高考表格式英语语法大全

高考表格式英语语法大全

基本语法表格 人称代词和物主代词 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 (现在时, 动词+s/es)‎ 复数 人称 代词 主格 I we you you she he it they these 宾格 me us you you her him it them those 物主代词(…的)‎ 物主性 my our your your her his its their these 名词性 mine ours yours yours hers his its theirs those 反身代词 自己 myself ourselves yourself yourselves herself himself itself themselves themselves 动词有5种形式 原形 ‎ 第三人称单数（+ s/es）‎ 过去时（+ ed）‎ 现在分词（+ ing）‎ 过去分词（+ ed）‎ play plays played be + playing have/has/had + played watch watches watched ‎ watching ‎ watched do does did doing ‎ done buy buys bought ‎ buying ‎ bought think thinks thought ‎ thinking ‎ thought teach teaches tought ‎ teaching ‎ tought 动词有4个种类 实义动词 like; read; watch; sit; buy肯定句直接用；变成否定句和疑问句，就必须用助动词do/does/did 来帮忙 ‎“三类动词”‎ 助动词 do/does/did 主要用来帮助实义动词变成否定句或疑问句 Be动词 be原形 – am/is/are现在时 – was/were过去时 – being进行时 –been完成时 情态动词 can–could能够； will–would打算、将要；shall–should打算、将要、应该；‎ may–might可以、也许；must必须；need需要； have to 不得不； ought to应该 注意：助动词和情态动词后面的动词只能用原形。‎ 句子从功能上有4种分类 种类 名称 用法 ‎1．陈述句 ‎（1）肯定句 ‎ I like English.‎ ‎（2）否定句 ‎①在“三类动词”后 + not I can’t speak English ‎②没“三类动词”，用do/does/did帮忙 I don’t like English ‎2．疑问句 ‎（1）一般 疑问句 ‎①把“三类动词”放在句子的开头，末尾加问号“？” Can you speak English?‎ ‎②没“三类动词”，用do/does/did帮忙 Do you like English?‎ ‎（2）特殊 疑问句 疑问词 + “三类动词”放在句子的开头，末尾加问号“？” What do you like?‎ 疑问词：what; who; whose; where; when=what time; why; which; ‎ how; how old; how long; how soon; how far; how much; how many; how often ‎（3）反义 疑问句 ‎①提问时：前后相反（前面肯定，后面否定；前面否定，后面肯定） I like English, don’t you?‎ ‎②回答时：前后一致（用什么问，就用什么答） Yes, I do. No, I don’t.‎ ‎3．祈使句 用动词原形放在句首，表示“建议、命令、要求”某人做某事 Do it by yourself.‎ ‎4．感叹句 ‎（1）How引导 ‎①How + 形容词 How beautiful! = How beautiful she is! ‎ ‎②How +形容词+ a/an + 可数名词 How beautiful a girl! 多美的女孩！‎ ‎（2）What引导 ‎③What + a/an +形容词+ 可数名词 What a beautiful girl! 多美的女孩！‎ ‎④What +形容词+不可数名词 What fine weather!=How fine the weather is!‎ 注意 事项 ‎①分清实义动词和“三类动词”‎ ‎②变化句子时, “三类动词”直接用, 如果是实义动词, 只能用助动词帮忙, 注意人称和时态的一致性.‎ ‎③助动词和情态动词后面的动词永远只能用原形. (看下面的例子, had在did后面变为原形have)‎ ‎④have/has/had单独使用是实义动词, 变句子时, 需要助动词do/does/did帮忙；在完成时态中, 是助动词, 则直接使用。‎ ‎（need和dare的用法也类似，不过两个词只在否定句和疑问句中做情态动词，其他情况做实义动词）‎ I had breakfast at 7:00 this morning. (had实义动词) I had played computer before you came back home. (had助动词)‎ ‎ I didn’t have breakfast at 7:00 this morning. I had not played computer before you came back home.‎ ‎ Did you have breakfast at 7:00 this morning? Had you played computer before I came back home?‎ ‎ What did you do at 7:00 this morning? What had you done before I came back home?‎ ‎ When did you have breakfast? When did you play computer?‎ ‎ Who had breakfast at 7:00 this morning? Who had played computer before you came back home?‎ 可数名词的复数 构成 举例 ‎1‎ 在名词后面加s fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples, bananas ‎2‎ 以s, x, sh, ch, th结尾的，加es boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes, faxes, foxes ‎3‎ 以辅音字母加y结尾的变y为i再加es baby-babies, family-families, duty-duties, comedy-comedies,‎ ‎4‎ 以元音字母加y结尾的直接加s day-days, boy-boys, toy-toys, key-keys, way-ways ‎5‎ 以o结尾加s（外来词）；‎ 但如是辅音加o的加es radios, photos tomatoes西红柿, potatoes马铃薯 ‎6‎ 以f或fe结尾的变f为v再加es knife-knives,half-halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-yourselves ‎7‎ 一般只有复数，没有单数的有 clothes; wages; people, crew, staff, police; pants, shorts, shoes, spectacles=glasses, gloves, socks, trouses; scissors; （由两部分组成的东西）‎ ‎8‎ 特殊形式的有 child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, goose-geese, mouse-mice, sheep-sheep; man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen ‎9‎ 合成词的复数一般只把后面一个词变为复数 action movie--action movies, pen pal--pen pals;‎ ‎10‎ 如果是由man或woman所组成的合成词的复数，则前后两个词都要变为复数 man doctor--men doctors, woman teacher--women teachers ‎ ‎11‎ 既可以是单数也可以是复数的一些集合名词 police警察局，警察；class班，同学；family家，家庭成员；organization机构；army军队；data 数据； jury 陪审团； audience 观众；enemy 敌人；media 媒体；bacteria 细菌；navy 海军；committee 委员会；flock 羊群 ‎12‎ 单复数相同 fish, sheep, deer鹿子, Chinese, Japanese ‎13‎ 单复数意思不同 fish鱼 fishes鱼的种类,‎ paper纸 papers报纸，卷子，论文 work工作 works作品，工厂 glass玻璃 glasses玻璃杯，眼镜 orange桔子水 oranges橙子 light光线 lights灯 cloth布 clothes衣服 people人 peoples民族 time时间 times时代, 次数 chicken 鸡肉 chickens 小鸡 water水 waters水域；公海 wood 木板； woods树林 ‎14‎ 常用的不可数名词 water, milk, fruit, meat, food, paper, air, weather, rice, ice, furniture家具 sheep羊肉, fish鱼肉 （动物表示肉类）‎ 注：‎ ‎①一般而言，抽象名词都是不可数名词，只有单数形式，没复数形式；但抽象名词具体化后，则由不可数名词变成可数名词。‎ Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk) with me? have a look，have a try. It is a waste of time reading such a novel. She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings. Physics is a science.‎ ‎②动词的第三人称单数的变化（即主语是现在时第三人称单数时，谓语动词+s/es）与以上规则相同。‎ 归纳; 以辅音字母＋y结尾的，变y为i： ①动词+ed ②形容词+er/est ③名词+es 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，双写末尾的辅音字母：①动词+ed ②形容词+er/est ③动词+ing 名词所有格（某人/物“的”东西）‎ 构成 举例 ‎1‎ 单数：在后面加’s brother’s, Mike’s, teacher’s ‎2‎ 复数：以s结尾的直接在s后加’，‎ 不以s结尾的，加’s Teachers’ Day教师节 classmates’ books同学们的书籍 ‎ Children’s Day六一节 Women’s Day三八节 ‎ ‎3‎ 由and并列的几个名词，如是共同拥有同一人或物，只在最后一个名词后加’s，如是各自拥有，则分别加’s。‎ Mike and Ben’s room迈克和本的房间（共住一间） ‎ Mike’s and Ben’s rooms迈克和本的房间（各自的房间）‎ Mike and Ben’s mother迈克和本的妈妈（两兄弟） ‎ Mike’s and Ben’s mothers迈克和本的房间（两家人）‎ ‎4‎ 动物和没生命的东西用of 所有格，不用’s所有格 a map of China; the name of her cat; the door of the bedroom 说明 ‎① ’s所有格 = of 所有格，但前后顺序相反 Tom’s book = the book of Tom Huaihua’s weather = the weather of Huaihua ‎② 一般而言，人用’s所有格，动物和没生命的东西用of 所有格 抽象名词具体化 一般而言，抽象名词是不可数名词，只有单数形式，没复数形式，不能和冠词连用；但抽象名词具体化后，则由不可数名词变成可数名词，因而有单复数变化，也可以和冠词连用。下面是高中阶段常用的一些抽象名词具体化：‎ ‎1‎ attraction (U)吸引, 吸引力;  (C)有吸引力的人或事物.‎ The idea of traveling to the moon has little attraction for me.‎ ‎ 到月球上旅行的想法对我没有什么吸引力. The city's bright lights, theatres, and movies are great attractions. 城里明亮的灯,戏院,电影等有巨大的吸引力. One of the main attractions of the job is the high salary.    这份工作最吸引人的是薪水高.‎ ‎2‎ atmosphere  (U)大气；(C)气氛        The atmosphere encompass the earth.大气包围着地球。       It has a nostalgic atmosphere. 这儿有一种怀旧的气氛。        I like the atmosphere here. 我喜欢这儿的气氛。 ‎ ‎3‎ ‎ beauty  (U)美, 美丽;  (C)美丽的人或事物      She was a famous beauty in her youth.   她年轻时是个有名的美人.      That new car is an absolute beauty.    那辆新车漂亮极了.‎ ‎4‎ ‎ comfort (U)安慰 ,慰藉, 宽恕;  (C)令人感到安慰的人或事物       The news brought comfort to all of us.    这消息给我们大家带来了安慰.       His husband was a great comfort to her when she was ill.    她生病时,她丈夫对她是个极大的安慰.‎ ‎5‎ ‎ danger (U) 危险, 风险;  (C)危险的人, 危险因素 ‎ Children's lives are in danger every time they cross this road.  孩子们每次过这条马路都面临着生命危险.        out of danger 脱离危险            Police said the man was a danger to the public. 警方说这个男子对公众是个危 险。    ‎ How does nature form a danger to people in the world?  自然现象是如何对全球人类造成威胁的?   ‎ ‎6‎ death  (U)死, 死亡;  (C)死亡的人        Air pollution alone causes about three million deaths every year.      仅空气污染就造成了每年近三百万人死亡.       If the hurricane had happened during the daytime, there would have been many more deaths.  若飓风发生在白天,那么死亡的人会多的多.‎ ‎7‎ delight  (U)高兴,愉快,快乐; (C)令人高兴的事,乐事,乐趣       To our great delight, the day turned out fine.      我们感到高兴的是天气转晴了.       The guitar is a delight to play.      弹吉他是件很惬意的事.       Her singing is a delight.    她的歌声使人快乐.‎ ‎8‎ difficulty  (U)困难,艰难,难度,困难性; (C)难做,难懂,难应付的事,难事,难点,难题       She got the door open with difficulty.   她艰难地把门打开了.   I had the great difficulty in persuading her.   我为了说服她,费了好大的劲儿.       He wants to marry her, but his parents are making difficulties.     他想娶她,但他父母从中阻挠.        She met with many difficulties when traveling.  她在旅行时遇到了许多伤脑筋的事. ‎ ‎9‎ experience  (U)经验; (C)经历,体验        by experience靠经验  valuable experience 宝贵的经验      ‎ ‎      Do you have any previous experience of this kind of work?      你以前做过这种工作吗?       an experience一次经历 He had many interesting experiences while traveling in Africa. 他在非洲旅行时遇到很多有趣的经历。‎ ‎10‎ failure  (U) 失败;  (C)失败的人或事物        The success or failure of the plan depends on you.   这项计划的成败取决于你. Failureis the mother of success失败乃成功之母       Failure in one examination should not stop you trying again.    一次考试不及格不应该防碍你再试一次.  I am a failure我是个失败者       The whole thing was a complete failure.  整个事情彻底失败了.    She was a failure as a teacher.    她当教师并不成功.‎ ‎11‎ fortune  (U)运气；机会；(C) 财产，财富        Fortune Fools have fortune. [谚]傻人有傻福。       Roll up a huge fortune 积聚起大笔财产        He cleaned up a small fortune. 他发了一笔小财.       He dreamed of making a fortune. 他梦想发大财。        He made a fortune in oil. 他做石油生意赚了一大笔钱。‎ ‎12‎ help   (U)帮助; (C)有帮助的人或事物         A tape-recorder or a mp3 is a great help for you to learn English. 录音机或mp3对你学英语帮助很大.         I am a good help to my mother at home.   我在家里是妈妈的好帮手.‎ ‎13‎ honour   (U)荣幸,荣誉; (C)给某人/某事增光的人或事物 win honor赢得荣誉             an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事)        We fought for the honour of our country. 我们为祖国的荣誉而战.         It is a great honour for me to be present at the conference.  ‎ ‎14‎ joy   (U)高兴,愉快,喜悦; (C)令人高兴的人或事,乐事,乐趣         jump with joy高兴得跳起来        The game was a joy to watch.看这场比赛真是开心.       He is a great joy to listen to.   他这个人,听他讲话就是极大的乐趣.‎ ‎15‎ kindness   (U)亲切,和蔼,仁慈,好意; (C)友好或仁慈,体贴的举动,好心的表现或行为        She always shows kindness to children and animals.她对孩子和动物总是很温柔.         He did it entirely out of kindness, not for money.   他做那件事纯粹出于好意,并非为钱.         It would be a great kindness to see him while he is so ill.      他病得很厉害,去探望他就是对他的极大关怀. ‎ Thank you，Tim.You have done me a kindness.‎ ‎16‎ knowledge  (U)知识；(C)（一门）学问        Knowledge begin with practice. 认识从实践开始。      Knowledge is no burden. 艺不压身。        Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。  A knowledge of English is a must in international trade.       I want an assistant with a knowledge of English and experience of office routine. 我需要一名懂英语和具有例行公事经验的助手。        He has only a theoretical knowledge of the language.   他只有这种语言的理论知识。  ‎ ‎17‎ pity  (U) 怜悯,同情; (C)可惜的事,遗憾的事        feel pity for 对...同情  out of pity出于同情      have pity on sb.怜悯某人       a pity可惜的事情 ‎ It's a pity the weather is not good for our outing today. ‎ 我们今天出去游玩天气不好,真遗憾.       It's a pity that you can't go to the theatre with us tonight.   你今晚不能和我们一起去看戏,真可惜. ‎ ‎18‎ pleasure (U) 高兴,快乐,愉快; (C)乐事,趣事        take (a) pleasure in 以...为乐        with pleasure 愉快地,高兴地, 乐意          a pleasure乐事       It is my pleasure. 我乐意做的事情.     It is a pleasure to work with you.跟你一起工作是一件令人高兴的事情.       It has been a pleasure meeting you.   认识你是十分高兴的事.    She has few pleasures left in life. 她的生活中已没有什么乐趣了.‎ ‎19‎ room (U)空间；(C)房间        There's no room for this piano.     房间里没地方放这架钢琴了。        Stay with us for several days. We have 20 rooms in the village.  过来和我们住一段时间吧。我们在村里有20间房子。 ‎ ‎20‎ satisfaction  (U)满足,满意; (C)令人满足或带来乐趣的事情        with satisfaction满意地       Playing the piano was one of his greatest satisfactions.      弹钢琴是他的最大乐趣之一.       It is a great satisfaction to know that he has arrived home safely. 知道他已经平安到家,我感到十分高兴.‎ ‎21‎ shame  (U)羞耻,羞愧,惭愧; (C)遗憾的事,可耻的人或事物       He felt no shame for what he had done.他对自己所做的事情不感到羞愧.     It is a shame to deceive the old man. 欺骗这位老人真是太可耻了.       What a shame that it rained so much during the vocation.      假期里下那么多雨,真是太遗憾了.‎ ‎22‎ sight [(U)视力，视觉； (C)情景，景象       Out of sight, out of mind.   眼不见，心不烦。  I cannot endure the sight. 我不能容忍这种情景。     ‎ It was a touching sight. 这是一幅动人景象。       It was a magnificent sight. 一路景色真美。 ‎ ‎23‎ success   (U)成功, 成名; (C)成功的人或事物 win success获得成功          a success一个(件)成功的人(事)       He's proud of his daughter's successes.  他为女儿的种种成就感到自豪.       Of his experiments, three were successes and one was a failure. 在他的实验中,有三个成功,一个失败.‎ ‎24‎ surprise  (U) 惊奇, (C)令人惊奇的事或消息, 意想不到或突然的事         in surprise惊讶地        a surprise一件令人惊讶的事  Her letter came as a complete surprise.   万万没想到会收到她的信.‎ ‎25‎ trouble   (U)困难,苦恼,痛苦; (C)麻烦事,困难事,负担       She's had so many troubles that she looks fifty, although she's only thirty.   使她苦恼的事情太多,虽然她只有三十岁,看上去却像五十岁了.       She has always been a great trouble to her father and mother.      她一直是她父母的一块心病.‎ ‎26‎ youth青春         a youth一个青年人 ‎27‎ wonder  (U)惊奇,惊讶,惊异,惊叹,惊愕; (C)令人感到惊奇的事情,奇迹, 奇观       in/with wonder 惊奇地  no wonder 毫不奇怪     The Great Wall is one of the eight wonders of the world. 长城是世界八大奇迹之一.‎ ‎28‎ worry   (U)担心,担忧,忧愁; (C)烦恼事,令人担忧的人       Her face showed signs of worry. 她脸上显出担忧的神情.        My father has a lot of worries.   我父亲有许多烦心事. ‎ 高考题 ‎1. Jumping out of _______airplane at ten thousand feet is quite ________exciting experience. ‎ A.不填；the B.不填；an C. an；an D. the；the ‎ ‎2. Many people agree that ________knowledge of English is ________must in international trade today. ‎ A. a；a B. the；an C. the；the D.不填；the ‎ ‎3. One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain ________good knowledge of basic word information. ‎ A./ B. the C. a D. one ‎ ‎4. ---I hear that as many as 150 people were killed in the earthquake. ---Yes，________news came as ________shock to us. ‎ A. the；the B. the；a C.不填；不填 D.不填；a ‎ ‎5. He has ______great interest in history，especially in ______history of Tang Dynasty. ‎ A. a；the B. a；/ C./；the D./；a ‎ ‎6. .For many Beijingers, dreams of living in______ green area are becoming ______ reality. ‎ A. a；a B. the；the C.不填；不填 D. the；不填 ‎7. The police have ________power to arrest bad people by ________law. ‎ A. the；the B. a；a C. the；不填 D.不填；the ‎ ‎8. He is________ help to me. ‎ A. the B. / C. a D. an 动词+ed的构成方式 ‎ 构成 举例 ‎1‎ 直接在词尾加ed ‎ work-worked; play-played; want-wanted; act-acted ‎2‎ 以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，直接加d live-lived; move-moved; taste-tasted; hope-hoped, help-helped ‎3‎ 以辅音字母+ y结尾的，把y变为i 再加ed study-studied; copy-copied; cry-cried; carry-carried ‎4‎ 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加ed stop-stopped 动词+ed的发音规则 ‎ 构成 举例 ‎1‎ 动词词尾为t，d时，发/ id /音 want →wanted; need →needed ‎2‎ 动词词尾为t，d以外之浊辅音或元音时，发/ d /音 call →called; stay→stayed; cry→cried ‎3‎ 动词词尾为清辅音时，发/ t / 音 help→helped; laugh→laughed; look→looked; kiss→kissed; ‎ wash→washed; watch→watched 动词+ing的构成方式 构成 举例 ‎1‎ 直接在词尾加-ing 注意：与名词复数+es、动词过去式+ed、形容词比较级+er/est不同，词尾为 “辅音字母+ y”，不要变y为i，而是直接加ing。 ‎ go–going; do–doing; ask–asking; read-reading, work-working, study-studying,‎ look-looking, eat-eating, play-playing, wash-washing, plant-planting,‎ borrow-borrowing, pick-picking, paint-painting, cry-crying, study–studying;‎ carry–carrying; fly–flying; worry– worrying ‎2‎ 以不发音的e字母结尾的动词，要去掉e再加ing make-making, write-writing, skate-skating, close–closing, come-coming, take-taking，have-having, dance-dancing, live–living; hope-hoping ‎3‎ 若结尾的e 发音, 就不能去掉 see-seeing ‎4‎ 以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要双写这一辅音字母，再加ing run-running, swim-swimming, get-getting, sit–sitting, put–putting, begin–beginning, hit-hitting, stop-stopping, forget – forgetting ‎5‎ 在少数几个以ie 结尾的动词后：须将ie 变作y，再加ing。‎ die–dying; tie–tying, lie–lying lie--- lied --- lied --- lying撒谎 ‎ lie --- lay --- lain --- lying 躺/放 lay --- laid --- laid --- laying下蛋 动词的分类 种数 分 类 ‎1‎ 实义动词与“三类动词”（助动词、Be动词、情态动词）：由陈述句变成否定句和疑问句，“三类动词”直接用，实义动词则必须用助动词do/does/did 来帮忙。‎ ‎2‎ 及物动词（vt）与不及物动词（vi）：英语句子必须有主语和谓语，是否需要宾语，得看谓语是及物动词还是不及物动词。及物动词后面必须接宾语，不及物动词则不能直接接宾语，需要加介词才能接宾语。（因而有无数的动词短语，须死记硬背。）‎ I read a book. （vt） I wait for you. （vi） I turn on/off the light. （vi） I arrived at Huihua this afternoon. （vi）‎ ‎3‎ 延续动词与短暂动词：‎ ‎①在过去进行时态中，表示过去某两个动作同时进行，延续动作用was/were doing，短暂动作用-ed ‎ I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in.‎ ‎②在完成时态中，只有延续性动词才可以接for引导的时间段，短暂动词则不能。‎ ‎ I have bought this book for 2 years. (错) I have bought this book. (对) （改法1：去掉for引导的时间段）‎ ‎ I have kept this book for 2 years. (对) （改法2：用另一个延续动词代替原来的短暂动词，常用have, be, keep, use来代替）‎ I bought this book 2 years ago. (对) （改法3：把完成时态变为过去时态，句末加ago）‎ It is (has been) 2 years since I bought this book. (对) （改法4：变成句型“It is/ has been……since”，从句中用过去式bought。）‎ ‎③一些表示位置移动的短暂动词，如come, go, get on/off, take off, leave, arrive, move, begin, start等，人做主语，可以用进行时表将来时。如是物做主语，则用一般现在时态。He’s leaving for Beijing tomorrow. The plane leaves at 3 o’clock this p.m.‎ ‎4‎ 动作动词和状态动词。‎ ‎①英语中的动词就其词汇意义来说可分为动作动词(Activity verb)和状态动词(State verb)。动作动词强调主语在做的动作，而状态动词强调主语所处的状态，状态动词通常不用于进行时态[参考“现在进行时”第（5）点]。‎ ‎②英语中的有的动词加前缀-a，由动做变成状态，不过词性也发生了变化。sleep-asleep; wake-awake; like-alike; ‎ 例如：wake是动词, awake是形容词, 可作表语, 不能作定语。My mother wakes me up every morning. The baby is awake.‎ ‎5‎ 谓语动词(predicate verb)与非谓语动词(Non-predicate verb)：在句子中做谓语的动词就叫谓语动词，做其他成分的动词叫非谓语动词(doing, to do, done)。‎ ‎①主语(Subject)：Watching TV is waste of time. To study English well is my aim. ‎ ‎②宾语(Object)：I like to watch TV. I like wathing TV.‎ ‎③表语(Predicative)：The book is interesting. The work is done. I am to do it.‎ ‎④定语(Attribute)：The walking cat is lovely. The working teacher is Mr. Chen. The work done is useful.‎ ‎⑤宾补(Object Complement)：I have my hair cut. Mr. Chen made us recite the English article.‎ ‎⑥状语(Adverbial)：Walking on the street, I met Mr. Chen. Having done the work, I went home. Being a teacher, I work hard.‎ 时态语态公式 时态 主动 被动 be + done （过去分词）‎ ‎1．一般现在时 do / does am/is/are done ‎2．一般过去时 ‎①did ②used to do was/were done ‎3．一般将来时 ‎①will/shall do ②am/is/are going to do will/shall be done ‎4．现在进行时 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done ‎5．过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done ‎6．将来进行时 will be doing will be done ‎7．现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done ‎8．过去完成时 had done had been done ‎9．将来完成时 will have done will have been done ‎10．现在完成进行时 have/has been doing have/has been done ‎11．过去将来时 would do would be done ‎ 主动/被动 主动 被动： be + done (be-am/is/are-was/were-being-been)‎ ‎1．一般现在时 I do my homework every day My homework is done (by me) every day.‎ ‎2．一般过去时 I did my homework yesterday.‎ My homework was done (by me) yesterday.‎ ‎3．一般将来时 I will do my homework tomorow.‎ My homework will be done (by me) tomorrow.‎ ‎4．现在进行时 I am doing my homework now.‎ My homework is being done now.‎ ‎5．过去进行时 I was doing my homework at 3:00 yesterday afternoon.‎ My homework was being done at 3:00 yesterday afternoon ‎6．将来进行时 I will be doing my homework tomorrow.‎ My homework will be done tomorrow.‎ ‎7．现在完成时 I have already done my homework.‎ My homework has already been done.‎ ‎8．过去完成时 I had done my homework before yesterday afternoon.‎ My homework had been done before yesterday afternoon ‎9．将来完成时 I will have done my homework tomorrow.‎ My homework will have been done tomorrow.‎ ‎10．现在完成进行时 I have been doing a half of my homework.‎ My homework has been done a half.‎ ‎11．过去将来时 I said that I would do my homework next week.‎ I said that my homework would be done next week.‎ 时态基本用法 时态 基本用法 举例 ‎1．一般现在时 表示现在或经常做的事：（主语单数，动词 + s/es）‎ always, usually, often, sometimes, seldom, never, every day(week, month, year),once a week, now and then, from time to time, at times （客观规律和自然现象只用一般现在时）‎ I do my homework every day.‎ She often does her homework at night.‎ The sun is bigger than the earth.‎ The sun rises from the east.‎ ‎2．一般过去时 表示过去做的事：yesterday; last year (week, month); ago, a few days ago (几天前)… （时间大、笼统）‎ I did my homework yesterday.‎ She used to do her homework at night.‎ ‎3．一般将来时 表示将来打算做的事：tomorrow, next year (week, month); in the future (未来)…‎ I will do my homework tomorrow.‎ She is going to do her homework tomorrow.‎ ‎4．现在进行时 表示现在正在做的事：now I am doing my homework now.‎ ‎5．过去进行时 ‎①表示过去某个时间正在做的事：at 3:00 yesterday afternoon ‎（时间小、具体）‎ ‎②表示过去某两个动作同时进行，延续动作用was/were doing 短暂动作用-ed过去时 I was doing my homework at 3:00 yesterday afternoon.‎ I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in.‎ ‎6．将来进行时 表示将来某个时间一定要做的事：‎ I will be doing my homework tomorrow.‎ ‎7．现在完成时 表示现在已经做完的事：‎ already （用于肯定句的中间）yet（用于否定句的结尾）‎ for 接时间段，表示一段时间（只有延续性动词才能用）‎ since接时间点，表示“自从……以来”‎ I have already done my homework.‎ She hasn’t done her homework yet.‎ I have worked in Huaihua for 16 years.‎ I have worked in Huaihua since 1994‎ ‎8．过去完成时 ‎①表示过去某个时间以前已经做完的事：before/after ‎②表示过去某个动作以前已经做完的事：before/after I had done my homework before yesterday afternoon.‎ After I had done my homework, I went to bed.‎ ‎9．将来完成时 表示将来某个时间要做完的事：‎ I will have done my homework tomorrow.‎ ‎10．完成进行时 表示现在已经做完一部分，剩下的还要继续做完的事：‎ I have been doing a half of my homework.‎ ‎11．过去将来时 表示过去对未来打算要做的事（用于间接引语和虚拟语气）‎ I said that I would do my homework next week.‎ 时态详细用法 时态 用法 ‎1．一般现在时 ‎（1）表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态。常用频度副词sometimes, often, always, usually, seldom及时间副词 every day / night / week / month / year, in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night做状语。如：‎ He often stays up late. We go home every month. I watch TV at night. ‎ ‎（2）客观事实和普遍真理。（客观事实无论谓语的时态是什么都用一般现在时。）‎ He said that the sun rises in the east. The earth travels round the sun. ‎ Trees turn green in spring. Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。 ‎ ‎（3）现阶段的状态。常跟时间副词now连用。如：‎ He lives in Beijing now. She is at home. They work in that factory. ‎ ‎（4）习惯性的爱好或行为。如： I like dancing while she likes singing. He studies very hard. ‎ ‎（5）（用物做主语）‎ 表示已经计划、安排好了或时间表上所安排要做的事情。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式，主要是表示位置移动的动词：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, move, return, fly，或瞬间动词close, open等。可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用，但不用将来时。‎ When does the plan leave? The plane leaves at 3 o’clock this afternoon.（不用将来时）‎ The train arrives at five past eight and leaves at ten past eight. 火车八点过五分到，八点过十分离开。‎ Our class begins at 7:45. The shop opens at eight o’clock. ‎ ‎（6）时间、条件、方式及让步状语从句中的谓语动词是将来的动作或状态时，用一般现在时表示。引导此类从句的词有：when, as, while, before, after, whenever, till, until, as soon as, the moment, if, unless, once, as long as, on condition that等, 如：‎ If you come tomorrow, we will wait for you. When he gets here, the work will be finished. ‎ Though he disagrees with us, he will do as we decided. I’ll give the letter to him as soon as I see him.‎ ‎（7）在以here或there开头的倒装句中用一般现在时表示正在进行的动作。‎ ‎ Look! Here comes the bus. Listen! There goes the bell.‎ ‎2．一般过去时 ‎（1）表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态。常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, two days ago, the other day等明确的过去时间连用。但绝对不可与recently, in the past 10 years, this month等与现在有关系的时间段连用，否则就应该用现在完成时或一般现在时。如：‎ He was here just now. What did you do yesterday? ‎ I have read two books this month. （现在完成时）‎ ‎（2）在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。如：‎ We often played together when we were children. ‎ ‎（3）表示过去经常发生的动作还可用used to do和would。如：‎ He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now. Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. ‎ ‎① used to do 表示过去常常做某事I used to play basketball last year= I often played basketball last year.‎ ‎② used to do的否定形式和疑问形式很特别：used not to do, didn't used to do, didn't use to do都对。‎ ‎③ sth be used to do 表示某样东西被用于做什么 The wood is used to make desks.‎ ‎④ sb be used to doing = sb be accustomed to doing 表示某人习惯于做什么I have been used to living in Huaihua.（4）would与used to 表示“过去常常……”的区别：‎ ‎ ①表示过去持续的状态或情况用used to，而would不与表状态的动词连用。‎ ‎ There used to be a hospital here. The milu deer is a kind of deer that used to be common in China long ago.‎ ‎ ② would可跟sometimes, often, for hours等表示时间的副词(短语)连用，而used to不行。‎ ‎ The old man would sometimes sit beside the river for hours, paying no attention to anything around him.‎ ‎ ③与现在或将来比较表示“过去常常(而如今却变了)”，使用used to,不能用would。‎ ‎ I used to drink coffee, but now I drink tea instead. He told us he used to play football when he was young.‎ ‎（5）表示主语过去的特征或性格。如：At that time she was very good at English. ‎ ‎（6）用在状语从句中表示过去将来。如：He said he would wait until they came back. ‎ ‎（7）一般过去时有时可以表示现在，多与 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等动词连用，使语气更委婉。如：‎ I wondered if you could help me. ‎ ‎（8）注意英语和汉语“时间差”的用法区别，如：‎ ‎—Your phone number again? I didn’t quite catch it. 请再说一次你的电话号码，好吗？我刚才没听清楚。‎ ‎—It’s 2566666. 是2566666。 I didn’t know you were here. 没想到你在这里。‎ ‎（9）表示一系列的动作，尽管有先后，都用一般过去时，最后两个动词之间用and连结。如：‎ He opened the door, rushed out and then disappeared. 他打开门，冲了出去，然后就消失了。‎ ‎3．一般将来时 一般将来时表示在将来的某个时候将要发生的动作或存在的状态。有以下多种表达方式：‎ ‎（1）“will /shall+动词原形”‎ I’ll (shall / will) do a better job next time. The concert will start in a minute. ‎ ‎（2）“be going to+动词原形”：表示打算和预测。如：‎ We are not going to stay there long. I’m afraid they’re going to lose the game. ‎ ‎（3）“be to+动词原形”：着重指按计划或安排将要发生某事，常表示“职责、意图、约定”，有时也表示“命令、禁止或可能性”。后可跟时间状语。如：‎ He is to leave for Beijing tomorrow. Tell him he’s not to be back late. ‎ The students are to meet at the school gate tomorrow. The president is to visit the company.‎ ‎（4）“be about to+动词原形”：着重指最近或马上要发生的动作。不与具体的时间状语连用(而其他结构则可以)如： ‎ Look! The race is about to start. ‎ Wrong: The medical team is about to start immediately/tomorrow. ‎ Right: The medical team is about to start.‎ ‎（5）“be due to+动词原形”：表示按计划或时间表将要发生某事。如：‎ The strike is due to begin on Tuesday. ‎ ‎（6）用现在进行时（用人做主语）：这种结构表示按计划即将发生的动作，但只适用于表示位置移动的动词，例如：go, come, leave, start, arrive, move, return, fly (乘飞机)等，并常伴有表示将来时间的状语以区别于进行时的动作。We’re having a party next week. He’s leaving for Beijing tomorrow. Mr. Brown is coming next week.‎ ‎（7）用一般现在时（用物做主语）：表示已经计划、安排好了或时间表上所安排要做的事情。常见的用法是：飞机、火车、轮船、汽车等定期定点运行的交通方式，主要是表示位置移动的动词：come, go, leave, arrive, begin, start, stop, move, return, fly，或瞬间动词close, open等。可以与表示未来时间的状语搭配使用，但不用将来时。‎ The train leaves at 7:25 this evening. ‎ ‎（8）时间、条件、方式及让步状语从句中的谓语动词是将来的动作或状态时，用一般现在时表示。如：‎ If you come tomorrow, we will wait for you. When he gets here, the work will be finished. ‎ Though he disagrees with us, he will do as we decided. ‎ 但是有时will不表示将来而是表示意愿或决心时，仍可以用在条件状语等从句中。例如：‎ If you will listen to me, I’ll tell you the truth.‎ ‎（9）to do不定式表将来（非谓语动词）‎ The grammar to be studied next time is more difficult.（不定式做定语）‎ ‎（10）“will / shall + v.”与“be going to + v.”的区别 ‎① be going to与will都可用来表示即将发生的事情。前者多用于口语，后者常用于书面语和正式文告中。‎ ‎② 两者均可表示将来时间和意图，两者有时可换用，有时不可换用。不可换用的情况主要是：若强调某个意图是经过事先考虑好的，用be going to；若表示某个意图没有经过事先考虑，而是在说话的当时才临时想到的，则用will。比较：‎ ‎“Mary is in hospital.” “Oh, really? I didn’t know. I’ll go and visit her.” ‎ ‎“玛丽住院了。”“啊，真的吗？我还不知道。我要去看看她。” (临时想法，不能用be going to)‎ ‎“Mary is in hospital.” “Yes, I know. I’m going to visit her tomorrow.” ‎ ‎“玛丽住院了。”“我知道，我打算明天去看看她。” (事先考虑的意图，不能用will)‎ ‎—I’ve come out without any money. ‎ ‎—Never mind. I __________ you some. ‎ A. am going to lend B. will lend C. have lent D. am to lend ‎③ 在表示“询问对方是否愿意”以及表示“客气的邀请”时，常用will。‎ ‎④ 若指迹象表明要发生某事，尤其是天气，要用be going to 而不用will。如：‎ Look at those black clouds. It’s going to rain. 看那些乌云，要下雨了。‎ ‎⑤ be going to可用于条件句，表示将来的时间，will一般不能。‎ If you will come tomorrow, we will wait for you. （错）‎ If you are going to come tomorrow, we will wait for you. （对）‎ 如果不是表示将来的时间，而是表示“意愿、坚持、推论”等，will也可用于条件句。‎ If you will listen to me, I’ll tell you the truth.‎ ‎⑥ be going to只能用于最近的未来，will可以用于遥远的未来。‎ The earth will explode in the far future.‎ ‎4．现在进行时 ‎（1）表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。如：‎ It's raining hard. I’m doing my homework.‎ ‎（2）用现在进行时（用人做主语）这种结构表示按计划即将发生的动作，但只适用于表示位置移动的动词或瞬间动词，例如：have, go, come, leave, travel, start, arrive, move, return, take off, fly (乘飞机)等，并常伴有表示将来时间的状语以区别于进行时的动作。‎ We’re having a party next week. They’re getting married next month. ‎ I’m leaving for New York tomorrow. Mike is coming home on Thursday.‎ 注意：以上是“人”作主语用现在进行时，如是“物”作主语，则用一般现在时。‎ The train leaves at 7:25 this evening. ‎ The concert starts at 7: 30. 音乐会七点半开始。‎ ‎（3）有些瞬间动词的现在进行时则表动作即将结束，如：‎ I am finishing. 我快做完了。 I’m coming. 我就来了。‎ It is ceasing to rain. 雨快停了。 The fruit is ripening. 这果子快熟了。‎ It was my painful duty to tell him he was dying. 要我把他即将去世的事告诉他，这使我十分为难。‎ ‎（4）与always, often, usually, forever, constantly, continually等副词连用可表示 表示说话者感到焦躁、惊讶、困惑、不快、赞扬、厌烦等感情色彩。如：‎ You’re always interrupting me! 你老打断我的话!(抱怨) ‎ My father is always losing his car keys. 我爸老丢车钥匙。(不满) ‎ She’s always helping people. 她老是帮助别人。(赞扬)‎ He’s continually asking me for money. She is constantly changing her mind.‎ ‎（5）不能用进行时（只能用一般时）的动词：‎ ‎① 表示存在状态的动词，如be, have, belong, possess, consist of, form, cost, own, exist, consistremian, stay, obtain, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。‎ 例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。‎ ‎② 表示心理状态或感情的动词，如hope, wonder, know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, regret, forget, want, need, mean, understand, love, hate, like, prefer, forgive, doubt等。‎ 例如：I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。‎ ‎③ 瞬间动词，如beging, start, accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：‎ I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。‎ ‎④ 系动词(感官动词)，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn, notice, look, appear等。‎ 例如：You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。‎ 但是如果它们词义改变，便也可用进行时态。例如：‎ ‎ Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him? (look在此为联系动词，意为 “显得，看上去”)‎ ‎ Tom is looking for his books. (look在此为实义动词，意为“寻找”)‎ ‎（6）以上几类动词, 在特殊情况下用于进行时态，是一种婉转的说话语气，比用一般时态显得更客气。如以下例子均摘自词典和名家的语法著作： I am hoping you will come. 我希望你能来。(比I hope…显得更客气)。‎ I’m hoping that you will come and have a chat with me. 我倒希望你来聊聊天。‎ I’m wondering if you have any questions. 我倒想知道你们有什么问题。‎ Now I’m remembering it. 现在我想起来了。‎ How are you liking Beijing? 你觉得北京如何?(问初步印象) ‎ I’m always hearing strange stories about him. 我老听人讲关于他的奇奇怪怪的事。‎ I’m forgetting that I promised to visit him tonight. 我差点忘了我答应今晚去看他的。‎ Tina is resembling her sister more and more. 丁娜越来越像她姐姐了。‎ Thank you so much for the binoculars. I’ve been wanting a pair for ages. ‎ 我非常感谢你送给我望远镜。我一直想要一副。‎ The child was jumping with joy.这孩子高兴得直跳。 ‎ I'm seeing a lot of Joan at the library. 我常在图书馆看见琼。‎ ‎5．过去进行时 常用的时间状语 the whole morning, all day, at 3:00 yesterday afternoon, from nine to ten last evening, when, while, at that time/moment, at his time last night ‎ ‎（1）表示过去某个具体时间里正在做的动作：at 3:00 yesterday afternoon; at 9:00 last night（时间小、具体）‎ 主动I was doing my homework at 3:00 yesterday afternoon. ‎ 被动My homework was being done at 3:00 yesterday afternoon.‎ ‎（2）表示过去两个动作同时进行，延续性动作用was/were doing，短暂性动作用did 主动I was doing my homework when you called me. ‎ 被动My homework was being done when you called me.‎ ‎（3）表示过去两个动作同时进行，两个都是延续性动作，都用was/were doing，连接词用while I was doing my homework while you were watching TV. ‎ 注：一般过去时除了用于“大”和“笼统”的过去时间里，也可以用于“小”和“具体”的过去时间里，但与过去进行时的意思有区别：‎ I did my homework at 3:00 yesterday afternoon. （过去时强调什么时间做的作业，回答when的问题）‎ I was doing my homework at 3:00 yesterday afternoon. （过去进行时强调3：00在干什么，回答what的问题）‎ ‎（4）表示现在的情况，主要是为了使语气委婉、客气。如：‎ I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 我不知你能否让我搭一下车。 ‎ ‎　　注；一般过去时也有类似用法，但比较而言，用过去进行时显得更客气，更不肯定。 ‎ ‎（5）表示感情色彩与现在进行时相似，过去进行时也可表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩，也通常与 ‎ always, forever, continually等副词连用。如：They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵架。 ‎ ‎（6）表示按计划、安排过去将要发生的事。（用人做主语）用于come, go, leave, start, arrive等表示位置转移的动词时，也可以用过去进行时表示过去将要发生的动作。如：‎ He told me that he was going soon. 他告诉我他很快就要走了。 ‎ ‎6．将来进行时 ‎（1）意义:‎ ‎① 强调在将来的某个具体时间正在发生的动作或事情。 When he comes to my house tomorrow, I will be writing the report.‎ The students will be watching TV at seven this evening. ‎ This time tomorrow you ________ there doing some more exercises.  A) will sit  B) will be sitting  C) sit  D) shall sit ‎ ‎② 表示按计划、安排、决定预料将要发生的事。 ‎ ‎　　The minister will be giving a speech on international affairs. This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. This time next week we shall be working in that factory.  ‎ We'll be having a meeting at three o'clock tomorrow afternoon.  ‎ ‎③ 表示委婉的请求：‎ When shall we be meeting again？ When will you be seeing Mr. White？  (语气较委婉客气, 下属对上司)‎ ‎（2）与现在进行时态表将来的区别 ‎ ‎　　现在进行时态表将来比较主观，表示一种经过考虑的, 将来要进行的动作。而将来进行时比较客观，通常表示正常过程中自然会发生的动作, 因此将来进行时不如现在进行时那样肯定, 比后者偶然性要大一些: ‎ ‎　　I am seeing Tom tomorrow. 明天我要和汤姆见面. （表主观，比较肯定能见面）‎ ‎　　I'll be seeing Tom tomorrow. 明天我会见到汤姆. （表客观，也许他们在一起工作，不是很确定能见面）‎ ‎（3）与一般将来时态的区别 ‎ ‎① 将来进行时只是对将来事实的简单、客观的陈述，而一般将来时含有意愿或带有感情色彩。 ‎ 误：I'll be having a talk with her. （将来进行时不用于表示“意愿”） 正：I'll have a talk with her. ‎ I will come. 我会来。（表示“意愿”来）I will be coming. 我是要来的。（表示按照计划或客观情况会来）‎ Tom will cut the grass tomorrow. 汤姆明天愿意割草. (表示意愿，也可能表示许诺)‎ Tom will be cutting grass tomorrow. 汤姆明天将割草. (表示表示按照计划将要做)‎ ‎② 有时这两种结构在意义上确实不同，例如：‎ Mary won’t pay this bill. 玛丽不付账。(她拒绝付账) Mary won’t be paying this bill. 玛丽不会付账。(将来) ‎ Will you join us for dinner? 你来和我们一起吃饭好吗? (邀请) ‎ Will you be joining us for dinner? 你会和我们一起吃饭吗? (将来)‎ ‎③ 在一定上下文里，尤其是当提出问题而又不想迫使对方做出明确答复时，用将来进行时就显得比用 will 委婉客气。试比较： ‎ When will you finish these letters? 你什么时候会处理完这些信件? (如上司对下属)‎ When will you be seeing Mr. White? 你什么时候会见到怀特先生? (如下属对上司) ‎ ‎7．现在完成时 表示到现在、目前为止已经完成的动作，常用的时间状语有：since, for, during/over (the past years)等引导出的短语；副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, lately, recently等；状语词组this week (morning, month, year), for many times, ‎ so far, up to now, up to the present, by the time, by the end of等。‎ ‎（1）already 与yet的区别 主动I have already done my homework now.（already用于肯定句，放在句中） ‎ 被动 My homework has already been done now.‎ 主动I have not done my homework yet. （yet用于否定句，放在句末）‎ 被动 My homework has not been done yet.‎ ‎（2）since 与for的区别 I have studied English since 1990. (since接时间点，而且必须是具体时间，不能since 18 years ago) ‎ I have studied English for 18 years. (for 接时间段，而且必须是延续动词，不能用短暂动词)‎ I have bought the book. (短暂动词也可以用于完成时态，但不能用于含for 接时间段的句子)‎ ‎= I have kept/used the book for 18 years. (把短暂动词用另一个延续动词来替代，则能用于for 接时间段)‎ ‎= I bought the book 18 years ago. （短暂动词一般用于过去时)‎ 句型“It is/ has been……since”所使用的两种时态都正确，since后门的从句中用过去式。       It is 18 years since I saw him last time. ‎ It has been 18 years since I saw him last time.‎ ‎（3）短暂动词，即非延续性动词的现在完成时的肯定式不能与表一段时间的时间状语连用。但可以与否定式连用。‎ He has returned home for 3 years. （错） He hasn’t returned home for 3 years.（对）‎ 问：He has left home for five days.和He hasn’t left home for five days.哪个说法正确？‎ 答：非延续性动词在否定句中可以和表示一段时间的状语连用，因此后面一句正确，意思是“他离开家不到五天”。第一个句子是错误的，正确的说法应为：‎ He has been away from home for five days.= He left home five days ago.= It is five days since he left home.‎ ‎（4）have gone 与have been 的区别 have gone 表示去了某个地方，现在还没回来 ‎---Where is Mr. Chen? （陈老师去哪了？）---He has gone to the street. （他去了街上）‎ have been表示到过某个地方，现在已经回来了 ‎---Where have you been? （你到哪里？）---I have been to the street.（我到街上）‎ ‎（5）表示第几次去(到)某地，在This is the first (second, third…) time (that)句式中，后面常用现在完成时。‎ This is the first time I have come to America.‎ ‎（6）This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句；This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如：‎ This is the best film that I have ever seen. That was the best film that I had ever seen.‎ This is the most interesting book I have ever read. That was the most interesting book I had ever read. ‎ ‎ This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting.‎ ‎ There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.‎ ‎（7）和过去时的区别：现在完成时指过去发生的动作，一直持续到对现在；过去时只表示过去的某个具体时间里发生的动作，与现在没有联系。 He worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他曾经在那家医院工作了8年。这只是讲述一个过去的事实，他现在已经不在那家医院了。）  He has worked in that hospital for 8 years.（他已经在那家医院里工作了8年。表示他从过去开始工作，一直到现在仍在那家医院工作。） ‎ ‎（8）重点：在完成时态中，只有延续性动词才可以接for引导的时间段，短暂动词则不能。‎ I have bought this book for 2 years. (错) ‎ I have bought this book. (对) （改法①：去掉for引导的时间段）‎ ‎ I have kept this book for 2 years. (对) （改法②：用另一个延续动词代替原来的短暂动词，常用have, be, keep, use来代替）‎ I bought this book 2 years ago. (对) （改法③：把完成时态变为过去时态，句末加ago）‎ It is (has been) 2 years since I bought this book. (对) （改法④：变成句型“It is/ has been…since”，后面从句中动词用过去式。）‎ I haven’t bought a book for 2 years. （改法⑤：把肯定句变成否定句，不过意思与原来不一样了）‎ ‎8．过去完成时 ‎（1）表示过去某个时间以前完成的动作，注意时间前要用before。‎ 主动I had done my homework before 3:00 yesterday afternoon. ‎ 被动My homework had been done before 3:00 yesterday afternoon.‎ ‎（2）表示过去两个动作先后进行，发生在前面的动作用had done，发生在后面的动作用did。（要有before，after，when等连接）‎ I had done my homework before I called you.‎ ‎= After I had done my homework, I called you. = When I had done my homework, I called you.‎ There had been some one in our room just now, because I noticed a burning cigarette end on the floor when we opened the front door.‎ ‎（3）在by, by the end of, by the time后接某一过去时间时，常用过去完成时。‎ He had copied the report three times by ten last night.‎ By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.‎ ‎（4）在no sooner…than…, hardly (scarcely/ barely)…when…句式中，前面用过去完成时, 等于as soon as。‎ ‎ They had hardly been seated when the bus started.‎ ‎ I had no sooner finished the work than the light went out.‎ ‎ I had scarcely closed the window when the storm came.‎ ‎ 这些句式可以变成倒装句，时态不变。‎ ‎ Hardly had they been seated when the bus started.‎ ‎ No sooner had I finished the work than the light went out.‎ ‎（5）ago与before ‎ “一段时间+ago”表示从现在说起多长时间以前，和过去时连用。‎ ‎ “一段时间+before”表示从过去一个时间点说起多长时间之前，和过去完成时连用。‎ ‎ —How long ago did you go to the United States?‎ ‎ —Ten years ago.‎ ‎ He told me he had left his hometown ten years before.‎ Two years ago, I left the company, which I had joined two years before.‎ ‎（6）动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, think, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如：‎ ‎ I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away.‎ ‎ 另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：‎ ‎ 1) was / were + to have done sth, 例如：We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.‎ ‎ 2) intended (expected, hoped, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth, 例如：‎ ‎ I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. ‎ We hoped to have caught the 8:00 bus, but found it gone.‎ ‎9．将来完成时 表示将来某个时间才能完成的动作。常用的时间状语有：by the time; by the end of; before (the end of ) ; when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如：‎ By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.‎ I will have finished reading this book by the end of next month.‎ I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock.‎ When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left.‎ ‎10．‎ 现在完成 进行时 表示某个动作已经完成了一部分，但还要继续做下去。（有前提条件）‎ 主动The teacher asks us to read five books in this term. I have been reading 3 of them.‎ 被动The teacher asks us to read five books in this term. 3 of them have been read by me. （与现在完成时被动语态相同）‎ We have been working on this project for over a month now.‎ I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it.‎ 少数动词，如work, study, teach, live等与表示一段时间的状语连用，用现在完成时或现在完成进行时都行，二者在意义上没什么区别。例如： ‎ I’ve been working for ten hours. =I’ve worked for ten hours. 我已工作十个小时了。‎ ‎11．‎ 过去将来时 表示过去对未来的打算。只用于宾语从句的间接引语里和虚拟语气中。常用时间状语：the next day (morning, year…), the following month (week…), etc.‎ He said that he would do his homework. ‎ He said that his homework would be done.‎ If he had time, he would do his homework today. ‎ 不规则动词巧记表 ‎ AAA型   过去式、过去分词与原形一致 原形 过去式 ‎ 过去分词 词义 原形 过去式 ‎ 过去分词 词义 cut cut cut 切、割、剪 shut shut shut 关、闭（门窗）‎ put put put 放置 hurt hurt hurt 受伤；疼痛 let let let 让 cost cost cost 值…钱；花费 set set set 设置 read read read 朗读；阅读 hit hit hit 撞击；打 spread spread spread 展开；铺开 AAB型   过去式与原形一致 原形 过去式 ‎ 过去分词 词义 原形 过去式 ‎ 过去分词 词义 beat beat beaten ‎ 击败；打败 ABA型   过去分词与原形一致 原形 过去式 ‎ 过去分词 词义 原形 过去式 ‎ 过去分词 词义 run ran run 跑步；逃跑 come came come 来 become became become 变得；成为 ABB型   过去式与过去分词一致 原形 过去式 ‎ 过去分词 词义 原形 过去式 ‎ 过去分词 词义 buy bought bought 买 lead ‎ led ‎ led ‎ 领导；致使 bring  ‎ brought brought 带来 mislead ‎ misled ‎ misled ‎ 误导 fight fought ‎ fought ‎ 打架；打仗 feed ‎ fed ‎ fed ‎ 喂养；喂食 think ‎ thought ‎ thought ‎ 想；认为 flee ‎ fled ‎ fled ‎ 逃跑 seek  ‎ sought               ‎ sought 寻找；探究 meet met met 遇见；碰到 catch ‎ caught caught 抓住；接住 shoot ‎ shot ‎ shot ‎ 射击；投篮 teach taught ‎ taught ‎ 教；教书 light ‎ lit / lighted ‎ lit / lighted ‎ 点燃 lend lent lent 借出 get got got ‎ 获得；得到 send sent sent 送；派遣 win  ‎ won  ‎ won  ‎ ‎ 获胜；赢得 spend spent ‎ spent ‎ 花（时间、钱）‎ sit ‎ sat ‎ sat ‎ ‎ 坐下 build built ‎ built ‎ 建设；建立 dig  ‎ dug  ‎ dug  ‎ 挖掘 feel felt ‎ felt ‎ 感觉；摸起来 stick ‎ stuck ‎ stuck ‎ 刺；戳 leave left  ‎ left  ‎ 离开 hang ‎ hung ‎ hung ‎ 悬挂 keep kept kept 保持；保留 hang ‎ hanged ‎ ‎ hanged ‎ 绞死 sleep ‎ slept ‎ slept ‎ 睡觉 sell sold ‎ sold ‎ 出售；卖 oversleep ‎ overslept ‎ overslept ‎ 睡过头 tell ‎ told ‎ told ‎ 告诉 sweep  ‎ swept  ‎ swept  ‎ 打扫 smell ‎ smelt ‎ smelt ‎ 闻；嗅 mean meant meant 意思是 spell ‎ spelt ‎ spelt ‎ ‎ 拼写 learn learnt / learned learnt / learned 学；学会 hold ‎ held ‎ held ‎ 拿着；举办 burn burnt / burned burnt / burned ‎ 燃烧；烧伤 find found ‎ found ‎ ‎ 找到；发现 hear heard heard 听见 stand stood ‎ stood ‎ ‎ 站立 have/has had had 有 understand understood ‎ understood ‎ 理解 make made ‎ made ‎ 制作 pay paid ‎ paid ‎ 付款 shine ‎ ‎ shone / shined ‎ shone / shined 照耀 say said said 说 lose lost lost 丢失；失去 lay laid laid 下蛋laying deal dealt dealt 处理 lie lied lied 撒谎lying lie lay lain 躺/放lying ABC型   原形、过去式、过去分词不一致 原形 过去式 ‎ 过去分词 词义 原形 过去式 ‎ 过去分词 词义 begin began begun  ‎ 开始 take took taken 拿走 drink drank drunk 喝；饮 mistake mistook mistaken 错拿 ring rang rung 铃响；打电话 shake shook ‎ shaken 摇动；握（手）‎ sing sang ‎ sung 唱歌 eat ‎ ate eaten ‎ 吃 sink sank sunk ‎ 下沉 fall fell ‎ fallen 落下；摔倒 swim swam swum ‎ 游泳 rise  ‎ rose（玫瑰）‎ risen 上升；上涨 blow blew blown 吹；刮风 drive ‎ drove driven 驾驶 fly flew flown ‎ 飞；放（风筝）‎ give ‎ gave given 给 know knew known 知道；懂得 forgive forgave ‎ forgiven ‎ 原谅 grow grew grown 种植；生长 see saw seen ‎ 看见 throw threw ‎ thrown 扔；投 ride ‎ rode ridden ‎ 骑（车、马）‎ draw ‎ drew ‎ drawn ‎ 绘画 hide ‎ hid hidden ‎ 躲藏 show ‎ showed ‎ shown ‎ 出示；给…看 bite  ‎ bit ‎ bitten 咬 break broke broken  ‎ 打破；不服从 forbid forbade/forbad ‎ forbidden ‎ 禁止；不许 speak ‎ spoke spoken ‎ 说话 write wrote written ‎ 书写 steal stole stolen 偷 bear （熊）‎ bore born 忍受 choose chose ‎ chosen 选择 tear （眼泪）‎ tore ‎ torn ‎ 撕破 freeze ‎ froze ‎ frozen ‎ 冻结 wear wore worn 穿、戴 wake woke ‎ woke / woken ‎ 醒来；唤醒 am / is was been 是 strike struck struck/stricken 打击；撞击 are were ‎ been 是 forget forgot ‎ forgotten ‎ 忘记 do / does did done ‎ 做 go went ‎ gone 去 lie lay ‎ lain 躺；卧 用法说明 原形 过去式 ‎ 过去分词 ‎ do did done ‎①用于一般现在时：‎ ‎ I do my homework every night.‎ She does her homework every night.‎ ‎②在情态动词后，永远用动词原形。‎ ‎ I can do all the homework by myself.‎ ‎ I will do my homework tomorrow.‎ ‎ You must do it now.‎ ‎③在助动词后，永远用动词原形。‎ I don’t do my homework at night.‎ She didn’t do her homework last night.‎ ‎④在不定式to do结构中，永远用动词原形。‎ ‎ I want to do my homework.‎ ‎ I wanted to do my homework.‎ ‎①用于过去式 I did my homework last night.‎ She did her homework last night.‎ We did our homework last night.‎ ‎②用于过去进行时 I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in.‎ ‎③用于过去完成时 After I had done my homework, I went to bed.‎ ‎④用于过去将来时 I said that I would do my homework next week.‎ ‎①用于完成时态：have/has/had + done ‎ I have done my homework. ‎ She has done her homework.‎ ‎ I had done my homework before you called me.‎ ‎ I will have done my homework tomorrow.‎ ‎②用于被动语态：be + done ‎ ‎ ( be; am/ is/ are; was/ were; being; been)‎ ‎ My home work will be done tomorrow.‎ ‎ I am criticized by Mr. Chen. ‎ She is criticized by Mr. Chen. ‎ ‎ They are criticized by Mr. Chen. ‎ She was criticized by Mr. Chen.‎ They were criticized by Mr. Chen. ‎ She was being criticized by Mr. Chen when I came in.‎ They were being criticized by Mr. Chen when I came in..‎ My homework has been done.‎ ‎③用于非谓语结构中：‎ ‎ The work done is very important.‎ ‎ The work being done is very important.‎ The work to be done is very important.‎ Having done the work, I went home.‎ 主动表被动 ‎1‎ 系动词look，sound，feel，smell，taste，appear，seem，go，prove，turn，stay，become，fall，get，grow，keep+形容词／名词构成系表结构；‎ 尤其是注意在这种句型中的感官动词，不能用被动语态.‎ The steel feels cold. ‎ His words sounds reasonable. ‎ His plan proved (to be) practical.‎ It has gone bad.‎ Meat won’t keep long in such weather. ‎ ‎2‎ 如不是形容词／名词构成系表结构，则感官动词可以用被动语态 I raised my voice in order to be heard by all the students in the big classroom. ‎ ‎3‎ 表示开始、结束、运动的动词，如 begin，finish，start，open，close，stop，end，shut，run, move Work began at 7 o'clock this morning. ‎ The shop opens at seven. ‎ The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day ‎4‎ 表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如read，write，act，iron，cut，draw，drive，sell，wash，clean，wear，open，cook，lock，shut，dry，eat，drink。这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语（副词）。‎ 如表示动作的结果，则用被动。‎ This coat dries easily. Your speech reads well.‎ My pen writes smoothly. The engine won’t start.‎ The books sell well. (The books have been sold out.)‎ The door opens easily. (The door has been opened)‎ ‎5‎ 少数动词用于进行时，其主动形式表示被动含义，如 print，cook，fry，hang，build，make The books are printing. ‎ The meat is cooking.‎ ‎6‎ 介词in，on，under等+名词构成介词短语表被动意义。‎ 表示方位的介词与含动作意义的名词合用，含被动之意，其意义相当于该名词相应动词的被动形式，名词前一般不用冠词。常见的有：‎ under control(受控制)；under treatment(在治疗中)；under repair(在修理中)；under discussion(在讨论中)；under construction(在施工中)；beyond belief(令人难以置信)；beyond one’s reach(鞭长莫及)；beyond one’s control(无法控制)；beyond our hope(我们始料不及)；for sale(出售)；for rent(出租)；in print(在印刷中)；in sight(在视野范围内)；on sale(出售)；on show(展出)；on trial(受审)；out of control(控制不了)；out of sight(超出视线之外)；out of one’s reach(够不着)；out of fashion(不流行)。‎ The rumor is beyond belief (=can’t be believed.)‎ His honest character is above all praise (= cannot be praised enough.)‎ Today some treasures are on show (= being shown) in the museum.‎ She has grown up and is out of control of her parents.(=can be controled by her parents)‎ ‎7‎ 不能用于被动语态的及物动词或动词短语：‎ fit, have，wish，cost，agree with，arrive at/in，shake hands with，succeed in，suffer from，happen to，take place, take part in，walk into，belong to等 This key just fits the lock．‎ Your story agrees with what had already been heard．‎ The house belongs to us.‎ ‎8‎ 物 + need/ want/ deserve/ demand/ require + doing ( = to be done ) （-ing主动等于不定式的被动）(某物需要……)‎ The clothes needs washing (= to be washed) ‎ The desk requires repairing (= to be repaired)‎ ‎9‎ 物+deserve/ be worth + doing （-ing的主动表被动）(某事值得做)‎ The book is worth reading. ‎ ‎= The book is worthy of being read.‎ The book deserves reading.‎ ‎10‎ sb is to blame （不定式的主动表被动）‎ I’m sorry! It’s my fault. I’m to blame.‎ 使役动词 动词的“使动用法”指“让/叫/使……做……”。常用的使役动词有make; let; get; have ‎1‎ Sb ① makes sb ② do 前面的人让/叫/使后面的人做某事 ‎ Mr. Chen made us do the exercise.‎ ‎2‎ Sb ① makes sb ② doing 前面的人让/叫/使后面的人一直做某事（表示不满或发牢骚，一般有always一词出现）‎ ‎ My mother always makes me doing English exercises.‎ ‎3‎ Sb ② is made to do某人被让/叫/使去做某事 ‎ ‎ We are made (by Mr. Chen) to do the exercise.‎ ‎4‎ Sb makes oneself ( one’s point/ view/ opinion) done某人让/叫/使自己或自己的话/观点让别人听懂 ‎ I speak English aloud in order to make myself heard by the whole class.‎ ‎5‎ Sb makes sth done某人把/让/叫/使某事给别人做 ‎ I have my hair cut. （别人剪的头发） ‎ I am having my shoes cleaned. （别人在刷鞋） I am cleanning my shoes. （自己在刷鞋）‎ ‎6‎ Sb has done sth某人已经做完了某事 ‎ I have cut my hair. （自己剪的头发） I have cleaned my shoes. （自己刷的鞋）‎ 情态动词 can (could)‎ ‎1. （表示能力、功能）能，会 2. （表示可能性）可能，可能会 3. （表示允许、请求）可以 may (might)‎ ‎1. （表示可能性）可能，也许 2. （表示许可或请求许可）可以 must ‎1. （表示必要、命令或强制）必须，得 2. （表示肯定的推测）一定是 3. （表示不可避免性）必然要，必定会 shall (should)‎ ‎1. （用于第一人称，表示将来）将，会 2. （用在问句中表示征求对方意见，主要用于第一、第三人称）…….好吗？ 要不要……？ 3. （用于陈述句中的第二、第三人称,表示说话人的意图、允诺、警告、命令、决心等）必须，应 ‎4. 表示语气强烈的强权命令，警告，许诺即“我命令……”，用shall； 表示语气轻的讲道德式的教育、劝告、责备，建议等的“应当”用should。（注must往往是公众纪律要求，语气比should强，比shall弱）‎ You shall be here at 8.You shall not be late.（命令）‎ You shall get punished.（警告）‎ You should study harder than before。 （道德教育）‎ ‎5. （用在条约、规章、法令等文件中表示义务或规定，一般用于第三人称）应，必须 will (would)‎ ‎1. （表示单纯的将来）将 2. （用在问句中表示征求对方意见，主要用于第二人称）…….好吗？ 要不要……？‎ ‎3. （客气婉转的请求询问对方意愿，语气轻的用would，过去时就必须用would ought to ‎1. 在一定程度上可以替换 should ‎ ‎2. ought to 比should 语气强烈。ought to表示法定义务和责任上的 “应该”，而should则只是一般的“应该”‎ Parents ought to send their children to school, and the children should work hard.‎ need ‎1. need作为情态动词时表示“需要”或“必须”，通常用于否定句和疑问句。例如： You needn't do it again. He needn't worry about it. Need he do this homework first? Need they fill in the form?‎ ‎2. need作为实义动词时，有三种用法： ①人＋need ＋sth ②人＋need ＋to do ③物＋need ＋doing (=to be done) I need a watch. We need to tell him the truth. My car needs repairing. The flowers need watering dare ‎1. dare作为情态动词时表示“敢”，通常用于否定句和疑问句。例如： The little girl dare not speak in public. Dare you catch the little cat? ‎ ‎2. dare 除用作情态动词外，更多的是当实义动词使用 Do you dare to walk in the dark? He doesn’t dare to tell the teacher what happened that day.‎ must与have to must 强调主观看法, 无时态变化；have to强调客观需要，有时态变化。‎ mustn’t 与 needn’t mustn’t “必须不”；needn’t“不必要”。 ---Must I return the book to you oday?‎ ‎---No, you needn’t return the book to me today, but you mustn’t make it dirty.‎ 情态动词完成结构表示 ‎“谴责、遗憾”‎ ‎1. should have done （1）对过去本来应该做的事没有做； =ought to have done ‎ You should have done your homework yesterday, but you didn’t do it.‎ ‎（2）表示对某事感到惊讶，不可思议，表示“竟然会……”（一般用于否定句中）‎ You can’t imagine that a top student should have failed in the college entrance examination. ‎ ‎2. could have done 对过去本来可以或能够做的事没有做 ‎3. need have done 对过去本来必要做的事没有做 You need have done your homework yesterday, but you didn’t do it.‎ ‎4. needn’t have done对过去本来不必要做的事反而做了You needn’t have done your homework yesterday, but you did it.‎ 情态动词完成结构表示“对过去的推测”‎ ‎1. must be对现在最有把握的肯定推测 (一般有前提条件) Mr. Chen must be in the room, for the light is on. ‎ ‎2. can’t be对现在最有把握的否定推测。(一般有前提条件) Mr. Chen can’t be in the room, for the light is off.‎ ‎3. must have done 对过去事情最有把握的肯定推测(一般有前提条件) It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet.‎ ‎4. can’t have done 对过去事情最有把握的否定推测(一般有前提条件) It can’t have rained last night, for the ground is dry.‎ ‎5. might have done 对过去事情没把握的猜测 It might have rained last night, for it is so dark outside.‎ 情态动词表推测的三种句式 ‎1. 在肯定句中一般用must (一定)，may（可能），might / could（也许，或许）。‎ He must/may/might know the answer to this question? 他一定/可能/也许知道这个问题的答案。‎ It is cold in the room. They must have turned off the heating. 屋里很冷，他们肯定把暖气关了。‎ ‎2. 否定句中用can’t / couldn’t(不可能), may not/might not(可能不)。‎ It can’t/couldn’t be the headmaster. He has gone to America. 这不可能是校长，他去美国了。‎ He may not/might not know the scientist. 他也许不认识那位科学家。‎ ‎3. 疑问句中用can/could (能……?)。 ‎ Could he have finished the task? 他可能把任务完成了吗？ Can he be at home now? 他现在能在家吗？‎ 注：以上三种句式中情态动词的语气按程度都是依次递减的。might, could并非may, can的过去式，而表示语气较为委婉或可能性较小。‎ 介词at; in; on的用法 表时间 构成 举例 ‎① 具体时间，“几点几分”用at She goes to bed at eleven o’clock.‎ ‎② “在早上，在下午，在晚上”用in，且the不能省略；“在某年、某月” 用in，不加冠词; “在中午，在夜里”用at，不加冠词 in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening in 2019; in June ‎ at noon; at night ‎③ 表示“在星期几”、 “在星期几的上午、下午、晚上” ‎ ‎“在某天”、 “在某月某日”、用on on June 13; on Monday/Tuesday/Sunday on Monday morning/afternoon/evening/nigjt ‎④ 在this, last, next, every等词前面既不加介词，也不用冠词 What are you doing this afternoon?　I do it every Friday.‎ 表地点 ‎① 在小地点用at at school; at home; at railway station; at the corner ‎② 在大地方用in in Beijing; in China; in Amarica; in ‎Asia ‎③ 在……上面用on on the desk; on the top of the montain 常用介词 before ‎(时间)在……前；截至（到）……‎ in front of ‎(地点)在……前面 in the front of在……前部 after ‎(时间)在……之后 behind ‎(地点)在……后面 until（till）‎ 直到……为止 (动词如果是点动词，则必须用否定句)‎ about 在……各处；到处；在……附近; 关于; 大约 ‎ by ‎①直到……为止；②以……计，后跟度量单位 ‎③“靠……手段”，“用……方法”，“凭借……动作”‎ away 离开； 离……多远 beyond 超出……范围（或能力）‎ for ‎①为……；②表示一段时间；③用……交换 around 在……周围，围绕 during 在……(时间)内 into 进入 through ‎①一直……（从开始到结束）；②穿过 along 沿着 from 表示“是哪里人”，以及“时间或地点的起始点 to 到……（目的地）去，向…… ‎ since 自从……以来 across 横穿 in ‎①过……后（未来时间）；②在……里面（地点）‎ in ‎“用…语言” 常与write, speak, talk, answer等连用 within 不超过……的范围 ‎ be made of 表示从成品仍可看出原料 outside 在……外面 be made from 表示从成品已看不出原料 between 在……之间（指二者）‎ with 表示用什么工具，所用的东西都是具体的物 among 在……之间（指三者以上）‎ without =but for 没有 on 在……上面，表面相互接触 like 像……一样 above 只表示“在……上方或位置高出……”，与below相对 as 作为，以……身份 below 在……下方，低于……‎ near 在……附近，与far相对 over ‎“在……正上方”，与under相对 under 在……正下方 against ‎①紧靠、倚靠 ②反对（反义词是for）‎ beneath 在……下方 beside =by ‎(地点) 靠近，在……旁边，比near距离更近 except for 除……之外（主要用来谈论不同类的东西）‎ besides 除之外…还有 except 除之外…没有了（主要用来谈论同类的东西）‎ 常用连词 ‎1．表层次 首先first, firstly, to begin with, in the first place, to start with； 其次/第二/另外second, secondly, still, further, furthermore, what is more, and then, next, besides, moreover, in addition; and equally important， 也too, also 再次/第三third, thirdly, 最后last, last but not least, finally, in the end ‎2．表转折 反之by contrast，in contrast；on the contrary，虽然although，though，然而/但是yet，nevertheless，however，but，同时at the same time，尽管如此despite the fact that，even so，even though，in spite of，一方面on one hand，另一方面on the other hand，否则otherwise；（不是）而是instead，还still；除非unless ‎3．表因果 既然now that 由于because, because of，for the reason，due to，owing to；thanks to，since，as，for ‎ 因此/所以therefore，thus，hence，so，accordingly，on this account，on that account，as a result，as a consequence, consequently ‎4．表让步 即使nevertheless，尽管in spite of，despite，即使这样even so，毕竟after all，万一in case ‎5．表递近 而且/还furthermore，moreover，likewise，what’s more，besides，不但……而且 not only...but also... 也/还too；also，‎ 另外in addition ‎ ‎6．表举例 例如/比如for example，for instance，such as; 举例to illustrate，做为一个例子as an illustration，一个典型例子a case in point ‎7．表解释 实际上in fact; as a matter of fact，actually; 坦率地说 frankly speaking，一般而言generally speaking 在这种情况下 in this case, 也就是说namely，换句话说 in other words，说实话to tell you the truth ‎8．表总结 总之to sum up, in summary，in a word，in brief，in conclusion，to conclude，in short，如上所说as has been said，as mentioned above ‎ 反意疑问句 构成 举例 ‎1‎ 前后语气相反：前肯后否；前否后肯 She reads Chinese every day, doesn’t she? （reads-doesn’t）‎ ‎2‎ 前后人称一致 They have done their work, haven’t they? （they-they）‎ ‎3‎ 前后时态一致 She studied Chinese last year, didn’t she? （studied-did）‎ ‎4‎ 简短问句部分要用缩写形式 You are a student, aren’t you? （不能are not you?）‎ ‎5‎ 简短问句部分的主语要用人称代词主格 Tom doesn’t know me, does he? （不能him）‎ ‎6‎ 前面是there be结构时，后面应用be there There’s little water, is there? There are 3 dogs, aren’t there?‎ ‎7‎ 第一人称“我”‎ I am a worker，aren’t / an’t I?‎ ‎8‎ 前面是祈使句，后面用will you?‎ Come here early please, will/ won’t you? Open the door, please, will you?‎ ‎9‎ 前面有few, little, seldom, never, nothing, nobody, no, hardly, none等否定词，后面用肯定 He can hardly read English, can he？ ‎ It seldom rains here, does it?‎ ‎10‎ 前面有un-,-less, dis-等带有前（后）缀的否定合成词，后面照样用否定 It is unfair, isn’t it? ‎ He dislike it, doesn’t he?‎ ‎11‎ 前面有must时，后面一般用needn’t.‎ I must finish my work now, needn’t I? ‎ ‎---Yes, you must. ---No, you needn’t.‎ ‎12‎ 前面的主语是代词this, that, everything, something, nothing, anything, 以及不定式，动名词或从句时，后面的主语用it Nothing is right, is it? To see is to believe, isn’t it?‎ That is a dog, isn’t it? Everything is ready, isn’t it?‎ Playing football in the street is right, isn’t it?‎ ‎13‎ 前面的主语是these, those, nobody, everybody, somebody, everyone, no one等，后面的主语用they。‎ Everyone comes here, don’t they?‎ Nobody can help us, can they？‎ Everyone is here, aren’t they? ‎ ‎14‎ 前面有情态动词表推测时，后面应以情态动词后的动词为标准，并作相应的变化 Jack must have arrived here, hasn’t he?‎ Li Ping must have finished her work last night, didn’t she?‎ ‎15‎ 前面是think, suppose, believe, expect等引导的宾语从句，且主语为第一人称或第二人称时，后面是肯定还是否定要与主句相反，而主语和时态却与从句一致。‎ I don’t think you are right, are you?‎ I don’t believe he has done it, has he?‎ I’m sure you’ll help me, won’t you?‎ She said I did it, didn’t she? （主语为第三人称、后面主语与主句一致）‎ ‎16‎ 前面是感叹句，后面的人称代词与主语一致 What a kind girl, isn’t she?    What a fine day, isn’t it?‎ ‎17‎ 回答时，肯定用yes，否定用no。‎ ‎---He is a student, isn’t he? ---Yes, he is. ---No, he isn’t.‎ 当前面为否定时要特别注意，这时的英语和汉语的答语是不同的 ‎---He isn’t a student, is he? ---Yes, he is. ---No, he isn’t. 不，他是。 是的，他不是。‎ 句子结构 句子的构成成分：①主语(Subject) ②谓语(Predicate) ③宾语(Object) ④表语(Predicative) ⑤定语(Attribute) ⑥状语(Adverbial)‎ ‎⑦宾补(Object Complement) ‎ ‎1‎ 简单句 概念：只有一个主谓结构的句子 I like English. You like Chinese.‎ ‎2‎ 并列句 概念：一个主谓结构加上另外一个主谓结构的句子， 由并列连词and, or, so, while, yet, but等或分号链接 ‎ I like English and you like Chinese. I like English while you like Chinese. Hurry up, or you will be late for work.‎ ‎3‎ 复合句 概念：一个主谓结构包含另外一个主谓结构的句子 由主句加从句构成，从句在整个句子中做什么成分就叫什么从句 ‎（1）状语从句：从句在整个句子中做状语 ①时间 ②地点 ③原因 ④结果 ⑤方式 ⑥条件 ⑦目的 ⑧让步 ‎（2）定语从句：从句在整个句子中做定语 ①限制性 ②非限制性 形容词性从句 ‎（3）主语从句：从句在整个句子中做主语 名词性从句 ‎（4）宾语从句：从句在整个句子中做宾语 ①直接引语 ②间接引语 ‎（5）同位语从句：从句在整个句子中做同位语 ‎（6）表语从句：从句在整个句子中做表语 形容词的比较级和最高级 构成 举例 用法 ‎① 一个东西用原级 ‎② 两个东西进行比较, 用比较级（+er）‎ ‎③ 三个和三个以上, 用最高级（+est）‎ Her English is very good. （原级就是形容词本身）‎ Her English is better than mine. (比较级后加than)‎ Her English is the best in the class. (最高级前加the)‎ ‎1‎ 一般在形容词后加er/est 如果是以e结尾则直接加r或st great-greater-greatest, short-shorter–shortest, tall-taller–tallest, long-longer–longest, nice-nicer- nicest, large-larger -largest ‎2‎ 以重读闭音节结尾且1个元音字母＋1个辅音字母结尾的，双写结尾的辅音字母， 再加er /est （与动词+ed和+ing一样）‎ big-bigger-biggest (字母组合除外，如few-fewer-fewest) ‎ red-redder-reddest ‎ hot-hotter-hottest ‎3‎ 以辅音字母＋y结尾的，变y为i，再加er/est ‎ ‎（与动词+ed；名词+es一样）‎ happy-happier-happiest, sorry-sorrier-sorriest, ‎ friendly-friendlier-friendliest (more friendly-most friendly),‎ busy-busier-busiest, easy-easier-easiest ‎4‎ 多音节形容词（比较长的形容词），‎ 比较级在词前面+more; ‎ 最高级在词前面+the most comfortable-more comfortable-the most comfortable ‎ difficult-more difficult-the most difficult expensive-more expensive-the most expensive important beautiful-more beautiful-the most beautiful wonderful convenient-more convenient-the most convenient方便 interesting ‎5‎ 特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远)‎ good/well–better–best many/much–more–most ‎ bad/ill–worse–worst        much/little–less– least many-fewer-fewest old–older/elder–oldest/eldest far–farther/further–farthest/furthest 几个 重点句型 ‎① as + 原级 + as：“……与……一样……” My English is as good as yours.‎ ‎② the +比较级……the +比较级……：“越……越……” The harder you work, the better you will be.‎ ‎③ 比较级+than any other + 名词复数：“比其他任何……都” You are better than any other students in the class.‎ ‎④ one of the + 最高级：“最……的其中之一” You are one of the best students in the class.‎ ‎⑤ the +序数词+最高级：“第几……（最长/大/好……）” Huanghe is the second longest river in China.‎ ‎ China will be the second most powerful country in the world 多个形容词的排列顺序 关于两个及两个以上形容词修饰同一名词的顺序为：品质→尺寸→新旧→样式→颜色→产地→材料→过去分词。另外，英国广播公司（BBC）在英语教学节目“Professor Grammar”中提出了一种称为OPSHACOM的方法。‎ OP opinion“评述性词(品质)”，如beautiful，wonderful，expensive，terrible， horrible，lovely，silly，ugly等。‎ SH size ＆shape表示“大小、尺寸、形状”的词，如 long，short，round，square等。‎ A age表“新、旧、样式”的词。如new，old等。‎ C colour表“颜色”的词。如red，black，purple，brown，yellow, white, pink等。‎ O origin表“产地”的词。如Italian，Spanish，Canadian，Australian，Japanese M material表“材料”的词。如leather，glass，rubber，metal，silk，plastic, wooden, paper等。‎ 举例 一件新的漂亮的意大利的黑皮茄克：a beautiful new black Italian leather jacket 说明 ‎① 各形容词可有缺项，但顺序不变。如：a small Swiss watch。‎ ‎② 当表大小（或长短）的词与表形状的词同时出现时，大小（或长短）在前，形状在后。如：a large square table。‎ ‎③ 定冠词、不定冠词、指示代词、形容词性所有格、数词等位于句首。‎ ‎④ 数词位于定冠词、指示代词后。（数词不与不定冠词或形容词性所有格连用）‎ ‎⑤ 分词最靠近所修饰的名词。如：his new Japanese timing device；three scottish handmade skirts。‎ 练习 题目 答案 ‎① （Canadian，extraordinary，an，new）play an extraordinary new Canadian play ‎② （green，a，large）garden a large green garden ‎③ （gold，British，the，round）coin the round British gold coin ‎④ （ugly，writing，the，steel，seven）desks the seven ugly steel writing desks ‎⑤ （purple，Russian，nice，long，her）coat her nice long purple Russian coat 不定冠词a(an)的用法 构成 举例 ‎1‎ a用于发辅音开始的可数名词单数前 a girl; a university; a useful book (这里的u为元音字母, 但发辅音)‎ ‎2‎ an用于发元音开始的词前 （a; e; i; o; u） ‎ an English book; an hour, an honor, an honest boy (h不发音, 从元音o算起)‎ ‎3‎ 某些抽象名词具体化时是可数名词，其前可加a，如success, surprise, fire, joy, tea He is a success as a teacher.      It’s a big surprise to win a prize in the match. ‎ Long Jing is a famous tea in China.‎ ‎4‎ a用于姓氏前表示某个只知道名字而不熟悉的人 A Mr Liu is waiting to see you outside.‎ ‎5‎ 在某些句型中可加a It is a pity that you have missed the chance.     ‎ It is a shame / a pleasure / an honor for sb. to do sth.‎ 定冠词the的用法 构成 举例 ‎1‎ 表示上文提到过的人或事物 He bought an English-Chinese dictionary this morning. The dictionary is very good.‎ ‎2‎ 用在形容词的最高级前或序数词前 Shanghai‎ is the biggest city in China. the first; the second ‎3‎ 用于单数可数名词前，表示整体或类别 The panda is a rare animal.‎ ‎=A panda is a rare animal. = Pandas are rare animals ‎4‎ 用来表示世界上独一无二的事物 the sun, the moon, the sky, the earth, the world ‎5‎ 用于表示阶级、党派的名词前 the Chinese Communist Party; the working class ‎6‎ 用于江河、湖海，山脉，群岛等名词前 the Yellow River；the East Sea；the Himalayas；the Pacific Ocean ‎7‎ 用于由普通名词构成的国名 The People's Republic of China；the United States ‎8‎ 用于机关、团体、朝代、时代、报刊杂志等名词前 the United Nations；the State Council；the Tang dynasty；the People's Daily；the Summer Palace；the Peace Hotel； the British Museum ‎9‎ 用于表示方位的名词前 the east; the southwest; the middle; the Far East;  on the left ‎10‎ 用于乐器名词前，‎ 但汉语拼音的乐器前不用冠词 play the piano; play the violin;‎ play erhu; play guzheng ‎11‎ 用于复数的姓氏前，表示两夫妇或全家，在此情况下，这类名词作复数对待 When we got there, the Lius were waiting for us.‎ The Smiths watch TV every day.‎ ‎12‎ 用于某些形容词或过去分词前，表示一类人或事物 the poor; the rich; the living; the young; the wounded; the oppressed; ‎ the beautiful 不用冠词的情况 构成 举例 ‎1‎ ‎①不可数名词前 paper, ice, water, rice, weather, air, furniture家具, milk, meat ‎ ‎②不可数名词如前面有量词, 则可以用冠词 a piece of paper (ice, furniture, rice); a cup of water (milk); a bowl of meat(rice)‎ ‎2‎ 三餐饭的名词前 When do you have lunch?      After supper we usually take a walk ‎3‎ 节假日等名词前 on National Day; on Christmas Day; on Teachers’ Day ‎4‎ 球类和棋类运动的名词前 play pingpang, play basketball; play chess ‎5‎ 当man作“人类”讲时 Man will conquer nature.‎ ‎6‎ 表示某一类人或事物的复数名词前 Now people are living a happy life. Trees are planted everywhere.‎ ‎7‎ 表示泛指的物质名词和抽象名词前 Love is always stronger than hatred.‎ ‎8‎ I like this picture better.       Is that your book?‎ 名词前有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰 Take their chairs away!    I do not have any money on me.‎ ‎9‎ 季节、月份、星期等名词前 She likes spring while I like summer. / We have no classes on Saturday. /  The Long March started in October 1934.‎ ‎10‎ 表示只有一人担任的职务、头衔的名词前 We have elected him our monitor. ‎ ‎11‎ word 作“消息”讲时 Word came that he would go abroad ‎12‎ 在某些固定词组里 on foot; by train/ boat / plane /bus / bike; in fact; as a matter of fact; in class　‎ in church; in danger; in hospital; in town; in bed; at home; at school at daybreak; at sunrise; at dusk; at sunset; at night; at noon; ‎ go to school; go to class; go to bed; ‎ from morning till night; from victory to victory; from door to door ‎（一）基数词 范 围 特 点 实 例 ‎1~12‎ 无规律 one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve ‎13~19‎ 以teen结尾 thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen ‎20~90‎ 以ty结尾 twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety ‎21~99‎ 十位与个位之间要加连字符 “-”‎ twenty-five, sixty-five, ninety-nine ‎101~999‎ 百位与十位之间通常用and one hundred and one(101), five hundred and thirty(530),‎ seven hundred and eighty-nine(789)（美语中常将and省略）‎ 千以上 先从右至左数，每三位数加一个逗号(即以此把数目分为若干段)。第一个逗号前的数为thousand(千)，第二个逗号前的数million(百万)，第三个逗号前的数为billion(十亿)，第四个逗号前的数为 trillion(万亿)‎ ‎6, 275—six thousand, two hundred and seventy-five ‎9, 883— nine thousand, eight hundred and eighty-three ‎65, 359— sixty-five thousand, three hundred and fifty-nine ‎265, 468—two hundred and sixty-five thousand, four hundred and sixty-eight ‎60, 263, 150 —sixty million, two hundred and sixty-three thousand, one hundred and fifty 说明 ‎① 英语没有“万”这个单位，要表示“万”须借用thousand，如“一万”用“十千”表示(ten thousand)，“十万”用“百千”表示(one hundred thousand)。‎ ‎② hundred, thousand, million, billion 等词不带复数词尾-s (即用单数形式)。反之，如带复数词尾-s，前面不能用数字，且后须跟of。如：5 hundred students 500个学生; hundreds of students成百上千的学生 ‎③ 在hundred 后通常加上连词and，不过此and 在美国英语中可以省略。若读数中没有 hundred，则在thousand后加and。‎ ‎④一个数的最高位若为“1”，这个“1”可用a或one表示，但在数字中间的“1”，则只能用one，不能用a：如‎1600 a [one] thousand and six hundred; 6100 six thousand and one hundred (数字中间 one 不可改为a)‎ ‎⑤ 在非正式场合，人们也常以hundred 为单位来读数，对于1100至1900之间的整数尤其如此。‎ It cost fifteen hundred pounds. 这东西花了1500英镑。‎ ‎（二）序数词 范 围 特 点 实 例 ‎1~19‎ 各基数词尾加th 其中七个例外：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth ‎ 其余，如：four — forth, six — sixth, nineteen — nineteenth ‎20~90‎ 把y变i后加eth ‎ twentieth, fortieth, ninetieth ‎21以后多位数 最后一个数用序数词，其余用基数词 ‎ 21st — twenty-first, 110th — one hundred and tenth 说明 ‎①first, second, third 通常可缩写为1st, 2nd, 3rd。‎ 凡是以th结尾的序数词可缩写为“基数词+th”：4th, 5th, 9th, 11th, 60th, 128th等。‎ ‎②. hundred, thousand, million 等序数词形式为 hundredth, thousandth, millionth 等；这类词前用数字“1”时，这个“1”只用one，不用a：‎ one hundredth 第100 (不说a hundredth)          ten thousandth (10, 000th) 第10000‎ 不定数量词“多”的表示法  ‎ 修饰可数名词 dozens of ‎ 几十、许多 scores of ‎ 许多 many, a good(great) many, many a （修饰单数可数名词）‎ 许多、大量 hundreds of ‎ 数以百计 thousands of, thousands upon thousands of ‎ 成千上万 millions of ‎ 数百万 billions of ‎ 亿万 a large (great, big, small) number (majority) of ‎ 许多、大量 修饰不可数名词 much, a great (good)deal of, a large amount of, ‎ large amounts of, a large (great, big)sum of（sum特指钱） ‎ 许多、大量 二者都可 a lot of /lots of, plenty of, a (large) quantity of , large quantities of ‎ 许多、大量 数词的主要用法 ‎ 1、表示日期 ‎1949年：1949读作nineteen forty-nine ‎6月23日‎：June 23rd 读作June (the) twenty-third或the twenty-third of June ‎2019年10月：October 2019 读作October, two thousand and six ‎2000年6月13日‎：June 13th, 2019 读作the thirteenth of June, two thousand ‎2、表示钟点 半小时用half，一刻钟用a quarter，半小时以内用past或after，超过半小时用to接下一个钟头。‎ ‎08:00 eight o’clock或eight=8:‎00 a.m. 09:15 nine fifteen或a quarter past/after nine ‎02:30 two thirty或half past/after two 05:45 five forty-five或a quarter to six ‎14:15 fourteen fifteen=2.15 p. m. 23:05 twenty-three oh five或five past twenty-three ‎24:00 twenty-four o’clock=midnight 10:50 ten fifty 或ten to eleven ‎3、表示编号 ‎（1）单纯的编号，可在基数词前加number，简写为No.，如No.2（第二）。‎ ‎（2）序号与事物名词连用时分三种情况：‎ ‎① 用“the +序数词+名词”或“名词+基数词”。如“第1课”可以说the First Lesson或Lesson One。‎ ‎② 用“名词+数词”。如808号房间：Room 808；2路公共汽车：Bus No.2或No.2 Bus； ‎ 南京路1490号：1490 Nanjing Road；‎ ‎③ 电话号码83545601（用基数词逐个念，0念字母O）.‎ ‎4、表示倍数 ‎① 倍数+as +形容词/副词(原级)+ as。如：‎ This bridge is three times as long as that one. 这座桥是那座桥的三倍长。‎ ‎② 倍数+形容词或副词的比较级+than。如：‎ This bridge is three times longer than that one. 这座桥是那座桥的三倍长。‎ ‎③ 倍数+ the size/length/weight…+of+表示比较对象的名词。如：‎ This bridge is three times the length of that one. 这座桥是那座桥的三倍长。‎ ‎④ 倍数+what引导的从句。如：‎ The college is twice what it was 5 years ago. 这所大学是它五年前的两倍。‎ 约数表示法 英语表达 例句 大于 more than ‎ He has lived here for more than twenty years.‎ over she is over fifty.‎ or more There're thirty people or more in the meeting-room.‎ 小于 less than I have less than (not more than )fifty dollars.‎ under Children under seven are not allowed to enter.‎ below He would not sell it for below a hundred fifty dollars.‎ or less The coat might cost him sixty dollars or less.‎ 大约 nearly She is nearly fifty now.‎ almost Its almost three o'clock.‎ up to ‎ Up to ten men can sleep in this tent.‎ or ‎ He spent four or five days writing the article.‎ or so ‎ The distance is twenty miles or so.‎ about I visited that village about three years ago.‎ some Their team has some four or five players.‎ more or less The container can hold more or less twenty pounds of water.‎ around/round Let's make it round/around eight o'clock.‎ ‎20%‎ ‎20 per cent 或 20 percent ‎6×5=30‎ Six times five is/equals thirty.‎ ‎1/2‎ a half ‎ ‎20÷5=4‎ twenty divided by five is/equals four.‎ ‎1/5‎ one fifth （分子用基数词，分母用序数词）‎ A＞B A is more than B.‎ ‎1/4‎ a quarter ‎ A＜B A is less than B.‎ ‎2又2/5‎ two and two fifths （分子＞1，分母用复数）‎ A≈B A is approximately (近似地, 大约)equal to B.‎ ‎4+8 =12 ‎ Four plus eight is/equals twelve A=B A is equal to B或A equals B ‎11-7=4‎ Eleven minus seven is/equals four.‎ A≠B A is not equal to B或A doesn’t equal B 代 词 分类 用法说明 ‎1．人称代词 ‎（1）人称代词作主语用主格，作宾语、表语用宾格，但应注意以下4中情况：‎ ‎① 作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中，或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用，常用宾格。‎ ‎—Does any of you know where Tom lives? —Me. What! Me (to) play him at chess? No!‎ ‎② 句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时，与所替代的名词在人称、数、格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。 The thief was thought to be he. （the thief是主格，故用he代替） They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。（me是宾格，故用her替代）‎ ‎③ 作表语人称代词一般用宾格，但在强调句型中，被强调部分代词的格不变。 I met her in the hospital.→It was her who I met in the hospital.‎ ‎④ 在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。如：He is taller than me (I).但在下列句中有区别。 I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her. I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.‎ ‎（2）两个以上的人称代词并列，其次序排列原则：‎ ‎① 在并列主语中，“I” 总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三 一（人称）。宾格me也一样。 You , she and I will be in charge of the case. Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.‎ ‎② 第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后。He and she still don’t agree to the plan.‎ ‎（3）几个人称代词的特殊用法。①we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。 ②she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。 The “Titanic” was the largest, wasn’t she?‎ ‎2．物主代词 ‎（1）注意形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的用法区别。‎ ‎（2）one’s own…=...of one’s own句式的转换。‎ ‎（3）某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。如： take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.‎ ‎3．反身代词 ‎（1）反身代词的语法功能：宾语、表语、主语或宾语的同位语。‎ ‎（2）反身代词和某些动词连有，构成固定短语。enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, make oneself understood ‎（3）反身代词还可用于某些成语中。for oneself为自己或独立地； of oneself自然地，自动地； by oneself独自地； ‎ in oneself本身性质；beside oneself喜怒哀愁至极 This problem gets a chapter to itself.这个问题占了一章（独有）。‎ Just between ourselves, I don’t think much of him.私下地说我并不怎么看重他。 They were discussing about it among themselves.（相互共同） Left to himself he began to write.别人走后只留下他，他写了起来。 I’m very angry with myself.生自己的气。‎ ‎4．相互代词 each other, one another： 相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each other’s 、one another’s , 作定语。一般来说，each other指两者之间，one another指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。‎ ‎5．指示代词（this, that , these, those, such, same）‎ 指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。‎ ‎（1）指示代词this和that的区别。 ①this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。 This is my desk and that is yours. In those days they could not go to school. ②this常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。 I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. He hurt his leg yesterday. That’s why he didn’t come. ③为了避免重复，常用that或those代替前面已提过的名词。 The weather of Beijing is colder than that of Nanjing. The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox. ④this在电话用语中作自我介绍，that询问对方；this和that可以当副词用，意思相当于副词so。‎ ‎（2）such和same的用法。 ①such指“这样的”人或事，在句中作主语和定语。Such was the story. We have never seen such a tall building. ②same指“同样的”人或事，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语，same的前面要用定冠词the. The same can be said of the other article. 另一篇文章也是同样的情况。（主语） Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me. 他是否能做这事，对我来说都一样。（表语）‎ ‎6．疑问代词 what; who; whose; where; when=what time; why; which; how; how old; how long; how soon; how far; how much; how many; how often ‎7．连接代词 连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同，主要有who、whom、whose、what、which以及它们与ever合成的代词whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever等。它们用来引导主语从句，宾语从句和表语从句，即连接复合句中的主句和从句，并在从句中担任一定的句子成分，以连接代词引起的名词性从句前不能再加that. 用法详见“名词性从句”‎ ‎8．关系代词 关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它们包括who、whom、whose、which、that等。用法详见 “定语从句”部分。‎ ‎9．不定代词 不定代词主要有：all、each、every、both、either、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词，如someone, somebody, something等，不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等（every、no只能作定语）。‎ ‎（1）some与any： some一般用于肯定句，any多用于疑问、否定或条件句。‎ He has some Chinese paintings.(定语) Do you have any questions to ask? (定语) 特殊用法： ① any用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。Any child can do that.（定语） You may take any of them.（宾语） ② some用于单数可数名词前表示“某一”。 Smith went to some place in England.（定语） ③ 在期待对方回答yes 时，some用在表示请求或邀请的问句中。‎ Would you like some bananas?（邀请） Mum, could you give me some money?(请求) ④ some 用于否定句表示部分否定。 I don’t know some of the students.（宾语） ⑤ some和any在句中还可作状语，作副词。some意为“大约”相当于“about”,而any则表示程度，意为“稍，丝毫”。如： There are some 300 workers on strike. Do you feel any better today?‎ ‎（2）one, both, all ① one作定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个” 的意思，其复数为ones, 指人时，其所有格是one’s， ‎ 反身代词是oneself. One should try one’s best to serve the people.(主语、定语) This is not the one I want.(表语) one、ones可以代替上文提到过的名词，以免重复，one、ones前面分别可以用this、that、these、those或the、which等词修饰。如：These books are more interesting than those ones. ‎ Here are three pens.Which one is yours, this one or that one or the one in the pencil-box? ② both用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语，可以指人或指物，表示“两者都”的意思。 This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语) Both of the boys are here.(主语) We both are students.(同位语) 注意：both用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用neither。‎ 如：Both of us are not teachers.我们俩并不都是教师。Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。 both不能放在the、these、those、my等之后，而应放在它们的前面。‎ 如：Both my parents like this film. Both the /these boys are tall. ③all用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语，指“全部的”、“整个的”，可与可数或不可数名词连用，除少数情况外，一 ‎ 般不与单数可数名词连用，与复数名词连用时，表示“所有的”、“全部的”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。 He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。 All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。 They have all been to Xi’an.他们都去过西安。 注意：all 用于否定句，表示部分否定，完全否定用none。如： Not all the ants go out for food.(or:All the ants don’t go out for food.)并不是所有的蚂蚁都出去寻找食物。 None of the money is mine.这钱一分也不是我的。‎ ‎（3）many和much： many和much都表示“许多”，但many修饰或代替复数可数名词，much修饰或代替不可数名词。‎ ‎（4）few, little; a few, a little： few和little表示没有多少，含否定意义；而a few 和a little表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few、a few 修饰可数名词；little、a little修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。‎ ‎（5）no和none： no=not any, 表示“没有”，用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词，通常作定语，none代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。none还可以在句中作宾语。‎ 注意：none既可以指人又可以指物，no one只能指人。‎ ‎（6）each和every： each（各个），指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。‎ every（每个），指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。 Every student it our class has a dictionary.(强调班上“所有的人”) Each student in our class has a dictionary.（强调各个个体）‎ ‎（7）either和neither： either是“两者中任何一个”；neither是“两者都不/没有”‎ Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语) Neither boy knows French.(定语) 注意：①either也作副词，其意为“也”，用于否定句的句末。He doesn’like tea, and I don’t either.（状语）‎ ‎②either与or构成连词，意为“不是……就是……”或“要么……要么……”。He is either Japanese or Chinese. ‎ ‎③neither用作副词，意为“也不”，即“not…either”。He can’t do it, neither can I.‎ ‎ ‎④neither可与nor构成连词，意为“既不……也不”。Neither he nor you are a student.‎ ‎（8）other和another, the others 和others ① the other表示“两者中的另一个”； “the other + 复数可数名词”表示“其余（他）的……”； the others表示“其他的人 或物”。“others及other + 复数名词”泛指“其他的（别的）人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。如： He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel. Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens) are yellow. Some are singing, others are dancing. ② another修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“（三个或三个以上的）另一个”，在句中可作宾语和定语。 This coat is too dark. Please show me another.(宾语) Please give me another book.（定语） 注意： another修饰复数名词时，意为 “再，又”。如：Please give me another ten minutes. ‎ ‎③ one … another(a second)… a third…the other…意为“一个……一个……一个……一个” 用于三者或三者以上的排列。‎ ‎④ some…others…others…，意为 “一些……一些……一些”。‎ 主谓一致 分类 构成与举例 ‎1．谓语动词 单数 ‎① 不定式、动名词、名词性从句作主语时 To learn a foreign language is not easy. =It’s not easy to learn a foreign language. ‎ Working with you is pleasant. =It’s pleasant working with you. ‎ ‎② 事件、国名、书名、作品名称作主语时 China is a big country.‎ ‎③ 表示时间、金钱、距离、体积、数字等的名词词组作主语表示总量时 Two hours is enough for us to finish the experiment．‎ ‎④ 定语从句中，先行词是the only one (of)...时 （如没有the only, 从句中的谓语动词则用复数）‎ Mr. Smith is the only one of the teachers who knows the truth. ‎ This is one of the best films that have been shown this year ‎⑤ 以-ics或-s结尾的表示学科、疾病之类的名词作主语时 Mathematics is difficult but important.‎ ‎⑥ a quantity of 其后接名词作主语时 ‎⑦ 由every，each，no，many a，a great deal of，more than one.等+单数名词作主语时 Every man and woman attends the meeting Many a student and teacher is watching the football match ‎⑧ the number of + 复数名词作主语时 （如是a number of，谓语动词则用复数）‎ As you can see, the number of cars on our roads is rising these days.‎ As you can see, a number of cars on our roads are rising these days.‎ ‎⑨ 由each，either，neither或由some，any，no，every构成的合成代词作主语时 Neither of them is interested in English. Somebody is waiting for you.‎ ‎⑩ 谓语动词只用单数的集合名词：‎ mankind 人类; furniture 家具;  foliage 植物; clothing 衣服;  machinery 机械;  merchandise 货物 Then the furniture was moved in. Our clothing protects us from cold.‎ ‎2．谓语动词 复数 ‎① 由and或both... and... 连接两个不同的概念作主语时（如连接同一概念，则单数）‎ A poet and an artist are coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting.‎ A poet and artist is coming to speak to us about Chinese literature and painting.‎ ‎② clothes, trousers, shoes, glasses等由两部分组成的名词作主语时 ‎③ quantities of无论其后接单数还是复数名词，谓语动词都用复数 With more forests being destroyed, huge quantities of good earth are being washed away each year.‎ ‎④ a number of + 复数名词作主语时 Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, work in the clothing industry.‎ ‎⑤ 谓语动词只用复数的集合名词：police 警察; militia民兵; people人们; vermin 害虫; cattle 牲畜; poultry 家禽 The police are questioning everyone in the house.‎ ‎⑥ “the + 形容词／-ed分词”表示一类人, 作主语时The injured have been taken to hospital ‎3．谓语动词与前面一致 ‎① 由as well as, with, together with, along with, rather than, including, except, but, besides等连接两个名词作主语，谓语动词的数由前面的名词或代词的单复数来决定 The father as well as his three children goes skating on the frozen river.‎ ‎② “there be +并列名词”和“here be +并列名词”中的谓语动词的数，由第一个名词的单复数来决定 ‎ There is an apple, two bananas and some oranges on the plates ‎4．谓语动词与后面一致 由or, either... or..., neither... nor..., not  only... but also... ，not...but等连接两个名词作主语时，谓语动词的数由后面的名词或代词的单复数来决定 Either you or the headmaster is to hand out the prizes to these gifted students at the meeting.‎ ‎5．具体情况具体分析 ‎① 量词后加名词，谓语动词的数由量词的单复数决定 A piece of paper is on the desk. Two pieces of paper are on the desk.‎ ‎② lots of, plenty of等词表示“许多”等概念时，谓语动词的数由of后的名词的单复数决定 ‎③ 当主语中心词是all, some, any, enough, most, half, the rest等时，谓语动词要视情况而定 ‎ Most of what has been said about the Smiths is also true of the Johnsons.‎ ‎④ 谓语动词既可以用单数又可以用复数的集合名词：team, class, army, family, group等。若表示一个整体概念或单位，谓语动词用单数；若表示其中的的各个成员，谓语动词用复数。‎ His family are waiting for him. （把 "family" 看成家庭成员）‎ His family is a big and happy family. （把 "family" 看成一个整体）‎ 倒 装 部分倒装 把“三类动词”放在主语之前，谓语其余部分放主语之后；如没有“三类动词”，就用助动词帮忙 ‎（1）疑问句中的倒装Has your mother spoken to Tom? I saw Mary yesterday．Did you see her?‎ ‎（2）虚拟条件句中省略if的倒装, 将were, had, should提请到主语前面 Were it fine tomorrow, we would go on a picnic. = If it were fine tomorrow…‎ Had they been given more help, they would have succeeded.= If they had been given more help...‎ Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home. = If it should rain tomorrow…‎ ‎（3）only后接副词、介词短语或状语从句放在句首时用倒装, 如不在句首, 用正常语序.‎ Only in this way can we study English well. We can study English well only in this way.‎ ‎（4）Only if开头用倒装，但If only开头则用虚拟语气 Only if you study hard, will you make progress. (倒装) If only we studied hard, we would make progress.(虚拟)‎ ‎（5）含有否定意义的副词或词组，用于句首，担任状语时：Never, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, not until，等，以及含有no的词组，如by no means, in no time, under no circumstances等。另外，含有否定意义的关连词,如not only…but also, neither…nor, no sooner…than, hardly/ scarcely…when用于句首.‎ Never shall I forget this lesson. =I shall never forget this lesson Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also (he was) a poet. ‎ In no case will he give up the experiment. =He will give up the experiment in no case.‎ Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.‎ Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. ‎ Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. （①倒装；②过去完成式；③连接词when/than）‎ ‎（6）把副词so放在句首时：句型是：So + “三类动词”+主语，（没“三类动词”，就用助动词帮忙）‎ She is a teacher. So is her mother. You can ride a bike. So can I.‎ He has been to Beijing. So have I. I saw the film last week. So did she.‎ 如前后两句涉及的是同一主语，则不倒装。‎ John likes English. So he does. 是的, 他确实喜欢英语 （John 和 he是同一人）. ‎ John likes English. So does Tom. 汤姆也喜欢英语 （John 和 Tom是两个不同的人）‎ ‎（7）把neither/nor放在句首，Neither/nor + “三类动词”+主语，（没“三类动词”，就用助动词帮忙）‎ She isn’t a teacher. Neither/nor is her mother. You can’t ride a bike. Neither/nor can I.‎ ‎（8）当so (such)…that 结构中的so/such用于句首加强语气时 So angry was he, that he couldn’t speak. (He was so angry that …)‎ To such an extent do the parents love their son that they have tried to satisfy every demand of his.‎ ‎（9）as / though引导的让步从句（看状语从句第8点的“让步状语从句”）‎ ‎（10）“be”引导的让步状语中 Everybody must obey the law, be he a common citizen or a high-ranking official. (=…, whether he is a …)‎ 完全倒装 把整个谓语部分放在主语之前，直接用原句中的实义动词，不必用“三类动词”。‎ ‎（1）地点状语在句首, 动词为come，lie，stand，walk等时 On the stairs was sitting a small dark-haired girl.= A small dark-haired girl was sitting on the stairs.‎ On the top of the hill stands a small temple. = A small temple stands on the top of the hill.‎ ‎（2）宾语从句的直接引语中, 当直接引语置于主句的前面时 ‎“I can do it by myself,” answered Mary. = Mary answered, “I can do it by myself.”‎ ‎“I am sure,” said Jack, “you are right.” = Jack said, “I am sure you are right.”‎ ‎（3）在以here，there, now, then或out，in，up，down，away等介词开头的句子中，谓语是be, come, go等，表示强调或表达生动时 Here is the letter you have been looking forward to. Now goes the bell!‎ Then came the order to take off. There goes the bell.铃响了。‎ ‎ Here comes the bus. Out rushed the children．孩子们冲了出来。‎ ‎ Away went the boy.‎ 如果主语是人称代词，则不用倒装 There comes the teacher! There he comes! ‎ Here are the books you want. Here they are. Here it is．给你。‎ 状语从句 分类 举 例 ‎1‎ 时间 as, ‎ when while 当……‎ ‎①as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词 Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me ‎②当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.‎ ‎③ 从句表示“随时间推移”连词用as，不用when 或while. As the day went on, the weather got worse.‎ till until ‎①Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首. Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.‎ 直到 ‎②Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首. --Until when are you staying?--Until next Monday.‎ ‎③Not until …在句首，主句用倒装. Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.‎ 一……就……‎ ‎① hardly/scarcely…when I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.‎ ‎② no sooner…than.. I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.‎ ‎③ as soon as As soon as I got home, it began to rain. ‎ ‎④ On/upon doing sth On/upon arriving home, I will call you.‎ hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，考点：①倒装；②连接词；③过去完成时态 Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.‎ after After the American Civil War had lasted four years, the North won in the end.‎ before before从将来时间/动作到现在（倒计时）The American Civil War lasted four years before the North won in the end.‎ since since 从过去时间/动作到现在 It is almost five years since we saw each other last time..‎ ‎2‎ 地点 where Where there is a way, there is a will. Everywhere they went, they were warmly received. ‎ wherever Sit wherever you like. Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.‎ 抽象名词表地点，用where. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity where sight matters more than hearing.‎ ‎3‎ 原因 because as since for ‎① because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题，不能与so连用。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since ‎② 由because引导的从句如果放在句中，且有逗号隔开，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。‎ ‎③ because用于句首和句中都可以；since, as只用于句首；for只用于句中 now that Now (that)（既然）you are ready, we’ll start working at once. ‎ ‎4‎ 结果 so…that…; such…that… 如此……以至于…… ‎ ‎① so + 形容词 + a +单数可数名词= such + a + 形容词 +单数可数名词He is so young a boy(such a young boy) that he can’t do it.‎ ‎② so + 形容词 The weather was so bad that he had to stay at home.‎ ‎③ such + 形容词 + 复数可数名词或不可数名词 It was such bad weather that he had to stay at home.‎ ‎④ 如果复数可数名词前有many，few，不可数名词前有much，little等表示量的形容词时，应该用so而不用such。‎ I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over. ‎ Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together（维持生活）‎ ‎⑤ 但little不表示数量而表示"小"的意思时，仍用such。‎ They are such little children that they cannot clean the house by themselves. ‎ so that / so 因此；所以（相当于thus; therefore; as a result; consequently）They missed the bus, so that (so) they were late for class. ‎ ‎5‎ 方式 as, (just) as…so…‎ ‎“正如……”，“就像”‎ 多用于正式文体（as不能用like代替, as接句子, like接名词），例如：‎ You should study as Tom did (like Tom). Air is to man as water is to fish.‎ as if, ‎ as though ‎“仿佛……似的”，‎ ‎“好像……似的”‎ ‎① 状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，例如：‎ He speaks English as if (as though) he were an Englishman.‎ ‎② as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语 He stared at me as if seeing me for first time. He cleared his throat as if to say something. The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger. ‎ ‎6‎ 条件 if“如果”‎ Only if you study hard, will you make progress. (倒装)‎ If only we studied hard, we would make progress.(虚拟)‎ unless“除非” = if not You will never make progress unless you study hard.‎ or, otherwise“否则”‎ If you don’t leave immediately, you will be late for class.‎ ‎=You leave immediately or/otherwise you will be late for class.‎ as/so long as, ‎ on condition that; only if; provided / providing“只要”‎ You will make progress on condition that (only if / provided / providing) you study hard.‎ As (so) long as you study hard, you will make progress.(只要…)‎ As far as I know, he doesn’t have much money.(就…而言)‎ ‎7‎ 目的 that, so that“所以”‎ Work hard so that you can succeed.‎ in order that“为了”‎ You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.‎ lest“唯恐，以免”‎ She called her father for fear that (lest) he should forget to attend the meeting.‎ for fear that“唯恐，害怕”‎ He wrote the name down for fear that (lest) he should forget it.‎ in case“万一”‎ Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.‎ in case / lest / for fear that 可用虚拟，should+动词原形，如不用虚拟语气，则用一般现在时或一般过去时.‎ He takes an umbrella in case it should rain（rains / rained）.‎ ‎8‎ 让步 though, although虽然=while ‎（1）while等于when：While/when I was doing my work, you called me.‎ ‎（2）while等于but，句中：You like English, while/but I like Chinese.‎ ‎（3）while等于though，句首： While/though I like the color of the hat, I don’t like its shape.‎ as与 though ‎ 引导的倒装句 as / though引导的让步从句把表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、名词、实义动词提前），形成倒装句。 Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was a child, he knew what was the right thing to do. ‎ Young as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do. = Though he was young, he knew what was the right thing to do.‎ Tired as I am, I go on to teach my daughter’s math.‎ 注意：①句首名词不能带任何冠词。②句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。③如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。 ‎ Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. ‎ ‎= Though he tries hard, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.‎ ever if = even though即使 We'll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad.‎ whether与if的区别：‎ ‎（1）在条件状语从句中表“如果”，只能用if: ‎ If you work hard, you can study English well.‎ ‎（2）在宾语从句中表“是否”，二者可以相互代替; 但是作介词宾语时连接词一般用whether ‎ I don’t know if/whether he will come. It all depends on whether they will come back.‎ ‎（3）在介词后面只能用whether: They are talking about whether he will come.‎ ‎（4）在…or not的结构中，只能用whether: ‎ I don’t know whether he will come or not. ‎ ‎（5）在whether + to do sth. 复合结构中，只能用whether. ‎ He hasn’t decided whether to go or not.‎ ‎（6）在让步状语从句中，表“不管/无论”，只能用whether. ‎ Whether it rains or not, we will go to the park.‎ ‎（7）在主语从句中，只能用whether: Whether it is hot or cold will not affect my study. ‎ ‎“no matter +疑问词”与 ‎“疑问词+ever”‎ ‎“无论……都……；‎ 不管……都……”‎ no matter what = whatever 无论什么 no matter who = whoever 无论谁 no matter when = whenever 无论何时 no matter where = wherever 无论哪里 no matter which = whichever无论哪个 no matter how = however无论如何 ‎（1）引导让步状语从句时，可以互换：‎ No matter what happened, he would not mind. =Whatever happened, he would not mind.‎ No matter who you are, you must keep the law. =Whoever you are, you must keep the law.‎ Whatever you say, I won’ t believe you. =No matter what you say, I won’ t believe you.‎ ‎（2）引导主语从句和宾语从句时，只能用“疑问词-ever”‎ ‎（错）No matter what you say is of no use now. （主语从句）‎ ‎（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.　‎ ‎（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they're given.（宾语从句） （对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they're given.‎ ‎9‎ 比较 as...as...‎ He works as hard as his brother（does）．‎ 比较级+ than Man developed earlier than people think. 人类的出现比人们所想的要早 the most…in/of This book is the most interesting of the three.这本书是三本中最有趣的。‎ no more than只不过 I have no more than two pens.我只有两支笔。‎ Jack is not more diligent than John.捷克不如约翰勤奋 one of the + 名词(复数)….之一(用于最高级)‎ Han Mei is one of the best students in our school. 韩梅是我们学校最好的学生之一。‎ ‎ 定语从句 分类 构成与举例 限制性定语从句 在句子中是一个必不可少的成分，如果去掉这部分，整个句子的意义就不完整 He is the man whom I saw in the park yesterday. ‎ 非限制性定语从句 在句子只是起到补充说明的作用，去掉这部分，整个句子的意义还是完整的 I have many friends, some of whom are painters.‎ 关系代词 that ‎（注：that是个“万金油”，‎ ‎（1）当先行词为序数词或被序数词所修饰时 This is the fourth film that I have seen this term.‎ 到处都可以用，只有在定语从句和宾语从句中做宾语才可以省略，做其他成分和在其他从句中都不能省略）‎ ‎（2）当先行词为形容词最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时 The best that I could do was to apologize. This is the most interesting story book that I have ever read.‎ ‎（3）当先行词是all, some, any, few, little, much, no, something, nothing, anything等不定代词时 We should do all that is useful to the people. Please tell me anything that you know about the matter.‎ ‎（4）当先行词被all, any, few, little, no, some, every, each等不定代词修饰时 I have read all the books(that)you gave me. You can take any seat that is free. ‎ ‎（5）当先行词被the very, the only, the last, the just, the same等修饰时（先行词被the same修饰时，也可用as）‎ This is the very book that I’m looking for. This is the same book that/as I’m looking for.‎ ‎（6）当先行词既包含人又包含物时They talked about the teachers and the schools that they had visited.‎ ‎（7）当先行词是疑问代词who，which，what或主句以这些词开头，为避免重复时 Who that has ever worked together with him doesn’t admire him?  Which is the star that is nearer to the earth？‎ ‎（8）如有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用，则另一个用that。‎ Edison‎ built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.‎ ‎（9）当先行词为主句表语或关系代词为从句表语时 That’s a good book that will help you a lot.   Our school is no longer the place that it used to be.‎ ‎（10）先行词为time时，当time表示次数，引导词用that, 可省略。 当表示时间，可用that或when引导， 都可省略。I didn't remember the exact time when/that I arrived in Shanghai last month.‎ ‎（11）在名词性从句中，能用that的地方不能用which，（缺which则用which）‎ ‎（12）在it is/was…that…的强调句中 which ‎（1）在非限制性定语从句中，不能用that，但并非只能用which，而是缺什么填什么（不能省略）‎ I bought a book yesterday, which is very interesting.‎ She was married to Tony, who was also in Canada.‎ She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before.‎ This is Kate, whose sister you met last week.‎ I live a long way from work, as you know. (在句中时，as有"正如""就像"之意，而which则没有此意)‎ The ruins were soon covered by thick forests and were forgotten until 1861, when the French discovered them.‎ Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland, where he was buried in 1977.‎ ‎（2）修饰前面整个主句 I never met Julia again after that, which was a pity.‎ ‎（3）介词提前，即在“介词＋关系代词”结构中，（介词不提前，which=that）‎ ‎（缺什么介词，填什么介词）why = for which；where = in/ on/ at /above/beside/by/from which；‎ when = in/ on/ at /after/before/during/from which；whose = of which（物）/ of whom（人）‎ ‎（4）先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时 You should grasp well those skills which may be used in the future work who 表“人”，从句中作主语（不能省略）The man who/that called me just now is Tom.‎ whom ‎（1）表“人”，从句中作宾语（可以省略）The man (whom/that) I called just now is Tom.‎ ‎（2）介词提前表“人” The man about whom we talked just now is Tom.‎ whose 用来指人或物“的”： （1）前后必须是名词，（2）前后名词形成所属关系“……的”；‎ ‎（3）变换前后名词位置，whose = of which（物）/ of whom（人）‎ The boy whose mother is a doctor is Tom. =The boy is Tom, the mother of whom is a doctor.‎ The classroom whose windows are big and bright is ours. ‎ ‎=This is our classroom, the windows of which are big and bright.‎ 介词提前：The prince was the person in whose honor the ball was given.‎ 关系代词 as ‎（1）用作关系代词的as通常与such、the same、as并用 I like the same book as you do. Keep away from such thing as will do you harm.‎ ‎（2）such…as…与such…that…的区别：such…as…是定语从句，such…that…是结果状语从句。‎ The book is written in such easy English as I can read. （定于从句中不能出现与先行词相重复的代词）‎ ‎=The book is written in such easy English that I can read it. （结果状语从句中，保留前面名词的代词）‎ ‎（3）as引导的非限制性定语从句，只能修饰整个句子，表示说话人的态度/看法，可放句首、句中或句末。She is extremely popular among students, as is common knowledge. ‎ As we all know (= As is known to all), he studies very hard as位于句首常用的句式有as is said above, as is already mentioned above, as is known to all, as it is, ‎ as is often the case, as is reported in the newspaper等 关系副词 why ‎（1）why修饰先行词reason，在定语从句中充当原因状语 I don’t know the reason why he came so late. That is the reason why I don’t want to go. ‎ ‎（2）当先行词是表示原因或方式的名词时，可以用that，相当于介词+which，that可以省略 The reason that (=for which /why) he came here was to ask for our help.‎ He didn’t like the way that (=in which) she speaks to his mother. ‎ Imagine the speed that (=at which) he drives the car.‎ where ‎（1）修饰表示地点的先行词，在从句中充当地点状语 The city where I work is Huaihua. ‎ ‎（2）如在从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或which ‎（重点记及物动词visit，其后面接的地点做宾语，不做状语）‎ The city that/which I visited is Huaihua. ‎ ‎（3）介词提前where = in/ on/ at /above/beside/by/from which （缺什么介词，填什么介词）‎ The city where I work is Huaihua. （用了where，后面的从句就不能再用介词）‎ The city that/which I work in is Huaihua. （介词不提前，that=which）‎ The city in which (=where) I work is Huaihua. （介词提前，只能用which）‎ ‎（4）抽象名词表地点，大胆用where I have reached a point in my life I am supposed to make decisions of my own.‎ Life is like a long race we compete with others to go beyond ourselves.‎ It’s helpful to put children in a situation they can see themselves differently.‎ when ‎（1）修饰表示时间的先行词，在定语从句中充当时间状语 The day when I met the famous pop star was the greatest day of my life.（when=on which） ‎ ‎（2）如在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，则用that或which ‎ ‎（重点记三个及物动词：spend; forget, remember，其后面接的时间做宾语，不做状语）‎ Do you still remember the days which/that we spent together in school？‎ ‎（3）介词提前when = in/ on/ at /after/before/during/from which （缺什么介词，填什么介词）‎ I shall never forget those years when (=during which) I lived with her. ‎ how 注意：关系副词里面没有how。 how不是关系副词，如果要修饰方式，不能用how引导, 用that或in which引导，或者不用引导词。 ‎ I don’t like the way that ( =in which) he eyed me. 我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。‎ This is the way I look at it. 这就是我对这件事的看法。‎ 解题要点 ‎1．正确判断关系词在从句中所作的成分。关系代词作主、宾、定语，关系副词作状语。‎ 只有whom, which, that做宾语才可以省略，做其他成分不能省略。 （在宾语从句中，也只有that做宾语才可以省略）‎ ‎2．优先考虑介词提前；缺什么介词，填什么介词：介词提前后只用which, whom, whose。‎ 选介词的依据：看先行词、或看从句中的形容词和动词与哪一个介词组成习惯搭配。‎ ‎3．从句只能用陈述结构：Rabbits make their homes in fields ____ hide their young under bushes or among tall grasses.‎ A. can where they B. where they can C. where can they D. where can ‎4．从句中不能出现与先行词相重复的代词。‎ All of the plants now raised on farms have been developed from plants _____wild.‎ A. once they grew B. they grew once C. that once grew D. once grew ‎5．从句的时态是否受主句时态的限制，要根据整个句子的具体语境决定。‎ I was giving a talk to a large group of people, the same talk I had given to half a dozen other groups. ‎ ‎6．关系词在从句中做主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词保持一致。‎ ‎ The man who is having English class for us comes from the English Department of Huaihua‎ ‎University.‎ ‎7．与其它从句的辨识：定语从句易与状语从句、同位语从句、并列句以及强调结构混淆。‎ ‎—Mom, what did your doctor say? —He advised me to live ________ the air is fresher. ‎ A. in where                   B. in which C. the place where         D. where ‎ 名词性从句 主语 从句 ‎（主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句中用that都不能省略）‎ ‎（1）整个从句做主语。为了避免从句的谓语动词和真正的谓语碰车，则在句首加引导词（缺什么填什么，什么都不缺填that）；又由于整个句子头重脚轻，所以用it is …….that……结构 That I can’t speak English well annoys me extremely. = It annoys me extremely that I can’t speak English well.‎ What I said is very important. =It is very important what I said.‎ ‎（2）常用的it is ….that…结构 It is hoped that … 希望…… It is reported that … 据报道…… It is said that … 据说…… It is asserted that … 有人主张 …… ‎ It is supposed that … 据推测…… It must be admitted that … 必须承认…… It must be pointed out that … 必须指出…… It will be seen from this that … 由此可见…… It is believed that … 有人认为…… It is generally considered that … 大家(一般人)认为 It is well known that … 大家知道(众所周知)…… It will be said … 有人会说…… It was told that … 有人曾经说…… It may be said without fear of exaggeration that … 可以毫不夸张地说…‎ ‎（3）如何判断It is / was... that... 是否是强调句型 ‎①把It is / was... that... 去掉，如果剩下的成分仍然能组成一个完整的句子，就是强调句，否则就不是。‎ It is there that accidents often happen.→ Accidents often happen there.（强调句）‎ It is clear that not all the boys like football. →clear not all the boys like football（主语从句）‎ ‎②强调句型与时间状语从句、定语从句的判断：可采用“还原法”。如果还原后，句子成份完整，则是强调句；否则不是。‎ It was on March 1 that I had my hair cut. 可还原成：I had my hair cut on March 1. (强调句)‎ It was March 1 when I had my hair cut. (还原后，少介词，句子不完整，是定语从句) ‎ ‎③中间是过去分词和形容词是主语从句，是名词、短语或句子则是强调句；强调人用who，强调其他情况都只用that ‎ It is important that you study English well. （主语从句）= It is important for you to study English well.‎ ‎ It is Mr. Chen who teaches us English. It is this morning that I bought a book. ‎ 同位语 从句 先行词等于后面从句的内容是同位语从句；否则是定语从句。只有一些特殊的名词才可以引导同位语从句，如：story, tale, report, meeting, news, information, message, fact, truth, saying, idea, thought等。‎ The story that/which you told me yesterday is interesting. (定语从句，that/which可以省略)‎ The story that Tangshen went to the west to take Buddhist Scripture is interesting. (同位语从句，that不可以省略)‎ 表语 从句 ‎（1）表语从句常跟在系动词be, seem, look等词后面。如：The question was who had done it. It looks as if its going to snow.‎ ‎（2）表语从句常用的引导词有：从属连词that, whether；连接代词who, what, which；连接副词when, where, why, how等。此外，as if (though), because也可以引导表语从句。（缺什么填什么，什么都不缺填that）‎ The problem is that I can’t speak English well. The problem is why I can’t speak English well.‎ 宾语 从句 ‎（1）在实义动词后面的从句（缺什么填什么，什么都不缺填that）‎ ‎（2）宾语从句中的连接词that有时可省有时又不可省，在以下几种情况中that不能省略：‎ ‎① 从句和主句谓语动词之间或从句主谓之间有插入语时 He judged that, because he was young, he did not understand wine.‎ ‎② 当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时 Everyone knew what happened and that she was worried.‎ ‎③ 如带两个从句，前一个从句可以省略that, 后一个则不能省略that ‎ ‎ I said he bought a book yesterday and that he likes the book very much.‎ ‎④ 当that作介词宾语时The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do.‎ 直接引语 变 间接引语 ‎（1）人称变化：‎ ‎ She said,“My brother wants to go with me” → She said her brother wanted to go with her. (my→ her; me→ her)‎ ‎ He said to his friend, “How is your study now?” → He asked his friend how his study then. (your→his)‎ ‎ Mr. Wang said, “Tom is a good student.” → Mr. Wang said Tom was a good student. (Tom→Tom)‎ ‎（2）时态变化：①每个时态都往前推一个时间（现在→过去；过去→过去完成；将来→过去将来）②表示客观真理,时态不变；③有过去的具体时间，时态不变。 Jack said, “I went to Beijing in 2019.”→Jack said he went to Beijing in 2019.‎ ‎（3）时间、地点、指示代词、方向动词的变化：①now→then; today→that day; tomorrow→the next day; yesterday→the day before; tonight→that night; here→there; come→go; this→that; these→those ②如发生在当天，时间可不变 ‎（4）句型变化：‎ ‎①直接引语为陈述句：间接引语用that引导（that可省略）; said to变told.‎ She said to me, “Li Lei has tried his best these days ” → She told me that Li Lei had tried his best those days ” ‎ ‎②直接引语为一般疑问句，间接引语用whether/if 引导，谓语动词用ask.‎ He said, “Can you speak Japanese, Chen Yiying?” → He asked Chen Yiying if/whether she could speak Japanese.‎ ‎③直接引语为特殊疑问句，间接引语用原疑问词引导的宾语从句，从句用陈述语气.‎ She asked me, “When do you have your dinner?” → She asked me when I had my dinner.‎ ‎④直接引语为祈使句，间接引语用改为tell (ask/order) sb (not) to do sth.‎ She said to the children, “Don’t run in the room.” → She told/asked the children not to run in the room.‎ ‎⑤直接引语let引导的祈使句，间接引语用为“should + 动词原形”的句式.‎ He said, “Let’s go to climb the mountain.” → He suggested that they should go to climb the mountain.‎ 虚拟语气 if条件句 主句 死公式 现在 ‎① did ②were would/should/could/might + do 将来 ‎① did ②were ③were to do ④should do would/should/could/might + do 过去 had done would/should/could/might + have done 混合结构 过去→现在/将来 had done （时间①）‎ would/should/could/might + do（时间②）‎ The opening and reform to the outside began in 1980s in China. If it had started earlier (in 1960s), China would become more powerful and prosperous now.‎ 倒装结构 省略if, 把were, had, should放句首 Were I you , I wouldn’t do it. = If I were you, I wouldn’t do it.‎ Had the doctor been available, the child would have been saved.=If the doctor had been available, …‎ Should she come, ask her to leave a message.=If she should come, ask her to …= Ask her to leave a message if she should come 含蓄条件 ‎①有介词without, but for, if it (be) not for, but that 等引起的短语中,或有连词but, 副词otherwise, 比较级等的句子中.‎ Without electricity, there would be no modern industry. But for your help, I couldn’t have finished the task on time.‎ If it were not for the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy life today.‎ If it had not been for your help, we would not have achieved so much in our work.‎ But that she was afraid, she would have said no. A more careful person wouldn’t have made so many mistakes.‎ ‎②含蓄虚拟与过去相反，主句动词形式用would/could/should/might + have + done ‎③注意but后的真实情况 I would be glad to help you, but I am busy now. I would have helped you if I had had time. But I was busy then.‎ 其他情况 ‎（1）if only和 suppose (supposing)引导的虚拟条件句 （if only用虚拟；only if用倒装）‎ If only I had more money, I could buy a car. Supposing it were fine tomorrow, would you go swimming with us?‎ Only if you study hard, will you make progress. (倒装) If only you studied hard, you would make progress.(虚拟)‎ ‎① If only虚拟语气与过去相反，动词形式用had done. If only you hadn’t offended him!要是你那时没有冒犯他就好了.‎ ‎② suppose (supposing)单独引起一个句子,用于提出建议或假设.‎ Suppose we started tomorrow.咱们明天动身吧. Supposing the lion should come out of the cage?‎ ‎（2）wish “但愿…”, 或 “…就好了”. wish虚拟语气与过去相反，动词形式用had done (wish表示 “祝福”, 则不用虚拟)‎ I wish that he were not so crazy. I wish that I had not made so many mistakes. I wish that the rain would stop.‎ ‎（3）as if /though引起的方式状语从句和表语从句, 其动词与wish引导的虚拟语气相同. ‎ She loves the children in the kindergarten as if they were her own. He talked about Rome as if he had been there.‎ ‎（4）在would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所跟的从句中 I’d rather you posted the letter right away. I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.‎ I would prefer he didn’t stay there too long.‎ 另外：Would (had) rather + have +done 可以用于对过去相反的情况表示感叹.‎ I would rather have bought that book.我要是买了那本书就好了.‎ She would rather not have gone to the party.她觉得真不该去参加那个晚会.‎ ‎（5）It is (about, high) time + 从句, 表示早该做而未做的事,含建议的意味, 动词用过去式表虚拟.‎ It is high time (that) we began to work. It is (about) time that children went to school.‎ ‎（6）in case, lest, for fear that引起的状语从句中表示 “以防, 以免”. 其形式为+should动词原形.‎ He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain. She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.‎ 以上should一般不可以省略,但可以不用虚拟语气,而用动词的陈述语气形式.‎ He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain. He took his raincoat with him in case it rained.‎ He takes his raincoat with him in case it rains.‎ 省略 ‎“should” 用动词原形表虚拟 表示：‎ ‎“建议 命令 要求”‎ ‎（1）宾语从句：常用的动词有advise, ask, command, demand, decide, desire, insist, move, order, prefer, propose, require, request, suggest, urge He insisted that Tom do the job. He insists that Tom do the job. ‎ We suggested that the meeting (should) not be postponed. The union demanded the wages (should) be raised by 20%‎ 注：有时,上述动词+宾语从句不是表示建议/命令/要求等,而是表示其它的意义,这时则还用陈述语气.‎ He insisted that I was wrong.他坚持说我错了.( insist 表“坚持”，不用虚拟；动词用was不用should be)‎ The expression on her face suggests that she knows the secret.她的表情表明她知道了这个秘密.‎ He insisted that he in good health and to work there. （A. was, be sent/ B. is, is sent/ C. be, was sent/D. be, send）‎ ‎（2）主语从句：“It is+形容词/过去分词+主语从句”.常用的形容词和过去分词有advisable, desirable, demanded, desired, essential, important, imperative, necessary, natural, ordered, preferable, required, suggested, urgent,‎ It is necessary that you should be present at the discussion. It was ordered that the medicines be sent here by plane.‎ It is imperative that Tom arrive there in time.‎ ‎（3）表语从句和同位语从句：常用的名词有: advice, command, demand, desire, idea, insistence, motion, order, plan, proposal, preference, recommendation, requirement, suggestion Their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%. The suggestion that he be invited was rejected. ‎ 非谓语动词 主动（逻辑主语能发出的动作）‎ 被动（逻辑主语不能发出的动作）‎ ‎1. doing ①用在要求动词后；②进行；伴随；③性质；特点；用途 ‎④抽象；概括和一般性 ‎3. having done ①用于句首，必须是先、后动作；‎ ‎②用于句中的要求动词后表完成（有过去时间或过去动作）‎ ‎2. being done正在进行的被动 ‎4. having been done （同左3）‎ ‎5. to do ①用在要求动词后；②目的；将来 ③具体 ‎7. to have done 不能用于句首，只用在句中的要求动词后表完成（有过去时间或过去动作）‎ ‎6. to be done将来的被动 ‎8. to have been done（同左7）‎ 解题要点：①分析主谓结构 ②找准逻辑主语 ③牢记要求动词 ‎④分清主动/被动 ⑤确定动作时间（doing进行；to do将来；done完成）‎ ‎9. done ①概括和一般性（用于句首没有时间限制）；‎ ‎②用在名词后表完成（上面4、8用在要求动词后表完成）‎ 主动表被动的3种特殊用法：① be worth doing （-ing的主动表被动）The book is worth reading. ‎ ‎② 物 + need/ want/ deserve/ demand/ require + doing ( = to be done ) （-ing主动等于不定式的被动） ‎ ‎③ sb is to blame （不定式的主动表被动）I’m sorry! It’s my fault. I’m to blame. （对不起！这事怪我。）‎ ‎1. doing ‎（1）要求接-ing形式作宾语的动词：avoid避免appreciate 感激/欣赏acknowledge承认/自认 admit 承认advocate提倡/主张consider 考虑 can't help不禁 can't stand受不了contemplate细想complete完成confess坦白 dislike不喜欢，讨厌deserve值得 delay延迟 deny否认 dread可怕defer拖延detest嫌恶 enjoy享有/喜爱envy嫉妒endure忍受excuse借口escape逃跑/逃避finish完成forgive原谅 fancy幻想/爱好favor 造成/偏爱figure描绘/计算hate讨厌 imagine设想involve卷入/包含keep保持miss错过mention说到/讲到mind 介意pardon原谅/饶恕permit 允许 postpone推迟practice 实行/实践prevent阻止quit放弃停止risk冒险recall回想resist抵抗/阻止 resume恢复repent悔悟resent怨恨stand坚持/忍受suggest建议save营救/储蓄tolerate忍受 worth值得 You should try to avoid making mistakes. The book is worth reading. The book deserves reading.‎ ‎（2）表进行 (-ing形式表示进行的动作是现在分词, 表示其他方面的意思是动名词)‎ ‎ Walking on the grassland, I saw a snake.=When I was walking on the grassland, I saw a snake.‎ ‎ The man speaking English is Tom. = The man who is speaking English is Tom.‎ ‎ Nobody dinks boiling water but boiled water.= Nobody dinks water that is boiling but the water that has boiled.‎ ‎（3）表主动 The man speaking English is Tom = The man who speaks English is Tom.= The man who spoke English is Tom.‎ ‎（4）表伴随 I stand outside waiting for Mr. Chen. I lie in bed reading a novel. I stand here having class for you.‎ ‎（5）表性质；特点; 用途 The film is very moving. Here is a walking stick.‎ She is understanding, so you had better discuss your business with her.‎ ‎（6）概括性,一般性 Climbing mountain is very interesting. Our work is serving the people．‎ Driving a car during the rush hour is tiring．在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。‎ ‎（7）动名词的逻辑主语为 ①人称代词的所有格+动名词；②名词's+动名词。 Tom insisted on my going with them． He dislikes his wife's working late．‎ ‎2. being done 表示正在进行的被动 The boy being criticized by Mr. Chen is Tom. = The boy who is being criticized by Mr. Chen is Tom.‎ Being criticized by Mr. Chen, the boy felt sad. = When the boy was being criticized by Mr. Chen, he felt sad.‎ The building being built will be the tallest one in this city.= The building that is being built will be the tallest one …‎ ‎3. having done ‎（1）用于句首，必须是先、后动作；（2）用于句中的要求动词后表完成（有过去时间或过去动作）‎ Having finished the class, I went home. = After I had finished the class, I went home. (先后动作；主动；完成)‎ Having studied English for ten years, I am good command of this language.‎ I admit having given him the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. (①要求动词；②主动；③过去时间)‎ ‎4. having been done 用法同3一模一样，只不过表被动 I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. (①要求动词；②被给；③过去时间)‎ ‎=I appreciate that I was given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.‎ Having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago, I still appreciate your help then.(先后动作；被给)‎ ‎= Because I was given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago, I still appreciate your help then 区别：I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. (①要求动词；②被给；③两年前)‎ I admit having given him the opportunity to study abroad two years ago. (①要求动词；②主动；③过去时间)‎ I admit giving Mr. Wang the opportunity to study abroad now. (①要求动词；②主动给；③现在时间)‎ I appreciate being given the opportunity to study abroad now. (①要求动词-ing；②被给；③现在时间)‎ I want to be given the opportunity to study abroad next year. (①要求动词-to do；②被给；③未来时间)‎ ‎5. to do ‎（1）要求接to do形式作宾语的动词：‎ attempt企图afford负担得起arrange安排appear似乎，显得 ask问 agree同意 believe 认为、相信begin开始beg请求 bother扰乱/烦恼care关心，喜欢 choose选择 claim要求 consent同意，赞同 contrive设法，图谋demand要求 destine注定 determine决定 dread害怕 desire愿望 decide决定 enable能够 expect期望 endeavor努力fail不能hate憎恨/厌恶 happen碰巧 hesitate犹豫 hope希望 intend想要 incline有…倾向 long渴望 love爱 learn学习 mean意欲，打算manage设法neglect忽视need需要omit忽略，漏 offer提供 pretend假装 plan计划 prefer喜欢/宁愿 prepare准备 profess表明 promise承诺/允许 propose提议refuse拒绝swear宣誓 start开始 seek找/寻觅 try试图undertake承接 volunteer志愿 vow起 wish希望 want想要 ‎（2）表示目的和具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作(做表语)。 Our work is to serve the people．‎ The person to do the job is Tom. = The person who will do the job is Tom.‎ ‎（3）与形容词和序数词连用 It is important to study English well. The last to leave should turn off the lights.‎ ‎（4）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。（前后一致或平衡结构） To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。 To work means to earn a living．工作就是为了生活。‎ ‎=Seeing is believing. =Working means earning a living.‎ ‎（5）如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。 His wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future. What I would suggest is to start work at once.‎ The most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant．‎ ‎（6）省略to 的动词不定式 ① 情态动词 ( 除ought to)： ② 使役动词 let, have, make, get主动语态中to省掉；在被动语态中则to不能省掉。 ‎ The boss made them work the whole night. = They were made to work the whole night.‎ 附: 使役动词的5种用法:‎ make sb do 让/使/叫某人做某时 I make you study English.‎ Sb is/was made to do某人被让/使/叫去做某时 You are made to study English.‎ Have/make sb doing让/使/叫某人一直/老是做某时(表示不满或发牢骚)My mother always makes me studying it.‎ have/make sth (oneself / one’s opinion) done 把某事让别人做(让别人理解自己) ‎ I have my hair cut. (让别人理我头发) I speak slowly and clearly to make myself understood.(使别人理解我)‎ have done sth 正常的完成时态, 自己做完了某事 I have cut my hair. (我自己动手剪了头发) ③ 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后作宾补，省略to。在被动 ‎ 语态中则to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. = he was seen to dance. 注：感官动词还可以接现在分词，表示一个（短暂）动作正在进行；不定式则表示动作的整个过程。‎ I saw him dance.（整个跳舞的过程） I saw him dancing.（我看见他时，他正在跳舞。强调动作正在发生）‎ A cook will be immediately fired if he is found smoking in the kitchen. (find sb. doing sth“发现某人正在做某事”) ④表示个人意愿或倾向的would rather，had better，might(just) as well：rather than后面省略to。 Rather than ride on a crowded bus, he always prefers to ride a bike. ‎ If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better it—you’ve got some big bills coming.‎ A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget ‎⑤ why… / why not… ⑥ help 可带to，也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth： ⑦ but和except：but前是动词do时，后面出现的动词用不带to的动词不定式；是其他动词时，则要带to。‎ He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.‎ ‎⑧不定式做表语时，一般要带to，但若主语部分中含有do的各种形式时，符号to可省去。 We've missed the last bus. All we could do now is walk home. ⑨ 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand等词后，可以省去to be： He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。 ⑩当两个或多个不定时短语由连词and，but或or连接时，后一个或几个不定式符号to常省略。但若表示对比、 ‎ 对照关系时，则不能省略。 ‎ He wants to move to France and marry the girl. ‎ The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult. （前后一致或平衡结构）‎ ‎⑩ 不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，介词不能省去。 I need a pen to write with． There is nothing to worry about． I find a house to live in. I get a chair to sit on.‎ ‎6.to be done ‎（1）用在要求动词后面，表将来的被动 I want to be told when we will have another English exam.‎ ‎（2）用在名词后面，表将来的被动 The work to be finished tomorrow is important.= The work that will be finished tomorrow is important.‎ The work (that is) to be done is difficult to finish.‎ ‎7. to have done 条件：①只能在要求动词后面出现；②主动；③有过去时间/动作；④只能在句子中间，不能放在句首 ‎ Mr. Chen is said to have done the job last week. = Mr. Chen is said that he did the job last week.‎ ‎ Chinese men’ basketball team is reported to have accepted a good training before the Olympic Games.‎ ‎ = Chinese men’ basketball team is reported that they accepted a good training before the Olympic Games.‎ ‎8. to have been done 用法同7：①只能在要求动词后面出现；②被动；③有过去时间/动作；④只能在句子中间，不能放在句首 The job is said to have been done by Mr. Chen last week. = It is said that the job was done by Mr. Chen last week.‎ ‎9. done ‎（1）概括和一般性（用于句首没有时间限制，表自然现象或客观事实）‎ ‎ Seen from the moon, the earth looks like a blue ball.= When it is seen from the moon, the earth looks like a blue ball.‎ ‎（2）在名词后作定语，表被动 ‎ The work done is important.= The work that has been done is important = The work that was done is important The topic discussed is interesting.‎ People cannot but feel puzzled，for they simply cannot understand how he could have made such a stupid mistake.‎ ‎（3）在名词前作定语，表完成 （ed-表完成；ing-表进行）‎ America‎ is a developed country and China is a developing one. Please sweep the fallen leaves. (falling leaves)‎ I want to drink a cup of boiled water. (boiling water)‎ ‎（4）在固定短语中，非谓语动词只能用-ed形式： be addicted to; be attached to; be armed with; be concerned about/with; be devoted to; be delighted with; be dressed in; be exposed to; be faced with; be fixed on; be interested in; be involved in; be located/situated in/at; be obliged to; be seated on; be satisfied with; be tired of; be used/accustomed to等 等 ‎ Faced with so many difficulties, I work hard every day. Devoted to my work; I care nothing else. ‎ The girl dressed in a red coat is my daughter. The soldiers armed with modern weapon are very brave.‎ ‎（5）Sb make sth (oneself; one’s point/ view/ opinion) done ‎ I had my hair cut yesterday I speak aloud to make myself/my point understood.‎ 可以接动名词-ing和不定式to do 的动词，但表达的意思不一样 接 doing 接 to do ‎① remember doing记得做过某事(已做)‎ remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）‎ ‎② forget doing忘记做过某事(已做过但忘记了)‎ forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）‎ ‎③ regret doing对做过的事感到遗憾、后悔 regret to do对要去做的事感到遗憾 ‎④ stop doing 停止正在做的事 stop to do 停止一件事去做另一件事 ‎⑤ try doing尝试做某事 try to do努力做(不一定成) manage to do (想方设法做成了)‎ ‎⑥ mean doing意味着 mean to do打算，有意要 ‎⑦ go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）‎ go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）‎ ‎⑧ propose doing建议（做某事）‎ propose to do 打算（要做某事）‎ ‎⑨ like /love/hate/ prefer + doing sth喜欢做什么 like /love/hate/ prefer +to do想做什么 只能接动名词-ing的句型 ‎（1）It is + no use, no good (fun, a great pleasure, a waste of time, a bore...)等名词+doing sth.‎ It is no use crying. It is no good objecting. It is a great fun playing football. It is a waste of time trying to explain. ‎ ‎（2）It is + useless (nice, good，interesting, expensive等形容词)+ doing sth． It is useless speaking. It is nice seeing you again. It is good playing chess after supper. It is expensive running this car.‎ ‎（3）物 + need, want, deserve, demand, require + doing ( = to be done )（-ing主动等于不定式的被动）‎ The blackboard needs cleaning. = The blackboard needs to be cleaned.‎ 独立主谓结构 和以上所有句子只有一个逻辑主语不同，独立主谓结构有两个不同的主语。‎ Weather permitting, we will have a picnic.= If the weather permits, we will have a picnic.‎ ‎ Work done, I had a rest. = After the work had been done, I had a rest.‎ ‎ Class being over, I went home. = Because the class was over, I went home.‎ ‎ Kate being ill, I came to replace her position. = Because Kate was ill, I came to replace her position.‎ ‎ There being no bus, I went home by taxi.=Because there was no bus, I went home by taxi.‎ 英语构词法 构成方式 概念与例子 ‎（1）合成法（compounding）‎ 将两个或两个以上的单词合成在一起而构成的新词，叫做合成词 English-speaking；man-made；100-meter；typewrite; anywhere; somebody; handwriting ‎（2）派生法（derivation）‎ 在词根上加前缀或后缀构成另一个与原意略有变化或截然相反的词 unhappy; disagree; impossible; telephone; eastern; careless; dusty; wooden; woolen; buy→buyer; fifty ‎（3）转化法（conversion）‎ 把一种词性用作另一种词性的方式就叫做词性的转化, 如名词用作动词，动词转化为名词，形容词用作动词等 Can you can this can? Let me have a try. Have you booked your ticket? ‎ ‎（4）拼缀法（blending）‎ 把两个词的某些部分结合在一起，或将一个单词的一部分与另一个单词的一部分结合在一起构成新词的方法。如：smog （烟雾）是由sm （smoke）和og（fog）构成的；motel （汽车旅馆）是由mo（motor）和tel （hotel）构成的。‎ ‎（5）截短法（clipping）‎ 把原词加以缩写，保留部分音节，省略部分音节。但是词性和词义都保持不变。如：‎ gym （gymnastics）；math （mathematics）；bike （bicycle）；phone （telephone）；zoo （zoological）；fridge （refrigerator）‎ ‎（6）首字母缩略法（acronym）‎ 把社会组织、政治组织的名称，专有名词短语或技术词语的首字母结合在一起构成新词的方法。如：VOA(Voice of America); BBC(British Broadcasting Corporation); TV(television); AIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome); NATO(the North Atlantic Treaty Organization); PRC (the People’s Republic of China); CPC(the Communist Party of China); WTO; GDP: BC; AD; NBA; CBA; ‎ 前缀与后缀（派生法derivation）‎ 前缀prefix 意义 举 例 ambi-‎ two; double ambiguity歧义ambiguous含糊的 ‎ ante-‎ before anteport前港；外港；antecedent先行词 antedate倒添日期（填写比实际日期早）‎ auto-‎ self auto-alarm自动报警器 automobile汽车 automatic自动的 autonomous 自治的 anti-‎ against/opposite antiwar反战的 antifascist反法西斯 anti-illiteracy扫除文盲 anti-imperialist反帝国主义 cent(i)-‎ ‎100; 1/100‎ centennial一百年的centimeter厘米 centigrade百分度 centipede百脚虫（蜈蜙）‎ circum-‎ around circumpolar两极周围的 circumference 圆周；周长 circumnavigate环航（世界） ‎ con-‎ strengthen confirm使坚定 consolidate加固 construct建造 contra-‎ counter-‎ against opposite contraposition相反位置 counteraction反作用 counterrevolution反革命 ‎ counterrevolutionary反革命的；反革命分子counterattack反攻 de-‎ down/away/negative depress压下 deflower采花 decompose分解decolor去色 deca-‎ ten decade 十年decameter十米 deci-‎ one-tenth decimeter分米 ‎ dis-‎ not dishonest不诚实力 dislike不喜欢disagree不同意 disinfect不感染（消毒）‎ extra-‎ besides; beyond extrasolar太阳系以外的extraordinary 非凡的extracurricular 课外的 fore-‎ before foretell预言 forecast预报 foreleg前腿 forenoon上午 foresight远见 ‎ forefather祖先 foresee预见 forefinger前指（食指）foregoing 在前的 hyper-‎ above; beyond; excessively hyperactive过度活动的;过度积极的 hypersensitive过敏的 hypertension过度紧张 il-‎‎; ir-; ‎ im-; in-‎ not illegal 非法的impossible不可能 incorrect 不正确irregular不规则的 impolite没礼貌的 in-; im-‎ into imprison 关押;进监狱income收入 inter-‎ between International国际的 interpersonal人与人之间的 interschool学校之间的 kilo-‎ thousand kilogram 千克kilometer千米 kilowatt千瓦 macro-‎ long; big; vast macrograph宏观图 ‎ micro-‎ small; little microwave微波 microbus小型公共汽车 mal(e)-‎ ill; evil malnutrition 营养不良malediction诅咒 mis-‎ wrong; ill misunderstand误解 misdeed恶行mistake错误 mono-‎ one; single monotone单音 monotony单调 monologue独白 monopoly垄断 ‎ monopolist垄断者 monoxide 一氧化物monosyllable单音节 mult(i)-‎ many; lot multiform形式多样的 multilateral多边的 multiple多样的;倍数 multiply乘法multiplication乘法;增加;繁殖 neo-‎ new neorealism新现实主义 ‎ non- ‎ not non-align不结盟 noncombatant非战斗人员 non-conductor非导体 nonparty无党派 nonsense胡说八道 noninterference不干涉 ‎ out-‎ beyond; more outdoor户外 outlive比……活的久 outgrow长得比……快 over-‎ above; beyond overweight 超重 overtake超过；赶上 overtime超过时间 overwork过劳 poly-‎ many polygon多角形 polyglot通晓多种语言的人 polygon多边形 post-‎ after postwar战后的 post-liberation解放后的postgraduate大学毕业后的;研究生 pre-‎ before prewar战前的 preview预先；预观prevent/prevention预防 pseudo-‎ false假 pseudograph 伪书；冒名作品 pseudonym假名；笔名 re-‎ again; back return回来 reform 重新组合（改革）remarry再婚repeat重复 semi-‎ half semi-diameter半径 semiconductor半导体semi-final 半决赛 sub-‎ under subway 地铁；地下道 subordinate下级的；次要的 submarine海底的；潜水艇 super-‎ over; above superstar 超级明星superpower超级大国super-profit超额利润supermarket超市 tran(s)-‎ across; over through transportation 运输；交通transect 横切 transformation转变 tri-‎ three triangle三角形 triple三倍 twi-‎ two twifold两倍 twice两次 ultra-‎ excessively ultrasonic超声的 ‎ un-‎ not unreal 不真实 unseen看不见的 unselfish无私的 unshakable不可动摇的 under-‎ below underfoot在脚下 underline下划线 underlie放在下面 under-mentioned uni-‎ one; single uniform一样的（制服）unify统一 unification统一unilateral单方面的 vice-/deputy-‎ next in rank to vice-chairman 副主席vice-president副总统 deputy manager/director副经理 后缀surfix 形容词后缀 意义 举 例 ‎-able ‎-ible 可……的 moveable可移动的；可感动/化的 possible可能的 respectable 可敬的 feasible可行的 edible可吃的 suitable合适的 valuable有价值的 ‎-al -ial ‎-ual 属于……的；‎ 具有……性质 national国家的 partial部分的 essential关键的；重要的 ‎ actual实际的 normal正常的 ‎-ant/-ent 属于……的；‎ assistant辅助的 具有……性质 ‎-ary secondary 第二的 (firstly; secondly; thirdly) ‎ ‎-ative –tive ‎-ive talkative 健谈的sensitive敏感的 active积极的 productive生产的 ‎-cian ‎……家（专家）‎ musician音乐家 physician物理学家 ‎-ern 方向 eastern东部（方）的 southern 南部（方）的northern 北部（方）的 western 西部（方）的 ‎-ese 某国（人）的；某地的；语言 Chinese中国（人）的；汉语 Japanese日本（人）的；日语 ‎ Portuguese葡萄牙（人）的；葡萄牙语 ‎-fold 倍数 multifold多倍的 ‎ ‎-ful 富有的；充满的 useful有用的respectful充满敬意的 hopeful充满希望的meaningful有意义 ‎-ic ‎-ical 属于……的；‎ 关于……的 poetic诗歌的 politic精明的 political政治的 historic历史上的 ‎ historical有历史意义色 economic经济的 economical节约的 ‎-ish 如…的；似…的 childish如小孩的；孩子气的 ‎ ‎-ist 主义的/者 socialist社会主义的/者 capitalist资本主义的/者 Marxist马克思主义的/者 dialectical materialist辩证唯物主义的/者 ‎-less 无；缺 useless 无用的priceless无价的；贵重的 valueless 没有价值的 ‎-like 如…的; 有…性质 childlike 孩子般天真的 ‎ ‎-(o)logical ‎……学的 geological 地质学的biological生物学的 ecological生态学的 zoological动物学的 ‎-(o)logist ‎……学家 geologist 地质学家biologist生物学家ecologist生态学家zoologist动物学家 ‎-(o)logy ‎……学科 geology 地质学biology生物学ecology生态学 zoology动物学 ‎-most 最……的 topmost 最高的utmost 最大的；极度的 ‎-some 充满……的 具有……的 troublesome 令人烦恼的 tiresome讨厌的 handsome潇洒的 ‎-ward(s)‎ 方向 （副词）‎ forward 向前inward向内 westward 向西eastward向东 northward 向北 名词后缀 意义 举 例 ‎-ability ‎-ibility ‎-ivity 行为；性质；‎ 状态 possibility可能性 productivity生产率 sensibility感观 activity活动 feasibility适应性 ‎-age 性质；状态 shortage短缺 storage储存 advantage优点disadvantage缺点 ‎-ance/–ancy ‎-ence/-ency 行为；性质；状态 assistance辅助 dependence依靠 independence独立 defense 防卫 ‎-ar/-ary 人；物；地点 beggar乞丐 cellar地窖 secretary秘书 library图书馆 ‎ ‎-ation –tion ‎-ion -sion 行为；性质；‎ 状态 reputation名声 instruction教导 situation情况 attention注意 ‎ introduction介绍 rebellion反叛 permission允许 ‎-cle/-cule 微小 corpuscle微粒particle微粒molecule分子 ‎ ‎-dom 性质；状态 freedom 自由 random任意 ‎-ee 被动接受着 examinee考生 employee打工仔 addressee 收信人interviewee 被采访者 ‎-er 主动执行者 examiner考官/监考人员employer老板 addresser寄信人interviewer采访者 ‎-er –or -ar 人；物 reader读者 teacher老师 worker工人 sailor海员 washer洗衣机 ‎ engineer工程师 inventor发明者 conductor导体；操作员 robber强盗 ‎-ery ‎ 行业；行为 surgery 外科医术robbery抢劫行为 ‎ ‎-ese 某国人；语言 Chinese中国人；汉语 Japanese日本人；日语 Portuguese葡萄牙人；葡萄牙语 ‎ ‎-faction ‎-fication satisfaction 满意 classification 分类purification净化 beautification美化 identification 区别/鉴别 ‎-hood 成长阶段 manhood 成年adulthood成年childhood 童年 ‎-ics 学科 politics政治学 optics光学 mathematics数学 physics 物理学 ‎-ism 主义 socialism社会主义 capitalism资本主义 Marxism马克思主义 ‎ dialectical materialism辩证唯物主义 ‎-ist 主义者 socialist社会主义者 capitalist资本主义者 Marxist马克思主义者 ‎ dialectical materialist辩证唯物主义者 ‎-cian ‎……家 musician 音乐家 physician 物理学家 ‎-ization ‎……化 modernization 现代化 industrialization工业化fossilization变成化石 ‎-ment 行为；性质；‎ achievement 成就movement 运动 improvement; agreement; development ‎-ness 性质；状态 willingness 心甘情愿 illness疾病 ‎-ship 性质；状态 hardship 苦难 relationship 关系 friendship友谊 partnership陪伴 动词后缀 意义 举 例 ‎-fy 使……成为 classify 分类 purify净化 beautify美化 satisfy满意 ‎-ize 使……化 modernize 现代化 industrialize工业化 organize / organization ‎-en 加/变……‎ widen 加宽broaden扩宽 soften软化harden变硬 strengthen加强