【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题推理判断（41页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题推理判断（41页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题推理判断 ‎【考纲解读】‎ 考频统计 ‎　　卷名 年份　　‎ 课标全国Ⅰ 课标全国Ⅱ 课标全国Ⅲ ‎2017‎ ‎5‎ ‎7‎ ‎5‎ ‎2016‎ ‎5‎ ‎5‎ ‎3‎ ‎2015‎ ‎5‎ ‎4‎ ‎—‎ ‎2014‎ ‎6‎ ‎3‎ ‎—‎ ‎2013‎ ‎6‎ ‎4‎ ‎—‎ 考点内容 考纲要求考生根据文章所提供的事实及自己的一些常识进行合理推断,判断作者的意图,人物的动机、目的及性格特征,事件发生的前因后果等。‎ 分析解读 推理判断题考查考生透过文章表面文字信息推测文章隐含意思以及对作者的态度、意图及文章细节的发展作出正确推理判断的能力。 要求考生在阅读过程中贯通表面和内涵的意思,并把已知和未知的信息联系起来,以文章所提供的事实为依据,经过分析思考而形成一定的观点。 考生需尽量考虑文中的全部信息和事实,在通盘理解文章的基础上去领会作者的言外之意,并作出正确的推断,这是对文章深层次的把握,属于高层次的阅读理解题。‎ ‎【命题探究】‎ ‎(2017课标全国Ⅱ,B)‎ ‎　　I first met Paul Newman in 1968, when George Roy Hill, the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me. I don know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.‎ The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.① We were respectful of craft(技艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous, aggressive, and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.‎ We shared the belief that if you fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back—he with his Newman Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.② Paul and I didn see each other all that regularly, but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.‎ I last saw him a few months ago. He been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was, and we didn talk about it. Ours was a relationship ‎ 命题方法 ‎　　推理判断题是针对文中相关语句提出问题,通过解读其隐含意义而设置的题目。推理判断题主要考查推断隐含意义、观点态度、写作目的、文章出处、下文内容等。‎ 精准审题 ‎　　根据第4题题干中的What 和the author purpose in writing the text可判断该题考查考生对作者写作目的的推断能力。‎ 解题步骤 ‎1.找线索 根据上下文找出与推理判断题有关的线索,本篇中最后一段中的“He been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was,...”为解答本题的关键线索。‎ that didn need a lot of words.‎ ‎1.Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?‎ ‎　　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ A.Paul Newman wanted it.‎ B.The studio powers didn like his agent.‎ C.He wasn famous enough.‎ D.The director recommended someone else.‎ ‎2.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship?‎ A.They were of the same age.‎ B.They worked in the same theater.‎ C.They were both good actors.‎ D.They had similar characteristics.‎ ‎3.What does the underlined word“that”in paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A.Their belief.‎ B.Their care for children.‎ C.Their success.‎ D.Their support for each other.‎ ‎4.What is the author purpose in writing the text?‎ A.To show his love of films.‎ B.To remember a friend.‎ C.To introduce a new movie.‎ D.To share his acting experience.‎ ‎2.巧推断 根据线索可推出Paul已经去世,再根据上文的介绍可推出作者写此文章的目的是怀念自己的一位朋友。‎ 高效解题 文章开头作者介绍了自己与著名演员Paul相识的情景,后面描述了两人的交往和深厚友谊。最后一段指出两人上次见面是在医院且Paul入院、出院已很多次了,他们都知道那意味着什么。由此可推断作者写此文时Paul已经去世,再根据文章开头“I first met Paul Newman in 1968”可推断作者写这篇文章就是为了纪念自己的一位朋友。所以答案为B项。‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎1.C　2.D　3.A　4.B ‎【注释】‎ ‎①The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference, we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.拍那部电影和四年后拍The Sting的经历所建立起来的友谊源于一个事实:尽管我们存在年龄差距,但我们都来自戏剧和直播电视的传统。‎ 本句的主干是 The friendship had its root。其中,that grew out of...later为that引导的定语从句,修饰先行词friendship;后面的that although there was...live TV为that引导的同位语从句,解释说明fact的内容。此外,同位语从句中还包含了一个although引导的让步状语从句。‎ ‎② We shared the belief that if you fortunate enough to have success, you should put something back—he with his Newman Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. 我们都有着这样的信念——如果你足够幸运获得成功,你就应该有所回报——他回报的是Newman Own食品和为病重的孩子创办的Hole in the Wall营地,而我回报的是圣丹斯协会和电影节。‎ 本句的主干是We shared the belief,后面that引导同位语从句,解释说明belief的内容;同位语从句中包含了一个if引导的条件状语从句;破折号后出现了一个who引导的定语从句,修饰先行词kids。‎ ‎【五年高考】‎ Passage 1(2017课标全国Ⅰ,B)词数:290‎ I work with Volunteers for Wildlife, a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley. Trying to help injured, displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking;survival is never certain. However, when it works, it is simply beautiful.‎ I got a rescue call from a woman in Muttontown. She had found a young owl(猫头鹰)on the ground. When Iarrived, I saw a 2- to 3-week-old owl. It had already been placed in a carrier for safety.‎ I examined the chick(雏鸟)and it seemed fine. If I could locate the nest, I might have been able to put it back, but no luck. My next work was to construct a nest and anchor it in a tree.‎ The homeowner was very helpful. A wire basket was found. I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable. I placed the chick in the nest, and it quickly calmed down.‎ Now all that was needed were the parents, but they were absent. I gave the homeowner a recording of the hunger screams of owl chicks. These advertise the presence of chicks to adults;they might also encourage our chick to start calling as well. I gave the owner as much information as possible and headed home to see what news the night might bring.‎ A nervous night to be sure, but sometimes the spirits of nature smile on us all!The homeowner called to say that the parents had responded to the recordings. I drove over and saw the chick in the nest looking healthy and active. And it was accompanied in the nest by the greatest sight of all—LUNCH!The parents had done their duty and would probably continue to do so.‎ ‎1.What is unavoidable in the author rescue work according to paragraph 1?‎ A.Efforts made in vain.‎ B.Getting injured in his work.‎ C.Feeling uncertain about his future.‎ D.Creatures forced out of their homes.　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ ‎2.Why was the author called to Muttontown?‎ A.To rescue a woman.‎ B.To take care of a woman.‎ C.To look at a baby owl.‎ D.To cure a young owl.‎ ‎3.What made the chick calm down?‎ A.A new nest. B.Some food.‎ C.A recording. D.Its parents.‎ ‎4.How would the author feel about the outcome of the event?‎ A.It unexpected. B.It beautiful.‎ C.It humorous. D.It discouraging.‎ 答案 ‎1.A　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.A　‎ ‎4.B　‎ Passage 2(2017课标全国Ⅱ,D)词数:288‎ When a leafy plant is under attack, it doesn sit quietly. Back in 1983, two scientists, Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin, reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm. What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds, VOCs for short.‎ Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked. It a plant way of crying out. But is anyone listening?Apparently. Because we can watch the neighbors react.‎ Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty. They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers. Once they arrive, the tables are turned. The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch. ‎ In study after study, it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors. The damage is usually more serious on the first plant, but the neighbors, relatively speaking, stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.‎ Does this mean that plants talk to each other?Scientists don know. Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches, and so, in effect, was talking to itself. Perhaps the neighbors just happened to“overhear”the cry. So information was exchanged, but it wasn a true, intentional back and forth.‎ Charles Darwin, over 150 years ago, imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的)than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak. There a whole lot going on.‎ ‎1.What does a plant do when it is under attack?‎ A.It makes noises.‎ B.It gets help from other plants.‎ C.It stands quietly.‎ D.It sends out certain chemicals.‎ ‎2.What does the author mean by“the tables are turned”in paragraph 3?‎ A.The attackers get attacked.‎ B.The insects gather under the table.‎ C.The plants get ready to fight back.‎ D.The perfumes attract natural enemies.‎ ‎3.Scientists find from their studies that plants can　　　. ‎ A.predict natural disasters B.protect themselves against insects C.talk to one another intentionally D.help their neighbors when necessary ‎4.What can we infer from the last paragraph?‎ A.The world is changing faster than ever.‎ B.People have stronger senses than before.‎ C.The world is more complex than it seems.‎ D.People in Darwin time were more imaginative.‎ 答案 ‎1.D　‎ ‎2.A　‎ ‎3.B　‎ ‎4.C　‎ Passage 3(2017课标全国Ⅲ,B)词数:274‎ Minutes after the last movie ended yesterday at the Plaza Theater, employees were busy sweeping up popcorns and gathering coke cups. It was a scene that had been repeated many times in the theater 75-year history. This time, however, the cleanup was a little different. As one group of workers carried out the rubbish, another group began removing seats and other theater equipment in preparation for the building end.‎ The film classic The Last Picture Show was the last movie shown in the old theater. Though the movie is 30 years old, most of the 250 seats were filled with ‎ teary-eyed audience wanting to say good-bye to the old building. Theater owner Ed Bradford said he chose the movie because it seemed appropriate. The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theater is preparing to close down.‎ Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city made it impossible for the Plaza to compete. He added that the theater location(位置)was also a reason.“This used to be the center of town,”he said.“Now the area is mostly office buildings and warehouses.”‎ Last week some city officials suggested the city might be interested in turning the old theater into a museum and public meeting place. However, these plans were abandoned because of financial problems. Bradford sold the building and land to a local development firm, which plans to build a shopping complex on the land where the theater is located.‎ The theater audience said good-bye as Bradford locked the doors for the last time. After 75 years the Plaza Theater had shown its last movie. The theater will be missed.‎ ‎1.In what way was yesterday cleanup at the Plaza special?‎ A.It made room for new equipment.‎ B.It signaled the closedown of the theater.‎ C.It was done with the help of the audience.‎ D.It marked the 75th anniversary of the theater.‎ ‎2.Why was The Last Picture Show put on?‎ A.It was an all-time classic.‎ B.It was about the history of the town.‎ C.The audience requested it.‎ D.The theater owner found it suitable.‎ ‎3.What will probably happen to the building?‎ A.It will be repaired.‎ B.It will be turned into a museum.‎ C.It will be knocked down.‎ D.It will be sold to the city government.‎ ‎4.What can we infer about the audience?‎ A.They are disappointed with Bradford.‎ B.They are sad to part with the old theater.‎ C.They are supportive of the city officials.‎ D.They are eager to have a shopping center.‎ 答案 ‎1.B　‎ ‎2.D　‎ ‎3.C　‎ ‎4.B　‎ Passage 4(2017浙江,B)词数:304‎ Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids. According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation, 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights, even though they have to get up early. Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day, and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school. ‎ How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age. Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day!Adults need about eight hours. For most school-age children, ten hours is ideal(理想的). But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours. And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime?Watch TV.‎ ‎“More children are going to bed with TVs on, and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake, with more homework, the Internet and the phone,” says Dr. Mary Carskadon, a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School. She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep. Other experts say part of the problem is chemical. Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers bodies develop adult characteristics, but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm.‎ Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers, some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to. Three years ago, schools in Edina, Minnesota, changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am. Students, parents and teachers are pleased with the results.‎ ‎1.What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?‎ A.American kids sleeping habits.‎ B.Teenagers sleep-related diseases.‎ C.Activities to prevent sleeplessness.‎ D.Learning problems and lack of sleep.‎ ‎2.How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?‎ A.7 hours. B.8 hours. C.10 hours. D.18 hours.‎ ‎3.Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?‎ A.They are affected by certain body chemicals.‎ B.They tend to do things that excite them.‎ C.They follow their parents examples.‎ D.They don need to go to school early.‎ 答案 ‎1.A　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.B　‎ Passage 5(2017天津,B)词数:359‎ Fifteen years ago, I took a summer vacation in Lecce in southern Italy. After climbing up a hill for a panoramic(全景的) view of the blue sea, white buildings and green olive trees, I paused to catch my breath and then positioned myself to take the best photo of this panorama.‎ Unfortunately, just as I took out my camera, a woman approached from behind, and planted herself right in front of my view. Like me, this woman was here to stop, sigh and appreciate the view.‎ Patient as I was, after about 15 minutes, my camera scanning the sun and reviewing the shot I would eventually take, I grew frustrated. Was it too much to ask her to move so I could take just one picture of the landscape? Sure, I could have asked her, but something prevented me from doing so. She seemed so content in her observation. I didn want to mess with that.‎ Another 15 minutes passed and I grew bored. The woman was still there. I decided to take the photo anyway. And now when I look at it, I think her presence in the photo is what makes the image interesting. The landscape, beautiful on its own, somehow comes to life and breathes because this woman is engaging with it.‎ This photo, with the unique beauty that unfolded before me and that woman who “ruined”it, now hangs on a wall in my bedroom. What would she think if she knew that her figure is captured(捕捉) and frozen on some stranger bedroom wall? A bedroom, after all, is a very private space, in which some woman I don even know has been immortalized(使……永存). In some ways, she lives in my house.‎ Perhaps we all live in each other spaces. Perhaps this is what photos are for: to remind us that we all appreciate beauty, that we all share a common desire for pleasure, for connection, for something that is greater than us.‎ That photo is a reminder, a captured moment, an unspoken conversation between two women, separated only by a thin square of glass.‎ ‎1.What happened when the author was about to take a photo?‎ A.Her camera stopped working.‎ B.A woman blocked her view.‎ C.Someone asked her to leave.‎ D.A friend approached from behind.‎ ‎2.According to the author, the woman was probably 　　　. ‎ A.enjoying herself B.losing her patience C.waiting for the sunset D.thinking about her past ‎3.In the author opinion, what makes the photo so alive?‎ A.The rich color of the landscape.‎ B.The perfect positioning of the camera.‎ C.The woman existence in the photo.‎ D.The soft sunlight that summer day.‎ ‎4.The photo on the bedroom wall enables the author to better understand 　　　. ‎ A.the need to be close to nature B.the importance of private space C.the joy of the vacation in Italy D.the shared passion for beauty ‎5.The passage can be seen as the author reflections upon 　　　. ‎ A.a particular life experience B.the pleasure of traveling C.the art of photography D.a lost friendship 答案 ‎1.B　‎ ‎2.A　‎ ‎3.C　‎ ‎4.D　‎ ‎5.A　‎ Passage 6(2017北京,D)词数:455‎ Hollywood theory that machines with evil(邪恶的)minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI)may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics(控制论), put it this way:“If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预), we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”‎ A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things:a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans;it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.‎ The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work:we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.‎ Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11,1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12,1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.‎ ‎1.Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may　　　. ‎ A.run out of human control B.satisfy human real desires C.command armies of killer robots D.work faster than a mathematician ‎2.Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to　　　. ‎ A.prevent themselves from being destroyed B.achieve their original goals independently C.do anything successfully with given orders D.beat humans in international chess matches ‎3.According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to　　　. ‎ A.help super intelligent machines work better B.be secure against evil human beings C.keep machines from being harmed D.avoid robots affecting the world ‎4.What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?‎ A.It will disappear with the development of AI.‎ B.It will get worse with human interference.‎ C.It will be solved but with difficulty.‎ D.It will stay for a decade.‎ 答案 ‎1.A　‎ ‎2.A　‎ ‎3.D　‎ ‎4.C　‎ Passage 7(2017江苏,C)词数:452‎ A new commodity brings about a highly profitable, fast-growing industry, urging antitrust(反垄断)regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants(巨头)that deal in data, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look unstoppable.‎ Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants success has benefited consumers. Few want to live ‎ without search engines or a quick delivery. Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free(users pay,in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.‎ But there is cause for concern. The internet has made data abundant, all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services:translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other companies. Internet companies control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a“God eye view”of activities in their own markets and beyond.‎ This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themselves:in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is required—and as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.‎ The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have traditionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms data assets(资产)when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-born company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.‎ The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of on-line services have over data and give more to those who supply them. Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how much money they make from it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users consent.‎ Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy. But if governments don want a data economy controlled by a few giants, they must act soon.‎ ‎1.Why is there a call to break up giants?‎ A.They have controlled the data market.‎ B.They collect enormous private data.‎ C.They no longer provide free services.‎ D.They dismissed some new-born giants.　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ ‎2.What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?‎ A.Data giants technology is very expensive.‎ B.Google idea is popular among data firms.‎ C.Data can strengthen giants controlling position.‎ D.Data can be turned into new services or products.‎ ‎3.By paying attention to firms data assets, antitrust regulators could 　　　. ‎ A.kill a new threat B.avoid the size trap C.favour bigger firms D.charge higher prices ‎4.What is the purpose of loosening the giants control of data?‎ A.Big companies could relieve data security pressure.‎ B.Governments could relieve their financial pressure.‎ C.Consumers could better protect their privacy.‎ D.Small companies could get more opportunities.‎ 答案 ‎1.A　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.B　‎ ‎4.D　‎ Passage 8(2016课标全国Ⅰ,A)词数:293‎ You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?‎ Jane Addams(1860—1935)‎ Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community(社区)by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.‎ Rachel Carson(1907—1964)‎ If it weren for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world lakes and oceans.‎ Sandra Day O—present)‎ When Sandra Day O finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator(参议员)and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U.S. Supreme Court. O gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.‎ Rosa Parks(1913—2005)‎ On December 1,1955, in Montgomery, Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civil-rights movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in,”said Parks.‎ ‎　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ ‎1.What is Jane Addams noted for in history?‎ A.Her social work.‎ B.Her teaching skills.‎ C.Her efforts to win a prize.‎ D.Her community background.‎ ‎2.What was the reason for O being rejected by the law firm?‎ A.Her lack of proper training in law.‎ B.Her little work experience in court.‎ C.The discrimination against women.‎ D.The poor financial conditions.‎ ‎3.Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U.S.?‎ A.Jane Addams. B.Rachel Carson.‎ C.Sandra Day O D.Rosa Parks.‎ ‎4.What can we infer about the women mentioned in the text?‎ A.They are highly educated. B.They are truly creative.‎ C.They are pioneers. D.They are peace-lovers.‎ 答案 ‎1.A　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.D　‎ ‎4.C　‎ Passage 9(2016课标全国Ⅱ,D)词数:293‎ A new collection of photos brings an unsuccessful Antarctic voyage back to life.‎ Frank Hurley pictures would be outstanding—undoubtedly first-rate photo-journalism—if they had been made last week. In fact, they were shot from 1914 through 1916, most of them after a disastrous shipwreck(海难),by a cameraman who had no reasonable expectation of survival. Many of the images were stored in an ice chest, under freezing water, in the damaged wooden ship.‎ The ship was the Endurance, a small, tight, Norwegian-built three-master that was intended to take Sir Ernest Shackleton and a small crew of seamen and scientists, 27 men in all, to the southernmost shore of Antarctica Weddell Sea. From that point Shackleton wanted to force a passage by dog sled(雪橇)across the continent. The journey was intended to achieve more than what Captain Robert Falcon Scott had done. Captain Scott had reached the South Pole early in 1912 but had died with his four companions on the march back.‎ As writer Caroline Alexander makes clear in her forceful and well-researched story The Endurance, adventuring was even then a thoroughly commercial effort. Scott last journey, completed as he lay in a tent dying of cold and hunger, caught the world imagination, and a film made in his honor drew crowds. Shackleton, a onetime British merchant-navy officer who had got to within 100 miles of the South Pole in 1908, started a business before his 1914 voyage to make money from movie and still photography. Frank Hurley, a confident and gifted Australian photographer who knew the Antarctic, was hired to make the images, most of which have never before been published.‎ ‎1.What do we know about the photos taken by Hurley?‎ A.They were made last week.‎ B.They showed undersea sceneries.‎ C.They were found by a cameraman.‎ D.They recorded a disastrous adventure.‎ ‎2.Who reached the South Pole first according to the text?‎ A.Frank Hurley.‎ B.Ernest Shackleton.‎ C.Robert Falcon Scott.‎ D.Caroline Alexander.‎ ‎3.What does Alexander think was the purpose of the 1914 voyage?‎ A.Artistic creation. B.Scientific research.‎ C.Money making. D.Treasure hunting.‎ 答案 ‎1.D　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.C　‎ Passage 10(2016课标全国Ⅲ,C)词数:279‎ If you are a fruit grower—or would like to become one—take advantage of Apple Day to see what around. It called Apple Day but in practice it more like Apple Month. The day itself is on October 21, but since it has caught on, events now spread out over most of October around Britain.‎ Visiting an apple event is a good chance to see, and often taste, a wide variety of apples. To people who are used to the limited choice of apples such as Golden Delicious and Royal Gala in supermarkets, it can be quite an eye opener to see the range of classical apples still in existence, such as Decio which was grown by the Romans. Although it doesn taste of anything special, it still worth a try, as is the knobbly(多疙瘩的)Cat Head which is more of a curiosity than anything else.‎ There are also varieties developed to suit specific local conditions. One of the very best varieties for eating quality is Orleans Reinette, but you need a warm, sheltered place with perfect soil to grow it, so it a pipe dream for most apple lovers who fall for it. ‎ At the events, you can meet expert growers and discuss which ones will best suit your conditions, and because these are family affairs, children are well catered for with apple-themed fun and games.‎ Apple Days are being held at all sorts of places with an interest in fruit, including stately gardens and commercial orchards(果园). If you want to have a real orchard experience, try visiting the National Fruit Collection at Brogdale, near Faversham in Kent.‎ ‎1.What can people do at the apple events?‎ A.Attend experts lectures.‎ B.Visit fruit-loving families.‎ C.Plant fruit trees in an orchard.‎ D.Taste many kinds of apples.‎ ‎2.What can we learn about Decio?‎ A.It is a new variety. B.It has a strange look.‎ C.It is rarely seen now. D.It has a special taste.‎ ‎3.What does the underlined phrase“a pipe dream”in Paragraph 3 mean?‎ A.A practical idea. B.A vain hope.‎ C.A brilliant plan. D.A selfish desire.‎ ‎4.What is the author purpose in writing the text?‎ A.To show how to grow apples.‎ B.To introduce an apple festival.‎ C.To help people select apples.‎ D.To promote apple research.‎ 答案 ‎1.D　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.B　‎ ‎4.B　‎ Passage 11(2016课标全国Ⅲ,D)词数:356‎ Bad news sells. If it bleeds, it leads. No news is good news, and good news is no news. Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers. But now that information is being spread and monitored(监控)in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules. By tracking people e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories.‎ ‎“The‘if it bleeds’rule works for mass media,”says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania.“They want your eyeballs and don care how you feeling. But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react. You don want them to think of you as a Debbie Downer.”‎ Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn necessarily mean people preferred positive news. Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things?To test for that possibility, Dr. Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories:thousands of articles on The New York Times website. He and a Penn colleague analyzed the“most e-mailed”list for six months. One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles. He found that science amazed Times readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others.‎ Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad. They needed to be aroused(激发)one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad. The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr. Berger explains in his new book,“Contagious:Why Things Catch On.”‎ ‎1.What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?‎ A.News reports. B.Research papers.‎ C.Private e-mails. D.Daily conversations.‎ ‎2.What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?‎ A.They socially inactive.‎ B.They good at telling stories.‎ C.They inconsiderate of others.‎ D.They careful with their words.‎ ‎3.Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr. Berger research?‎ A.Sports news. B.Science articles.‎ C.Personal accounts. D.Financial reviews.‎ ‎4.What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A.Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide B.Online News Attracts More People C.Reading Habits Change with the Times D.Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks 答案 ‎1.A　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.B　‎ ‎4.D　‎ Passage 12(2016北京,B)词数:368‎ Surviving Hurricane Sandy(飓风桑迪)‎ Natalie Doan,14,has always felt lucky to live in Rockaway, New York.Living just a few blocks from the beach, Natalie can see the ocean and hear the waves from her house.“It the ocean that makes Rockaway so special,”she says.‎ On October 29, 2012, that ocean turned fierce. That night, Hurricane Sandy attacked the East Coast, and Rockaway was hit especially hard. Fortunately, Natalie family escaped to Brooklyn shortly before the city bridges closed.‎ When they returned to Rockaway the next day,they found their neighborhood in ruins. Many of Natalie friends had lost their homes and were living far away. All around her, people were suffering, especially the elderly. Natalie school was so damaged that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.‎ In the following few days, the men and women helping Rockaway recover inspired Natalie. Volunteers came with carloads of donated clothing and toys. Neighbors devoted their spare time to helping others rebuild. Teenagers climbed dozens of flights of stairs to deliver water and food to elderly people trapped in powerless high-rise buildings.‎ ‎“My mom tells me that I can control what happens to me,”Natalie says, “but I can always choose how I deal with it.”‎ Natalie choice was to help.‎ She created a website page, matching survivors in need with donors who wanted to help. Natalie posted information about a boy named Patrick, who lost his baseball card collection when his house burned down. Within days, Patrick collection was replaced.‎ In the coming months, her website page helped lots of kids:Christopher, who received a new basketball; Charlie, who got a new keyboard. Natalie also worked with other organizations to bring much-needed supplies to Rockaway. Her efforts made her a famous person. Last April, she was invited to the White House and honored as a Hurricane Sandy Champion of Change.‎ Today, the scars(创痕) of destruction are still seen in Rockaway, but hope is in the air. The streets are clear, and many homes have been rebuilt. “I can imagine ‎ living anywhere but Rockaway,”Natalie declares.“My neighborhood will be back, even stronger than before.”‎ ‎1.When Natalie returned to Rockaway after the hurricane, she found　　　. ‎ A.some friends had lost their lives B.her neighborhood was destroyed C.her school had moved to Brooklyn D.the elderly were free from suffering ‎2.According to Paragraph 4, who inspired Natalie most?‎ A.The people helping Rockaway rebuild.‎ B.The people trapped in high-rise buildings.‎ C.The volunteers donating money to survivors.‎ D.Local teenagers bringing clothing to elderly people.‎ ‎3.How did Natalie help the survivors?‎ A.She gave her toys to other kids.‎ B.She took care of younger children.‎ C.She called on the White House to help.‎ D.She built an information sharing platform.‎ ‎4.What does the story intend to tell us?‎ A.Little people can make a big difference.‎ B.A friend in need is a friend indeed.‎ C.East or west, home is best.‎ D.Technology is power.‎ 答案 ‎1.B　‎ ‎2.A　‎ ‎3.D　‎ ‎4.A　‎ Passage 13(2016天津,A)词数:294‎ A Language Programme for Teenagers Welcome to Teenagers Abroad!We invite you to join us on an amazing journey of language learning.‎ Our Courses Regardless of your choice of course, you develop your language ability both quickly and effectively.‎ Our Standard Course guarantees a significant increase in your confidence in a foreign language, with focused teaching in all 4 skill areas—speaking, listening, reading and writing.‎ Our Intensive Course builds on our Standard Course, with 10 additional lessons per week, guaranteeing the fastest possible language learning(see table below).‎ Course Type Days Number of Lessons Course Timetable Standard Course Mon—Fri ‎20 lessons ‎9:00—12:30‎ Intensive Course Mon—Fri ‎20 lessons ‎9:00—12:30‎ ‎10 lessons ‎13:00—14:30‎ Evaluation Students are placed into classes according to their current language skills.The majority of them take an online language test before starting their programme. However, if this is not available, students sit the exam on the first Monday of their course.‎ Learning materials are provided to students throughout their course, and there will never be more than 15 participants in each class.‎ Arrivals and Transfer Our programme offers the full package—students are taken good care of from the start through to the very end. They are collected from the airport upon arrival and brought to their accommodation in comfort. We require the student full flight details at least 4 weeks in advance.‎ Meals/Allergies(过敏)/Special Dietary Requirements Students are provided with breakfast, dinner and either a cooked or packed lunch(which consists of a sandwich, a drink and a dessert). Snacks outside of mealtimes may be purchased by the student individually.‎ We ask that you let us know of any allergies or dietary requirements as well as information about any medicines you take. Depending on the type of allergies and/or dietary requirements, an extra charge may be made for providing special food.‎ ‎1.How does Intensive Course differ from Standard Course?‎ A.It is less effective.‎ B.It focuses on speaking.‎ C.It includes extra lessons.‎ D.It gives you confidence.‎ ‎2.When can a student attend Standard Course?‎ A.13:00—14:30 Monday.‎ B.9:00—12:30 Tuesday.‎ C.13:00—14:30 Friday.‎ D.9:00—12:30 Saturday.‎ ‎3.Before starting their programme, students are expected to　　　. ‎ A.take a language test B.have an online interview C.prepare learning materials D.report their language levels ‎4.With the full package, the programme organiser is supposed to　　　. ‎ A.inform students of their full flight details B.look after students throughout the programme C.offer students free sightseeing trips D.collect students luggage in advance ‎5.Which of the following may require an extra payment?　　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ A.Cooked dinner. B.Mealtime dessert.‎ C.Packed lunch. D.Special diet.‎ 答案 ‎1.C　‎ ‎2.B　‎ ‎3.A　‎ ‎4.B　‎ ‎5.D　‎ Passage 14(2016浙江,A)词数:414‎ ‎“Did you hear what happened to Adam last Friday?” Lindsey whispers to Tori.‎ With her eyes shining, Tori brags, “You bet I did. Sean told me two days ago.”‎ Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happens to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip(闲话). I have noticed three effects of gossip: it can hurt people, it can give gossipers a strange kind of satisfaction, and it can cause social pressures in a group.‎ An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic—breakups, trouble ‎ at home, even dropping out—that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.‎ If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor (传言)can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the “in group.” In other words, gossip is satisfying because it gives people a sense of belonging or even superiority (优越感).‎ Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. The do and don conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.‎ The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your “juicy story” might have.‎ ‎1.The author uses a conversation at the beginning of the passage to　　　. 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ A.introduce a topic B.present an argument C.describe the characters D.clarify his writing purpose ‎2.An important negative effect of gossip is that it　　　. ‎ A.breaks up relationships B.embarrasses the listener C.spreads information around D.causes unpleasant experiences ‎3.In the author opinion, many people like to gossip because it　　　. ‎ A.gives them a feeling of pleasure B.helps them to make more friends C.makes them better at telling stories D.enables them to meet important people ‎4.Professor David Wilson thinks that gossip can　　　. ‎ A.provide students with written rules B.help people watch their won behaviors C.force schools to improve student handbooks D.attract the police attention to group behaviors ‎5.What advice does the author give in the passage?‎ A.Never become a gossiper. B.Stay away from gossipers.‎ C.Don let gossip turn into lies. D.Think twice before you gossip.‎ 答案 ‎1.A　‎ ‎2.D　‎ ‎3.A　‎ ‎4.B　‎ ‎5.D　‎ Passage 15(2016江苏,C)词数:443‎ El Niño, a Spanish term for “the Christ child”, was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Niño sees warm ‎ water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.‎ The weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Niños, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Niño in 1997-98 helped America economy grow by$15 billion, partly because of better agricultural harvests:farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.‎ But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought(干旱)in south-east Brazil is becoming worse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Niño may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.‎ The most recent powerful Niño, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth$36 billion around the globe. But such Niños come with months of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards. This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.‎ Simple improvements to infrastructure(基础设施)can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers(下水道)make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger bridges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Niño harmful effects—and the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping divided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Niño, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.‎ ‎1.What can we learn about El Niño in Paragraph 1?‎ A.It is named after a South American fisherman.‎ B.It takes place almost every year all over the world.‎ C.It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.‎ D.It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.‎ ‎2.What may El Niños bring about to the countries affected?‎ A.Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.‎ B.Droughts become more harmful than floods.‎ C.Rich countries gains are greater than their losses.‎ D.Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.‎ ‎3.The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that　　　. ‎ A.more investment should go to risk reduction B.governments of poor countries need more aid C.victims of El Niño deserve more compensation D.recovery and reconstruction should come first ‎4.What is the author purpose in writing the passage?‎ A.To introduce El Niño and its origin.‎ B.To explain the consequences of El Niño.‎ C.To show ways of fighting against El Niño.‎ D.To urge people to prepare for El Niño.‎ 答案 ‎1.D　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.A　‎ ‎4.D　‎ Passage 16(2015课标全国Ⅰ,B)词数:338‎ The freezing Northeast hasn been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter,so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota,Florida,my bags were packed before you could say“sunshine”.I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C(维生素C),thinking of beaches and orange trees.When we touched down to blue skies and warm air,I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness.Swimming pools,wine tasting,and pink sunsets(at normal evening hours,not 4 in the afternoon)filled the weekend,but the best part—particularly to my taste,dulled by months of cold-weather root vegetables—was a 7 a.m.adventure to the Sarasota farmers market that proved to be more than worth the early wake-up call.‎ The market,which was founded in 1979,sets up its tents every Saturday from 7 a.m.to 1 p.m.,rain or shine,along North Lemon and State streets.Baskets of perfect red strawberries;the red-painted sides of the Java Dawg coffee truck;and most of all,the tomatoes:amazing,large,soft and round red tomatoes.‎ Disappointed by many a broken,vine-ripened(蔓上成熟的)promise,I refused to buy winter tomatoes for years.No matter how attractive they look in the store,once I get them home they unfailingly dry,hard,and tasteless.But I homed in,with uncertainty,on one particular table at the Brown Grove Farm stand,full of fresh and soft tomatoes the size of my fist.These were the real deal—and at that moment,I realized that the best part of Sarasota in winter was going to be eating things that back home in New York I wouldn be experiencing again for months.‎ Delighted as I was by the tomatoes in sight,my happiness deepened when I learned that Brown Grove Farm is one of the suppliers for Jack Dusty,a newly opened restaurant at the Sarasota Ritz Carlton,where—luckily for me—I was planning to have dinner that very night.Without even seeing the menu,I knew I be ordering every tomato on it.‎ ‎1.What did the author think of her winter life in New York?　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　 ‎ A.Exciting. B.Boring.‎ C.Relaxing. D.Annoying.‎ ‎2.What made the author getting up early worthwhile?‎ A.Having a swim.‎ B.Breathing in fresh air.‎ C.Walking in the morning sun.‎ D.Visiting a local farmers market.‎ ‎3.What can we learn about tomatoes sold in New York in winter?‎ A.They are soft. B.They look nice.‎ C.They taste great. D.They are juicy.‎ ‎4.What was the author going to do that evening?‎ A.Go to a farm. B.Check into a hotel.‎ C.Eat in a restaurant. D.Buy fresh vegetables.‎ 答案 ‎1.B　‎ ‎2.D　‎ ‎3.B　‎ ‎4.C　‎ Passage 17(2015课标全国Ⅰ,D)词数:344‎ Conflict is on the menu tonight at the cafe La Chope.This evening,as on every Thursday night,psychologist Maud Lehanne is leading two of France favorite pastimes,coffee drinking and the“talking cure”.Here they are learning to get in touch with their true feelings.It isn always easy.The customers—some thirty ‎ Parisians who pay just under $2(plus drinks)per session—are quick to intellectualize(高谈阔论),slow to open up and connect.“You are forbidden to say‘one feels,’or‘people think’,”Lehanne told them.“Say ‘I think,’‘Think me’.”‎ A cafe society where no intellectualizing is allowed?It couldn seem more un-French.But Lehanne psychology cafe is about more than knowing oneself:It trying to help the city troubled neighborhood cafes.Over the years,Parisian cafes have fallen victim to changes in the French lifestyle—longer working hours,a fast-food boom and a younger generation desire to spend more time at home.Dozens of new theme cafes appear to change the situation.Cafes focused around psychology,history,and engineering are catching on,filling tables well into the evening.‎ The city“psychology cafes”,which offer great comfort,are among the most popular places.Middle-aged homemakers,retirees,and the unemployed come to such cafes to talk about love,anger,and dreams with a psychologist.And they come to Lehanne group just to learn to say what they feel.“There a strong need in Paris for communication,”says Maurice Frisch,a cafe La Chope regular who works as a religious instructor in a nearby church.“People have few real friends.And they need to open up.”Lehanne says she like to see psychology cafes all over France.“If people had normal lives,these cafes wouldn exist,”she says.“If life weren a battle,people wouldn need a special place just to speak.”But then,it wouldn be France.‎ ‎1.What are people encouraged to do at the cafe La Chope?‎ A.Learn a new subject. B.Keep in touch with friends.‎ C.Show off their knowledge. D.Express their true feelings.‎ ‎2.How are cafes affected by French lifestyle changes?‎ A.They are less frequently visited.‎ B.They stay open for longer hours.‎ C.They have bigger night crowds.‎ D.They start to serve fast food.‎ ‎3.What are theme cafes expected to do?‎ A.Create more jobs. B.Supply better drinks.‎ C.Save the cafe business. D.Serve the neighborhood.‎ ‎4.Why are psychology cafes becoming popular in Paris?‎ A.They bring people true friendship.‎ B.They give people spiritual support.‎ C.They help people realize their dreams.‎ D.They offer a platform for business links.‎ 答案 ‎1.D　‎ ‎2.A　‎ ‎3.C　‎ ‎4.B　‎ Passage 18(2015课标全国Ⅱ,C)词数:261‎ More students than ever before are taking a gap year(间隔年)before going to university.It used to be called the“year off”between school and university.The gap-year phenomenon originated(起源)with the months left over to Oxbridge applicants between entrance exams in November and the start of the next academic year.‎ This year,25,310 students who have accepted places in higher education institutions have put off their entry until next year,according to statistics on university entrance provided by the University and College Admissions Service(UCAS).‎ That is a record 14.7% increase in the number of students taking a gap year.Tony Higgins from UCAS said that the statistics are good news for everyone in higher education.“Students who take a well-planned year out are more likely to be ‎ satisfied with,and complete,their chosen course.Students who take a gap year are often more mature and responsible,”he said.‎ But not everyone is happy.Owain James,the president of the National Union of Students(NUS),argued that the increase is evidence of student hardship—young people are being forced into earning money before finishing their education.“New students are now aware that they are likely to leave university up to ￡15,000 in debt.It is not surprising that more and more students are taking a gap year to earn money to support their study for the degree.NUS statistics show that over 40% of students are forced to work during term time and the figure increases to 90% during vacation periods,”he said.‎ ‎1.What do we learn about the gap year from the text?　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ A.It is flexible in length.‎ B.It is a time for relaxation.‎ C.It is increasingly popular.‎ D.It is required by universities.‎ ‎2.According to Tony Higgins,students taking a gap year　　　. ‎ A.are better prepared for college studies B.know a lot more about their future jobs C.are more likely to leave university in debt D.have a better chance to enter top universities ‎3.How does Owain James feel about the gap-year phenomenon?‎ A.He puzzled. B.He worried.‎ C.He surprised. D.He annoyed.‎ ‎4.What would most students do on their vacation according to NUS statistics?‎ A.Attend additional courses.‎ B.Make plans for the new term.‎ C.Earn money for their education.‎ D.Prepare for their graduate studies.‎ 答案 ‎1.C　‎ ‎2.A　‎ ‎3.B　‎ ‎4.C　‎ Passage 19(2015北京,B)词数:312‎ Revolutionary TV Ears TV Ears has helped thousands of people with various degrees of hearing loss hear the television clearly without turning up the volume(音量) and now it better and more affordable than ever! With TV Ears wireless technology,you set your own headset volume,while other TV listeners hear the television at a volume level that comfortable for them.You can even listen through the headset only and put the TV on mute(静音) if the situation calls for a quiet environment—maybe the baby is ‎ sleeping.Or perhaps you are the only one who is interested in listening to the ballgame.‎ TV Ears patented technology includes a revolutionary noise reduction ear tip,not used in any other commercially available headset.This tip reduces outside noise so that television dialogue is clear and understandable.Get the technology that has proven to help the most demanding customers.That why TV Ears has earned the trust and confidence of audiologists(听觉学家) nationwide as well as world-famous doctors.‎ Doctor Recommended TV Ears!‎ ‎“My wife and I have used TV Ears almost daily for the past two years and find them a great help in our enjoyment of television.As a retired ear doctor,I heartily recommend TV Ears to people with normal hearing as well as those with hearing loss.”‎ ‎—Robert Forbes,M.D.,CA Customer Recommended TV Ears!‎ ‎“Now my husband can have the volume as loud as he needs and I can have the TV at my hearing level.TV Ears is so comfortable that Jack forgets he has them on!He can once again hear and understand the dialogue.”‎ ‎—Darlene & Jack B.,CA Risk Free Trial!TV Ears comes with a 30-day risk free trial.‎ Special Offer—Now $59.95.‎ If you not satisfied,return it.‎ Money-back guarantee!‎ Call now! 800-123-7832‎ ‎1.TV Ears helps you　　　. ‎ A.improve your sleeping quality B.listen to TV without disturbing others C.change TV channels without difficulty D.become interested in ballgame programs ‎2.What makes TV Ears different from other headsets?‎ A.It can easily set TV on mute.‎ B.Its headset volume is adjustable.‎ C.It has a new noise reduction ear tip.‎ D.It applies special wireless technology.‎ ‎3.This advertisement is made more believable by　　　. ‎ A.using recommendations B.offering reasons for this invention C.providing statistics D.showing the results of experiments 答案 ‎1.B　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.A　‎ Passage 20(2015天津,D)词数:329‎ Once when I was facing a decision that involved high risk,I went to a friend.He looked at me for a moment,and then wrote a sentence containing the best advice I ever had:Be bold and brave—and mighty(强大的)forces will come to your aid.‎ Those words made me see clearly that when I had fallen short in the past,it was seldom because I had tried and failed.It was usually because I had let fear of failure stop me from trying at all.On the other hand,whenever I had plunged into ‎ deep water,forced by courage or circumstance,I had always been able to swim until I got my feet on the ground again.‎ Boldness means a decision to bite off more than you are sure you can eat.And there is nothing mysterious about the mighty forces.They are potential powers we possess:energy,skill,sound judgment,creative ideas—even physical strength greater than most of us realize. ‎ Admittedly,those mighty forces are spiritual ones.But they are more important than physical ones.A college classmate of mine,Tim,was an excellent football player,even though he weighed much less than the average player.“In one game I suddenly found myself confronting a huge player,who had nothing but me between him and our goal line,”said Tim.“I was so frightened that I closed my eyes and desperately threw myself at that guy like a bullet(子弹)—and stopped him cold.”‎ Boldness—a willingness to extend yourself to the extreme—is not one that can be acquired overnight.But it can be taught to children and developed in adults.Confidence builds up.Surely,there will be setbacks(挫折)and disappointments in life;boldness in itself is no guarantee of success.But the person who tries to do something and fails is a lot better off than the person who tries to do nothing and succeeds.‎ So,always try to live a little bit beyond your abilities—and you find your abilities are greater than you ever dreamed.‎ ‎1.Why was the author sometimes unable to reach his goal in the past?‎ A.He faced huge risks.‎ B.He lacked mighty forces.‎ C.Fear prevented him from trying.‎ D.Failure blocked his way to success.‎ ‎2.What is the implied meaning of the underlined part?‎ A.Swallow more than you can digest.‎ B.Act slightly above your abilities.‎ C.Develop more mysterious powers.‎ D.Learn to make creative decisions.‎ ‎3.What was especially important for Tim successful defense in the football game?‎ A.His physical strength. B.His basic skill.‎ C.His real fear. D.His spiritual force.‎ ‎4.What can be learned from Paragraph 5?‎ A.Confidence grows more rapidly in adults.‎ B.Trying without success is meaningless.‎ C.Repeated failure creates a better life.‎ D.Boldness can be gained little by little.‎ ‎5.What is the author purpose in writing this passage?‎ A.To encourage people to be courageous.‎ B.To advise people to build up physical power.‎ C.To tell people the ways to guarantee success.‎ D.To recommend people to develop more abilities.‎ 答案 ‎1.C　‎ ‎2.B　‎ ‎3.D　‎ ‎4.D　‎ ‎5.A　‎ Passage 21(2015安徽,C)词数:260‎ As Internet users become more dependent on the Internet to store information,are people remembering less?If you know your computer will save information,why store it ‎ in your own personal memory,your brain?Experts are wondering if the Internet is changing what we remember and how.‎ In a recent study,Professor Betsy Sparrow conducted some experiments.She and her research team wanted to know how the Internet is changing memory.In the first experiment,they gave people 40 unimportant facts to type into a computer.The first group of people understood that the computer would save the information.The second group understood that the computer would not save it.Later,the second group remembered the information better.People in the first group knew they could find the information again,so they did not try to remember it.‎ In another experiment,the researchers gave people facts to remember,and told them where to find the information on the computer.The information was in a specific computer folder(文件夹).Surprisingly,people later remembered the folder location(位置)better than the facts.When people use the Internet,they do not remember the information.Rather, they remember how to find it.This is called“transactive memory(交互记忆)”.‎ According to Sparrow,we are not becoming people with poor memories as a result of the Internet.Instead, computer users are developing stronger transactive memories;that is,people are learning how to organize huge quantities of information so that they are able to access it at a later date.This doesn mean we are becoming either more or less intelligent,but there is no doubt that the way we use memory is changing.‎ ‎1.The passage begins with two questions to　　　. ‎ A.introduce the main topic B.show the author attitude C.describe how to use the Internet D.explain how to store information　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ ‎2.What can we learn about the first experiment?‎ A.The Sparrow team typed the information into a computer.‎ B.The two groups remembered the information equally well.‎ C.The first group did not try to remember the information.‎ D.The second group did not understand the information.‎ ‎3.In transactive memory, people　　　. ‎ A.keep the information in mind B.change the quantity of information C.organize information like a computer D.remember how to find the information ‎4.What is the effect of the Internet according to Sparrow research?‎ A.We are using memory differently.‎ B.We are becoming more intelligent.‎ C.We have poorer memories than before.‎ D.We need a better way to access information.‎ 答案 ‎1.A　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.D　‎ ‎4.A　 ‎ Passage 22(2015重庆,E)词数:298‎ The values of artistic works,according to cultural relativism(相对主义),are simply reflections of local social and economic conditions.Such a view,however,fails to explain the ability of some works of art to excite the human mind across cultures and through centuries.‎ History has witnessed the endless productions of Shakespearean plays in every major language of the world.It is never rare to find that Mozart packs Japanese ‎ concert halls,as Japanese painter Hiroshige does Paris galleries.Unique works of this kind are different from today popular art,even if they began as works of popular art.They have set themselves apart in their timeless appeal and will probably be enjoyed for centuries into the future.‎ In a 1757 essay,the philosopher David Hume argued that because“the general principles of taste are uniform(不变的)in human nature”,the value of some works of art might be essentially permanent.He observed that Homer was still admired after two thousand years.Works of this type,he believed,spoke to deep and unvarying features of human nature and could continue to exist over centuries.‎ Now researchers are applying scientific methods to the study of the universality of art.For example,evolutionary psychology is being used by literary scholars to explain the long-lasting themes and plot devices in fiction.The structures of musical pieces are now open to experimental analysis as never before.Research findings seem to indicate that the creation by a great artist is as permanent an achievement as the discovery by a great scientist.‎ ‎1.According to the passage,what do we know about cultural relativism?‎ A.It introduces different cultural values.‎ B.It explains the history of artistic works.‎ C.It relates artistic values to local conditions.‎ D.It excites the human mind throughout the world.‎ ‎2.In Paragraph 2,the artists are mentioned in order to show that　　　. ‎ A.great works of art can go beyond national boundaries B.history gives art works special appeal to set them apart C.popular arts are hardly distinguishable from great arts D.great artists are skilled at combining various cultures ‎3.According to Hume,some works of art can exist for centuries because　　　. ‎ A.they are results of scientific study B.they establish some general principles of art C.they are created by the world greatest artists D.they appeal to unchanging features of human nature ‎4.Which of the following can best serve as the title of the passage?‎ A.Are Artistic Values Universal?‎ B.Are Popular Arts Permanent?‎ C.Is Human Nature Uniform?‎ D.Is Cultural Relativism Scientific?‎ 答案 ‎1.C　‎ ‎2.A　‎ ‎3.D　‎ ‎4.A　‎ Passage 23(2015陕西,C)词数:307‎ The production of coffee beans is a huge,profitable business,but,unfortunately,full-sun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage.The change in how coffee is grown from shade-grown production to full-sun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds,and even disturbs the world ecological balance.‎ On a local level,the damage of the forest required by full-sun fields affects the area birds and animals.The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species(物种)that depend on the trees flowers and fruits.Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home.As a result,many species are quickly dying out.‎ On a more global level,the destruction of the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also threatens(威胁)human life.Medical research often makes use of the forests plant and animal life,and the destruction of such species could prevent ‎ researchers from finding cures for certain diseases.In addition,new coffee-growing techniques are poisoning the water locally,and eventually the world groundwater.‎ Both locally and globally,the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations(种植园)could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology.The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world climate,and studies show that the loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming.Moreover,the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic(酸性的)soil conditions.‎ It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life,from the local environment to the global ecology.But consumers do have a choice.They can purchase shade-grown coffee whenever possible,although at a higher cost.The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.‎ ‎1.What can we learn about full-sun coffee production from Paragraph 4?‎ A.It limits the spread of new growing techniques.‎ B.It leads to air pollution and global warming.‎ C.It slows down the loss of shade trees.‎ D.It improves local soil conditions.‎ ‎2.The purpose of the text is to　　　. ‎ A.entertain B.advertise C.instruct D.persuade ‎3.Where does this text probably come from?‎ A.An agricultural magazine. B.A medical journal.‎ C.An engineering textbook. D.A tourist guide.‎ ‎4.Which of the following shows the structure of the whole text?‎ ‎(P:Paragraph)‎ 答案 ‎1.B　‎ ‎2.D　‎ ‎3.A　‎ ‎4.A　‎ Passage 24(2015福建,B)词数:396‎ Papa,as a son of a dirt-poor farmer,left school early and went to work in a factory,for education was for the rich then.So,the world became his school.With great interest,he read everything he could lay his hands on,listened to the town elders and learned about the world beyond his tiny hometown.“There so much to learn,”he say.“Though we born stupid,only the stupid remain that way.”He was determined that none of his children would be denied(拒绝)an education.‎ Thus,Papa insisted that we learn at least one new thing each day.Though,as children,we thought this was crazy,it would never have occurred to us to deny Papa a request.And dinner time seemed perfect for sharing what we had learned.We would talk about the news of the day;no matter how insignificant,it was never taken ‎ lightly.Papa would listen carefully and was ready with some comment,always to the point.‎ Then came the moment—the time to share the day new learning.‎ Papa,at the head of the table,would push back his chair and pour a glass of red wine,ready to listen.‎ ‎“Felice,”he say,“tell me what you learned today.”‎ ‎“I learned that the population of Nepal is...”‎ Silence.‎ Papa was thinking about what was said,as if the salvation(拯救)of the world would depend upon it.“The population of Nepal.Hmm.Well...”he say.“Get the map;let see where Nepal is.”And the whole family went on a search for Nepal.‎ This same experience was repeated until each family member had a turn.Dinner ended only after we had a clear understanding of at least half a dozen such facts.‎ As children,we thought very little about these educational wonders.Our family,however,was growing together,sharing experiences and participating in one another education.And by looking at us,listening to us,respecting our input,affirming(肯定)our value,giving us a sense of dignity,Papa was unquestionably our most influential teacher.‎ Later during my training as a future teacher,I studied with some of the most famous educators.They were imparting(传授)what Papa had known all along—the value of continual learning.His technique has served me well all my life.Not a single day has been wasted,though I can never tell when knowing the population of Nepal might prove useful.‎ ‎1.What do we know from the first paragraph?‎ A.The author father was born in a worker family.‎ B.Those born stupid could not change their life.‎ C.The town elders wanted to learn about the world.‎ D.The poor could hardly afford school education.‎ ‎2.The underlined word“it”in the second paragraph refers to“　　　”. ‎ A.one new thing B.a request C.the news D.some comment ‎3.It can be learned from the passage that the author　　　. ‎ A.enjoyed talking about news B.knew very well about Nepal C.felt regret about those wasted days D.appreciated his father educational technique ‎4.What is the greatest value of“dinner time”to the author?‎ A.Continual learning. B.Showing talents.‎ C.Family get-together. D.Winning Papa approval.‎ ‎5.The author father can be best described as　　　. ‎ A.an educator expert at training future teachers B.a parent insistent on his children education C.a participant willing to share his knowledge D.a teacher strict about everything his students did 答案 ‎1.D　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.D　‎ ‎4.A　‎ ‎5.B　‎ Passage 25(2014课标Ⅰ,A)词数:204‎ The Cambridge Science Festival Curiosity Challenge Dare to Take the Curiosity Challenge!‎ The Cambridge Science Festival(CSF)is pleased to inform you of the sixth annual Curiosity Challenge.The challenge invites,even dares school students between the ages of 5 and 14 to create artwork or a piece of writing that shows their curiosity and how it inspires them to explore their world.‎ Students are being dared to draw a picture,write an article,take a photo or write a poem that shows what they are curious about.To enter the challenge,all artwork or pieces of writing should be sent to the Cambridge Science Festival,MIT Museum,265 Mass Avenue,Cambridge 02139 by Friday,February 8th.‎ Students who enter the Curiosity Challenge and are selected as winners will be honored at a special ceremony during the CSF on Sunday,April 21st.Guest speakers will also present prizes to the students.Winning entries will be published in a book.Student entries will be exhibited and prizes will be given.Families of those who take part will be included in the celebration and brunch will be served.‎ Between March 10th and March 15th,each winner will be given the specifics of the closing ceremony and the Curiosity Challenge celebration.The program guidelines and other related information are available at:http://cambridgesciencefestival.org.‎ ‎1.Who can take part in the Curiosity Challenge?‎ ‎　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ A.School students. B.Cambridge locals.‎ C.CSF winners. D.MIT artists.‎ ‎2.When will the prize-giving ceremony be held?‎ A.On February 8th. B.On March 10th.‎ C.On March 15th. D.On April 21st.‎ ‎3.What type of writing is this text?‎ A.An exhibition guide. B.An art show review.‎ C.An announcement. D.An official report.‎ 答案 ‎1.A　‎ ‎2.D　‎ ‎3.C　‎ Passage 26(2014课标Ⅰ,C)词数:258‎ A typical lion tamer(驯兽师)in people mind is an entertainer holding a whip(鞭)and a chair.The whip gets all of the attention,but it mostly for show.In reality,it the chair that does the important work.When a lion tamer holds a chair in front of the lion face,the lion tries to focus on all four legs of the chair at the same time.With its focus divided,the lion becomes confused and is unsure about what to do next.When faced with so many options,the lion chooses to freeze and wait instead of attacking the man holding the chair.‎ How often do you find yourself in the same position as the lion?How often do you have something you want to achieve(e.g.lose weight,start a business,travel more)—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress?‎ This upsets me to no end because while all the experts are busy debating about which option is best,the people who want to improve their lives are left confused by all of the conflicting information.The end result is that we feel like we can focus or that we focused on the wrong things,and so we take less action,make less progress,and stay the same when we could be improving.‎ It doesn have to be that way.Anytime you find the world waving a chair in your face,remember this:All you need to do is focus on one thing.You just need to get started.Starting before you feel ready is one of the habits of successful people.If ‎ you have somewhere you want to go,something you want to accomplish,someone you want to become...take immediate action.If you clear about where you want to go,the rest of the world will either help you get there or get out of the way.‎ ‎1.Why does the lion tamer use a chair?　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ A.To trick the lion. B.To show off his skills.‎ C.To get ready for a fight. D.To entertain the audience.‎ ‎2.In what sense are people similar to a lion facing a chair?‎ A.They feel puzzled over choices.‎ B.They hold on to the wrong things.‎ C.They find it hard to make changes.‎ D.They have to do something for show.‎ ‎3.What is the author attitude towards the experts mentioned in Paragraph 3?‎ A.Tolerant. B.Doubtful.‎ C.Respectful. D.Supportive.‎ ‎4.When the world is “waving a chair in your face”, you advised to 　　　. ‎ A.wait for a better chance B.break your old habits C.make a quick decision D.ask for clear guidance 答案 ‎1.A　‎ ‎2.A　‎ ‎3.B　‎ ‎4.C　‎ Passage 27(2014课标Ⅱ,B)词数:235‎ Since the first Earth Day in 1970,Americans have gotten a lot “greener”toward the environment.“We didn know at that time that there even was an environment,let alone that there was a problem with it,”says Bruce Anderson,president of Earth Day USA.‎ ‎ But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement.Business people,political leaders,university professors,and especially millions of grass-roots Americans are taking part in the movement.“The understanding has increased many,many times,”says Gaylord Nelson,the former governor from Wisconsin,who thought up the first Earth Day.‎ According to US government reports,emissions(排放)from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons.The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9.Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with,the world is a safer and healthier place.A kind of “green thinking” has become part of practices.‎ Great improvement has been achieved.In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs;today in 1995 there are about 6,600.Advanced lights,motors,and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.‎ ‎ Twenty-five years ago,there were hardly any education programs for environment.Today,it hard to find a public school,university,or law school that does not have such a kind of program.“Until we do that,nothing else will change!”says Bruce Anderson.‎ ‎1.According to Anderson, before 1970, Americans had little idea about　　　. ‎ A.the social movement B.recycling techniques C.environmental problems D.the importance of Earth Day ‎2.Where does the support for environmental protection mainly come from?‎ A.The grass-roots level.‎ B.The business circle.‎ C.Government officials.‎ D.University professors.‎ ‎3.What have Americans achieved in environmental protection?‎ A.They have cut car emissions to the lowest.‎ B.They have settled their environmental problems.‎ C.They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.‎ D.They have reduced pollution through effective measures.‎ ‎4.What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph?‎ A.Education. B.Planning.‎ C.Green living. D.CO reduction.‎ 答案 ‎1.C　‎ ‎2.A　‎ ‎3.D　‎ ‎4.A　‎ Passage 28(2013课标Ⅰ,B)词数:261‎ The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital.She is quiet but alert(警觉).Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it.She stares at it carefully.A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another,this time with the spots differently spaced.As the cards change from one to the other,her gaze(凝视)starts to lose its focus—until a third,with three black spots,is presented.Her gaze returns:she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card.Can she tell that the number two is different from three,just 24 hours after coming into the world?‎ Or do newborns simply prefer more to fewer?The same experiment,but with three spots shown before two,shows the same return of interest when the number of spots changes.Perhaps it is just the newness?When slightly older babies were shown cards with pictures of objects(a comb,a key,an orange and so on),changing the number of objects had an effect separate from changing the objects themselves.Could it be the pattern that two things make,as opposed to three?No again.Babies paid more attention to squares moving randomly on a screen when their number changed from two to three,or three to two.The effect even crosses between senses.Babies who were repeatedly shown two spots became more excited when they then heard three drumbeats than when they heard just two;likewise(同样地)when the researchers started with drumbeats and moved to spots.‎ ‎1.The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the baby　　　. ‎ ‎　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ A.sense of hearing B.sense of sight C.sense of touch D.sense of smell ‎2.Babies are sensitive to the change in　　　. ‎ A.the size of cards B.the colour of pictures C.the shape of patterns D.the number of objects ‎3.Why did the researchers test the babies with drumbeats?‎ A.To reduce the difficulty of the experiment.‎ B.To see how babies recognize sounds.‎ C.To carry their experiment further.‎ D.To keep the babies interest.‎ ‎4.Where does this text probably come from?‎ A.Science fiction. B.Children literature.‎ C.An advertisement. D.A science report.‎ 答案 ‎1.B　‎ ‎2.D　‎ ‎3.C　‎ ‎4.D　‎ Passage 29(2013课标Ⅰ,C)词数:272‎ It happened to me recently.I was telling someone how much I had enjoyed reading Barack Obama Dreams From My Father and how it had changed my views of our President.A friend I was talking to agreed with me that it was,in his words,“a brilliantly(精彩地)written book”.However,he then went on to talk about Mr Obama in a way which suggested he had no idea of his background at all.I sensed that I was talking to a book liar.‎ And it seems that my friend is not the only one.Approximately two thirds of people have lied about reading a book which they haven the World Book Day “Report on Guilty Secrets”,Dreams From My Father is at number 9.The report lists ten books,and various authors,which people have lied about reading,and as I not one to lie too often(I hate to be caught out),I admit here and now that I haven read the entire top ten.But I am pleased to say that,unlike 42 percent of people,I have read the book at number one,George Orwell 1984.I think it really brilliant.‎ The World Book Day report also has some other interesting information in it.It says that many people lie about having read Jane Austen,Charles Dickens,Fyodor Dostoevsky(I haven read him,but haven lied about it either)and Herman Melville.‎ Asked why they lied,the most common reason was to“impress”someone they were speaking to.This could be tricky if the conversation became more in-depth!‎ But when asked which authors they actually enjoy,people named J.K.Rowling,John Grisham,Sophie Kinsella(ah,the big sellers,in other words).Forty-two percent of people asked admitted they turned to the back of the book to read the end before finishing the story(I come clean:I do this and am astonished that 58 percent said they had never done so).‎ ‎1.How did the author find his friend a book liar?‎ A.By judging his manner of speaking.‎ B.By looking into his background.‎ C.By mentioning a famous name.‎ D.By discussing the book itself.‎ ‎2.Which of the following is a“guilty secret”according to the World Book Day report?‎ A.Charles Dickens is very low on the top-ten list.‎ B.42% of people pretended to have read 1984.‎ C.The author admitted having read 9 books.‎ D.Dreams From My Father is hardly read.‎ ‎3.By lying about reading,a person hopes to　　　. 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ A.control the conversation B.appear knowledgeable C.learn about the book D.make more friends ‎4.What is the author attitude to 58% of readers?‎ A.Favorable. B.Uncaring. C.Doubtful. D.Friendly.‎ 答案 ‎1.D　‎ ‎2.B　‎ ‎3.B　‎ ‎4.C　‎ Passage 30(2013课标Ⅱ,D)词数:232‎ Low-Cost Gifts for Mother Day Gift No.1‎ Offer to be your mother health friend.Promise to be there for any and all doctor visits whether a disease or a regular medical check-up.Most mothers always say “no need”,but another set of eyes and ears is always a good idea at a doctor visit.The best part?This one is free.‎ Gift No.2‎ Help your mother organize all of her medical records,which include the test results and medical information.Put them all in one place.Be sure to make a list of all of her medicines and what times she takes them.“Having all this information in one place could end up saving your mother life,”Dr.Marie Savard said.‎ Gift No.3‎ Enough sleep is connected to general health conditions.“Buy your mother cotton sheets and comfortable pillows to encourage better sleep,”Savard said.“We know that good sleep is very important to our health.”‎ Gift No.4‎ Some gift companies such as Presents for Purpose allow you to pay it forward this Mother Day by picking gifts in which 10 percent of the price you pay goes to a charity(慈善机构).Gift givers can choose from a wide variety of useful but inexpensive things—many of which are “green”—and then choose a meaningful charity from a list.When your mother gets the gift,she will be told that she has helped the chosen charity.‎ ‎1.What are you advised to do for your mother at doctor visits?‎ A.Take notes. B.Be with her.‎ C.Buy medicine. D.Give her gifts.‎ ‎2.Where can you find a gift idea to improve your mother sleep?‎ A.In Gift No.1. B.In Gift No.2.‎ C.In Gift No.3. D.In Gift No.4.‎ ‎3.Buying gifts from Presents for Purpose allows mothers to　　　. ‎ A.enjoy good sleep B.be well-organized C.get extra support D.give others help 答案 ‎1.B　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.D　‎ ‎【三年模拟】‎ A组　2016—2018年模拟·基础题组 Passage 1(2018吉林省吉林市一次调研,B)词数:254‎ At 23, I was fresh out of graduate school and working in a nursing home, trying to decide my next path in life. My job involved wheeling residents to the community hall for activities. Elizabeth would wave from her darkened room but refuse to join the gatherings. Nearly blind and requiring oxygen, she never left her bedside. I soon learned, though, that she loved books, and every day after work I would read to her.‎ In dim light we made our way through “King Lear”, “Henry IV”, “Jane Eyre”, and the poems by Rupert Brooke.‎ Two golden hours might pass before I pack up to return to my apartment. Before I could leave she press my hand, saying, “Child—my literary child. You bring me such joy.” Elizabeth husband died a decade earlier, and their only child, a daughter, was distant for some heartbreaking reason I never knew.‎ One day an old friend of hers visited and brought her some soup. Smiling broadly, Elizabeth squeezed my arm. “Tomorrow, child, we shall feast.”‎ The next evening I found Elizabeth bed empty. “I sorry,” the nurse whispered. She handed me a box and nodded. “She left everything to you.” At home, I unpacked it, finding two white sweaters, the dozen leather-bound books and, at the bottom, the can of soup.‎ That summer I decided my path. I returned to school to study literature.‎ And for 26 years the soup has stayed in my kitchen. It remained unopened and now is rusted(生锈的). But the memories are preserved.‎ ‎　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ ‎1.Why did Elizabeth refuse to join the gatherings?‎ A.She had many books to read.‎ B.She was not a very social person.‎ C.She was restricted in her movement.‎ D.She had no interest in those activities.‎ ‎2.What do we know about Elizabeth?‎ A.She loved writing poems.‎ B.She often visited her friends.‎ C.She got divorced ten years ago.‎ D.She had little contact with her daughter.‎ ‎3.Which is correct to best describe the author according to the text?‎ A.She used to be a doctor.‎ B.She was inspired by Elizabeth.‎ C.She taught literature for 26 years.‎ D.She didn like the taste of the soup.‎ ‎4.What is the best title for the passage?‎ A.A book-loving friend B.An unforgettable literary journey C.An interesting nursing experience D.A short-term job and its lifelong impact 答案 ‎1.C　‎ ‎2.D　‎ ‎3.B　‎ ‎4.D　‎ Passage 2(2018广西柳州质量考评,C)词数:319‎ The tobacco industry in India is fighting a new government rule for cigarette containers, or packages. The new rule requires cigarette makers to print large warnings that include images, on cigarette packages.‎ Those in the tobacco industry say the measure will hurt the business of more than 45 million farmers. They also say it will lead to an increase in the sale of illegal cigarettes. Health officials say tobacco causes about 1 million deaths a year in India.‎ One point of view: Tobacco industry Representatives from the tobacco industry feel hopeful about the petitions(请愿) in the fight over the rule. The Tobacco Institute of India represents large tobacco companies. The group placed large advertisements in newspapers the day after the court ruled.‎ The advertisements note that the United States does not require such picture warnings. The ads also state that current warnings, such as the words “Smoking Kills”, are enough to discourage people from smoking.‎ Tens of thousands of tobacco sellers and farmers are also protesting the new rule. They say they are worried about the effects the new warnings will have on tobacco sales.‎ Another point of view: Health advocates Health advocates in India say they are happy with the ruling. They have long pushed for stronger warnings on packaging. Half of the population in India is under the age of 25.And many people cannot read. As a result, health advocates believe the images may work better than words of warning.‎ Discouraging the use of tobacco India has taken many steps to discourage the use of tobacco. Last year India raised taxes on tobacco products. And in April, the Indian capital New Delhi banned the sale of chewable tobacco. Chewable tobacco can cause mouth cancer. India has banned advertisements for tobacco products. It also banned smoking in public although that law is not enforced.‎ A World Health Organization study says tobacco-related diseases cost India about $22 billion in 2011.‎ ‎1.What does the government require the tobacco industry to do?‎ A.Limit the sale of illegal cigarettes.‎ B.Reduce the production of cigarettes.‎ C.Discourage farmers from producing tobacco.‎ D.Print stronger warnings on cigarette packs.‎ ‎2.What the attitude of the representatives from the tobacco industry towards their fight?‎ A.Thankful. B.Doubtful. C.Optimistic. D.Ambiguous.‎ ‎3.From the second point of view, we can infer that　　　　. ‎ A.many people ignore word warnings B.word warnings have little effect C.strong warnings scare smokers D.most Indians are educated ‎4.Which of the following measures to reduce cigarettes has not come into effect yet?‎ A.Banning public smoking.‎ B.Raising taxes on cigarettes.‎ C.Banning chewable tobacco.‎ D.Banning cigarette advertising.‎ 答案 ‎1.D　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.B　‎ ‎4.A　‎ Passage 3(2017江西南昌二模,B)词数:298‎ A small family approached. The daughter was young and pretty. Her name was Blair, and she was obviously leaving. Her parents were not. The three gazed at the crowd and began their wait. Blair was twenty-three, fresh from graduate school with a handsome r简历)but not ready for a career. A friend from college was in Africa as a volunteer for Peace Work, which had inspired Blair to devote the next two years to helping others. Her assignment was in eastern Peru, where she would teach primitive little children how to read. She would live in a hut with no modern conveniences, no electricity and no phones, and she was anxious to begin her journey.‎ The flight would take her to Miami, then to Lima, then by bus for three days into the mountains, into another century. For the first time in her young and sheltered life, Blair would spend Christmas away from home.‎ Luther, her father, was sad that Blair was leaving. The good-byes had all been said.“Are you sure this is what you want?”had been asked for the hundredth time. Then, the first announcement was made, the one asking those in first class to come forward.‎ ‎“I guess we better go,”Luther said to his daughter, his only child. They hugged again and fought back the tears. Blair smiled and said,“The year will fly by. I be home next Christmas.”‎ Nora, her mother, bit her lip, nodded and kissed her once more.“Please be careful,”she said because she couldn stop saying it.‎ ‎“I be fine.”‎ They released her and watched helplessly as she joined a long line and inched away, away from them, away from home and security and everything she ever known. They turned and got into endless sadness.‎ ‎1.What the reason for Blair decision to help others?‎ A.Her college requirement.‎ B.Her friend behavior.‎ C.Her successful career.‎ D.Her parents support.‎ ‎2.What were the family waiting for?‎ A.The flight to Miami.‎ B.The flight to Lima.‎ C.The bus to the mountains.‎ D.The bus to another century.‎ ‎3.Which words can best describe Luther and Nora feelings?‎ A.Pleased and appreciative.‎ B.Indifferent and cold.‎ C.Heartbroken but relaxed.‎ D.Understanding but worried.‎ ‎4.What can we infer about Blair in the passage?‎ A.She was twenty-three years old.‎ B.She was tired of city life.‎ C.She would be in first class on the flight.‎ D.She used to spend Christmas in Peru.‎ ‎ 答案 ‎1.B　‎ ‎2.A　‎ ‎3.D　‎ ‎4.C　‎ Passage 4(2017山东省实验中学4月模拟,D)词数:310‎ Recently, I had lunch with a young Chinese student who studies at a college in New York. He is very bright and aspiring and I enjoyed our conversation. Still I felt frustrated and useless afterwards because I was not able to provide him with any good news. Graduating at the end of this year, he asked me how he could find a job in this country and fulfill his career dreams.‎ In recent years, students who found a job here after graduation have had to go through a cruel lottery system to obtain their H1B working visa. And the success rates have been declining year after year because of the ever growing number of applicants. Last year, there were 233,000 applicants, and only 30 percent of them were lucky, less than half of the rate in 2013.‎ And it can only become worse. US President Donald Trump immigration policies in this country are tightening up and this trend will continue for at least the next few years. In this case, foreign students studying social science, a field in which starting salaries are rarely above the required amount, can kiss their visa hopes goodbye.‎ Compared to the older generation of Chinese students, today young people no longer consider the US as the only option. Many start to think China offers better opportunities in the longer term.‎ This is not to say that Chinese students in the US are not interested in job opportunities here any more. A few years of work experience in the US can give them leverage when they finally land back in their home country. But if the job opportunities are largely reduced by the tightening of immigration policy, I expect there will be a decline. And if that happens, it is the American economy that will suffer from the loss of those educated, hard-working and talented immigrants.‎ ‎1.The author felt frustrated because 　　　. ‎ A.he was not interested in the talk ‎ B.he didn fulfill his career dreams C.he couldn provide helpful advice ‎ D.he thought the student was useless ‎2.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?‎ A.The lottery system for H1B working visas is too tough.‎ B.Chinese students have no choice but to return to China.‎ C.President Trump is tightening up the immigration policies.‎ D.More and more students are applying for the working visa.‎ ‎3.What does the word “leverage” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?‎ A.Advantage. B.Language. ‎ C.Ability. D.Education.‎ ‎4.What is the author attitude to the tightening of immigration policy?‎ A.Doubtful. B.Supportive. ‎ C.Indifferent. D.Worried.‎ 答案 ‎1.C　‎ ‎2.B　‎ ‎3.A　‎ ‎4.D　‎ Passage 5(2016河南天一大联考Ⅳ,D)词数:218‎ ‎500 dog owners played the same games at home that researchers use in the laboratory and contributed data to a study of what goes on inside the minds of their dogs.‎ In one of the games, the dogs watched as their owners hid food under one of two cups. Then while the dog eyes were covered, the owner switched the food to the other cup. And the owners found that most dogs went to where they last saw the food.‎ The result has been repeated in seven different research groups and more than a dozen different studies. “Most people think dogs use their sense of smell for everything,”a researcher said. “But actually dogs use a whole range of senses when solving problems.”‎ The data were collected through a website called dognition.com that was developed by Brian Hare, an associate professor who studies dog cognition(认知).‎ Analysis of the unusually large data set created by dognition.com has also found that all dogs have a unique set of cognitive(认知的)skills that they use to deal with the world around them. Some dogs were found to be good communicators, some had better memories and others were better at taking their owners perspective.‎ ‎“Most people think of intelligence as a glass that is more or less full,”Hare said.“But intelligence is more like ice cream. Everybody has different flavors. Being good at one thing doesn mean you will be good at everything else.”‎ Hare said these kinds of findings were only possible with the big data sets that citizen scientists were able to offer.‎ ‎“So much is possible when you have this much data,”Hare said. “I looking forward to dog owners answering all the big questions that have puzzled scientists for decades.”‎ ‎1.What did most dogs use to find the hidden food in the test?‎ A.Memory. B.Feeling. C.Ears. D.Nose.‎ ‎2.Dog owners actively participated in the research　　　. ‎ A.to entertain themselves B.to test the IQ of their dogs C.to train their dogs to be more intelligent D.to help find out dogs problem solving skills ‎3.What can we infer from what Hare said?‎ A.Intelligence is unique to man and dogs.‎ B.Dogs use the same cognitive skills to handle problems.‎ C.There is still something about dogs puzzling scientists.‎ D.Dogs use a whole range of senses when solving problems.‎ ‎4.What is the main idea of the passage?‎ A.Dogs are not as clever as expected.‎ B.Citizens contribute a lot to dog research.‎ C.At home tests produce findings different from those got in laboratories.‎ D.Problems which have puzzled scientists for decades have been solved.‎ 答案 ‎1.A　‎ ‎2.D　‎ ‎3.C　‎ ‎4.B　‎ B组　2016—2018年模拟·提升题组 Passage 1(2018河南中原名校三次质检)词数:352‎ Career criminals begin their antisocial behavior during their toddler (学步的儿童) years and may go on with a life of crime if their behavior isn challenged, scientists have discovered. While most children grow out of their bad behavior by adulthood, a study found those who had “callous-unemotional (冷漠无情的) characteristics” could grow up to have problems with the law later in life. Behavior characteristics such as a lack of sympathy and lying in childhood could have an impact years on.‎ Luke Hyde, an assistant professor of psychology at the University of Michigan, said, “These are signs for parents and doctors to watch out for, as they may signal more than just the terrible twos.” He said, “Parents both take care of their child and provide their child genes so it been difficult to know if we seeing that parenting causes callous-unemotional behaviors, or if it is just a sign of the genes being passed to the child.”‎ The research also discovered that strict parenting is linked to the development of antisocial behavior. Scientists looked at 561 families in an adoption study that examined biological mothers antisocial behavior. The scientists found children of antisocial mothers were also more likely to exhibit the same behavior characteristics, despite having limited or no touch with them as they were adopted as babies.‎ ‎“The really exciting take-home message from this study is that small, day-to-day positive interactions (互动) that parents have with their young children can make a huge difference in children development, said Leslie Leve, a professor at the University of Oregon who co-led the data collection.‎ ‎“Even when children have inherited a very challenging set of behaviors, hearing ‘good job’, or receiving encouragement can help protect them from developing ‎ serious problems coming from their inherited difficulties,” he added. The study, worked on by scientists from the University of Michigan, Penn State University and the University of Oregon has been published in the American Journal of Psychiatry. Researchers will follow the group of children through early adolescence to determine if these behaviors still continue to exist from the toddler years.‎ ‎1.What the main idea of the passage?‎ A.Kids social behaviors are related to crime.‎ B.Criminals begin their crimes during adolescence.‎ C.Antisocial behaviors of kids could be on their way to a life of crime.‎ D.Warm-hearted kids are more likely to be criminals in the future.‎ ‎2.What conclusion might the scientists draw from the study?‎ A.Antisocial behaviors might be inherited.‎ B.The genes decide kids antisocial behaviors.‎ C.Antisocial behaviors have noting to do with crimes.‎ D.Adopted babies surely have antisocial behaviors when they grow up.‎ ‎3.What can be inferred from the passage?‎ A.Parenting is the main reason that causes kids antisocial behaviors.‎ B.What causes career criminals to begin their crimes is their parents characteristics.‎ C.Leslie Leve has a doubtful attitude to adoptive mothers active interactions with kids.‎ D.Inherited antisocial behaviors of kids can be lightened by positive parenting.‎ ‎4.Why will researchers track kids process of growing?‎ A.To make sure if kids behaviors will last.‎ B.To make sure if praise will change kids.‎ C.To determine if kids behaviors will be inherited.‎ D.To determine if parents comfort will protect kids.‎ 答案 ‎1.C　‎ ‎2.A　‎ ‎3.D　‎ ‎4.A　‎ Passage 2(2018安徽安庆重点中学二联,A)词数:234‎ All around the world, an increasing number of people are spending their time taking part in online volunteering projects. What encourages them to help strangers without expectation of money or even thanks?‎ Radha Taralekar helped teach Imelda how to protect herself from HIV, though the two have never met, and neither knows the other name. Taralekar received no payment for the job. For Taralekar, the project gave her the chance to use her professional experience. “I want to serve people with my medical knowledge,” she said. For some, the inspiration to volunteer online was far more personal. After losing his wife to cancer, Tony Selman spent many hours online helping Cancer Research to collect information on the illness. “Seeing how painful she was when my wife was dying, I decided to help scientists find a way to treat cancer,” he said.‎ Interests and hobbies are also one of the reasons. Sam Luk joined other online volunteers to try to help the police solve murder cases. The police posted them online, calling for volunteers to help them to make sense of the messages. “I am interested in this and I love Sherlock Holmes,” said Luk.‎ For writer Clay Shirky, some large online volunteering projects help millions of people, giving him a sense of achievement. He helps write Wikipedia, the world biggest encyclopedia (百科全书), which is written by people willing to use their professional knowledge.‎ ‎　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ ‎1.We can know that Radha Taralekar may be a 　　　　. ‎ A.teacher B.doctor C.writer D.policewoman ‎ ‎2.Why did Tony Selman decide to help Cancer Research?‎ A.He had much time to spend online.‎ B.He saw many people die of cancer.‎ C.His wife was dead because of cancer.‎ D.He became a member of Cancer Research.‎ ‎3.Sam Luk volunteered to help the police because of 　　　　. ‎ A.his interests and hobbies B.his duty C.money in return D.a sense of achievement ‎4.How many reasons why people help strangers online are mentioned in the text?‎ A.One. B.Two. C.Three. D.Four.‎ 答案 ‎1.B　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.A　‎ ‎4.D　‎ Passage 3(2017山东淄博二模,C)词数:309‎ Ever since Donald Trump was elected President of the US,the entire Trump family has been put under a microscope.‎ In China,the spotlight has been mainly focused on Trump and his daughter Ivanka.She is described on WeChat as an extremely influential role model with striking beauty,a successful career,and a happy family.She leads a dream life that a million girls would long for.Yes,she was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.But she got where she is by herself.‎ There always going to be articles that say people born into wealthy families are better looking and have a better family background than you,but these people do work harder than you.‎ There is a tendency in the media nowadays to encourage elitism(精英主义).They are trying to brainwash young people into thinking that they should invest an enormous amount of time and money in bodybuilding and appearance improvement.They make you believe that if you do as they say,you can improve the quality of your life and join the upper class.‎ But what the downside of being average or common? Do you really need to go to the gym five days a week unless you are a gym crazy? Do you really need to break your neck and sacrifice to earn your first pot of gold only to worry constantly about how to enter high society later?‎ Don let the idea of elitism get to you.Everybody has a right to the life they want.Human beings should not be judged as a success or failure based on whether they are a part of the upper class or not.As long as you lead a happy and comfortable life,why bother to chase after other people shadows? Choose your own life path and go for it. ‎ ‎　　　　　　 　　　　　　 　　　　　　 ‎ ‎1.Which of the following about Ivanka is NOT mentioned in the text?‎ A.She was born in a wealthy family.‎ B.She made it due to her father.‎ C.She has a successful career.‎ D.She is pretty beautiful.‎ ‎2.What is the author attitude towards the tendency in the media to encourage elitism?‎ A.Unconcerned. B.Doubtful.‎ C.Negative. D.Approving.‎ ‎3.What may be the best title for the text?‎ A.Run after stars shadows B.Elitism and the upper class C.Trump and his daughter Ivanka D.Follow your own course in life 答案 ‎1.B　‎ ‎2.C　‎ ‎3.D　‎ Passage 4(2017河南郑州三模,A)词数:385‎ Dear Alcohol,‎ You been around forever. I can remember all the pain you caused me.‎ Do you remember the night when you almost took my father life? I do. He loves you. Sometimes I think he loves you more than he loves me. He addicted to you and to the way you promise to rid him of his problems only to cause more of them. You just sat back and laughed as his car went spinning through the street, crashing into two other cars. He wasn the only one badly hurt by you that night.‎ Do you remember the night of my first high school party? My friends were intrigued by you. They treated you as if they were never going to see you again, drinking all of you that they could. I spent two hours that night helping my friends who had fallen head over heels in love with you. “I so embarrassed,” they said as I held their hair back so that they could throw up. “I sorry,” they said when I called a taxi for them, walking them out and paying the driver in advance. “This won happen again,” they said as they were sent to the hospital to have their stomachs pumped. Two 15-year-old girls slept in hospital beds that night due to you. ‎ Do you remember the night when you took advantage of my 17-year-old neighbor who had to drive to pick up his sister from her dance lessons? Do you know how we all felt when he hit another car head-on and killed two people in the other car? He died the next morning too. His sister walked home from her dance lessons, and passed police cars and a crowd of people gathering on the sidewalk just two blocks away from the dance studio. She didn realize her brother was among them at all. She never saw him again. And it was all your fault.‎ I wish you walk out of my life forever. I don want anything to do with you. Look at all the pain you caused. Sure, you made people happy too from time to time. But the damage you caused in the lives of millions is not excusable. Stop attracting the people I love! Stop hurting me, please.‎ Sincerely,‎ Me ‎1.What did alcohol do to the author father that night?‎ A.It made him drunken and took his life.‎ B.It made him kill two other people when he was driving.‎ C.It got him into a car accident and he was badly injured.‎ D.It got his stomach pumped.‎ ‎2.What does the underlined phrase “were intrigued by” probably mean in the letter?‎ A.Were interested in.‎ B.Were satisfied with.‎ C.Were familiar with.‎ D.Were disappointed by.‎ ‎3.What is the author purpose in writing this letter?‎ A.To warn people not to drive after drinking.‎ B.To persuade people to get away from alcohol.‎ C.To tell people three sad stories about alcohol.‎ D.To warn people against the pain caused by alcohol.‎ ‎4.How did the author feel while writing his letter?‎ A.Shocked. B.Responsible.‎ C.Disappointed. D.Sorrowful.‎ 答案 ‎1.C　‎ ‎2.A　‎ ‎3.B　‎ ‎4.D　‎ Passage 5(2016河北衡水中学5月模拟,B)词数:308‎ I have two kids, a boy and a girl. I don worry about my girl; I sure she be well trained in mixed martial arts. I worry about my son. I pretty sure he going to be feminine(女性化的). Sorry to say that, but let face it. No dad wants his son to go feminine.‎ At the rate we moving in a couple of years you won be able to tell the difference between boys and girls. Sound extreme? Think about this. In every movie where advanced time-traveling beings come to our planet there one constant: You can tell the male aliens from the female aliens!‎ But that the future. Kids today are soft and fat. People ask why. Is it junk food? No. Junk food has been around for fifty years. Is it video games? No. Video games have been around for thirty years. None of the kids playing them back in the day were terribly obese. We all scratching our heads trying to figure out what we introduced to society to ruin our kids. But it not anything we added that has ruined our kids. It stuff we gotten rid of.‎ Take the gym rope for example. Remember that thing that stretched from the floor to the ceiling in your gym class that you could never climb? Most of the kids couldn make it to the top. But that wasn the point; the point was you had to try while some middle-aged guy who couldn make it up a flight of stairs shouted at you. We should have put our son on that rope, and given him a head start. But we didn want to shame the boy, so we took it down.‎ Taking down the rope would be a good idea if there were no ropes in life. But they everywhere. You just can see them. They in every goal unrealized and expectation not met. The point everyone missed about the rope is you weren supposed to make it to the top. It was there to create a fire that burned in the oversized belly of every kid.‎ ‎1.What is the example of aliens used to show?‎ A.Girls are growing like boys.‎ B.Boys are going feminine.‎ C.There are really time-traveling beings.‎ D.Alien movies are popular with children.‎ ‎2.What causes kids today to be soft and fat?‎ A.Junk food. B.Video games.‎ C.Stuff introduced to society. D.Things removed from society.‎ ‎3.How does the author find teenagers today?‎ A.They have too much dignity.‎ B.They are overprotected.‎ C.They are less independent.‎ D.They are thought too highly of.‎ ‎4.What does the rope probably symbolize?‎ A.Goals. B.Expectations.‎ C.Competition. D.Assistance.‎ 答案 ‎1.B　‎ ‎2.D　‎ ‎3.B　‎ ‎4.C　‎