中考英语知识点归纳

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中考英语知识点归纳

新课标中考英语知识点归类 短语、词组归纳 ‎    由动词开头构成的短语、词组很多。复习时应分类处理:‎ ‎    一、动词+介词 ‎    1.look at…看…,look like … 看上去像……,‎ ‎       look after …照料…‎ ‎    2.listen to…听……‎ ‎    3.welcome to…欢迎到……‎ ‎    4.say hello to …向……问好 ‎    5.speak to…对……说话 ‎    此类短语相当于及物动词,其后必须带宾语,但宾语无论是名词还是代词,都要放在介词之后。如:‎ This is my new bike. Please look it after.(×)‎ This is my new bike. Please look after it.(√)‎ ‎    二、动词+副词 ‎    “动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类:‎ ‎     A.动词(vt.)+副词 ‎     1.put on 穿上 2.take off脱下  3.write down记下 ‎     此类短语可以带宾语,宾语若是名词,放在副词前后皆可;宾语若是人称代词,只能放在副词的前面。试比较:‎ First listen to the tape, then write down the answer/write the answer down. (√)‎ First listen to the answer, then write down it.(×)‎ First listen to the answer, then write it down.(√)‎ ‎    B.动词(vi)+副词。‎ ‎    1.come on赶快  2.get up起床  3.go home回家  4.come in进来  5.sit down坐下 6.stand up起立 ‎    此类短语属于不及物动词,不可以带宾语。‎ ‎    三、其它类动词词组 ‎1.close the door 2.1ook the same 3.go to work/class 4.be ill 5.have a look/seat 6.have supper 7.1ook young 8.go shopping 9.watch TV/games 10. play games 介词短语聚焦 ‎    “介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl-16常用的介词短语按用法进行归类。‎ ‎    1.in+语言/颜色/衣帽等,表示使用某种语言或穿着……。如:in English,in the hat ‎    2.in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等,表示“在……排/队/班级/年级”等。‎ ‎    3.in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。‎ ‎    4.in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。‎ ‎5.in the tree表示“在树上 (非树本身所有)”;on the tree表示“在树上(为树本身所有)”。如:There are some in the tree. There are many apples on the trees. ‎ ‎6.in the wall表示“在墙上(凹陷进去)”;on the wall表示“在墙上(指墙的表面)”。如:There’re four windows in the wall, and there is a map on the back wall. ‎ ‎7.at work(在工作)/at school(上学)/at home(在家)应注意此类短语中无the。‎ ‎8.at + 时刻表示钟点。如:at six, at half , past ten. ‎ ‎9.like this/that表示方式,意为“像……这/那样”。‎ ‎10.of短语表示所属关系。如:a picture of a classroom, a map of China. ‎ ‎11.behind/ beside/ near/ under+ 名词等,表示方位、处所。如:beside/ near the door, under/ behind the tree. ‎ ‎12.from与to多表示方向,前者意为“从……”,后者意为“到……”。如:from one to ten, (go) to school/ bed/ work. ‎ 另外,以下这些短语也必须掌握。如:on duty, after breakfast, at night, at the door, in the middle, in the sky, on one’s bike等。‎ 重点句型大回放 ‎1.I think…意为“我认为……”,是对某人或某事的看法或态度的一种句型。其否定式常用I don’t think…,如:I think he’s Mr Zhinag. (L17)I don’t think you are right. ‎ ‎2.give sth. to sb./ give sb. sth. 意为“把……给……”,动词give之后可接双宾语,可用这两种句型;若指物的宾语是人称代词时,则只能用give it/ them to sb. 如:‎ His parents give him a nice purse./His parents give a nice purse to him. Give it to Mr Hu.(L57)‎ ‎3.take sb./ sth. to…意为“把……(送)带到……”,后常接地点,也可接人。如:‎ Please take the new books to the classroom.‎ ‎4.One…, the other…/One is…and one is…意为“一个是……;另一个是……”,必须是两者中。如:One is red and one is grey.(L50)或 One is red,, the other is grey.‎ ‎5.Let sb. do sth. 意为“让某人做某事”,人后应用不带to的动词不定式,其否定式为Don’t let sb,do sth.,或Let sb. not do sth. 另外,Let’s 与Let us的含义不完全相同,前者包括听者在内,后者不包括听者在内,如:Let’s go for a walk./Let us try once more, please.‎ ‎6.help sb. (to) do sth./help sb. with sth.意为“帮助某人做某事”,前者用不定式作宾补,后者用介词短语作宾补,二者可以互换。如:Let me help you find it.(L42)/Let me help you with it.‎ ‎7.What about…?/How about…?意为“……怎么样?”是用来询问或征求对方的观点、意见、看法等。about为介词,其后须接名词、代词或V-ing等形式。如:What/How playing chess? ‎ ‎8.It’s time to do…/ It’s time for sth. 意为“该做……的时间了”,其中to后须接原形动词,for后可接名词或V-ing形式。如:It’s time to have supper. =It’s time for supper.‎ ‎9.like to do sth./like doing sth.意为“喜欢做某事”,如:Li Lei and his friends like to play in the tree house. (L 43)前一种句型侧重具体的一次性的动作;后一种句型侧重习惯性的动作,试比较:‎ Tom likes swimming, but doesn’t like to swim this afternoon. ‎ ‎10.ask sb.(not) to do sth. 意为“让某人(不要)做某事”,其中ask sb.后应接动词不定式,如:‎ Ask your friends to guess what is in it. (L44)‎ ‎11.show sb. sth. / show sth. to do. 意为“把某物给某人看”,该句型的用法同前面第2点。如:‎ Show your friend your family photo.(L36)/Show your family photo to your friend.  ‎ ‎12.introduce sb. to sb. 意为“把某人介绍给另一人”;introduce to sb.则是“向某人作介绍”。如:Introduce your family to her. ‎ 重点短语快速复习 ‎ ‎1.kinds of 各种各样的 ‎ ‎2. either…or…或者…或者…,不是…就是… ‎ ‎3. neither…nor…既不……也不……‎ ‎4. Chinese tea without, anything in it 中国清茶 ‎5. take a seat 就坐 ‎6. home cooking 家常做法 ‎7. be famous for 因……而著名 ‎8. on ones way to在……途中 ‎9. be sick/ill in hospital生病住院 ‎10. at the end of在……的尽头,在……的末尾 ‎11. wait for 等待 ‎12. in time 及时 ‎13. make one’s way to…往……(艰难地)走去 ‎14. just then 正在那时 ‎15. first of all 首先,第一 ‎16. go wrong 走错路 ‎17. be/get lost 迷路 ‎18. make a noise 吵闹,喧哗 ‎19. get on 上车 ‎20. get off 下车 ‎21. stand in line 站队 ‎22. waiting room 候诊室,候车室 ‎23. at the head of……在……的前头 ‎24. laugh at 嘲笑 ‎25. throw about 乱丢,抛散 ‎26. in fact 实际上 ‎27. at midnight 在半夜 ‎28. have a good time=enjoy oneself玩得愉快 ‎29. quarrel with sb. 和某人吵架 ‎30. take one’s temperature 给某人体温 ‎31. have/get a pain in…某处疼痛 ‎32. have a headache 头痛 ‎33. as soon as… 一……就……‎ ‎34. feel like doing sth. 想要干某事 ‎35. stop…from doing sth. 阻止……干某事 ‎36. fall asleep 入睡 ‎37. again and again再三地,反复地 ‎38. wake up 醒来,叫醒 ‎39. instead of 代替 ‎40. look over 检查 ‎41. take exercise运动 ‎42. had better(not) do sth.   最好(不要)干某事 ‎43. at the weekend 在周末 ‎44. on time 按时 ‎45. out of从……向外 ‎46. all by oneself 独立,单独 ‎47. lots of=a lot of 许多 ‎48. no longer/more=not…any longer/more 不再 ‎49. get back 回来,取回 ‎50. sooner or later迟早 ‎51. run away 逃跑 ‎52. eat up 吃光,吃完 ‎53. run after 追赶 ‎54. take sth. with sb. 某人随身带着某物 ‎55. take(good) care of…=look after…(well)‎ ‎(好好)照顾,照料 ‎56. think of 考虑到,想起 ‎57. keep a diary 坚持写日记 ‎58. leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下 ‎59. harder and harder 越来越厉害 ‎60. turn on打开(电灯、收音机、煤气等)‎ ‎61. turn off 关 重温重点句型 ‎1.So + be/助动词/情牵动词/主语.‎ 前面陈述的肯定情况也适于另一人(物)时,常用到这种倒装结构,表示“另一人(物)也如此。”前面陈述的否定情况也 适于另一人(物)时,常用“Neither/ Nor + be/助动词/情态动词+主语.”这种倒装结构。例如:‎ He likes playing basketball, and so do I. ‎ 他喜欢打篮球,我也喜欢。‎ Kate can’t speak Chinese, and I neither/ nor can Jim.‎ 凯特不会说汉语。吉姆也不会。‎ 注意:“So+主语+be/助动词/情态动词.”这一句型常用于表示赞同,进一步肯定对方的看法,表示“的确如此。”‎ ‎“是呀。”例如:‎ 一Basketball is very popular game in America.‎ 篮球在美国是一项很受欢迎的运动。‎ 一So it is.的确如此。‎ ‎2.Turn right/left at the first/second/…crossing.‎ 这一指路的句型意为“在第一/二/……个十字路口向右/左拐。”相当于Take the first /second/…turning on the right/left. ‎ 例如:‎ 一Can you tell me the way to the nearest post office?‎ 你能告诉我去最近的邮局的路吗?‎ 一Walk along this road,and turn left at the third crossing. ‎ 沿着这条路走,在第三个路口向左拐。‎ ‎3.It takes sb.some time to do sth.‎ 此句型表示“干某事花了某人一段时间。”其中的it是形式主语,后面的动词不定式(短语)才是真正的主语。例如:‎ It took me half an hour to finish the hard work.完成这项艰巨的工作花了我半个小时。‎ ‎4.…think/find + it + adj. + to do sth.‎ 此句型中的it是形式宾语,不可用其它代词替代,形容词作宾语的补足语,后面的动词不定式(短语)才是真正的宾语。例如:‎ I found it important to learn English well. ‎ 我发现学好英语很重要。‎ ‎5.What’s wrong with…?‎ 此句型相当于What’s the matter/ trouble with…?后跟某物作宾语时,意为“某物出什么毛病了?”后跟某人作宾语时,意为 ‎“某人怎么了?”例如:‎ ‎-What’s wrong with your bike?你的自行车出什么毛病了?‎ 一It’s broken.它坏了。‎ ‎-What’s wrong with you?你怎么了?‎ 一I have a pain in my head.我头痛。‎ ‎6.too…to…‎ 在so…that…复合句中,that后的句子是否定句时,常与简单句too…to…(太……而不能……)进行句型转换。例如:‎ He is so young to go to school.(改为简单句)‎ ‎→He is too young to go to school.‎ 在so…that…复合句中,that后的句子是肯定句时,常与简单句…enough to…进行句型转换。例如:‎ This maths problem was so easy that we could work it out. (改为简单句)‎ ‎→This maths problem was easy enough for us to work out. ‎ ‎7.Sorry to hear that.‎ 全句应为I’m sorry to hear that. 意为“听到此事我很难过(遗憾)。”常用于对别人的不幸表示同情、遗憾之意。例如:‎ ‎—My mother is ill, so I have to look after her at home. ‎ 我母亲病了,因此我必须在家照看她。‎ ‎—Sorry to hear that.‎ 听到此事我很难过。 ‎ 重点句型、词组大盘点 ‎1. She used to be a Chinese teacher. 她过去是一位汉语老师。‎ ‎[用法] used to + 动词原形,表示过去经常性的动作或存在的状态,含有现在不再如此之意。‎ ‎[搭配] used to do的否定式可以是usedn’t to do或didn’t use to do. ‎ ‎[比较] used to do sth. 过去常做某事;be/ get used to doing sth. 习惯于做某事;be used to do sth. 被用来做某事。‎ ‎[举例] ‎ ‎1) I used to read in bed.‎ 我过去总是躺在床上看书。‎ ‎2)Did he use to work into the night? 或 Used he to work into the night?‎ 他以前总是工作到深夜吗?‎ ‎3)I am used to getting up early.‎ 我习惯早起。‎ ‎4)Knives are used to cut things.‎ 刀是用来削东西的。‎ ‎2.…return it sooner or later.‎ ‎……迟早要将它归还。‎ ‎[用法]‎ l)sooner or later意为“迟早”、“早晚”。 ‎ ‎2)return此处用作及物动词,意为“归还”,相当于give back.‎ ‎[拓展]return还可用作不及物动词,意为“返回”,相当于go back或come back。‎ ‎[举例]‎ l)He will find his shortcoming sooner or later.‎ 他迟早会发现他的缺点的。‎ ‎2)When will you return to your hometown? 什么时候回老家?‎ nbsp;3)I have returned the book to the library. 我已经把书还给图书馆了。‎ ‎3.No matter what the weather is like…无论天气……‎ ‎[用法]no matter what 相当于whatever,其意为“无论什么”,引导状语从句。‎ ‎[拓展]类似no matter what的表达方式还有:‎ no matter when无论什么时候 nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;no matter where无论什么地方 no matter who无论谁 no matter how 无论怎么样 ‎[举例]‎ l)No matter what he does,nbsp; he always tries to do it well.‎ 无论做什么事,他总是力求做好。‎ ‎2)No matter what happens, I will take your side.‎ 无论发生什么事,我都将支持你。‎ ‎3)No matter who gives a talk, we shall listen carefully.‎ 无论谁做报告,我们都应当认真听。‎ ‎4)No matter how he goes to work, he is never late.‎ 无论怎么样去上班,他从不迟到。‎ ‎4. A young man practised speaking English with Mr. Green. 一位年经人与格林先生练习讲英语。‎ ‎[用法]practise doing sth. 表示“实践、练习(做)某事”。‎ ‎[拓展]practice名词,“实践”、“实施”、“练习”;put a plan into practice实行某计划。‎ ‎[举例]‎ l)The boy practised making a new sound. 那男孩练习发出新的声音。‎ ‎2)She practised the piano two hours every day.‎ 她每天练习两个小时的钢琴。‎ ‎3)We have laid the plan and now we must put it into practice. 我们已经制订出计划,现在必须实施。‎ ‎5. He encouraged everyone to take part in protecting our lakes, rivers, seas and oceans. ‎ 他鼓励大家参加保护我们的湖泊、河流和海洋的活动。‎ ‎[用法]‎ ‎1)encourage用作动词,意思是“鼓励”、“支持”。‎ ‎2)take part in“参加”,常表示参加活动。‎ ‎3)protect 是动词,表示“防御”、“保护”。‎ ‎[搭配]‎ ‎1)encourage sb. in sth.‎ 在某事上鼓励或支持某人 nbsp;encourage sb. to do sth.‎ 鼓励某人干某事 ‎2)protect sh. from sth.‎ 使某人不受某事侵袭或伤害 ‎[比较]‎ ‎1)My parents encourage me in my studies. ‎ 我父母亲经常鼓励我学习。‎ ‎2)The school encouraged the students to practise using the computers.‎ 校方鼓励学生练习使用计算机。‎ ‎3)Will you take part in the English contest?‎ 你准备参加英语竞赛活动吗?‎ ‎4)The vegetables were well protected from the cold.‎ 这些蔬莱被保护得好而没受冻。‎ ‎6. …to warn people about sharks in the water. ……警告人们当心水里的鲨鱼。‎ ‎[用法] warn用作动词,意思是“警告”、“警戒”。‎ ‎[搭配]‎ ‎1)warn sb.+ that从句 nbsp;nbsp;2)warn sb. of sth. 警告某人某事 ‎3)warn sb. to do sth.‎ 告诫某人做某事 ‎4)warn sb. against(doing) sth.‎ 告诫某人当心某事/不要做某事 ‎[举例]‎ ‎1)I warned him that snakes were dangerous. 我警告他,蛇很危险。 ‎ ‎2)We are trying to warn children the dangers of smoking.‎ 我们正试图警告孩子们吸烟的危害。‎ ‎3)Dr Synes warned me to give up my drinking.‎ Synes 大夫劝我戒酒。‎ ‎4)The notice warned people against swimming in the pool.‎ 公告告诫人们不要在池塘里游泳 新目标初中英语十大词类复习全功略 I.词法 ‎ ‎ 英语中的词可以根据词义、语法功能和形式特征分为十大类,即名词(noun)、代词(pronoun)、形容词(adjective)、副词(adverb)、动词(verb)、数词(numeral)、冠词(article)、介词(preposition)、连词 ‎(conjunctions)和感叹词(interjection)。‎ ‎ 一、名词(n.) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词 ‎ (一)名词的分类 ‎ 名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。‎ ‎ 可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干 个体组成的集合体。如:family,class,police)。‎ ‎ 不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework)‎ ‎ 专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States)‎ ‎ (二)名词的数 ‎ 1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种:‎ ‎ (1)一般情况下,在词尾加s。‎ ‎ eg.book——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys ‎ 以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s),以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔z〕。‎ ‎ (2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es。‎ ‎ eg.beach——beaches,brush——brushes,bus——buses,box—boxes(es读音为〔iz〕‎ ‎ (3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es。‎ eg.city——cities,family——families,documentary——documentaries,country——countries,‎ strawberry——strawberries(ies读音为[iz])‎ ‎ (注:以“元音字母+y”结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s。eg.boys,holidays,days)‎ ‎ (4)以元音字母。结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下:‎ ‎ ①加eg.tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes ‎ ②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.Zoo—zoos,radio——radios ‎ ③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. piano—pianos ‎ ④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s,‎ eg.photo(photograph)——photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos ‎ ⑤zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加 eg.zeros/zeroes ‎ (5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es。‎ ‎ eg.wife——wives,leaf leaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief--thieves(res读音为[vz]‎ ‎ (注意:roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfs/scarves)‎ ‎ (6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字母,‎ ‎ eg.man——men,woman——women,policeman——policemen,Englishman——Englishmen,Frenchman——Frenchmen, foot——feet, tooth——teeth, child——children,mouse—mice,ox—oxen(公牛)‎ ‎ (7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。‎ ‎ eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish ‎ (8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。‎ ‎ eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors ‎ 另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。‎ ‎ eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister ‎ 但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。‎ ‎ eg.two men teachers,three women doctors ‎ ②可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。‎ ‎ eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils ‎ 2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“量”的表示方式如下。‎ ‎ (1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot of/lots of,some,any等词修饰。‎ ‎ eg,much money,a little bread ‎ (2)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:two/three/…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。‎ ‎ eg.a bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water ‎ 3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。‎ ‎ eg: fruit水果——fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物——foods各种食品;fish鱼——fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒——a drink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth布——,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙——sands沙滩; tea茶——a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉——a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁——an orange橘子; glass玻璃——a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper纸——a paper试卷、论文;wood木头——a wood小森林;room空间、余地——a room房间 ‎ (三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系)‎ ‎ (1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。‎ ‎ ①不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加’s。‎ ‎ eg.Mike’s watch;Women’s Day ‎ ②以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加’。‎ ‎ eg.teachers’ office,students’ rooms ‎ ③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加’s。‎ ‎ eg.Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房)‎ ‎ ④两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加’s。‎ ‎ eg. Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车)‎ ‎ (2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构 ‎ eg.a map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room ‎ (3)特殊形式 ‎ ①可用’s和of短语表示的名词所有格 ‎ eg.the boy’s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字)‎ ‎ the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿)‎ ‎ China’s population=the population Of China(中国的人口)‎ ‎ China’s capital=the capital of China(中国的首都)‎ ‎ ②双重所有格 ‎ eg.a fiend of my mother’s我妈妈的一个朋友 ‎ a picture of Tom’s汤姆的一张图片 ‎ 二、代词(pron.)代替名词,兼有名词和形容词的作用 ‎ 相互代词 each other,one another ‎ 指示代词 this,that,these,those ‎ 不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each,every,both,all,either,neither,none,no,one,(a)few,(a)little,some,any,many,much,other,another ‎ 复合不定代词everybody,somebody,anybody,nobody,everyone,someone,anyone,no one,every-thing,something,anything, nothing ‎ 疑问代词 what,who,whom,which,whose ‎ 直接代词 疑问代词都可作连接代词,引导宾语从句.表语从句等。‎ ‎ 关系代词 who,whom,whose,that,which用引导定语从句。‎ ‎ (二)代词的用法 ‎ 1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法 ‎ (1)人称代词有主格和宾格之分,主格用来作主语,宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。‎ ‎ eg. She gavemea red apple.她给了我一个红苹果: (She作主语,me作动词宾语)‎ ‎ Kathy is near him.凯西靠近他。(介词near的宾语)‎ ‎ 2,物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。‎ ‎ ①形容词性物主代词位于名词前:their school,his backpack ‎ ②名词性物主代词相当干一个名词,在句中可作主语、宾语等,后面不能再接名词。‎ ‎ egIt isn’t my pen.→Mine(=my pen) is missing.(作主语)‎ ‎ I left my pen at home.You can use hers(=her pen),(作宾语)‎ ‎ ③"of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。‎ ‎ eg.a cat of hers她的一条狗,a friend of yours你的一个朋友 ‎ (3)反身代词 ‎ ①反身代词在句中可作同位语,起强调作用,也可作动词或介词的宾语。‎ ‎ eg.A few days later,I myself had to go to Paris.(作同位语)‎ ‎ She bought herself a new bag.(作动词宾语)‎ ‎ He's not worried about himself.(作介词宾语)‎ ‎ ②带有反身代词的常用短语。‎ ‎ teach oneself自学 ‎ help oneself to随便吃些…吧 ‎ say to oneself自言自语.‎ ‎ learn...by oneself自学…‎ ‎ enjoy oneself过得愉快 ‎ leave one by oneself把某人单独留下 ‎ hurt oneself伤了自己 ‎ dress oneself自己穿衣服 ‎ come to oneself苏醒过来 ‎ (4)相互代词 ‎ ①表示相互关系,可用作动词或介词的宾语,用法区别不大。‎ ‎ eg.For years,the two sisters looked after one another(each other).多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。‎ ‎ We should learn from each other. 我们应当互相学习。‎ ‎ ②可以用格表示所有关系:each other’s, one another’s互相的,彼此的 ‎ eg.They are looking at each other’s pictures.他们相互看对方的照片。‎ ‎ (5)指示代词 ‎ ①指示代词有单复数之分,既可指物,也可用于介绍人。‎ ‎ Eg This is an apple tree,and that is an orange tree.这是一棵苹果树,那是一棵桔子树。‎ ‎ These are my friends,and that is my sister.这些是我朋友,那个是我姐姐。‎ ‎ ②指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情:‎ ‎ eg.Steve had a bad cold.This/That was why he didn’t come to school yesterday·‎ ‎ 2.不定代词的用法 ‎ (1)each,every,both,all,either,neither,no,none的用法 ‎ ①each"每个/各个”(强调个体),用于两者或两者以上。‎ ‎ eg.Two girls came and l gave an apple to each.来了俩姑娘,我给她们每人一个苹果。‎ ‎ Each of them has a nice ring.她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。‎ ‎ ②every"每个/各个”(强调全体),用于两者以上。every常作形容词用。‎ ‎ eg.Everyday is important to us.每天对我们都很重要。‎ ‎ He has read every book(all the books) On the subject.他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书。‎ ‎ ③both表示两者“都”(强调全体)。‎ ‎ eg.Her parents are both doctors.她父母都是医生。‎ ‎ Both of them are doctors.他俩都是医生。‎ ‎ They both like potatoes.他俩喜欢吃土豆。‎ ‎ ④all“全体/大家/一切”用于三者以上,也可接不可数名词。‎ ‎ eg.That’s all for today.今天到此为止。‎ ‎ All of us are from China.我们都来自中国。‎ ‎ All the food is delicious.所有的食物都很好吃。‎ ‎ ⑤either“两者之一”,用于两者(强调个体)。‎ ‎ eg.The two coats are cheap,so you can choose either of them.那两件外套不贵,你可以随便挑一件。‎ ‎ ⑥neither“两个都不”,用于否定两者。‎ ‎ eg. Neither Of the books is/are so interesting.那两本书没一本好看的。‎ ‎ ⑦no(=not any/not a)“没有”可接可数名词单复数,也可接不可数名词。‎ ‎ eg.I have no brothers Or sisters.我没有兄弟姐妹.‎ ‎ A clock has no mouth,but it can talk. 钟表没有嘴,但能说话。‎ ‎ There is no fire without some smoke.有火就有烟。‎ ‎ ⑧none“没有一个人/物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名{司。‎ ‎ eg.None Of them has/have been to Japan.他们都没去过日本。‎ ‎ I like none of the books.这些书我全都不喜欢。‎ ‎ ⑨neither和none表示完全否定;all,both,each和every(含every的复合词)等与not连用时表示部分否定。‎ ‎ eg.I don’t know all of you.我不完全认识你们。‎ ‎ Not everyone Of us know how to go there.不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。‎ ‎ (2)one,ones和no one的用法 ‎ one用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人,以免重复;复数ones用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人;no one表示否定。‎ ‎ eg.——Would you please pass me the science book?给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗?‎ ‎ 一Which one?哪一本?‎ ‎ 一The one on my shelf.我书架上的那本。‎ ‎ No one has traveled farther than to the moon.没有人旅行远过月球。‎ ‎ (3)(a)few,(a)little;many,much;some,any的用法 ‎ ①many(+复数名词),much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多”。‎ ‎ eg.Many Of the students come from England.那些学生许多是从英国来的。‎ ‎ Thanks,it’s too much for me.谢谢,我承受不起。‎ ‎ ②few(+复数名词),little(+不可数名词)表示“没多/很少”(表否定)。‎ ‎ eg,There were few people in the street last night.昨晚街上没什么人。‎ ‎ I am very worried that l have little time to finish the job.我担心,我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。‎ ‎ ③a few(+复数名词),a little(+不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。‎ ‎ eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread inthe fridge.我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意:quite a few表示“相当多”‎ ‎ eg.There are quite a few students over there.那儿有相当多的学生。‎ ‎ ④some(+复数名词/不可数名词),any(+复数名词/不可数名词)表示“有一些/有几个”(表肯定)。‎ ‎ eg.There are some birds in the tree.树上有些鸟。‎ ‎ There is some water in the bottle.瓶里有些水。‎ ‎ I don’t have any brothers Of sisters.我没有 ‎ Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有茶吗?‎ ‎ ⑤.some一般用于肯定句,但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中,多用some。‎ ‎ eg: Would you like some beer?你要不要来点啤酒吗?‎ ‎ Why didn’t you buy some sweets?(You should have bought...)你怎么没买点糖果?‎ ‎ ⑥.any一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句 ‎ eg.There isn't any water left.没有剩下一点水。‎ ‎ If you have any questions, put up your hands。please.如果有问题,请举手。‎ ‎ ⑦:some+单数名词表示“某一个”,any+单数名词表示“随便哪一个”或“任何一个”。‎ ‎ eg.I'll catch up with you some day有一天我会赶上你的。‎ ‎ Come any day you like.你哪天来都行。‎ ‎ Tom is taller than any other student in his class.汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。‎ ‎ ④one ,other, others, the others ,another等的用法 ‎ ‎ 1.○ ● one……the other ‎ 表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个…另一个”‎ ‎ eg. Mr Smith has two daughters.0ne is a teacher,the other is a nurse.‎ ‎ 2.○ ○○●○ one ………another 表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另—个”。‎ ‎ eg. I don’t want this One, please give me another.‎ ‎ 3.○ ●●● one ……the others 强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的”。‎ ‎ eg. In Our school One Of the teachers is American,the Others are Chinese.‎ ‎4.○○○ ●●●● some…… the others 表示许多人或物,不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部”。‎ ‎ eg.Some students are reading,the others are drawing pictures.‎ ‎ ⑤others=other+名词;the others=the Other+名词。‎ ‎ eg.Some students like traveling,others(other students) like watching TV at home.‎ ‎ ⑥another表示“再/又”时既可接单数名词,也可接数词+复数名词。‎ ‎ eg. He will be able to finish his work in another two hours.再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。‎ ‎ (4)复合不定代词的用法 ‎ ①复合不定代词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎ eg.Someone is knocking at the door.有人在敲门 ‎ ②修饰复合不定代词的形容词或其它词要放在其后,即定语后置。‎ ‎ eg.There is something important On today’s newspaper.今天的报纸有些重要新闻。‎ ‎ ③复合不定代词变否定句时,要否定主语:‎ ‎ eg.Something is wrong.(变为否定句)‎ ‎ Something isn’t wrong.(错误)‎ ‎ Nothing is wrong.(正确)‎ ‎ ④Somebody,someone,something一般用于肯定句;anybody,anyone,anything一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句。‎ ‎ eg.There is something new in the park.公园里有些新的景点。‎ ‎ Do you have anything interesting to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?‎ ‎ ⑤当somebody,someone等用于疑问句时,表示肯定、请求、建议或反问;anybody,anyone等用在肯定句中表示“任何人”。‎ ‎ eg.Is someone coming this afternoon?今天下午有客人来吗?‎ ‎ Anyone can make mistakes. 任何人都可能犯错误。‎ ‎ 3.疑问代词的用法。‎ ‎ (1)who/whom 谁(指人).‎ ‎ ①作主语 eg. Who wants to go with him?‎ ‎ ②作宾语 eg.Who/Whom are you waiting for?(作介词for的宾语)‎ ‎ eg.Who/Whom do you want tomeet?(作动词meet的宾语)‎ ‎ ③作表语 eg.Who/Whom are they?‎ ‎ (2)whose谁的 ‎ ①作定语 eg. Whose pen is this?‎ ‎ ②作表语 eg. Whose is this pen?‎ ‎ (3)which哪一个,哪一些 ‎ ①作定语 eg.Which girl is Kathy?‎ ‎ ②作表语 eg. Which is the boy’s ball?‎ ‎ (4)what什么 ‎ ①作主主语 eg. What’s on the table?‎ ‎ ②作宾语 eg. What are you doing?‎ ‎ ③作表语 eg. What is he?‎ ‎ ④作定语 eg. What class are you in?‎ ‎ 4.关系代词的用法 ‎ 关系代词用来引起定语从句,它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词,另——方面又在从句中充当一个成分。‎ ‎ eg·This is the man who gave me the book. 这就是给我书的那个人。‎ ‎ The money that/which is on the table is mine. 桌上的钱是我的。‎ ‎ The money that/which my mother gave me is on the table. 我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。‎ ‎ 三、形容词(adj.) 表示人和事物的特征,对名词起修饰和描绘作用 ‎ 四、副词(adv.) 表示动作特征或性状,主要修饰动词、形容词、副词及整个句子 ‎ (一)形容词的用法及位置 ‎ 1.形容词在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语等,作定语时一般放在名词前。‎ ‎ Eg. She has short hair.(作定语)‎ ‎ Paul is tall.(作表语)‎ ‎ We must keep our room clean.(作宾补)‎ ‎ 2.形容词修饰不定代词时放在其后。‎ ‎ eg.She has something important to tell us./‎ ‎ There’s nothing wrong in the sentence.‎ ‎ (二)副词的种类、用法及位置 ‎ 1.副词的种类 ‎ (1)时间副词 ‎ ①表示大体时间:now,then,yesterday,today, tonight,before,justnow,recently,sO faf ‎ ②表示频率:always,usually,often,sometimes.seldom,never ‎ ③其它作用:already,yet,late,early,soon,at once,immediately,atfirst,at last,finally ‎ (2)地点副词 ‎ ①表地点:here,there,home,abroad,upstairs,downstairs,anywhere,everywhere,nowhere,somewhere ‎ ②表位置关系(后接宾语时,用作介词):above,below,round,around,down,up,in,out,inside,outside,across,back,along,over,away,near,off,past ‎ (3)方式副词 表示谓语动词“怎样地”,(此类副词大部分由形容词加ly构成):badly,bravely,gratefully,calmly,carefully,carelessly,nervously,proudly,patiently,politely,sadly,properly,rapidly,wrongly,suddenly ‎ (4)程度副词 多数用来修饰形容词或副词:much,(a)little,a bit,very,sO,too,enough,quite, rather,completely,terribly,deeply,nearly,almost,hardly ‎ (5)疑问副词 构成特殊疑问句:how,when, where,why ‎ (6)连接副词 连接主语、宾语或表语从句:how,when,where,why ‎ (7)关系副词 引导定语从句:when,where,why ‎ (8)其它性质的副词 对整个句子进行说明,一般用逗号与主句隔开:frankly(坦率地说,说真的),generally(一般说来),luckily(幸运地是),first of all(首先)等。‎ ‎ 2.副词的用法及位置 ‎ (1)修饰动词作状语 ‎ ①多数位于动词之后,及物动词的宾语或介问的宾语之后。‎ ‎ eg.The farmers are working hard in the field.‎ ‎ She speaks English well.‎ ‎ The nurse looks after the babies carefully.‎ ‎ ②频度副词放在动词前,情态动词和助动词之后。‎ ‎ eg.He always goes to school On foot.‎ ‎ She was often late for school.‎ ‎ I have never been to Beijing·‎ ‎ (2)修饰形容词作状语,放在形容词前。‎ ‎ eg.He has a very nice watch.‎ ‎ The box is too heavy.‎ ‎ (3)修饰另一副词作状语,放在另一副词前。‎ ‎ eg.She paints quite well.‎ ‎ You speak too fast.I can’t understand you.‎ ‎ (4)作表语,放在系动词后。‎ ‎ eg.Is anybody in?‎ ‎ (5)作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后。‎ ‎ eg.I saw him out just now.‎ ‎ (6)作定语,放在名词之后。‎ ‎ eg.There is a man:here On vacation.‎ ‎ (7)疑问副词、修饰整个句子的副词以及perhaps,first,sometimes,finally等副词,一般放在句首。‎ ‎ eg.Finally,I finished the work.‎ ‎ Perhaps he’s watching TV at home.‎ ‎ (8)表示程度的副词一般放在被修饰词前,而enough则放在它所修饰的词后。‎ ‎ eg. He is old enough to go to school.‎ ‎ (三)形容词和副词的比较等级 ‎ 1.比较级、最高级的构成 ‎ (1)单音节和少数双音节词 ‎ ①一般在词尾加er或est ‎ great--greater——greatest,young——younger——youngest,slow→slower→slowest ‎ ②以e结尾的只加r或st ‎ nice——nicer----nicest,large——larger—largest.‎ ‎ ③以辅音字母加y结尾的,先变y为i,再加er或est ‎ heavy——heavier——heaviest, easy——easier——>easiest, busy——busier——busiest, funny——funnier——+funniest,early——earlier→earliest ‎ ④以重读闭音节结尾的词,先双写最末的一个辅音字母,再加er或est big——bigger——biggest, thin——thinner——>thinnest,fat—)fatter→fattest,ht—)fitter→fittest ‎ (2)多音节和部分双音节词,前加more为比较级,加(the)most为最高级 ‎ careful→more careful——most careful ‎ useful——more useful——most useful ‎ popular→more popular→most popular ‎ carelessly——more carelessly——most carelessly ‎ (3)不规则变化的词 ‎ good/well→better→best ‎ bad/ill/badly→worse→worst ‎ many/much→more→most ‎ little→less→least ‎ old→older/elder→oldest(指年龄大小)/eldest(指长幼顺序)‎ ‎ far→farther/further→farthest(指距离)/furthest(指程度)‎ ‎ 2.形容词和副词比较级、最高级的用法 ‎ (1)形容词和副词比较级的用法 ‎ ①用于两者比较,表示“比…更…”:‎ ‎ “A+系动词+形容词比较级+than+B,‎ ‎ eg.I am two years older than my little sister.‎ ‎ “A+谓语动词+副词比较级+than+B:‎ ‎ eg. She gets to school earlier than the other students.‎ ‎ ②用于两者之间的同级比较,表示“…和…一样”:‎ ‎ “A+系动词+as+形容词原级+as+B,‎ ‎ eg.Bill is as funny as his father.‎ ‎ “A+谓语动词+as+副词原级+as+B”‎ ‎ eg.Lucy speaks Chinese as well as Lily.‎ ‎ ③表示甲在某方面不如乙:‎ ‎ “A+系动词+notas/so+形容i司原级+as十B”‎ ‎ eg.These books aren’t as interesting as those.‎ ‎ “A+助动词/情态动词+not+谓语动词+aS/SO+B”‎ ‎ eg.She didn’t sing sO well that night as she usually does.‎ ‎ ④表示某个范围内的两者相比:‎ ‎ “A十动词十the+比较级+of短语(比较范围)” eg.Penny is the taller of the two girls.Penny是这两个女孩中较高的一个。‎ ‎ ⑤表示“越来越…”:“比较级+and+比较级”‎ ‎ eg.In spring the days are getting longer and longer. 在春天,白天变得越来越长。‎ ‎ ⑥表示“越…越…”:“the+比较级…the+比较级”‎ ‎ eg.The mort:you practice using English,the better you’ll learn it 你英语练得越多,就会学得越好。‎ ‎ ①可以用much,far,even,a bit,a little,a lot等修饰比较级表示程度,但决不可用very修饰。‎ ‎ eg.Tom is a little taller than Mike.Tom比Mike稍高一点;‎ ‎ it is even colder today than yesterday。 今天甚至比昨天更冷 ‎ ⑧在比较级中,为了避免重复,可用that或those代替前面提到过的事情。‎ ‎ eg.The weather here is much hotter than that Ofour hometown.这儿比我的老家热得多。‎ ‎ The pants in this shop are a lot better than those in that shop.这家商店的裤子比那家商店的裤子质量好得多。‎ ‎ (3)形容词和副词最高级的用法 ‎ 对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the,副词最高级前可加the,也可省掉the;后面可带of/in短浯来说明比较范围:‎ ‎ “主语+系动词+the+形容词最高级+of短语/in短语”‎ ‎ eg.She is the youngest Of all.‎ ‎ “A+谓语动词+(the)+最高级+of短语/in短语”‎ ‎ eg.Linda draws most carefully in her class.‎ ‎ 五、冠词(art.)用在名词前,帮助说明其意义 ‎ 冠词分为不定冠词a/an和定冠词the,放在名词前、a/3n用在单数可数名词前(a用于辅音音素开头的词前,an用于元音音素开头的词前)。‎ ‎ 1.不定冠词 ‎ (1)不定冠词的用法 ‎ ①泛指—类人或物。‎ ‎ eg.This is a pencil case.‎ ‎ She’S a doctor.‎ ‎ ②指不具体的某个人或物。‎ ‎ eg.I met an old man On my way home.‎ ‎ ③用在序数词前,相当于another。‎ ‎ eg.There’s a third boy near the shop.‎ ‎ ④表示“每—(个)”,相当于every。‎ ‎ eg.They have music lessons twice a week.‎ ‎ ⑤固定搭配。‎ ‎ a lot Of,a lot,a little,a few,a glass Of,such a/an, have a word with,have a look,have a try,have a swim,a quarter,half an hour, three times a day,have a talk,give a talk,ten Yuan a kilo ‎ (2)不定冠词的位置 ‎ ①不定冠词—般放在所修饰的单数可数名词前。‎ ‎ eg,a bike,an egg ‎ ②当名词被such,what,many修饰时,不定冠词放在这些词之后。‎ ‎ eg.It took me half an hour to finish my homework.‎ ‎ He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door.‎ ‎ What a dangerous job it is!‎ ‎ Many a man has gone to the big cities for work.‎ ‎ ③当名词前的形容词前有so,how,too等词时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后。‎ ‎ Eg. She was so nice a girl that she took the blind man to the station.‎ ‎ How nice a film this is!‎ ‎ ④当名词前面有形容词和quite,rather,very时,不定冠词放在quite,rather之后,very之前。‎ ‎ eg.It is quite a good book.‎ ‎ That is rather a useful too1.‎ ‎ This is a very interesting story ‎ 2.定冠词的用法表示上文中所提到过的人或物。‎ ‎  eg:l have two children,a boy and a girl.The boy's name is Mark.The girl’s name is Penny.‎ ‎ (2)特指某(些)人或物。‎ ‎ eg: The girl in a red dress comes from America.‎ ‎ (3)指说话人和听话人都熟悉的人或物。‎ ‎ eg: My shoes are under the bed.‎ ‎ (4)用在形容最高级和部分比较级前。‎ ‎ eg Tom is the taller of the two boys.‎ ‎ (5)用在序数词前。‎ ‎ eg Monday is the second day of a week.‎ ‎ (6)yo用在世界上独一无二的事物前(如太阳、月亮、世界、地球、天空、宇宙等)。‎ ‎ cg The moon moves round the earth.‎ ‎ (7)用在某些形容词前,表示—类人或物。‎ ‎ the rich(富人),the poor(穷人),the deaf(聋人),the blind(盲人),the dead(死者),the wounded(伤员)‎ ‎ (8)用在姓氏复数前,表示“某某—家人”或“某某夫妇”。‎ ‎ eg.The Greens are having dinner at home.‎ ‎ (9)用在乐器前。‎ ‎ eg.play the piano/guitar/violin/drums.‎ ‎ (10)用于逢“十”的复数数词前,指某个世纪中的几十年代或人的大约年岁。‎ ‎ eg. In the 1970s,a highway was built to linkup the city with my hometown.‎ ‎ I think he is in the thirties.‎ ‎ (11)用在某些专有名词和习惯用语中。‎ ‎ the United Nations,the Great Wall,the Summer Palace,the Palace Museum,in the end,in the day,in the middle Of,all the time,in the east,by the way,On the way tO,the(more)...‎ ‎ the(more)…“越…越…”‎ ‎ 3.不用冠词的情况 ‎ (1)名词前有指示代词this,that,these,those时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.That girl is my friend.‎ ‎ (2)名词前有物主代词my,your,his her,their等时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.Lucy is her sister.‎ ‎ (3)名词前有whose,which,SO[1ie,any,each,every等代词时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.Which man is Mr Green?‎ ‎ Each student has a beautiful picture.‎ ‎ (4)复数名词表示一类人或物时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.Those young men are teachers,not students.‎ ‎ (5)物质名词表示种类时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.Snow is white.‎ ‎ (6)抽象名词表示一般概念时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.Does she like music?‎ ‎ (7)在球类运动和棋类游戏前时不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.play basketball/soccer/chess ‎ (8)在三餐前不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.have breakfast/lunch/supper/dinner ‎ (9)在人名、地名、节假日、星期、月份前不用。‎ ‎ Eg. Tina,China,Tian an men Square,Beijing University,New Year’s Day,Tuesday,January ‎ (10)在学科和节目名称前不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.My favorite is English.‎ ‎ (11)在某些固定搭配中不用冠词。‎ ‎ eg.at noon, at work,at home,by bus, by air,On foot,from morning till night,at night,go to school,go to bed,at last ‎ 4.在有些词组中,用冠词和不用冠词意思有较大区别。‎ ‎ in hospital(在住院);in the hospital(在医院)‎ ‎ in prison(在坐牢);in the prison(在监狱里)‎ ‎ at table(吃饭,用餐);at the table(在桌旁)‎ ‎ in front of(在某个范围之外的前面);in the front of(在某个范围之外的前面)‎ ‎ go to college(上大学);go to the college(去那所大学)‎ ‎ take place(发生);take the place(代替)‎ ‎ 六、数词 ‎ (一)基数词 在英语中表示数目的词称为基数词。‎ ‎ 1.基数词的构成 ‎ (1)1-20‎ ‎ one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fourteen,fifteen,sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty ‎ (2)21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。‎ ‎ 23→twenty-three,34→thirty-four,45→forty—five,56→fifty-six,67→sixty-seven,78→seventy-eight,89→eighty-nine,91→ninety-one ‎ (3)101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;‎ ‎ 586→five hundred and eighty-six,803→eight hundred and three ‎ (4)l,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为 million,第三个“,”前为billion(美式)或thousand ,million(英式),然后一节一节地表示。‎ ‎ 1,001→one thousand and one ‎ 9,785→nine thousand, seven hundred and eighty-five ‎ 18,423→eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three ‎ 6,260,309→six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine ‎ 750,000,000,000→seven hundred and fifty, billion(美式) seven hundred and fifty thousand million(英式)‎ ‎ 2.基数词的用法 ‎ (1)作主语 ‎ eg.Four Of them come from Paris.‎ ‎ (2)作宾语 ‎ eg.一 How many books would you like?‎ ‎ 一I would like two.‎ ‎ (3)作表语 ‎ eg.Seven minus two is five.‎ ‎ (4)作定语 ‎ eg.There are three people in my family·‎ ‎ (5)作同位语 ‎ eg. You two will go swimming with us.‎ ‎ (6)表具体数字时,hundred,thousand,million用单数。‎ ‎ eg. There are six hundred students in our grade.‎ ‎ (7)表不确定的数字时,数词用复数。若带名词,再加of hundreds of(数百,成百上千的),thousands of(数干,成千上万的),millions of(数百万)‎ ‎ eg,They arrived in two sand threes.他们三三两两地来了。‎ ‎ (8)表示“…十”的数词的复数可以表示人的岁数或年代。‎ ‎ eg. He is in his early thirties.他有三十来岁(31—34岁):‎ ‎ This took place in the 1930s.这事发生在二十世纪三十年代;‎ ‎ (9)表示时刻 ‎ eg.I watch CCTV News at seven o’clock every evening.‎ ‎ (二)序数词 在英语中表示顺序、次序的词称为序数词。‎ ‎ 1,序数词的构成 ‎ (1)一般在基数词后加th ‎ eg.four→fourth,thirteen→thirteenth ‎ (2)不规则变化 ‎ one→first,two→second,three→third,five→fifth,eight→eighth,nine→ninth,twelve--~twelfih ‎ (3)以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加th ‎ twenty→twentieth, forty→fortieth, ninety→ninetieth ‎ (4)从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。‎ ‎ twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth ‎ 2.序数词的用法 ‎ (1)序数词作定语时,一般要与定冠词或物主代词连用。‎ ‎ eg.Tom is their second son.‎ ‎ He is the first one to come here.‎ ‎ (2)序数词有时可与不定冠词连用,表示数量上"又—",“再一”‎ ‎ eg: He tried a second time.他又试了—次.‎ ‎ Shall l ask him a third time?还要我再问他—次吗?我已问了他两次)‎ ‎ (3)序数词的缩写形式为:阿拉伯数字加上这个词的末尾两个字母。‎ ‎ 1st 2nd,3rd,4th,20th,21st,22nd,23rd ‎ (4表示年、月、日时,年用基数词,日用序数词。‎ ‎ 2005年8月15日:(英)15,8,2005=15th,August,2005;(美)8,15,2005=August 15th,2005‎ ‎ (三)基数词和序数词都可以用来给数字编号。‎ ‎ No.1(1号),No.3bus(3路公共汽车),Room 103,(103号旁间)‎ ‎ The first lesson=Lesson Two(第二课)‎ ‎ (四)分数词的表达 ‎ 分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于1时,分母加s ‎ eg.1/3-one third;2/5-two fifths ‎ (五)数学运算的表达 ‎ eg.3+5=8 Three plus/and five is eight.‎ ‎ 9-2=7 Nine minus two is seven.‎ ‎ 6x5=30 Five times six is thirty /six unutilized five is thirty.‎ ‎ 8÷2=4 Eight divided by two is four.‎ ‎ 七、介词 ‎ (一)表示时间的介词 ‎ (1)at ‎ ①接具体时间:eg.at six,at half past two,at ten to twelve ‎ ②表示“在…时刻”;eg: at noon,at midnight ‎ (2)in ‎ ①表示“在(某段时间段)之间”;‎ ‎ eg.in January,in a month,in spring,in 2005‎ ‎ ②在将来时中,表示“在某段时间之后”‎ ‎ eg.In ten years,I think I'll be a reporter.‎ ‎ (3)on ‎ ‎ 表示在具体的某一天或某一天的上午、下午或晚上等。‎ ‎ eg. On Monday,On Tuesday afternoon,On May4th,On the morning of July 6th ‎ (三)固定搭配的介词 ‎ (1)动词+介词:look after,look at,look for,laugh at,listen to,hear from,turn On,turn off, wait for,worry about,think of,spend...On ‎ (2)介词十名词:by train,on foot,at the end of ,at last,in the end,in trouble,at table,at breakfast,‎ ‎ in hospital,in time,On time, On one’s way to,with pleasure ‎ (3)be+形容词+介词:be afraid of ,be good at,be good/bad for, be late for,be interested in,be angry, with,be full of,be sorry for ‎ 八、连词(conj.用来连接词与词或句与句 ‎ (1)并列连词(用来连接平行的词、词组或分句)‎ ‎ ①表并列关系:not only...but also,neither...nor,and ‎ ②表选择关系:or,either...or ‎ ③表转折关系:but,while ‎ ④表因果关系:for,so ‎ (2)从属连词(用来引导从句)‎ ‎ ①引导时间状语从句: after,before,when,while,as,until,till,since,as soon as ‎ ②引导原因状语从句:because,as,since ‎ ③引导目的状语从句:so that,in order that ‎ ④引导结果状语从句:so that,so…that,such...that ‎ ⑤引导比较状语从句:than,as…as ‎ ⑥引导宾语从句:that,if, whether ‎ 九、动词(verb.)动词表示主语的动作或状态 ‎ (一)动词的种类。‎ ‎ (1)及物动词vt,其后接宾语。‎ ‎ eg.She wears a uniform.‎ ‎ (2)不及物动词vi,不接宾语。‎ ‎ eg :She can dance.‎ ‎ (3)连系动词like-v.接表语。‎ ‎ eg.They are nurses.‎ ‎ That sounds interesting.‎ ‎ His mother looks young.‎ ‎ If you keep milk for too long, it goes bad.‎ ‎ (4)助动词aux--V.接动词原形或分词(它无实在意思,只起语法作用)。‎ ‎ eg, DO you like pandas?‎ ‎ He has gone to Australia.‎ ‎ She is looking at the cat.‎ ‎ (5)情态动词mod-v.接动词原形(它不能单独作谓语,有自己的意思,无人称和数的变化)。‎ ‎ Eg. He must go now.‎ ‎ You should clean the classroom after class.‎ ‎ (6)有些动词既可作及物动词,也可作助动词或不及物动词,be也可作助动词。‎ ‎ eg.I do my homework after class.(Vt.)‎ ‎ Do as you like.(Vi.)‎ ‎ She is a little bit quiet.(mod-v.)‎ ‎ She is swimming now.(aux-v.)‎ ‎ 二)情态动词的用法 ‎ (一)can,could,may的用法 ‎ l .can/could ‎ (1)表示具有某种能力,意为“能,能够,会”(could表过去)。‎ ‎ eg.I can sing English songs.‎ ‎ Lisa can’t speak Japanese.‎ ‎ She could swim when she was four years old.‎ ‎ (2)表示许:可、允许,意为“可以”。‎ ‎ eg.Can we watch TV now?‎ ‎ You can’t play computer games in the morning.‎ ‎ (3)表示请求某人做某事,意为“能,能够”(用could使晤气更委婉)。‎ ‎ eg.Can/Could you help me,please?‎ ‎ (4)表示推测“可能”,多用于否定句和疑问句中。(表肯定推测可用must,might,could等)‎ ‎ cg。it can’t be true.这不可能是真的。‎ ‎ Where can he have gone?他可能会去哪儿呢?‎ ‎ 2.may/might ‎ (1)表示许可、允许,意为“可以”,比can更正式。‎ ‎ eg. May l use your pen?我可以用你的钢笔吗?‎ ‎ May l ask you a question?我可以问你—个问题吗?‎ ‎ (2)表示推测“可能”,用于肯定句和否定句,不能用于疑问句。‎ ‎ eg.He may be at home now.他可能现在在家。‎ ‎ She may not be there today.今天她可能不在那儿。‎ ‎ (二)can与be able to的区别 ‎ 1.两者都可以用来表示能力。‎ ‎ eg.I can/am able to mend the bike.‎ ‎ 2.can只有现在时(Can)和过去时(could),而be able to可用于多种时态。‎ ‎ eg. I will be able to come back in another few months.‎ ‎ He hasn’t been able to get there before dark.‎ ‎ 3.can可以表示推测,但be able to不能。‎ ‎ eg.That Can't be Gina's dictionary.‎ ‎ 4.can与be able to;不能重复使用 ‎ eg.他能做好这件事。‎ ‎ He can be able to do is well.(X)‎ ‎ He can do it well.(√)‎ ‎ He is able to do it well.(√)‎ ‎ (三)must与have to的区别 ‎ 1.主客观方面不同。‎ ‎ must表“义务”或“强制”,表示主观的必要;在肯定句中must还可表推测,语气要比may肯定多。have to表“必须”或“不得不”,表示客观的必要。‎ ‎ eg.We must clean the room.(表示我们认为房间太脏了。)‎ ‎ We have to clean the room.(表示没有人替我们打扫房间等客观原因。)‎ ‎ He must beat home before supper。(他晚饭前一定在家。)‎ ‎ 2.人称和时态不同。‎ ‎ must无人称和时态的变化,一律用must十动词原形。have to后接动词原形,有人称、数和时态的变化,一般现在时的第三人称单数要用has to,过去时中要用had to,将来时中要用will have to。另外,have to还可与情态动词和助动词连用。‎ ‎ eg: Tom must practice his guitar every day.‎ ‎ The train has left.We'll have to wait for the next train.‎ ‎ 3.否定式及意义不同。‎ ‎ must not=mustn't“决不可/千万不可/务必不要”;don’t/doesn’t/didn’t/won’t+ have to“不必”‎ ‎ eg.We mustn’t tell jokes on him.我们千万不可与他开玩笑。‎ ‎ We don’t have to tell jokes on him.我们不必和他开玩笑。‎ ‎ 在对May I…? 作否定回答时用No, you mustn’t/can’t.‎ ‎ eg. May l go to the movies? NO,You mustn't ‎ 5.疑问式及回答不同。‎ ‎ Must+主语+动词原形+…? Yes,主语+ must./NO,主语+needn’t.‎ ‎ 助动词+主语+have to+动词原形+…?‎ Yes,主语+助动词./No,主语+助动词+not.‎ ‎ eg.Must l go now? Yes,you must./NO,you needn’t ‎ Does she have to go to the doctor? Yes,she does./NO,she doesn’t.‎ ‎ ‎
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