2019届一轮复习人教版选修八Unit3Inventorsandinventions单元学案设计(34页word版）

2019届一轮复习人教版选修八Unit3Inventorsandinventions单元学案设计(34页word版）

‎2019届一轮复习人教版选修八Unit3Inventors and inventions单元学案设计 单元语法讲练：非谓语动词——过去分词 ‎( 三）过去分词： ‎ ‎1、过去分词的基本用法：过去分词只有一种形式，也没有主动语态，它所表示的动作是一个被动的或是已完成的动作。过去分词在句中也可用作定语、表语、宾语或状语等成分。过去分词在句中作某种成分时，其逻辑主语一般为该分词所表示的动作的承受者，如： ‎ ‎（1）作定语：过去分词作定语时，如果这个分词是一个单词，就位于其修饰的名词之前，如果是分词短语，就位于其修饰的名词之后。被过去分词所修饰的名词，就是该分词的逻辑主语，如：The stolen car was found by the police last week. ‎ ‎（2）作表语：过去分词作表语时，表示其逻辑主语所处的状态，其逻辑主语就是句中的主语，如：The glass is broken.这个玻璃杯是破的。 注：过去分词作表语时，和动词的被动语态结构相似，但两者表达的意义不同，如：The glass was broken by my little brother.这个玻璃杯是被我小弟弟打破的。作表语用的过去分词在许多词典中已列为形容词，如：crowded, devoted, discouraged, done, dressed, drunk, experienced, frightened, gone, hurt, interested, killed, known, learned, lost, pleased, satisfied, shut, surprised, tired, undressed, worried, astonished, broken, completed, covered等。 ‎ ‎（3）作宾语补足语：过去分词作宾语补足语时，句中的宾语就是其逻辑主语，如：When I opened the door, I found the ground covered by fallen leaves. 注：动词have后的复合宾语中，宾语补足语如为过去分词，常表示该分词所表示的动作是由别人来执行的而不是句中主语自己来执行的，如：I had my bike repaired yesterday. 昨天我（找别人）把我的自行车给修了。 ‎ ‎ （4）作状语：过去分词作状语时，相当于一个状语从句，该结构的逻辑主语一般都是主句的主语，是过去分词所表示意义的逻辑宾语。为了使作状语的过去分词意义更加明确，常在分词前加when, if, while, though, as等连词，如：Seen from the hill/ When seen from the hill, our town looks beautiful.; Given more time/ If given more time, we could have done it better.（we是该结构的逻辑主语，是give的逻辑宾语。） ‎ 独立主格：上述-ing和过去分词的用法中，-ing和过去分词在句中均有逻辑主语，但有时它们也能有 自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语，一般为名词或代词，位于其前之前，和-ing或过去分词构成独立主格。独立主格在句中一般只作状语用，而-ing和过去分词作用的形式，则要根据它们所表示的动作和句中谓语动词所表示的时间关系而定。至于独立主格中是使用-ing或是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动被动关系而定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. 注：The work having been finished, she sat down to have a rest. ①‎ 独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，如：The meeting (being) over, all left the room. ②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替，如：She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks./ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks. ‎ ‎2、-ing形式与过去分词的区别： ‎ ‎（1）语态不同：-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说；the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众。 ‎ ‎（2）时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如：The changing world正在发生的世界；the changed world已经起了变化的世界。‎ 易错易混点 ‎ ‎1．疑问词 ＋ 动词不定式：疑问代词和疑问副词后可加动词不定式构成不定式短语，在句中可作主语、表语或宾语，如：How to prevent them from swimming in this river is a problem. ‎ ‎2．动词不定式的否定式：由not ＋ 动词不定式构成.‎ ‎ 3．v.-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作主语、表语、宾语时的区别。 ‎ v．-ing形式：表示抽象或泛指的动作。 ‎ 不定式：表示具体某一次的动作。 ‎ She likes playing the piano, but she doesn't want to play ‎ it today. ‎ ‎ 4．v.-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作定语的区别。 ‎ v．-ing形式：动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。 ‎ 不定式：动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后。 ‎ eg. The girl writing a letter there can speak English very well. ‎ I have three letters to write. ‎ ‎5．v.-ing形式与动词不定式在作宾语补足语时的区别。 ‎ ‎(1)不定式作宾补时，其动作一般发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后， ‎ 如：I have told them to come again tomorrow. ‎ ‎(2)在see, watch, hear, feel等之后，如果用v.-ing形式作宾补，表示其动作正在进行中，而 用不带to的不定式作宾补时，不定式所表示的动作是一个动作的过程， ‎ 如：I hear her singing in the room. 我听见她正在屋里唱歌。 ‎ I hear her sing in the room. 我听见她在屋里唱过歌。‎ ‎6．v.-ing形式与动词不定式在句中作状语的区别。 ‎ v．-ing形式：表示时间、原因、方式或伴随情况。 ‎ 不定式：作目的或结果状语。 ‎ ‎7．v.-ing形式与过去分词的区别： ‎ ‎(1)语态不同：v.-ing形式表示主动概念，及物动词的过去分词表示被动概念。 ‎ an inspiring speech鼓舞人心的演说； the inspired audience受鼓舞的听众 ‎ ‎(2)时间关系不同：现在分词所表示的动作一般是正在进行中的动作，而过去分词所表示 的动作，往往是已经完成的动作，如： ‎ the changing world正在变化的世界 the changed world已经变化了的世界 ‎ ‎8．独立主格结构：有时v.-ing和过去分词在句中也有自己的独立的主语，这种独立的主语 一般为名词或代词，和v.-ing还有过去分词构成独立主格结构。该结构在句中一般只作状语。 独立主格中是使用v.-ing还是过去分词，则要根据它们的主语和其所表示的动作的主动或被 动关系来定，如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking. ‎ 注意：①独立结构中的being或having been常可省去，如： ‎ The meeting_(being)_over, all left the room. ‎ ‎②作伴随状语的独立结构常可用with短语来代替， 如： ‎ She read the letter, tears rolling down her cheeks. ‎ ‎＝ She read the letter with tears rolling down her cheeks.‎ 非谓语的解题步骤或思路 （1） 先判断空格部分所需的是主句，从句还是非谓语动词。 ‎ 独立的句子， 从句或非谓语 ‎ 独立的句子 加句号，分号或破折号的话，后再加一个独立的句子。 ‎ 独立的句子，（逗号） 有and,but, so 等词 加独立的句子。 ‎ ‎（2）再根据主句的主语，来判断主动或被动； ‎ ‎（3）接下来再判断时态， ‎ ‎（4）如果是否定的话，not一定要放在非谓语的前面 ‎ ‎（5）一定不要忘记主语一致的原则，如果不一致的话，要把非谓语的独立主语加上。‎ 非谓语常见的位置，或在句子中所担当的成分 ‎ （1） 非谓语动词短语， + 主句 或者是 主句， 非谓语动词短语 ‎ 这时的非谓语动词短语起到状语的作用 ‎ 例如： influenced by the growing interest in nature, more people enjoy outdaoor activities. ‎ 在这种情况下，首先,找出主句的主语，然后以主句的主语为出发点，来判断非谓 语动词是主动还是被动，如果已有的非谓语动词的主语和主句主语不一致，还要 考虑独立主格结构，也就是把非谓语动词的自己的主语加上去： ‎ 例如： All flights having been cancelled , they decided to take the train. 其次,把非谓语动词和主句的动词比较，看是否同时发生还是有明显的先后。 ‎ （2） 跟在介词，动词或某些形容词的后面固定搭配 ‎ 只接动词-ing形式而不接不定式作宾语的动词有： admit 承认 appreciate 感激 avoid 避免 put off 推迟 keep 保持 consider 考虑 delay/ postpone 耽搁 dislike 嫌恶 resist 抵制 mention 提及 enjoy 喜欢 escape 避免 excuse 原谅 practice 练习 mind介意 fancy想不到 feel like 意欲 finish 完成 risk 冒险 include 包括 forgive 原谅 give up 放弃 suggest 建议 miss 逃过 imagine 想象 can’t help 情不自禁 involve 需要 can’t stand 无法忍受 understand 理解 ‎ 常见的带介词to的短语： be used to 习惯 be related to 与……有关 get down to 着手做 contribute to 贡献 put one’s mind to 全神贯注于 give rise to 引起 be equal to 胜任 devote oneself to 献身于 lead to 导致 be opposed to 反对 look forward to 盼望 object to 反对stick to 坚持 pay attention to 注意 ‎（3） 介词后一定要加动词的-ing 形式； ‎ ‎（4） 跟在名词后面做定语时， 一般不用having done/ having been done 结构 ‎ ‎（5） 放在句首做主语 ， 一般用动词的ing 和to do … ‎ 特殊的非谓语短语 Generally speaking 一般来说 Considering …. 考虑到，鉴于 Time/weather permitting 时间、天气允许的话 Taking …into account 考虑到 Taking …into ‎ consideration 考虑到 Provided …假如 Providing…假如 Suppose…假如 Supposing…假如 Judging from/ by…根据…判断 Given sth 假如，如果；鉴于，考虑到 Given that…假如，如果；鉴于，考虑到 including sth (sth included)包括某事 非谓语动词基础练习 ‎1. He looked around and caught a man ______ his hand into the pocket of a passenger. A. put B. to be putting C. to put D. putting ‎ ‎2. When you’re learning to drive, _______ a good teacher makes a big difference. ‎ ‎ A. have B. having C. and have D. and having ‎ ‎3. I felt it a great honor ______ to speak to you. ‎ A. to ask B. asking C. to be asked D. having asked ‎ ‎4. I would love _______ to the party last night but I had to work extra hours to finish a report. ‎ A. to go B. to have gone C. going D. having gone ‎ ‎5. Before you decide to leave your job, _______ the effect it will have on your family. ‎ A. consider B. considering C. to consider ‎ D. considered ‎ ‎6. Robert is said _______ abroad, but I don’t know what country he studied in. ‎ A. to have studied B. to study ‎ C. to be studying D. to have been studying ‎ ‎7. It is said that in Australia there is more land than the government knows _______. ‎ A. it what to do with B. what to do it with ‎ C. what to do with it D. to do what with it ‎ ‎8. Anyone _______ bags, boxes, or whatever, was stopped by the police. ‎ A. seen carry B. seen carrying ‎ C. saw to carry D. saw carrying ‎ ‎9. Mr Reed made up his mind to devote all he had to _______ some schools for poor children. ‎ A. set up B. setting up ‎ C. have set up D. having set up ‎ ‎10. The discovery of new evidence led to _______. ‎ A. the thief having caught B. catch the thief ‎ C. the thief being caught D. the thief to be caught ‎ ‎11. She looks forward every spring to _______ the flower-lined garden. ‎ A. visit B. paying a visit C. walk in D. walking in ‎ ‎12. To test eggs, _______ them in a bowl of water: if they float they’re bad, if they sink they’re good. ‎ A. put B. putting C. to put D. to be putting ‎ ‎13. “Where is David?” “He is upstairs ______ ready to go out.”‎ ‎ A. to get B. getting C. to be getting D. having got ‎ ‎14. “Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day?” “________ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up.” ‎ A. Get B. Getting C. To get D. to be getting ‎ ‎15. He was reading his book, completely _______ to the world. ‎ A. lost B. losing C. to lose D. to have lost ‎ ‎16. We looked everywhere for the keys, but they are nowhere _______. ‎ A. to find B. to have found C. to be found D. being found ‎ ‎17. The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him _______. ‎ A. not to B. not to do C. not do it D. do not do ‎ ‎18. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______ in the kitchen. ‎ A. smoke B. smoking C. to smoke D. smoked ‎ ‎19. Finding her car stolen, _______. ‎ A. a policeman was asked to help B. the area was searching thoroughly ‎ C. it was looked for everywhere D. she hurried to a policeman for help ‎ ‎20. “How do you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers?” “The key ______ the problem is to meet the demand ______ by the customers.” ‎ A. to solving, making B. to solving, made ‎ C. to solve, making D. to solve, made ‎ ‎21. “What do you think made Mary so upset?” “_______ her new bike.” ‎ A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing ‎ ‎22. The research is so designed that once _______ nothing can be done to change it.‎ ‎ A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun ‎ ‎23. Though ________ money, his parents managed to send him to university. ‎ A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in ‎ ‎24. Tony was very unhappy for _______ to the party. ‎ A. having not been invited B. not having invited ‎ C. having not invited D. not having been invited ‎ ‎25. Though I have often heard this song _______. I have never heard you ______ it. ‎ A. being sung, sang B. sang, singing ‎ C. sung, sing D. to be sung, to sing ‎ 非谓语动词提高练习 ‎1. The great hall was crowded with many people, __ many children __on their parents’ lap ‎ A. including; seated B. including; seating ‎ C. included; sat D. included; sitting ‎ ‎2. It’s said that the Olympic Games _____ in Beijing in 20‎ ‎08 will cover more events than any other Olympics did. ‎ A. holding B. to be held C. held D. to be holding ‎ ‎3. _____ for a long time, most of the crops in this area died from lacking water. ‎ A. Being no rain B. There was no rain ‎ C. To be no rain D. There being no rain ‎ ‎4. Yesterday a street-beggar bought a lottery ticket purposelessly, _____ him a millionaire overnight. ‎ A. making B. makes C. to make D. made ‎ ‎5. In the face of the big fire in October in California, many people in the fire-stricken areas moved out _____. ‎ A. to escape burning B. to escape being burned ‎ C. escaping burned D. escaping from burning ‎ ‎6. Taking this medicine, if _____, will of course do good to his health. ‎ A. continued B. to continue C. continues D. continuing ‎ ‎7. The little boy still needs the _____ 20 dollars to do with some things _____. ‎ A. remaining; remained to be settled B. remaining; rem aining to be settled ‎ C. remained; remained to settle D. remained; remaining to settle ‎ ‎8. _____ his age, the little boy read quite well. ‎ A. Considering B. Considered C. Consider D. Having considered ‎ ‎9. _____ from the appearance, it is very peaceful; but in fact, a war will break out soon. ‎ A. Judged B. Judging C. Having judged D. To judge ‎ ‎10. — Tom enjoys _____ basketball on Sunday afternoons, doesn’t he? — Yes, he does. But what his sister enjoys _____. ‎ A. to play; dancing B. playing; to dance ‎ C. to play; to dance D. playing; is to dance ‎ ‎11. His letter, _____ to the wrong number, reached me late. ‎ A. having been addressed B. to have addressed ‎ C. to have been addressed D. being addressed ‎ ‎12. The Space Shuttle Columbia broke into pieces over Texas as it returned to the earth on February 1, 2003,_____ all seven astronauts aboard. ‎ A. having killed B. killing C. being killed ‎ ‎ D. killed ‎ ‎13. There are lots of places of interest _____ in our city. ‎ A. needs repairing B. needing repaired ‎ C. needed repairing D. needing to be repaired ‎ ‎14. — What caused the party to be put off? — _____ the invitations. ‎ A. Tom delayed sending B. Tom’s delaying sending ‎ C. Tom delaying to send D. Tom delayed to send ‎ ‎15. I was afraid _____ to my customers because I was afraid _____ them. ‎ A. of talking back; to lose B. of talking back; of losing ‎ C. to talk back; to lose D. to talk back; of losing ‎ ‎16. Standing on the top of the hill, I would not do anything but _____ the flowing of the smog around me. ‎ A. enjoy B. enjoying C. enjoyed D. to enjoy ‎ ‎17. — Is Tom a good talker? — No, he never speaks to me other than _____ something? ‎ A. ask for B. to ask for C. asked for D ‎. asking for ‎ ‎18. I can’t get my car _____ on cold mornings, so I have to try _____ the radiator with some hot water. ‎ A. run; to fill B. running; filling C. running; to fill D. ran; filling ‎ ‎19. The drunken husband knocked against the table and sent the bowls _____ in all directions before he was sent _____ by his wife. ‎ A. flying; to sleep B. flying; sleeping ‎ C. to fly; to sleeping D. to fly; to sleep ‎ ‎20. When we got back from the cinema, we found the lamp _____ but the door _____. ‎ A. being on; shut B. burning; shutting ‎ C. burning; shut D. on; shutting ‎ ‎21. We found the students seated at tables and had their eyes _____ on the scene of the launch of Shenzhou V spaceship. ‎ A. fixed B. fix C. fixing D. to fix ‎ ‎22. A doctor can expect _____ at any hour of the day or night. ‎ A. calling B. to call C. being called D. to be called ‎ ‎23. The boy often gives a satisfactory answer to the teac her’s question, _____ just a minute. So he’s usually the teacher’s pet. ‎ A. thought B. having thought C. and to think D. thinking ‎ ‎24. The policeman came up to the lonely house with the door ____, ____ there for a while and then entered it. ‎ A. open; to stand B. opening; stood ‎ C. open; stood D. opened; standing ‎ ‎25. _____ along the quiet road at forty miles an hour, and then an old man suddenly started to cross the road in front of me. ‎ A. Driving B. I was driving ‎ C. Having driven D. When I was driving ‎ ‎26. Mr. Smith was much surprised to find the watch he had had _____ was nowhere to be seen. ‎ A. repairing B. it repaired C. repaired D. to be repaired ‎ ‎27. What did the librarian _____ out of the library? ‎ A. permit to take B. forbid to be taken ‎ C. allow to take D. insist being taken ‎ ‎28. — Mum, why do you give me so much popcorn? — _____ the boring time. ‎ A. Kill B. Killing C. To kill D. H aving killed ‎ ‎29. What Yang Liwei wanted to do when he got out of the spaceship was __ the joy with all the Chinese. ‎ A. share B. shared C. having shared D. about to share ‎ ‎30. When she was alone at home, Mary needed a friend _____. ‎ A. playing with B. having played with ‎ C. with whom to play with D. with whom to play ‎ ‎31. _____ the big snake, the little girl stood under the tree _____ out of life. ‎ A. Seeing; frightened B. Seeing; frightening ‎ C. Seen; frightened D. To see; frightening ‎ ‎32. The competitor never dreamed of _____ for him to win the first prize in the 100-meter race. ‎ A. there was a chance B. there being a chance ‎ C. it being a chance D. it was a chance ‎ ‎33. _____ everything to go wrong in advance, and you won’t feel quite so bad when it does. ‎ A. Having expected B. Expect C. To expect D. Expecting ‎ ‎34. — You _____ part in the party on time. — Sorry, I was delayed by the accident. ‎ A. are to take B. have supposed to take ‎ C. were to have taken D. supposed to take ‎ ‎35. _____ with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain doesn’t seem high at all. ‎ A. When compared B. To compare C. While comparing D. It compared ‎ ‎36. _____ in her best suit, the girl tried to make herself _____ at the party. ‎ A. Dressed; noticed B. Dressing; noticing ‎ C. Dressed; noticing D. Dressing; noticed ‎ ‎37. The matter _____ your study surely requires _____ carefully. ‎ A. relating to; dealing with B. related to; dealt with ‎ C. related to; being dealt with D. relating to; having dealt with ‎ ‎38. _____ made her parents worried a lot. ‎ A. Her not to come back B. Not her to come back ‎ C. Her not coming back D. Not her coming back ‎ ‎39. Everything _____ into consideration, they believed themselves more and returned to their positions. ‎ A. to take B. taken C. to be taken D. taking ‎ ‎40. He moved away from his parents and missed them _____ enjoy the exciting life in New York. ‎ A. much so as to B. very much to C. too much to D. enough to ‎ ‎41. — What do you think of the plan? — It’s easier said than _____. ‎ A. carried out B. carrying out C. carry out D. to carry out ‎ ‎42. Many businessmen attended the Boao Forum (博鳌论坛)because they knew what _____ from the forum. ‎ A. to get B. to be got C. got D. getting ‎ ‎43. There was a famous person at the party whom everyone would like _____ to themselves. ‎ A. to introduce B. to be introduced ‎ C. introducing D. being introduced ‎ ‎44. — Were you at home last Sunday? — Yeah! I devoted the whole day to _____ the English grammar. ‎ A. review B. reviewing C. be reviewed D. being reviewed ‎ ‎45. Once _____ at the shop, you will be dismissed immediately. ‎ A. caught stealing B. caught to steal ‎ C. catching stealing D. to catch to steal ‎ ‎46. Prices of daily goods _____ through a computer can be lower than store prices. ‎ A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buying ‎ ‎47. _____, John returned to school from his hometown. ‎ A. The summer vacation being over B. The summer vacation is over ‎ C. Because the summer vacation over D. After the summer vacation being over ‎ ‎48. _____ she can’t come, who will do the work? ‎ A. Supposed B. Supposing C. Having supposed D. Being supposed ‎ ‎49. — Is there anything you want from town? — No, thank you. But I would like to get _____. ‎ A. those letters mailed B. mailed letters ‎ C. to mail those letters D. those letters mail ‎ ‎50. After the guests left, she spent as much time as she could _____ the rooms. ‎ A. tidy up B. to clear away C. clear away D. tidying up 基础练习答案 ‎1. 选D。catch sb doing sth 意为“碰上某人在做某事”或“逮住某做某事”。 ‎ ‎2. 选B。这是一个含when 引导时间状语从句的主从复合句，having a good teacher 在主句中用作主语。 ‎ ‎3. 选C。句中的 it 为形式主语，不定式 to be asked to speak to you 为真正主语，因“我”与ask为被动关系，故用被动式。 ‎ ‎4. 选 B。like 和 love后接不定式或动名词均可，但 would love / like 后只能接不定式，据此可排除选项 C、D。表示过去未曾实现的愿望，其后要接不定式完成式，即选 B。 ‎ ‎5. 选A，before 引导的是时间状语从句，填空句为主句，而此主句为一祈使句，故动词用原形。其中 it will have … 为修饰名词 the effect 的宾语从句。 ‎ ‎6. 选 A。根据句中的 studied 可知，他曾到国外留过学，也就是说“留学”这个动作已结束并发生在谓语动作(is said)之前，故用完成式，即选 A。 ‎ ‎7. 选 C。do with 与 what 连用可以表示“处置”、“放置”、“利用”等。如： What shall I do with it? 怎样处置它好呢? What have you done with my umbrella? 你把我的雨伞放到哪 里去了? I don’t know what to do with this strange object. 我不知道这怪东西有什么用。8. 选B。anyone seen carrying bags…为 anyone who was seen carrying bags 之略，其中过去分词短语 seen carrying bags … 用作定语修饰代词 anyone。另外，句中的 who was seen carrying bags 为 see sb doing sth 这一结构的被动式。‎ ‎9. 选 B。devote…to… 的意思是“把……贡献给……”或“致力于……”，其中 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，若后动词要用动名词。句中的 he had 为定语从句，用以修饰 all，注意不将 had to 视为同一个语义结构。 ‎ ‎10. 选 C。lead to 意为“导致”，其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，若后接动词要用动名词。由于逻辑主语 the thief 与catch 为被动关系，故答案选 C。 ‎ ‎11. 选 D。look forward to 意为“期盼”，其中 to 是介词，后接动词要用动名词。注意不能选 B，因为 pay a visit 不能带 the flower-lined garden 作宾语，假若在 paying a visit 后加上介词 to，则可选 B。 ‎ ‎12. 选A。句首的 to test eggs 为目的状语，填空句为祈使句谓语，故要用动词原形。 ‎ ‎13. 选B。现在分词短语表伴随。 ‎ ‎14. 选C。to get enough protein and nutrition 表目的。 ‎ ‎15. 选A。(be) lost to sth 为习语，意为“不再受某事物的影响”、“将某事物置之度外”。 ‎ ‎16. 选C。因keys 与 find 是被动关系。 ‎ ‎17. 选 A。不定式的否定式总是将否定词 not 置于不定式符号 to 之前，而不能置于其后，同时结合 tell sb (not) to do sth 这一结构可排除选项 C、D。当不定式的动词是前面已出现过的相同的动词时，为避免重复，通常省略该不定式而只保留不定式符号 to。 ‎ ‎18. 选 B。find 后可接现在分词（表示动作在进行）或过去分词（表被动关系）作宾语补足语，但是不接不定式。另外，由于he 与 smoke 是主动关系，故选 B。 ‎ ‎19. 选 D。非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语就是句子主语。比较四个选项，finding her car stolen 的逻辑主语显然是 she，而不是 a policeman, the area, it 等，故选 D。 ‎ ‎20. 选 B。the key to… 意为“……的关键”，其中的 to 是介词，不是不定式符号，若后接动词要用动名词。另一方面，名词 demand 与 make 是被动关系(make demands 提出要求)，同时根据句中的 by the customers，可确定答案选 B。 ‎ ‎21. 选 C。答句是针对疑问词 what 的回答，而问句中的疑问词 what 在句中用作主语，所以答句也应是一个能用作主语的东西，比较四个选项，只有C合适。其完整回答形式为 Losing her new bike made Mary so upset. 比较，下面一题要填不定式，因为四个选项中只有 To choose a new chairman 能回答疑问词 why： “Why was a special meeting called?” “______ a new chairman.” A. Choose B. Choosing C. To choose D. Chosen ‎ ‎22. 选 D。由于 the research 与 begin 是被动关系，故用过去分词 begun。Once begun 可视为 once it is begun 之省略。 ‎ ‎23. 选 C。由于 his parents 与 lack money(缺钱)是主动关系，故用现在分词，又因为 lack 是及物动词，故后接宾语无需用介词，故选 C。 ‎ ‎24. 选 D。非谓语动词的否定式要将否定词 not 放在整个非谓语动词之前，据此可排除 A、C。另外，由于 Tony 与 invite 是被动关系，故选 D。 ‎ ‎25. C。第一空填 sung，因为 song 与 sing 是被动关系；第二空填 sing，因为 you 与 sing 是主动关系。‎ 提高练习 ‎1.A。including为介词;由seat的用法可知,此处应用其过去分词形式。 ‎ ‎2.B。hold与the Olympic ‎ Games之间是被动关系,且2008奥运会尚未举办,应用不定式表将来。 3.D. There being no rain为 there be句型的独立主格形式。 ‎ ‎4.C。不定式作结果状语表示主语未曾预料到的结果。 ‎ ‎5.B。不定式作目的状语。escape 意为―逃脱‖,不接不定式,而常接-ing形式作宾语。只能接-ing形式作宾语的动词还有:mind, admit,avoid, appreciate, consider(考虑), delay, imagine, miss, practice等。 ‎ ‎6.A。if continued 是―if taking this medicine is continued‖的省略形式。 ‎ ‎7.B。第一个remaining用作形容词,作―剩下的‖解;第二个remaining to be settled 是-ing形式短语作定语。 ‎ ‎8.A。considering为介词,作―就……而论;考虑到‖解。 ‎ ‎9.B。judging from意为―从……来判断‖,为固定结构。 ‎ ‎10.D。enjoy后常接-ing形式作宾语; what his sister enjoys作主语,is to dance构成句子的谓语。 ‎ ‎11.A。address所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前,且与letter之间逻辑上存在着被动关系,having been addressed...在句中作非限制性定语。 ‎ ‎12.B。‎ ‎13.D。needing to be repaired相当于needing repairing,在句中作定语。另外,require和want也有类似的用法。 ‎ ‎14.B。Tom’s delaying sending是-ing形式的复合结构可代替what在句中作主语。 ‎ ‎15.D。be afraid to do作―不敢……‖解(侧重指不敢作出的一种行为); be afraid of doing 作―担心……‖解(侧重强调害怕产生某种后果)。 ‎ ‎16.A。but用作―除了‖解,当其前含有实义动词do时, 则but后的不定式短语要省去to。 ‎ ‎17.C。 other than asked for something相当于unless he is asked for something。 ‎ ‎18.B。get my car running意为―使我的车发动起来‖;try doing表示―试一试做某事的办法‖;try to do意为―努力去做某事‖。 ‎ ‎19.A。send sb./sth. doing意为―使 ……快速移动‖;send sb. to sleep意为―使某人入睡‖,其中to 为介词,sleep为名词。 ‎ ‎20.C。句中的burning, shut均作found的宾语补足语,表状态。 ‎ ‎21.A。fix one’s eyes/attention on/upon为固定短语,意为―注视,注意‖,故此处应用过去分词形式作宾语补足语。 ‎ ‎22.D。expect后跟不定式作宾语,call与doctor之间是被动关系。 ‎ ‎23.B。-ing形式短语作状语,且think(思考)表示的动作发生于give a satisfactory answer之前,故用having thought。 ‎ ‎24.C。with the door open是with 的复合结构,open 为形容词,表状态; stood与came, entered为并列关系,在句中作谓语。 ‎ ‎25.B。因句中有连词and,所以and 之前必须是一个并列关系的分句。 ‎ ‎26.C。he had had repaired是省去了关系代词that/ which的定语从句。 ‎ ‎27.B。forbid sb./sth. to do sth.为固定用法,此句中forbid 的宾语为what。 ‎ ‎28.C。why引导的特殊疑问句通常可用不定式短语来回答。 ‎ ‎29.A。what引导的名词性从句作主语且从句中含有实义动词do时,用作表语的不定式可不带to。 30.D。with whom to play为―介词+关系代词+不定式‖结构在句中作定语,其相当于一个定语从句(with whom she could play)。 ‎ ‎31.A。‎ ‎32.B。由题意―这位选手从来也没想到他竟有机会在100米比赛中获得第一名‖,及dreamed of后需用-ing形式短语可知应选B。 ‎ ‎33.B。句中and决定了前句应为祈使句。 ‎ ‎34.C。You were to have taken part in the party.意为―你本来应该参加那次聚会的‖。 ‎ ‎35.A。When compared...是When the highest mountain is compared...的省略。 ‎ ‎36.A。be dressed in, be lost in, be seated, be disappointed in等类似的短语在句中用作状语时,常用过去分词形式;make herself noticed意为―使自己被别人注意‖。 ‎ ‎37.A。 relate to意为 ―与……有关;涉及……‖,第一空既可以用relating to, 也可以用related to;deal with为固定短语,与the matter之间是被动关系,因此,应用dealing with(主动形式表被动意义)或to be dealt with。 ‎ ‎38.C。此句考查-ing形式的复合结构在句中作主语,其否定形式是在-ing形式前加not。 ‎ ‎39.B。everything taken into consideration是独立主格结构在句中作状语。 ‎ ‎40.C。此题考查―too...to...(太……而不能……)‖句型。 ‎ ‎41.A。carried out 与said是两个对等成分。‎ ‎42.A。英语中,许多动词(如:know ,decide, tell sb., show sb.等)后可接疑问代词或疑问副词+不定式短语的结构来作宾语。题中knew what to get相当于knew what they would get。 ‎ ‎43.B。此题考查would like sb. to do 的结构。题中的introduce与whom之间是被动关系。 ‎ ‎44.B。devote ... to ...中,to为介词。 ‎ ‎45.A。Once caught为Once you are caught 的省略; catch sb. doing sth.意为―发现或发觉某人正在做某事‖。 ‎ ‎46.B。bought through a computer是过去分词短语作定语。 ‎ ‎47.A。The summer vacation (being) over是独立主格结构在句中作状语。 ‎ ‎48.B。supposing (that)可引导条件状语从句,意为―假使‖。 ‎ ‎49.A。get sth. done意为―使(某人)做某事‖。 ‎ ‎50.D ‎ 单元综合知识运用 Ⅰ.阅读理解 A 话题 词数 建议用时 购物车的发明 ‎336‎ ‎8分钟 ‎(2018·石家庄高三教学质检)Almost everybody in America will spend a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart. They will in a lifetime, push the chromeplated_contraptions many miles. But few will know — or even think to ask — who it was that invented them.‎ Sylvan N. Goldman invented the shopping cart in 1937. At that time he was in the supermarket business. Every day he would see shoppers lugging groceries around in baskets they had to carry.‎ One day Goldman suddenly had the idea of putting baskets on wheels. The wheeled baskets would make shopping much easier for his ‎ customers, and would help to attract more business.‎ On June 4, 1937, Goldman's first carts were ready for use in his market. He was terribly excited on the morning of that day as customers began arriving. He couldn't wait to see them using his invention.‎ But Goldman was disappointed. Most shoppers gave the carts a long look, but hardly anybody would give them a try.‎ After a while, Goldman decided to ask customers why they weren't using his carts. “Don't you think this arm is strong enough to carry a shopping basket？” one shopper replied.‎ But Goldman wasn't beaten yet. He knew his carts would be a great success if only he could persuade people to give them a try. To this end, Goldman hired a group of people to push carts around his market and pretend they were shopping! Seeing this, the real customers gradually began copying the phony (假的) customers.‎ As Goldman had hoped, the carts were soon attracting larger and larger numbers of customers to his market. But not only did more people come — those who came bought more. With larger easiertohandle baskets, customers unconsciously bought a greater number of items than before.‎ Today's shopping carts are five times larger than Goldman's original model. Perhaps that's one reason why Americans today spend more than five times as much money on food each year as they did before 1937 — the coming of the shopping cart.‎ ‎1．What do the underlined words “chromeplated contraptions” in the first paragraph refer to?‎ A．Baskets.　　　　　　　 　B．Private cars.‎ C．Suitcases. D．Shopping carts.‎ 解析：选D　词义猜测题。根据画线词前的“... a part of his or her life behind a shopping cart.”可以得出，画线词的意思是购物手推车。‎ ‎2．What was the purpose of Goldman's invention?‎ A．It was to prove him to be a good inventor.‎ B．It was to reduce the burden of his employees' work.‎ C．It was to make shopping easier and attract more business.‎ D．It was to help the disabled make shopping easily in his market.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“... make shopping much easier for his customers, and would help to attract more business.”可知，C项正确。‎ ‎3．Goldman hired a group of people to push carts around his market in order to ________.‎ A．attract people to buy things in his market B．encourage people to use his shopping carts C．make his market different from the others D．keep the groceries from being stolen 解析：选B　细节理解题。根据第七段中的“persuade people to give them a try”可知，他雇一些人假装顾客在超市里面推购物车的目的是想鼓励人们使用他的购物车。‎ ‎4．What can we infer from the last paragraph?‎ A．Goldman will become very famous because of his invention.‎ B．Goldman's invention will be regarded as the greatest one in the world.‎ C．Supermarket business has benefited a lot from Goldman's invention.‎ D．There will be nothing that can replace Goldman's invention.‎ 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据最后一段的内容可知，现今购物车是Goldman发明的购物车的五倍大，那就可能是美国人今天的购物花费是购物车发明之前的五倍的一个原因。由此可推断出，超市的生意从Goldman的发明中受益匪浅。‎ B 话题 词数 建议用时 防止疲劳驾驶的装置 ‎317‎ ‎7分钟 ‎(2018·郑州市高中毕业年级质量预测)Nearly every driver has experienced that feeling of great tiredness, where it becomes almost impossible to stay awake at the wheel. 14yearold Katherine Wu is too young to have experienced this situation firsthand. However, she noticed how difficult it was for her dad to remain awake while driving back from their family vacations in Florida to their home in Maryland. Her mom had to talk to her dad all the way.‎ ‎“So I created a tool that can be used instead of my mom talking to my dad to make sure he stays awake and is safe，” she says. ‎ Her invention, “Driver's Companion”， can notice driver sleepiness and warn the driver if he or she is too tired to be on the road.‎ The user wears a headset (耳机), which sends information about the driver's brain waves (脑电波) to a tiny computer. The computer can be placed in front of the driver. The system then gives warnings, if needed. As the driver becomes sleepier, red color will be shown to warn him or her. The driver will also hear messages warning him to get off the road. The machine can say, “You're tired. Please take a break.”‎ After sending her invention to the 2014 Discovery Education 3M ‎ Young Scientist Challenge, Wu was chosen as a finalist and was able to work with Dr. Jesse Miller, who is a product development specialist.‎ ‎“He helped me understand how important it is to make sure that my invention worked for the people who were using it and that it was userfriendly，” Wu says.‎ As a young scientist, Wu has some advice for other students of her age: “I would like to tell them that they should choose something they're interested in. So they'll be willing to spend more time on it and enjoy working on it more. Also, when there's difficulty, they should just continue working hard because they'll get over it.”‎ ‎5．Why did Wu's mother talk to her dad all the way?‎ A．To prevent an accident.‎ B．To help him feel relaxed.‎ C．To discuss their vacations.‎ D．To make the trip enjoyable.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。由第一段中的“she noticed how difficult it was for her dad to remain awake while driving back”可知，Wu的母亲为了防止意外发生，一路上不断地跟Wu的父亲说话以使其保持清醒，故选A项。‎ ‎6．What is the purpose of “Driver's Companion”？‎ A．To show drivers the way.‎ B．To prevent drunk driving.‎ C．To improve driving skills.‎ D．To help drivers stay awake.‎ 解析：选D　细节理解题。由第三段中的“‘Driver'‎ s Companion’， can notice driver sleepiness and warn the driver if he or she is too tired to be on the road.”可知，“司机伙伴”能够让司机保持清醒，故选D项。‎ ‎7．Which of the following shows how “Driver's Companion” works?‎ A．Sleepiness→Headset→Warnings→Computer B．Sleepiness→Warnings→Headset→Computer C．Sleepiness→Headset→Computer→Warnings D．Sleepiness→Computer→Headset→Warnings 解析：选C　细节理解题。由第四段中的相关内容可知，C项正确描述了“司机伙伴”的工作顺序。‎ ‎8．Wu advises other young students ________.‎ A．to enjoy their lives B．to learn to love science C．not to do dangerous jobs D．not to give up what they love 解析：选D　细节理解题。由最后一段中的“they should choose something they're interested in”和“when there's difficulty ... just continue working hard because they'll get over it”可知，Wu建议其他学生要敢于选择自己感兴趣的事情并且要坚持做下去，故选D项。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 Nowadays, so many people are becoming interested in adventurous trips in the wild. No one intentionally gets lost in the wild, but circumstances such as weather conditions or medical emergencies may require the use of wilderness survival. __1__ Here are some of the tips：‎ ‎·Remain dry to keep body warm. Do not intentionally get wet. Avoid frostbite (冻伤) by staying out of the wind. __2__ Uncovered skin ‎ can become frostbitten in a matter of seconds under the wind conditions.‎ ‎·__3__ Check for other wildlife like bears, snakes before entering the shelter. Build a shelter with branches and ropes. Use as many branches as possible for added stability and protection against the wind and weather. If you are in a desert environment, try to build an underground shade shelter to avoid sun exposure so you can travel more comfortably in cooler temperatures.‎ ‎·Humans can live without food longer than they do without water. Dig a hole with hands or a stick several feet from a river or lake. Let the hole fill in by itself and use that water to drink. __4__ If not, check the dry river beds at night and it may contain water not found during the day. Conserve water by traveling at night and resting in the shade during the day.‎ ‎·Eat only known plant species. Berries, nuts or fruit will be your first choice. This is not the time to test your wild mushroom knowledge. __5__ If the animals eat it, it is probably safe for humans too. Dig trap holes to catch rabbits or small mammals. Fish and snakes are also available sources of protein that require little hunting skill.‎ A．Maintain protein levels by capturing and eating available meat sources.‎ B．Watch for signs of wildlife.‎ C．Wind is the biggest factor.‎ D．With key survival techniques, a person can survive in the wild until help arrives.‎ E．Boil water for 15 minutes if possible.‎ F．Look for a cave or other natural shelters.‎ G．Follow dry river beds to the water source.‎ 语篇解读：如今，越来越多的人喜欢参加野外冒险。本文就野外求生这一话题给出了四个实用技能。‎ ‎1．选D　本段第一、二句引出wilderness survival这一话题，D项承接上文，指出人需要具备一定的野外求生技能直到救援抵达，再紧接着下一句给出解答“Here are some of the tips”，从而引出文章主旨。‎ ‎2．选C　本段主旨是要保持温暖。由上句中的“staying out of the wind”和下句中的“under the wind conditions”可知，本段主要讲的是风对野外求生的影响，故选C项。‎ ‎3．选F　由本段多次出现的shelter一词可知，本段与寻找shelter(庇护所)有关，故选F项。‎ ‎4．选G　本段主旨与水相关。G项“沿着干涸的河床走以寻找水源”引出下句“如果不行，就在晚上的时候再检查一遍干涸的河床”，dry river beds为关键信息，故选G项。‎ ‎5．选B　本段主旨与吃相关。B项“注意观察野生动物的迹象”引出下句“如果动物能吃，人类应该也能吃”，前后照应，故选B项。 ‎ Ⅲ.短文改错 ‎(2018·河北石家庄一模)Never go into a supermarket hunger! This is a good pieceadvice. If you went shopping for food before lunchtime, you will probably buy more than you plan to. Unfortunate, just this advice isn't enough for consumers. Modern shopper need an education in how to buy things at the store. First, you can check the weekly newspaper ads. Find out the items what are on sale and decide if you really need these things. On other words, don't buy anything just because it's cheap than usual! Second, reading the list of contents on the back. Third, buy ordinary items instead famous brands.‎ 答案：第一句：hunger→hungry 第二句：piece后加of 第三句：went→go 第四句：Unfortunate→Unfortunately 第五句：shopper→shoppers 第七句：what→that/which 第八句：On→In; cheap→cheaper 第九句：reading→read 第十句：instead后加of