高考英语语法知识

高考英语语法知识

虚拟语气 虚拟语气分三种情况来掌握：‎ ‎ 1、虚拟条件句。‎ ‎ 2、名词性虚拟语气。‎ ‎ 3、虚拟语气的其他用语。‎ 一、虚拟条件句：‎ ‎ 条件状语从句是非真实情况，在这种情况下要用虚拟语气。‎ ‎ 1、条件从句与现在事实不一致，其句型为：‎ ‎ If 主语＋过去时，主语＋should（could, would, 或might）＋动词原形，如：‎ ‎ If I were you, I would study hard.‎ ‎ If it rained, I would not be here now.‎ ‎ 2、条件从句与过去事实不一致，句型为：‎ ‎ If 主语＋had＋过去分词，主语＋should（could, would, 或might）＋have＋过去分词，如：‎ ‎ If the doctor had come last night, the boy would have saved.‎ ‎ If I had not studied hard, I would have failed in the exam last term.‎ ‎ 3、条件从句与将来事实不一致，句型为：‎ ‎ ＋do，主语＋should（could…）＋ 原形 do ‎ ‎ 过去时（与现在事实条件句一样）。‎ ‎ If it should rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.‎ ‎ If I were to go to the moon one day, I could see it with my own eyes.‎ ‎ If you missed the film to night, you would feel sorry.‎ 注意问题：‎ ‎ 1、If条件句中绝对不可出现“would”。‎ ‎ 2、根据句中的时间状语，有时可能出现“混合虚拟”的情况，即主句可能是现在的情况，条件句也许是发生在过去的情况，但都是遵守上述句型。‎ ‎ 3、在条件句中如果出现were, had, should可省去if，将主语与这些词倒装，例如：‎ ‎ Had the doctor come last night, the boy would have saved.‎ ‎ Were I to go to the moon one day, I would see it with my own eyes.‎ ‎ Should it rain tomorrow, we would stay at home.‎ 二、名词性虚拟语气：‎ ‎ 在表示命令、建议要求、惊叹时的名词性从句中需用虚拟语气，基本句型：‎ ‎ 主语＋（should）＋动词原形，如：‎ ‎ Mother insisted that John go to bed at 9 o’clock.（宾语从句）‎ ‎ We suggested that the meeting should not be held.‎ ‎ It was required that the crops should be harvested at once.（主语从句）‎ ‎ The suggestion that he be invited was rejected.（同位语从句）‎ ‎ That is their demand that their wages be increased.（表语从句）‎ 注意：在这种句子中绝不出现“would”“must”“could”等。‎ 三、虚拟语气在一些特殊词中的使用或含蓄条件句：‎ ‎ 1、wish后的宾语从句：‎ ‎ 与现在愿望不一致 主语＋过去时；‎ ‎ 与过去愿望不一致 主语＋had＋过去分词；‎ ‎ 与未来愿望不一致 主语＋would（could）＋原形。‎ ‎ I wish I were you.‎ ‎ I wish I had visited the white House when I was in the states.‎ ‎ I wish I met you tomorrow at the party.‎ ‎ 2、It’s time句型：当It’s time后用that从句时应该为：‎ ‎ 主语＋should＋原形 或 主语＋过去时，例如：‎ ‎ It’s time that you went to school. 或 ‎ It’s time that you should go to school.‎ ‎ 3、If only引起的感叹句相当于“How I wish＋宾语从句”‎ ‎ If only he could come! 他要能来就好了。‎ ‎ If only I had known the answer! 我要早知答案就好了。‎ ‎ 4、would rather, as if（though）引导的句子也需使用虚拟，表示过去的情况用过去完成时，表示现在与将来的情况用过去时，如：‎ ‎ I’d rather you posted the letter right away.‎ ‎ I’d rather you had returned the book yesterday.‎ ‎ She loves the children as if they were hers.‎ ‎ Alan talked about Rome as if he had been there.‎ ‎ 5、without, but, but for, otherwise引起的短语或句子常暗含着含蓄条件。‎ ‎ Without you, I would never know him.‎ ‎ But for your cooperation, we wouldn’t have done the work so well.‎ ‎ But that she was afraid, she would have said no.‎ ‎ I would be most glad to help you, but I’ am busy now.‎ ‎ I would have come to the party yesterday, but I was working.‎ ‎ I am busy now, otherwise I would do you the favor!‎ 倒装句 ‎ 英语的基本句型是主语 + 谓语。如果将主语与谓语调换, 称倒装句。倒装句分全倒装句和半倒装句。‎ 一、 全倒装: 主语与谓语交换位置不需任何助动词, 叫全倒装。全倒装有以下三种 ‎ ‎ 情况:‎ ‎ 1、当here, there, out, in, up, down等副词放在句首时, 句子需全倒装:‎ ‎ There goes the bell! 铃响了！ ‎ ‎ There lived an old man.‎ ‎ Here comes the bus.‎ ‎ 注意: ‎ ‎ ①在这种情况下倒装仅限于不及物动词或be动词, 像go, come, mush等。‎ ‎ ②主语如果是代词时不需倒装如Away he went. 他走远了。‎ ‎ 2、方位状语在句首, 如:‎ ‎ In front of the house stopped a police car.‎ ‎ Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.‎ ‎ Under the tree sat a boy.‎ ‎ 3 、直接引语在句首, 这种情况可倒装也可不倒装 ‎ "What does it mean?" asked the boy或the boy asked.‎ 二、半倒装: 主语与谓语的助动词交换位置称半倒装, 有以下数种情况:‎ 1、 否定意义的词在句首, 句子半倒装, 例如: little, never, not, no, hardly, rarely, ‎ ‎ seldom ‎ Never shall I forget you.‎ ‎ At no time was the man aware of what was happening.‎ ‎ Little did I understand what he said to me at that time.‎ 2、 几对并列连词如not only…but also, hardly… when等连接两个并列句, 连词 ‎ 在句首, 前句半倒装, 后句不倒装:‎ ‎ Not only was everything he had taker away from him, but also his German ‎ ‎ citizenship was taken away.‎ ‎ No sooner had I got to the bus stop than the bus started.‎ ‎ 注意: ‎ ‎ ①not only…but also连接两个并列主语时不需倒装, 如: ‎ ‎ Not only you but also I like playing chess.‎ ‎ ②neither…nor在句首时, 前后两句都需倒装, ‎ ‎ Neither do I have a sister nor does my husband.‎ ‎ 3、only在句首强调状语, 主句半倒装:‎ ‎ Only then did I realize that I was wrong.‎ ‎ Only in this way can I learn from my fault.‎ ‎ Only when the war was over in 1918, was he able to get back to work.‎ ‎ 注意: only强调主语不倒装:‎ ‎ Only the teachers can use the room.‎ ‎ 4、so…that句型, so在句首时, 主句倒装, that从句不倒装:‎ ‎ So easy is it that a clild can learn it.‎ ‎ So hard did he work that he finally won the fame.‎ ‎ I saw the film, so did he.‎ ‎1、倒装句（Inversion）‎ 英语的基本语序是“主语+谓语”。如果将谓语的全部或一部分放在主语之前，这种语序称为“倒装”。‎ ‎ 一、倒装的类型 类型 例 句 说 明 ‎ 完 全 ‎ 倒 装 Out rushed the students to welcome the foreign friends.‎ 学生们涌出去欢迎外国朋友。‎ 整个谓语移至主语之前。‎ ‎ 部 分 ‎ 倒 装 Seldom does he go to school late.‎ 他上学很少迟到。‎ 只把系动词，情态动词，助动词或表语放在主语之前。‎ 二、倒装结构的基本用法 ‎1、由于语法结构的需要而使用的倒装 情 况 例 句 说 明 疑 问 Have you got a dictionary?‎ 你有一本字典吗？‎ Where did he go last Monday?‎ 上星期一他去什么地方了？‎ Are you listening to the radio?‎ 用完全或部分倒装，但以疑问词或疑问词修饰的名词作主语的疑问句要用正常语序。‎ 句 中 你在听广播吗？‎ Who told you the news?‎ 谁告诉你那个消息的？‎ Which boy broke this glass?‎ 哪个男孩子把这个玻璃打破了？‎ ‎“there be”结构中 There are three wells in our village.‎ 我们村里有三口水井。‎ There stands a big paper making factory by the river.‎ 河边有座大型造纸厂。‎ 在以here, there, now, then, in, away, up down等副词开头的句子中 Here is a letter for you.‎ 这儿有你一封信。‎ There goes the bell. 铃响了。‎ Now comes your turn to play.‎ 现在轮到你玩了。‎ Away went the crowd one by one .‎ 人们一个一个地离去。‎ Look, there he comes! 看，他来了。‎ Down she went 她下来了。‎ 使用完全倒装结构。‎ 但如果主语是代词则用正常语序。‎ 在以neither nor 或no more开头的句子中 I can’t swim, nor (neither)can she .‎ 我不会游泳，她也不会。‎ He hasn’t been to the countryside, neither does he want to go there.‎ 他没有去过农村，他也不想去那里。‎ He did not turn up. No more did his wife. ‎ 他没有来，他妻子也没有来。‎ 表示……也不这样， neither和nor意思相同，可以替换使用，no more表示动作的程度并不比前面提到的稍强。意为也不…。‎ 用在as（尽管）引导的让步状语从句中 Proud as the nobles are ,he is afraid to see me .‎ 尽管这些贵族很傲慢，他却害怕见我。‎ Young as he is, he knows a lot .‎ 虽然他年轻，却知道很多东西。‎ 从属连句as用于特殊语序，含义与though, although相同，但“as”这种结构可表示非常强烈的对照，必须用倒装（表语提前）‎ ‎2、为了加强语气而使用的倒装。（使句子更加流畅，更加生动）‎ 情 况 例 句 说 明 Never before have we seen such a sight.‎ 以前我们从来没有见过这样的情景。‎ Little did I think that he could be back alive.‎ 我没有想到他竟能活着回来。‎ 常用否定词有： never,not,hardly,‎ scarcely seldom, little, not until, not only…but ‎ 含有否定意义的副词或连词放在句首时 Not until New Year’s Day shall I give you a gift.‎ 我要到元旦那天才能给你礼物。‎ Not only was everything that he had taken away from him, but also his German citizenship.‎ 不仅他所有的一切被没收了，而且连他的德国公民权也被剥夺了。‎ also, no sooner …than, hardly (scarcely)…when等。一般主句用部分倒装结构。‎ 副词only放在句首时 Only then did he realize his mistakes .‎ 只有在那时，他才认识到自己的错误。‎ Only in this way can you learn maths well .‎ 只有用这种方法，你才能学好数学。‎ Only Mother can understand me .‎ 只有母亲最理解我。‎ Only three of us failed in the exam.‎ 我们中只有三个人考试不及格。‎ only 起强调作用，其句型为“only +状语+部分倒装”。‎ 如置于句首的only修饰主语，则不用倒装结构。‎ 虚拟语气条件从句中 Were they here, they would help us .‎ 他们要是在这儿，他们会帮助我们的。‎ Had I been informed earlier. I could have done something.‎ 我要是早得到通知，我就能干事了。‎ Should you fail, take more pain and try again.‎ 万一你失败了，就要更加刻苦，重新再干。 ‎ 把从句中if省略将were，had或should放在主语的前面。‎ 直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时 ‎“He is a clever boy”said the teacher.‎ 老师说：“他是个聪明的孩子。”‎ ‎“Go, Dick, go!”cried Tom,“Go home and get help”“走，狄克，走！”汤姆呼喊着，“快回家去求援”‎ ‎“What do you think of the film? ”he asked.‎ 他问“你认为这部电影怎么样？”‎ ‎“I’m leaving for Hongkong next month”Mary told me yesterday.‎ 玛利告诉我“我下月要去香港”。‎ 主句主语和谓语次序颠倒，用完全倒装。‎ 但如果主句主语为代词时或谓语部分比主语长，一般不用倒装。‎ 表示祝愿的句子中 May you succeed! 祝你成功。‎ Long live the Communist Party of China.‎ 中国共产党万岁！‎ 谓语动词或谓语的一部分放在主语的前面。‎ 副词so在句首 He is interested in pop-songs, and so am I .‎ 他对流行歌曲感兴趣，我也如此。‎ They will learn chemistry next term, so will I .‎ 他们下学期学化学，我也学。‎ I can drive a car, so can my younger brother.‎ 我会开汽车，我弟弟也会开车。‎ 表示前面所说的情况也适合于另一个人或另一事物的肯定句中。‎ ‎—Tom won the first prize for the English ‎ competition.‎ ‎－So he did.‎ 英语竞赛汤姆获得了一等奖。确实如此。‎ It was cold yesterday. So it was .‎ 昨天天气冷。的确冷。‎ 如果后面的句子只是单纯重复前句的意思，不表示也适用于另一人或事，则不用倒装结构。‎ 在频度状语often, always, many a time等开头的句子中 Often did we warn them not to do so.‎ 我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。‎ Many a time has she helped me with my English.‎ 她不止一次地帮助或学习英语。‎ 在方式状语thus开头的句子中及程度状语so放句首 Thus ended his life.这样结束了他的生命。‎ So loudly did he speak that even people in the next room could hear him .‎ 他讲话的声音那样大，连隔壁屋子里的人都听得见。‎ 介词短语作状语，放在句首 In the middle of the room stood a little girl.‎ 在房间中央站着一个小女孩。‎ In the distance was a horse.‎ 马在远处。‎ 在强调表语的句子中 Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements.‎ 阿尔伯特·曼因斯坦就是这样一个人，一个纯朴而又取得巨大成就的人。‎ Such is life. 生活就是这样。‎ Nearby were two canoes in which they had come to the island.‎ 附近有两只他们来这个岛乘坐的独木船。‎ 表语提前，不仅为了强调，而且为了使句子结构达到平衡协调，或使上下文紧密衔接。‎ 并列句 知识要点：‎ ‎ 1、熟悉并掌握并列句的结构和常用的并列词的用法；‎ ‎ 2、注意while, when 和 for等作并列连词的用法。‎ ‎ 什么叫并列句：‎ ‎ 由两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子叫并列句。‎ ‎ 并列句的基本句型：‎ ‎ 简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句 类型 说明 连接词 例 句 并 并列关系 ‎(联合关系)‎ and, not only…but(also), neither…nor等 ‎ I help him and he helps me. 我帮助他，他也帮助我。‎ ‎ Not only did we write to her but also we telegraphed her. 我们不仅给她写信而且还给她发了电报。‎ ‎ Neither I would consult him nor he would ask me for advice. 我不想与他商量，他也不会征求我的意见。‎ 列 转折关系 but, yet, still, while, however, when等 ‎ He failed many times, but he didn’t despair. 他失败多次但并没有气馁。‎ ‎ She has difficulty in learning English, however, she works hard and is making rapid progress. 她学习英语有困难，然后她学习努力，进步很快。‎ 选择关系 or, otherwise or else, either…or ‎ We must hurry, or we’ll miss the train. 我们必须快点，否则会赶不上火车。‎ ‎ Either you come to my place or I go to yours. 或者你到我这儿来，或者我到你那去。‎ 句 因果关系 for, so, thus, therefore, and so ‎ We had better stay at home, for it was raining. 我们最好呆在家里，因为天正在下雨。‎ ‎ He didn’t work hard, therefore he failed in the examination. 他学习不努力，因此这次考试不及格。‎ 有时也可不用连词，而用逗号，分号或冒号 ‎ Hurry up, it’s getting dark. 快点，天要黑了。‎ ‎ Let’s start early, we have a long way to go. 我们要早动身，因为路很远。‎ 注意：‎ ‎ （1）yet和still是连接副词，也叫半连接词。它们是副词。又起连接作用，但不如and, but, or等强，用了yet或still，前面还可加and或but。‎ ‎ He is tired, (but) still he will make another experiment. 他很累，但他仍然要做另一个实验。‎ ‎ I got up very early, (and) yet I failed to catch the first bus. 我起得很早，然而还是没有赶上头班车。‎ ‎ （2）while意义相当于at the same time表示相反和对照，常用来连接两个意义对立的分句。‎ ‎ I like football, while my sister likes basketball. 我喜欢足球，而我姐姐喜欢篮球。‎ ‎ when = and then, just then或at that time, during the time. ‎ ‎ We were ready to rush away, when the snake moved. 我们正准备离开，这时蛇移动了。‎ ‎ while和when作为并列连词使用时常是放在第二个分句前边，并有逗号和第一分句隔开。‎ ‎ 3、for表示附加或推断的理由、原因。therefore比so更正式，and so比较口语化。‎