英语完型填空和阅读理解题的选项中，从头到尾都充满了暗示点,善于利用这些暗示点，可以快速做对题!‎ ‎ 无论任何人，在考试中，总会遇到吃不准选项的题，或可以称之为不会做的“难题”,那么，如果遇到“难题”，你会怎办？是放弃？不可能，怎么着也要“猜”出一个答案!那么，是“瞎猜”吗？如果是“瞎猜”，其正确率仅是25%，是可想而知的低！那么，如何“猜”才能有高的准确率呢？如果我告诉你N个秘诀,让你在做“难题”时，猜出的答案的准确率由25%提高至95%，甚至是100%,你愿意继续看下去吗?‎ ‎35. A. eat up B. deal with C. throw away D. send out ‎35题在B和C模棱两可处到底选哪个? 当然选范围大的,能包括另一个的,即选B.‎ 再举个例子，假如2010年辽宁卷高考英语完形填空的47题,不知选哪个, 怎么办？‎ As I found out, there is, 46 , often no perfect equivalence(对应)between two 47 in two languages. My aunt even goes so far as to 48 that a Chinese “equivalent” can never give you the 49 meaning of a word in English!‎ ‎47. A. words B. names C. ideas D. characters 很简单，选A，勿须有任何的犹豫,为什么？复现法则!‎ 吴军英语高分密码会告诉你具体原因以及更多的解决“难题”的秘诀,都是非常的简单和直接.请记住!遇到“难题”，即使“猜”答案，也要“猜”的有理有据,切勿盲目的“猜”!‎ ‎  The moment he was about to 47 the hospital, he saw on the desk the 48 new book ,just as he had left it one 49 ago.‎ ‎  48. A much B still C hardly D quite 很简单，选B，为什么？答案高频词汇倾向归纳让你笑逐颜开!‎ 高频形容词 副词: suddenly, even, finally, first, last, again, also, however, though, although, yet, instead, even though, but, still等.‎ 吴军英语高分密码真的有这么神奇吗？是！一点儿没错！效果是绝对的真实！作为一种标准化考试，选择题本身是有很多缺陷的,这些缺陷就是暗示点，就是解题的突破口!吴军英语高分密码通过对历年真题的长时间的研究，对这些暗示点进行了全面、深入、细致的挖掘和整理,将其转化为超级解题秘诀!‎ 每一个秘诀的准确率都在95%以上，甚至是100% 吴军英语高分密码,真正做到了立竿见影！甚至是一剑封喉！单选280个考点,42个诀窍; 阅读16大满分攻略; 完形36绝招; 七选五6大原则; 改错36个规律;作文4大模板6-8页;不想考上一本、二本都很难!马上用吴军英语高分密码对照历年所有的高考真题进行逐一的验证吧! 遇到吴军老师，您太幸运了！请上www.sypeterwu.com或上百度,输入"沈阳英语家教吴军"查询!‎ ‎2012高考英语巨献--掌握全套答题技巧，只需3整天! ‎ 突破135分的高分密码 ‎ 快速提高35分的捷径 不看文章和题干，只是比较四个选项，就能选出正确答案?! 遇到吃不准选项的题（即不会做的题），可以90%概率猜中正确答案?! 36. A. worried            B. sad            C. surprised     D. nervous ‎36题的正确答案是C, ABD都是一个人状态不好的倾向词，而C则为中性词，表述态度不一致者是答案。.‎ ‎52. A. Largely            B. Generally           C. Gradually      D. Probably ‎52题的正确答案是C, ABD都是含义不肯定的副词，排除表述不明确的选项,答案就水落石出了. 如果你知道了这些秘诀，你就可以解决很多类似的完型填空题! 　　试试看，只是比较选项，你是否能够在5秒之内选出正确答案?‎ ‎56. From Paragragh 1 we learn that the villagers         .‎ ‎       A.worked very hard for centuries ‎       B.dreamed of having a better life ‎ ‎       C.were poor but somewhat content ‎       D.lived a different life from their forefathers ‎56题的正确答案是C, 选项中表述的内容前后相互矛盾的是答案! 思路很简单，如果你掌握了其中的秘诀，抛开文章，你也可以很快选出正确答案. 真的有这么神奇吗？是！一点儿没错！效果是绝对的真实！作为一种标准化考试，选择题本身是有很多缺陷的,这些缺陷就是暗示点，就是解题的突破口!本套密籍教案通过对10年真题的长时间的研究，对这些暗示点进行了全面、深入、细致的挖掘和整理,将其转化为超级解题秘诀!‎ 请上www.sypeterwu.com或上百度,输入"沈阳英语家教吴军"查询!‎