高考语法填空知识点总结

高考语法填空知识点总结

快乐英语（十六）‎ 语法填空解题指导 了解语法填空的考点和考法对解题非常有用。具体步骤大致为：‎ ‎⑴ 略读全文抓大意。‎ ‎⑵ 分析句子结构，根据所填词在句中充当什么成分确定要填哪类词，即从句子结构的完整性去思考该填哪类词。‎ ‎⑶ 根据句子意思的完整性去思考具体填哪个词。‎ ‎⑷ 根据前后句子之间的逻辑关系确定填适当的并列连词或从句的引导词。‎ ‎⑸ 先易后难，等容易的做好后再考虑难题。做完后再通读一遍，认真检查。‎ 备考指南 一是掌握基础语法：切实掌握每个项目中的基本用法，不淡化，但也不必深化。千万注意语法不要过细、过繁、过多、过难，不要将简单语法复杂化，而应想方设法使复杂的语法简单化，让语法变得更简、更易、更有趣。‎ 二是熟悉考点语法：语法填空的考点与短文改错的考点基本相同，具体有以下十大考点：‎ 考点1：名词 ‎ 弄清数与格。即名词是否该用复数，是否要用所有格。‎ ‎［例1］We were poor in those _______ (day). ‎ ‎［分析］因day是可数名词，受those修饰，应用复数，故填days。‎ ‎［例2］ It’s about an _____ (hour) drive from here. ‎ ‎［分析］句意是“离这里大约有一个小时的车程”，“一个小时的”用所有格，故填hour’s。‎ 考点2：代词 ‎⑴ 指代对象(通常是前面出现的名词或整句)，是人还是事物，是男还是女，是单数还是复数，是作主语还是作宾语。‎ ‎［例1］ The manager was about to leave when his secretary called ______ back.‎ ‎［分析］作called的宾语，应填代词；指代谁？指代The manager，是人; 由his可知, 这个经理是男的，是一个人，单数，且是作宾语，故填him。‎ ‎⑵ 如是物主代词(表示某人的)‎ ‎，作主语、宾语或表语用名词性物主代词，在名词前作定语只能用形容词性物主代词。‎ ‎［例2］Tom, a friend of ____ (I), is our monitor.‎ ‎［分析］ 指“我的朋友”中的一个，表示“我的朋友(my friend)”，相当于“一个形容词性物主代词+一个名词”的意义，用名词性物主代词，作介词of的宾语，故填mine。‎ ‎⑶ 反身代词反指谁，它通常作主语和宾语的同位语，这时应与主语或宾语一致；也可作某些动词或介词的宾语，这时需与主语一致。‎ ‎［例3］ The children amused _______ (they) by playing hide-and-seek games.‎ ‎［分析］缺宾语，应填代词；这些孩子拿谁取乐，应是“自娱自乐，游玩(amuse oneself)”，与主语The children一致，故填themselves。类似的短语还有enjoy oneself (玩得开心), teach oneself(自学), adapt oneself (适应), dress oneself(自己穿衣), devote oneself to(致力于), by oneself(单独地)等。‎ 考点3：冠词 ‎ 不定冠词表示泛指，可译作“一个/本/座/……”等；定冠词表示特指，相当于“这，这些，那，那些”。另外，搞清特指上文出现的或谈话双方心目中都知道的人或事物用the，以及在序数词前、最高级前、独一无二的事物名词之前，用the。如：‎ ‎［例1］It was _____ third time I had been there.‎ ‎［分析］在序数词前要用the。‎ ‎ [例2] This is ____ most boring film I’ve ever seen.‎ ‎[分析] 在最高级前要用the。‎ ‎[例3] He is _____ honest businessman, according to what everyone says.‎ ‎[分析] 可译作：根据大家的评说，他是一个诚实的商人。表示“一个”，用不定冠词，honest的读音以元音音素开头，故填an。‎ 考点4：连词 ‎⑴ 并列连词。‎ 连接两个或几个词、短语或句子的并列连词有and, or, but, neither…nor, either…or, whether…or等。‎ ‎[例1] As a citizen, you must obey the law _____ you will be punished. ‎ ‎[分析] 前后是两个句子，应填连词；根据句意可知填or，表示“否则”。‎ ‎[例2] He likes cats ______ dislikes dogs.‎ ‎[分析] 因likes cats与dislikes dogs是转折关系，故填but。‎ ‎⑵ 从句连词。‎ ‎① 引导名词性从句的连接代词或连接副词(有意思，并在从句中作句子成分)，以及that(不作任何句子成句，没有任何意义), 和表示“是否”的whether/if。其中要特别注意连接代词what的意义和用法。‎ ‎［例3］ He came to me in the belief _____ I could help him.‎ ‎［分析］空格后面的句子是belief的同位语，从句内容完整，也不缺少任何句子成分，故填that。‎ ‎［例4］ Owing to lack of time, we cannot do more than _____ we have done.‎ ‎［分析］在宾语从句中作have done的宾语，相当于the thing that，“所……的事”，用连接代词what。‎ ‎② 引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词。注意关系词是代表先行词并在定语从句中作句子成分的。‎ ‎［例5］I met someone _____ said he knew you.‎ ‎［分析］引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，用关系代词；先行词是人，故填who。‎ ‎［例6］ Li Ming won first prize in the competition, ________ made his father pleased.‎ ‎［分析］引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，用关系代词；先行词是“李明在这次比赛中得了第一名”这回事，故填which。‎ ‎③ 引导状语从句的从属连词。‎ ‎［例7］ We camped there ______ it was too dark to go on.‎ ‎［分析］因“天太黑不能继续走了”是“我们在那里宿营”的原因，故填because。‎ ‎［例8］ Such things, _____ you like it or not, do happen from time to time.‎ ‎［分析］由句意“不管你喜欢不喜欢，这样的事的确时有发生”及or可知，填whether引导让步状语从句。whether… or… 不管……还是……‎ 考点5：介词 ‎ 主要是at, in, on, for, since, with, without, from, as, after, before, behind等表示时间、地点、原因等的介词以及习惯用语中的介词。‎ ‎[例1] I am grateful to you _____ helping me.‎ ‎[分析] 因为某事感谢某人，用for表示感谢的原因。‎ ‎［例2］_____ time going by, I gradually realize the importance of health. ‎ ‎［分析］表示“随着”用介词With。With time going by =As time goes by随着时间的流逝。‎ 考点6：助动词 ‎⑴ 构成行为动词一般现在时和一般过去时的疑问句和否定句的do, does, did。‎ ‎［例1］ How much _____ he charge you for repairing the bicycle just now? ‎ ‎［分析］这是疑问句，由just now可知，是一般过去时，填助动词did。‎ ‎⑵ 强调行为动词一般现在时和一般过去时的谓语动词的do, does, did。‎ ‎［例2］To tell you the truth, Tom _____ take my pen by mistake yesterday, but he has said sorry to me.‎ ‎［分析］与yesterday连用，谓语动词本应用一般过去时，但take却用了原形，可见其前面应当有助动词或情态动词；根据语境，应当是表达“的确错拿了我的钢笔”，强调谓语动词，又是一般过去时，用did。‎ ‎⑶ 构成部分倒装的do, does, did。‎ ‎[例3] Not only _____ he do well in his study, but also he is always ready to help others. ‎ ‎[分析] not only…but also…连接两个句子时，前一个句子要用部分倒装；主语是第三人称单数，动词却用了原形do，可见前面应有助动词does, did；由后句的is可知，是一般现在时，故填does。‎ ‎⑷ 常用情态动词的基本用法。‎ ‎［例4］I ______ have gone to the school library, but it rained heavily, so I did not.‎ ‎［分析］表示“本应该做某事，但事实上却没有做”，用should have done sth. 表示，故填should。‎ 考点7：谓语动词 ‎ 谓语动词主要考虑时态、语态、语气、主谓一致等。从历年广东卷和全国卷来看，考得最多的是一般现在时和一般过去时，且只需看看上下文中谓语动词是用什么时态，跟着用什么时态就行了，十分简单。‎ ‎［例1］He was cooking some delicious food in the kitchen. Suddenly, he______ (find) that he had run out of salt. So Nick called…‎ ‎［分析］在主语人称代词he后作谓语，是谓语动词；因he与find是主动关系，用主动语态，由上下文的时态可知，用一般过去时，故填found。‎ ‎［例2］Last year, my brother and I went to Miami for a vacation. …but the man at the front desk said there had been a mistake. We _____ (tell) that our rooms hadn’t been reserved for that week…‎ ‎［分析］由tell sb. sth. 可知，用被动语态，表示我们“被告知” ; 又由上下文的时态(如went, said)可知，用一般过去时，故填were told。‎ ‎［例3］He suddenly appeared in class one day …He walked in as if he ______ (buy) the school…he was from New York City.‎ ‎［分析］由as if(好像)可知，可能用虚 拟语气；由语境可知，他是新来的同学，不可能是买下了学校，故用虚拟语气；这是叙述过去的事，与过去事实相反，用过去完成时，故填had bought。‎ 考点8：非谓语动词 动词是作谓语用的，当动词不是作谓语时，而是作主语、宾语、定语、状语、补语时，该动词就要用非谓语形式：to do(即用to+原形), doing(即-ing形式), done(即-ed形式)。‎ ‎ 根据三种形式的不同用法，以及非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系等来确定具体用哪种形式。‎ ‎［例1］Sue got home, _____ (feel) very tired.‎ ‎［分析］因已有谓语动词got，而feel前又没有并列连词，所以feel是非谓语动词；又因Sue与feel是主动关系，故填feeling，分词短语作伴随状语。‎ ‎［例2］______(build) in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old.‎ ‎［分析］句中已有谓语动词is，所以build是非谓语动词；又因the bridge与build是被动关系，故填Built。‎ ‎［例3］It has been his dream _________ (travel) round the world.‎ ‎［分析］It是形式主语，真正的主语是后面的不定式，故填to travel。‎ ‎［例4］______ (collect) stamps seems to be his main hobby.‎ ‎［分析］因seems to be…是谓语了，collect应为非谓语；由句子结构可知,填Collecting，动名词短语作主语，当然填To collect也是正确的。‎ ‎［例5］I didn’t talk much to the man _______ (sit) next to me.‎ ‎［分析］因句中已有谓语动词didn’t talk，所以sit应为非谓语动词；又因the man与sit是主动关系，故填sitting,分词短语作定语。‎ ‎［例6］She avoided _______ (answer) the teacher’s questions.‎ ‎［解析］在avoid后只能接动词的-ing形式作宾语，故填answering。顺便提提，一定要牢记: ① 只能接动词-ing形式作宾语的常用动词, 如finish, enjoy, consider, advise, suggest, feel like, can’t help等; ② 只能接to do作宾语的动词, 如plan, want, wish, hope, would like, refuse等; ‎ ‎③ 接to do与doing意思有差别的动词,如forget, remember, regret等；④ look forward to, devote oneself to等to是介词的短语动词。‎ 考点9：词类转换 ‎ 要求考生搞清楚，什么词类在句中作什么成分，或什么成分用什么词类的词来充当。复习要点主要有：‎ ‎⑴ 作主语、宾语、表语，用名词。亦即，名词就是在句中作主语、宾语、表语的。‎ ‎［例1］Several children are away from school because of ____ (ill). ‎ ‎［分析］作介词because of的宾语，要用名词，故填illness。‎ ‎⑵ 作定语、补语、表语，用形容词。亦即，形容词在句中是作定语、补语、表语的。‎ ‎［例2］ This is the only reference book that I find _____(use).‎ ‎［分析］that I find useful是定语从句，关系代词that代表先行词the book，在定语从句中作find的宾语，所以要填的词是作宾补的，故填形容词形式useful。‎ ‎⑶ 作状语，用副词修饰动词、形容词或另一副词，或修饰全句。亦即，副词就是用来作状语的。‎ ‎［例3］I arrived late but ______ (luck), the meeting had been delayed.‎ ‎［分析］修饰后面整个分句，作状语，填副词luckily。‎ 考点10：比较等级 ‎ 有than的前面要用比较级；有in, of, I have ever seen等表示比较范围的用最高级；根据语境理解隐形的比较级。‎ ‎［例1］It takes ______ (little) time to go there by plane than by train.‎ ‎［分析］由than可知，要用比较级，故填less。‎ ‎［例2］My pronunciation is poor. His is even ______ (bad).‎ ‎［分析］由even(更)可知用比较级，相当于后面省略了than mine，故填worse。‎ ‎［例3］Hainan is China’s second ______ (large) island.‎ ‎［解析］表示“第几大/长”，用“序数词+最高级”表示，故填largest。‎ ‎［例4］Mr. Li, our English teacher, is one of the ______ (nice) people I know.‎ ‎［解析］有定语从句I know 表示比较范围，用最高级，故填nicest。‎ 此外，作形式主语和形式宾语的it，构成强调句型的it, that都是很可能要考的，同学们务必要注意。‎ ‎［例1］I find ________ interesting to learning English.‎ ‎［解析］填it作形式宾语，真正的宾语是后面的不定式。‎ ‎［例2］It is because he has been working hard ___________ he has made such great progress.‎ ‎［解析］填that，与前面的It is构成强调结构。‎ 真题再练 ‎1. 2015 课标卷I ‎ Yangshuo, China ‎ It was raining lightly when I 61 _____ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didn’t care. A few hours 62_______, I’d been at home in Hong Kong, with 63 ____(it) choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain. I’d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River 64 _______ are pictured by artists in so many Chinese 65 _______ (painting). Instead, I’d head straight for Yangshuo. For those who fly to Guilin, it’s only an hour away 66 ______car and offers all the scenery of the better-known city. Yangshuo 67______(be) really beautiful. A study of travelers 68 ________ (conduct) by the website Trip Advisor names Yangshuo as one of the top 10 destinations in the world. And the town is fast becoming a popular weekend destination for people in Asia. Abercrombie & Kent, a travel company in Hong Kong, says it 69 ________ (regular) arranges quick getaways here for people 70 _______(live) in ‎ Shanghai and Hong Kong.‎ 本文作者记叙从香港来到桂林阳朔旅游的日记。‎ ‎61. arrived 当一个动作正在发生时突然又发生另外一事，when (=and just at that time)后的谓语动词用一般过去时。‎ ‎62. before 上文“现在来到了阳朔” 后文“我还在香港的家里”，可见是“几个小时之前”。‎ ‎63. its 指“香港的”令人窒息的烟雾。‎ ‎64. which/that 引导定语从句，先行词是mountain tops and dark waters。‎ ‎65. paintings 因受many修饰，要用复数形式。‎ ‎66. by 指开车一个小时的路程。‎ ‎67. is 指目前的状态或客观存在的状态。‎ ‎68. conducted 由conduct a study /survey (进行研究/调查)可知，a study与conduct是被动关系，故用过去分词短语作后置定语。‎ ‎69. regularly 修饰动词arranges作状语，用副词。‎ ‎70. living 因people与live是主动关系，故用现在分词短语作后置定语。‎ ‎2. 2014 课标卷I ‎ Are you facing a situation that looks impossible to fix? ‎ ‎ In 1969, the pollution was terrible along the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland, Ohio. It 1 ______ (be) unimaginable that it could ever be cleaned up. The river was so polluted that it 2 ________ (actual) caught fire and burned. Now, years later, this river is one of 3 ____ most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup. But the river wasn’t changed in a few days 4 _____even a few months. It took years of work 5 _________ (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water. Finally, that hard work paid off and now the water in the river is 6 ________(clean) than ever. ‎ ‎ Maybe you are facing an impossible situation. Maybe you have a habit 7 ________ is driving your family crazy. Possibly you drink too much or don’t know how to control your credit card use. When you face such an impossible situation, don’t you want a quick fix and something to change immediately? ‎ ‎ While there are 8 ________ (amaze) stories of instant transformation, for most of ‎ us the 9 ________ (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river. Just be 10 ________(patience).‎ 凯霍加河的河水1969年还沾得可以着火，但通过几年治理，河水变得清澈，成为治理环境的最突出的例子之一。作者以此为例说明，看似不可能处理的情况其实也是可能的，只是一定要有耐心。‎ ‎1. was 指1969年的情况，用一般过去时；上下句的时态也有提示作用。‎ ‎2. actually 修饰谓语动词caught，作状语，用副词。‎ ‎3. the 构成最高级。‎ ‎4. or 起并列作用，表示“或者”。‎ ‎5. to reduce 是it takes time to do sth.句型，不定式作真正的主语。‎ ‎6. cleaner 作表语，依然用形容词；由than可知，要用比较级。‎ ‎7. that /which 引导定语从句并在从句中作主语，先行词是a habit。‎ ‎8. amazing 在名词stories前作定语，要用形容词；由句意可知，需要填表示“惊人的”amazing。‎ ‎9. changes 作主语或冠词后应当用名词，change除作动词外也可作名词；由紧接着的are可知，要用复数形式。‎ ‎10. patient 在系动词be后作表语，要用形容词。‎ ‎3. 2014 课标卷II ‎ One morning, I was waiting at the bus stop, worried about 1 ______ (be) late for school. There were many people waiting at the bus stop, 2 ______ some of them looked very anxious and 3 __________ (disappoint). When the bus finally came, we all hurried on board. I got a place next 4 _____ the window, so I had a good view of the sidewalk. A boy on a bike 5 _______ (catch) my attention. He was riding beside the bus and waving his arms. I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver, but he refused 6 _______ (stop) until we reached the next stop. Still, the boy kept 7 _______ (ride). He was carrying something over his shoulder and shouting. Finally, when we came to the next stop, the boy ran up to the door of the bus. I heard an excited conversation. Then the driver stood up and asked, “8 ________ anyone lose a suitcase at the last stop?” A woman on the bus shouted, “Oh dear! It’s 9 _________(I).” She pushed her way to the ‎ driver and took the suitcase thankfully. Everyone on the bus began talking about what the boy had done, and the crowd of strangers 10 ___________ (sudden) became friendly to one another.‎ 本文作者记叙一次坐公交车的经历，作者亲历一位骑自行车的男孩拾到一位旅客的箱子后，一路追赶公交，直到下一站，将箱子交还失主，车上陌生人之间也因此变得相到友好。‎ ‎1. being 在介词后作宾语，动词be应用动名词形式。‎ ‎2. and 前后是两个句子，应填连词；不缺句子成分，意义完整，再根据两句意义之间的逻辑性判断，是并列关系，故填and。‎ ‎3. disappointed 因looked作“看起来”解是系动词，句中所给词与形容词anxious并列，一起作looked的表语，故用其形容词形式；再根据语境，可知其意为“失望的”，故填disappointed。‎ ‎4. to 因名词the window在句中不作主语、表语，也不作动词的宾语，很可能就是作介词的宾语；next to意为“在……的旁边，挨着……”，故填to。‎ ‎5. caught 在句中作谓语，考虑时态语态；a boy与catch是主动关系，又由语境可知用一般过去时，故填caught。 ‎ ‎6. to stop 表示“拒绝做某事”，是refuse to do sth.。‎ ‎7. riding 表示“继续/一直做某事”，是keep doing sth.。‎ ‎8. Did 考查疑问句的结构，本句是问“有人在前一个站丢了东西吗？”显然是过去时，而lose是原形，故填助动词Did，注意句首首字母要大写。‎ ‎9. mine /me 句中It可能是替代my suitcase，意为“那是我的箱子”，填mine；也可能是代替anyone，意为“丢东西的人是我”，填me。‎ ‎10. suddenly 修饰动词became，作状语，用副词。‎