2020届人教版高考英语大一轮复习专用讲义：专题八定语从句

2020届人教版高考英语大一轮复习专用讲义：专题八定语从句

专题八定语从句 关系代词 关系代词 先行词 句法功能 who 人 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表语 whom 人 宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)‎ whose (＝of whom/of which)‎ 人或物 定语 that 人或物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)‎ which 物 主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)‎ as 人或物 主语、宾语 Each graduate standing on the playground, who was accompanied by a parent, would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.‎ 每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发毕业文凭。‎ My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.‎ 我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。‎ ‎1．关系代词that与which的用法 ‎(1)限制性定语从句中只用that不用which的情况：‎ ‎①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。‎ Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?‎ 你有什么要为自己说的吗？‎ ‎②先行词被序数词，形容词最高级，the only, the very, the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。‎ This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。‎ This is the only thing that we can do now.‎ 这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。‎ ‎③先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。‎ The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.‎ 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。‎ ‎④定语从句出现在which或who的特殊疑问句中时用that。‎ Which is the bike that you lost?‎ 哪辆是你丢的自行车？‎ Who is the boy that won the gold medal?‎ 赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁？‎ ‎⑤有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。‎ They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.‎ 他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产可能会造成污染的东西。‎ ‎⑥当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时。‎ Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.‎ 上海不再是过去的那座城市了。‎ ‎⑦主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时，用that不用which引导。‎ There is a seat in the corner that is still available.‎ 在那个角落还有一个座位可用。‎ ‎(2)只用which不用that的情况：‎ ‎①引导非限制性定语从句。‎ Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.‎ 海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然让其他的儿子很嫉妒她的小儿子。 ‎ ‎②关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。‎ This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.‎ 这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。‎ ‎③引导的定语从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体或部分概念。‎ The result was not the same as they had expected, which was rather disappointing.‎ 结果与当初预料的不一样，这让人觉得很失望。‎ ‎2．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别 which as 位置上 只能放在主句的后面 位置灵活，可放在主句前也可放在主句后，有时还可插入主句中 搭配上 无动词的限制 谓语动词通常是表示感觉或心理活动的动词，如see, hear, know, expect, remember等 意思上 意为“这一点”‎ 意为“正如……，正像……的那样”‎ She was late for school again, which was unexpected.‎ 她上学又迟到了，这是始料不及的。‎ She was late for school again, as we expected.‎ 正如我们预料的那样，她上学又迟到了。‎ ‎[名师指津]　as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as (像……一样的，像……之类的)；such (pron.)＋as (像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as (和……同样的)。‎ We have found such materials as are used in their factory.‎ 我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。‎ I have the same book as he has.‎ 我和他有同样的书。‎ ‎[命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.‎ 解析：that/which　分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，并在定语从句中作主语，修饰先行词study，故填that/which。‎ ‎②(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 — when the government started a soiltesting program________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers — and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.‎ 解析：that/which　空处引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语，修饰“a soiltesting program”，先行词表示物，故用that或者which。‎ ‎③(2017 ·浙江11月高考)The best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement, ________ means you'll just keep getting better and better.‎ 解析：which　空处引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，故填which。‎ ‎④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)But Sarah，________ has taken part in shows along with top models, wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.‎ 解析：who　分析句子结构可知，此处应是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是Sarah，故用关系代词who。‎ ‎⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time, they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden, ________ is on the rooftop of their house.‎ 解析：which　空处引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，故填which。‎ ‎⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things ________ were very important in my life at that time: car magazines and musical instruments.‎ 解析：‎ that/which　分析句子结构可知，things作其后定语从句的先行词，并在从句中作主语，故关系代词用that或which。‎ 关系副词 关系副词 先行词 句法功能 when 时间 时间状语 where 地点 地点状语 why 原因 原因状语(只引导限制性定语从句)‎ Sing! China has set up a big stage for young people with a talent for music, where some have stood out among them.‎ ‎《中国新歌声》为有音乐天赋的年轻人建立了一个大舞台，在这个舞台上一些人从中脱颖而出。‎ The reason why he failed in the exam was that he didn't study hard.‎ 他考试失败的原因是他学习不努力。‎ I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.‎ 我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。‎ ‎[名师指津]　当先行词为situation, case, stage, point等表示抽象意义的词，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where。‎ They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。‎ ‎[命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①(2017·浙江6月高考)Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，________ it remained until the carrot's leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it. For Pahlsson, its return was a wonder.‎ 解析：where　根据句子结构可知，此处为非限制性定语从句，先行词为“the garden”，在从句中作地点状语，故要用关系副词where引导。‎ ‎②(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s，________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.‎ 解析：when　先行词是表示时间的“the mid1980s”，且从句中缺少时间状语，故填关系副词when。‎ ‎③(2015·广东高考)When harvest came around，he was already selling herbs，vegetables ‎ and cotton in the market ________ people from the towns met regularly.‎ 解析：where　根据句子结构可以判断，在这里应填关系词来引导一个定语从句，修饰表地点的先行词“the market”，且从句中少地点状语，故填关系副词where。‎ ‎“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句 ‎1.“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句 构成 句法功能 用法指津 名词(代词)＋介词＋关系代词 主语 可转化为“whose＋名词”结构 数词(形容词最高级)＋of＋关系代词 主语 数词还可以被some, many, most, each等不定代词替换 介词(短语)＋关系代词 状语 关系代词只能用which或whom且不能省略，但可与关系副词互换 介词＋关系代词＋名词 状语 关系代词常用which 和whose 介词＋关系副词 状语 有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from或to Recently, I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonable.‎ 最近，我买了一个古代花瓶，它的价格很合理。‎ He has ten cousins, the youngest of whom is very clever.‎ 他有十个表兄弟，最小的那个很聪明。‎ Lily might possibly come, in which case I'll ask her.‎ 莉莉可能会来，要是那样的话我就去问她。‎ There is a big window in my room, from where I can see the railway station.‎ 我的房间有一个大窗户，透过它我可以看到火车站。‎ ‎2．“介词＋关系词”引导的定语从句的2个考查点 ‎(1)考查该结构中关系代词的选用 若介词放在关系代词之前，关系代词指人时常用whom，指物时常用which。‎ ‎(2)考查该结构中介词的选用 一般来说，确定关系代词前的介词，可以从以下三方面入手：先行词和介词的搭配习惯；从句中动词或形容词与介词的搭配习惯；句子意思表达的需要。‎ ‎[专题过关训练] ‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．Get yourself familiar with local laws and customs of the countries to which_you are travelling.‎ ‎2．At that time I was in Texas and I had a friend whose family business was running hotels.‎ ‎3．To the Egyptians, green was a color which/that represented the hope and joy of spring, while for Muslims, it means heaven.‎ ‎4．This woman has set a good example to her son, who is a really lucky guy.‎ ‎5．The watch, which_was a gift from his father, was very important to him and he was determined to find it.‎ ‎6．The settlement is home to nearly 1,000 people, many of whom left their village homes for a better life in the city.‎ ‎7．He wrote some of his most popular waltzes, among which_was the wellknown favourite The Blue Danube.‎ ‎8．Everywhere there are new freeways, tunnels and bridges which/that_carry the ever increasing traffic under or over the river.‎ ‎9．Reading has a lot of advantages, one of which is that it helps you develop reading skills.‎ ‎10．From this experience I have learnt that questioning can serve as a bridge that/which helps us to seek the truth.‎ ‎11．My house is about three kilometers far away from Xi'an Muslim Street which/that is full of local foods.‎ ‎12．At the same time, another student, who saw everything, went up to help.‎ ‎13．My father was easily cheated, which surprised me.‎ ‎14．Actually, it is important for us to communicate with our parents because they are the dearest people in our life, who care for us all the time.‎ ‎15．Take part in activities at school, through which you can make more friends.‎ Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句 ‎1．正如人们所发现的那样，许多语言学习是在生命的第一年进行的，所以在那个时期父母应该多跟孩子说话。(language learning, be discovered, happen, talk much)‎ A_lot_of_language_learning,_as_has_been_discovered,_is_happening_in_the_first_year_of_life,_so_parents_should_talk_much_to_their_children_during_that_period.‎ ‎2．我发现一个老人躺在地上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。(find sb. doing, take ... to)‎ I_found_an_old_man_lying_on_the_ground_and_I_took_him_to_the_hospital_in_a_taxi_immediately,_which_was_why_I_was_late_that_morning.‎ ‎3．我们学校里的老师，大多数都是三十多岁，把他们一切都奉献给了我们。(in one's thirties, devote oneself to)‎ The_teachers_of_our_school,_most_of_whom_are_in_their_thirties,_have_devoted_themselves_to_us.‎ ‎4．经常听些英语歌曲或看些英语电影，这有助于提高你的听力和口语技能。(listen to)‎ Often_listen_to_English_songs_or_watch_English_movies,_which_can_help_improve_your_listening_and_speaking_skills.‎ ‎5．他是那些学生中唯一一个连续三次获得一等奖的。(the only one, win the first prize, in a row)‎ He_is_the_only_one_of_the_students_who_has_won_the_first_prize_(for)_three_times_in_a_row.‎ ‎6．参观西湖是一次难忘的经历，一次我将永远珍惜的经历。(visit, value for the rest of my life)‎ Visiting_the_West_Lake_is_an_unforgettable_experience,_one_I__will_value_for_the_rest_of_my_life.‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 ‎(2019·河北衡水中学模拟)Have you ever had a case __1__ a mistake helped you understand an idea or a skill? For me, it was sailing. I took a sailing class when I was in high school. No matter how many times I read the __2__ (explain), I could not understand the difference between a “tack” and a “jibe” — two methods of turning a boat — one much __3__ (safe) than the other. Later, one day, when I was sailing, a heavy wind blew up. We needed to head back, __4__ I mistook the “tack” for the “jibe” and pushed the boat in the wrong direction. Before I realized __5__ (I) mistake, it was late. Luckily, no one __6__ (hurt). Only after this experience did I __7__ (clear) understand the sailing phrase “turning on the wind” that I ___8__ (read) so many times in the textbook. I never confused a “jibe” with “tack” again! Now I often share this story __9__ my students after they have made mistakes. I hope they can learn something from their mistakes and correct them instead of __10__ (regret) all day. ‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。文章叙述了作者通过一次航海经历才领悟到“tack”与“jibe”的区别。‎ ‎1．where　先行词是case，定语从句中关系词作地点状语，故用关系副词where。‎ ‎2．explanation(s)　由空格前的定冠词the可知此处需用名词形式。explanation是可数名词，再根据“how many times”可知应用其复数形式。‎ ‎3．safer　根据句中的“than”可知此处应用比较级形式。‎ ‎4．but　前后两个分句之间为转折关系，故填but。 ‎ ‎5．my　修饰名词mistake应用形容词性物主代词作定语。‎ ‎6．was hurt　此处叙述的是过去发生的事，且“no one”与hurt之间为被动关系，故用一般过去时的被动语态。‎ ‎7．clearly　修饰动词understand应用副词形式。‎ ‎8．had read　从句动作发生在主句谓语动作之前，因此表示“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。‎ ‎9．with　share sth. with sb.“与某人分享某物”。‎ ‎10．regretting　介词of后应用动名词形式。‎