高考英语阅读选命题思路

高考英语阅读选命题思路

‎2017高考英语七选五阅读理解（辽、琼、宁、京）‎ ‎【特点分析】‎ 该类题型要求从短文后的七个选项中（均为完整的句子）选出五个能填入文章空处的最佳选项，主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。其命题形式深受英语四六级和考研阅读多项选择题的影响，体现了《新课标》“用英语获取、处理和运用信息的能力；逐步获取用英语思维的能力。”的阅读学习和教学理念。该题型命题形式仍然具有客观题的特点，又与完形填空具有异曲同工之妙，只是选项少，以句子形式出现，考查目的和侧重点不完全相同而已。‎ 从《考试说明》对该题型命题目的的表述“主要考查考生对文章的整体内容和结构以及上下文逻辑意义的理解和掌握。”可以得出以下判断：该题备选项可分为主旨概括句（文章整体内容）、过渡性句子（文章结构）和注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）三类。其多余的两个干扰项也往往从这三方面进行设置，例如主旨概括句或过于宽泛或以偏概全或偏离主题，过渡性句子不能反映文章的行文结构，注释性句子与上文脱节等。‎ ‎【题型分析】‎ 分析篇章结构，把握全篇文脉是阅读填空题解题的关键，英语的语篇（discourse）通常是由句子和语段（sentence group）构成的，语段是句子和语篇之间的中间层次，句子虽然能够单独地表达相对完整的思想，但是它不能表达多方面的、比较复杂的思想，只有把几个句子结合为较大的言语片段，才能表达一个相对独立的层意，所谓的“积句而成章，积章而成篇。”就是这个道理。‎ 分析文章的层次包含两种形式：一种是分析整篇文章的层次，也就是段落，另一种是分析每一个段落内部的层次，也就是语篇层次。‎ 语篇与段落是有区别的，语段是篇章结构的中间层次，是由句子到篇的一种过渡形式，段落（paragraph）是在某些语体（如记叙文、议论文）中比语段更大的意义单位，较小的段落可以只包括一个语段或一个句子，一般来说，一个段落通常由几个语段构成。构成语段的方式有两种，一是靠句际间意义的结合，二是靠句际间的关联词，逻辑性插入语来连接，在分析语段层次时，可以借助句际间的连接词语作出判断，但最主要的还是要真正体会句际间的意义关系，把握作者的思路，从语序上去发现断续点，理清层次，好文章的层次非常清晰，只有层层入手，才能真正理解文章。‎ 例如：（2009年高考英语辽宁卷阅读理解新题型样题）‎ 第二节（共5小题:每小题2分, 满分10分）‎ 根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。‎ Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become a better student in several ways71 Second, your notes are excellent materials to refer to when you are studying for a test. Third, note-taking offers variety to your study time and helps you to hold your interest.‎ You will want to take notes during classroom discussions and while reading a textbook or doing research for a report.72 Whenever or however you take notes, keep in mind that note-taking is a selective process.73‎ The following methods may work best for you.‎ ‎●Read the text quickly to find the main facts and ideas in it.‎ ‎●Carefully read the text and watch for words that can show main points and supporting facts.‎ ‎● Write your notes in your own words.‎ ‎● 74‎ ‎● Note any questions or ideas you may have about what was said or written.‎ As you take notes, you may want to use your own shorthand(速记). When you do, be sure that you understand your symbols and that you use them all the time.75‎ A. Use words, not complete sentences.‎ B. There are three practical note-taking methods.‎ C. You must write your notes on separate paper.‎ D. Otherwise, you may not be able to read your notes later.‎ E. you will also want to develop your own method for taking notes.‎ F. That means you must first decide what is important enough to include in your notes.‎ G. First, the simple act of writing something down makes it easier for you to understand and remember it.‎ 答案：GEFAD 分析：这篇文章整体分为四个段落层次，每个段落均由几个语段构成相对独立地语义单位，各段都围绕“Taking good notes”这样一个中心话题，形成了文章的线性结构。‎ 第一段讲述的是做笔记是好学生在多方面的一项省时技巧，第二段讲述的是不管何时、用何种方法做笔记，都要有选择性的做记录，第三段讲述的是做笔记的最佳方法，第四段讲述的是要记住自己的速记符号，这就形成了文章的层次结构，这对下一步的做题有了明确的整体方向。‎ ‎【解题策略】‎ ‎1．理清句际间意义的关系 文章的内容是根据各层各段的大意有机地组合而成，各个层次，各个段落之间不管怎样错落有致，但它所表达的内容都是要围绕中心的，各句之间都有一定的语脉，从逻辑意义上来看，语段的句际关系可分为平列、顺序、层递、转折、总分、解释、因果等关系。构成语段的各个句子之间有时可以包含一种以上的句际关系。因此，理解阅读材料时一定要把握语脉，理清句际间的关系，进而理解语段或全文的内容。‎ 如上述2009年高考英语辽宁卷阅读理解新题型样题中，第一段的第一句“Taking good notes is a time-saving skill that will help you to become a batter student in several ways”与下面几句是解释关系，解释关系是指后面的句子对前面的句子作解释、引申、例证，使意思更加明了、具体。后三句之间是平列关系，平列关系指句与句之间处于平等并列的地位，互不相属，而只是组合在一起共同说明一个问题。平列关系组合的语段，在次序上并不固定，如果局部改变句子的相互位置并不改变整个语段的意思。‎ 第二段的第一句与第二句是层递关系，层递关系是一种固定的顺序关系，但又不同与顺序关系，顺序关系指构成语段的各句子只能按事物发展的过程由先而后地顺序排列，不可随意改变次序，通常在记叙文或描述固定的操作程序的说明文中用得普遍，而层递关系组合的语段是按语意的轻重、认识的深浅作由轻到重、由浅入深的排列。第三句与第四句是解释关系，第一、二句组合为一个语段，第三、四句组合为另外一个语段，语段与语段之间是总分关系，总分关系是指前面的句子陈述两个过两个以上的对象，后面的句子紧接着分别对它们加以说明。用这种方式组合的语段能够前呼后应，彼此配合，使语脉清楚，条分缕析，如“Whenever or however you take notes”一句与前两句前呼后应，彼此配合，为前句选“E. you will also want to develop your own method for taking notes. ”埋伏了一笔，逻辑性很强。‎ 第三段的第一句与下面几句是解释关系，而后列举的方法是平列关系。‎ 第四段的最后两句是转折关系，转折关系指句与句之间存在意义的转折，通常表达对比或对照的意思。‎ ‎2．找出句子之间的连接性的词语 文章的语句间的组合，除了从语句间的意义关系分析外，还可借助句子之间的连接性词语来把握，因为连接性词语能表明这个语段句与句之间、层与层之间的基本关系是 承接关系（如so, therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently, as a result等）‎ 平列关系（如first, second, third…; firstly, secondly, thirdly…; first, next, then…; in the first place, in the second place…; for one thing, for another thing…;to begin with, to conclude等）。比如文章中的选项71，由Second、Third得知应选表示平列关系的句子G.项。‎ 转折关系（如however, nevertheless, nonetheless, still, though, yet, in spite of, at any rate, in any case, whoever, whatever on the contrary, in contrast, by contrast, in comparison, by comparison, conversely, otherwise等）。比如选项75，与前句构成了转折关系，故应选D项答案。‎ 层递关系（如also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what’s more, too, either, neither, not…but…, not only…but also等）。如72 选项，与前句组合为层递关系，故应选包含also的E.项句子。‎ 解释关系，如73选项应选F.选项，与74选项平等的，是一组祈示句，而非陈述句，故应选A.项而非B项。‎ 总之，对一个语段或语篇的分析，可以按以下步骤进行：‎ ‎（1）通读全文，对文章进行快速浏览，寻找主题句，抓住文章结构及文章的写作内容。‎ 在阅读过程中，要注意文章的开始与结束段落，尤其是文章的首段及末段末句，因为“开门见山”与“结尾总结”的写作方式为常见的写作方式，首段的末句一般是是全文的主题所在，说明本文将探讨哪些内容，并简要指出文章的写作思路，有时甚至会以提纲的形式进行呈现。首段的末句对于快速掌握文章的主题具有重要意义，如果它是文章的主题句，就可以使读者迅速明确文章情节将如何展开，并对文章的写作主题有了整体的了解。如果末句不是主题句，则需要继续寻找。这时，可以考虑文章的写作方式是否为“结尾总结”式，如两者均可排除，则需在文章中其他段落寻找主题句，但要注意，首段与末段的提示作用。‎ ‎（2）详读段落，在短时间内，找出每段写作内容的关键词。明确各段的主题句或主旨大意。‎ 文章正文部分通常分为若干小段落。各段落会根据整体文章写作主题展开，对文章主体进行的不同方面的描述。找出各个小段落中的关键词，明确其描述内容，为整体试题的解决做好铺垫。‎ ‎（3）定位选项，明确各备选选项的含义，抓住其关键词语，根据文章整体结构与具体内容，将选项填入文中，填写时尤为注意各选项中出现的句子衔接手段及句中的衔接标志词。‎ 在定位选项时，要特别注意空格上下段的写作内容，以及空格上段尾句和下段首句的结构和意义。将所选项放入空白处，看看是否与上下文构成语义及逻辑上的直接关系，是否符合该处语境。能否承接前后的写作线索。使文章无论内容还是衔接上都能做到通顺。‎ 一篇文章作为一个整体，是有其写作的线索与思路的，在选项定位中，要尤其注意文章的写作线索，文章的写作思路的连贯使文章的每个段落、每个句子甚至每个短语均融为一体。如果带入选项后，发现文章写作线索中断或是前后矛盾，应更换其它选项。‎ ‎（4）通读复检，将所选答案代入文中，再次通读全文，重点考查逻辑关系和关联结构。‎ 在完成选项定位后，应通读全文，检查文章内容是否完整，语义是否连贯合理、各段落内容是否紧扣主题，语篇结构是否通顺连贯、具有一致性、合乎逻辑，写作思路是否清晰明了，格式以及用语是否恰当贴切，从而判断选择的答案是否正确。同时，我们还应注意对相近选项的对比分析，个别干扰项由于与某个正确选项的内容相近具有很强的干扰性，这时就需要我们认真分析，仔细甄别，排除干扰，从而得出正确选项。‎ 要特别注意，‎ 除非有充分的理由否定向前的选择，否则不要仓促更改。只要前两步投入了精力，动了脑筋，第一印象往往可信度很高。‎ ‎（5）确定排除，研究多余选项，确定排除理由，最终确定答案。‎ ‎【练习】‎ ‎（1）根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。‎ ‎_71_ One of the best things you can possibly do is to start you own club. It’s great fun especially if you are the sort of person who feels there’s never anything to do during the school holidays.‎ The first thing you need to come up with is an idea for your club. _72_ Pets, clothes, pop music or dancing groups, sports, making things? The list is endless.‎ Next you need some friends to be in your club with you. _73_ All you need is three or four other people who are interested in the same thing as you.‎ ‎_74 You should all sit down somewhere together with lots of pieces of paper and write down every name you can think up. That’ll keep you busy for ages.‎ At your first meeting you should make up a rule book. And the first rule should be no grown-ups or little/big brothers or sisters! The best clubs are always secret!‎ Now you have just about everything you need, except membership cards. These are very important and again you can speed a lot of time making them. 75 Why not leave some space for a photo of yourself? That will make the membership card really look like it.‎ So there you are, get clubbing! Once you get started you’ll think of loads of more interesting things to do!‎ A. That’s easy.‎ B. Enjoy your own club!‎ C. Invite a designer to join you.‎ D. What are you interest in?‎ E. Some vacation is just around the corner.‎ F. Then you need to pick a name for your club.‎ G. Use a bright thick pen to make a special design.‎ ‎（2）‎ Are you truly happy? Do you ever know what it means to be happy and what it takes to achieve happiness? __71___. The following are a few tips that I follow to create happiness in my life.‎ ‎※ Make a plan for attaining goals that you believe will make you happy. Your moods will very likely increase if you are going after something you value.‎ ‎※Surround yourself with happy people. It is easy to begin to think negatively when you are surrounded by people who think that way. ___72___.‎ ‎※When something goes wrong, try to figure out a solution instead of being absorbed in self pity. Truly happy people don’t allow setbacks to affect their mood because they know that with a little thought they can turn the circumstances back to their favor.‎ ‎※__73_. These few minutes will give you the opportunity to focus on the positive things in your life and will lead you to continuous happiness.‎ ‎※ 74 . Whether you treat yourself to lunch, take a long, relaxing bath or simply spend a few extra minutes on your appearance, you will be subconsciously (下意识地) putting yourself in a better mood.‎ ‎※Finding the humor in situations can also lead to happiness. Find a way to make light of a situation that would otherwise make you happy.‎ ‎※Keeping healthy is another way to achieve happiness. 75 .‎ A．What makes one person happy may be very different from what makes someone else happy.‎ B．On the contrary, if you are around people who are happy, their emotional state will be infectious.‎ C．Being overweight or not eating nutritious foods can have a negative effect on your mooD．‎ D．These are important questions for anyone who is seeking happiness to ask themselves.‎ E．Spend a few minutes each day thinking about the things that make you happy.‎ F．There are some tips in life that lead to happiness.‎ G．It’s also important to take some time each day to do something nice for yourself.‎ ‎（3）‎ ‎__71___ .Being angry doesn’t really solve much, but what people do when they feel angry is important. The goal is to calm down and try to solve what is bothering you. This is hard for some kids and adults, too. Instead of calming down, some kids might keep getting more and more upset until they explode like a volcano!‎ ‎__72___ .Their anger might be so strong that they lose control of their temper. They may act in ways unacceptable and hurtful. People may say that someone has trouble controlling their temper.__73___‎ Some kids might get so angry that they scream at their parents, break something , or even worse , hit their brothers or sisters._74____ .However, it’s not OK for a kid to do any of those things .Kids don’t want to act in this way , but sometimes angry feelings can be hard to manage. So what to do?‎ Well, the good news is that kids don’t just have to keep making the same mistakes over and over again.__75___ .Imagine your temper as a puppy inside you that needs some training. The puppy is not bad ---- it will probably turn out a great dog. It just needs to learn some rules because, right now, that puppy is causing some problems to you.‎ A. You can train you temper.‎ B.You don’t want to cause trouble.‎ C. Kids should be allowed to express their feelings, even angry ones.‎ D. Everybody gets angry sometimes.‎ E. In fact, they usually mean that a kid behaves badly when feeling angry.‎ F. Instead of thinking of the person you’re angry with, think of something else.‎ G. Some kids get angry more often or more easily than some other kids.‎ ‎（4）‎ Choosing the right job is probably one of the most important decisions we have to make in life,‎ ‎ and it is frequently one of the hardest decisions we have to make. One important question that you might ask yourself is: “How do I get a good job?”___71___.‎ There are people who can answer an insignificant advertisement in the local paper and land the best job in the world; others write to all sorts of places all over the country, and never seem to get a reply at all. Still others believe that the in person, door-to-door approach is by far the best way to get a job; and then there are those who, through no active decision of their own, just seem to be in the right place at the right time. ___72____. He used to spend a lot of his free time down by the sea watching the tall ships, but never thinking that he might one day sail one of them. His father was a farmer, and being a sailor could never be anything for the boy but an idle dream. One day, on his usual wandering, he heard the captain of the ship complaining that he could not sail because one member of his crew was sick. Without stopping to think, the lad(少年) offered to take his place. ___73___.‎ ‎__74__. If the lad had gone home to ponder（考虑）his decision for a week, he may have missed his chance. It is one thing to be offered an opportunity; it is another thing to take it and use it well.‎ Sometimes we hear stories about people who break all the rules and still seem to land plum jobs（美差）. When you go for a job interview or fill out an application, you are expected to say nice things about the company to which you are applying. ___75___. And within a year this person had become general manger of the company.‎ A．This story also illustrates the importance of seizing an opportunity when it presents itself.‎ B．People find jobs in an infinite number of ways.‎ C．it’s almost impossible to find a good job by answering advertisement in newspapers D．Take for example the young man who wanted to be a sailor.‎ E．But there was one person who landed an excellent job by telling the interviewer all the company’s faults.‎ F．He spent the rest of his life happily sailing the ships he had always loved.‎ G．It is very important to seize an opportunity when it presents itself.‎ ‎（6）‎ Before going outside in the morning, many of us check a window thermometer(温度计)for the temperature. This helps us decide what to wear. _______71______ . We want our food to be a certain coldness in the refrigerator. We want it a certain hotness in the oven. If we don’t feel well, we use a thermometer to see if we have a fever. We keep our rooms a certain warmth in the winter and a certain coolness in the summer.‎ Not all the thermometers use the same system to measure temperature. We use a system called the Fahrenheit scale. But most other countries use the Centigrade scale.‎ Both systems use the freezing and boiling points of water as their guide._____72_______ .‎ The most common kind of thermometer is made with mercury(水银)inside a clear glass tube. As mercury (or any other liquid ) becomes hot, it expands. As it gets colder, it contracts(收缩). That is why on hot days the mercury line is high in the glass tube.______73______.‎ First. Take a clear glass juice bottle that has a cap; fill the bottle with coloured water. Tap a hole in the center of the cap using a hammer and thick nail. Put the cap on the jar. Then stick a plastic straw(吸管) through the nail hole.‎ ‎_______74____________.‎ Finally. Place a white card on the outside of the bottle and behind the straw. Now you can see the water lever easily.‎ ‎_______75___________.‎ As the temperature goes down, the water will contract, and the lever in the straw will come down. Perhaps you will want to keep a record of the water lever in the straw each morning for a week.‎ A. We use and depend on thermometers to measure the temperature of many other things in our daily lives.‎ B. Thermometers measure temperature, by using materials that change in the same way when they are heated or cooled.‎ C. Now that you know this rule you can make a thermometer of your own that will work.‎ D. The water will rise in the straw. As the temperature of the air goes up, the water will expand and rise even higher.‎ E. They label these in different ways. On the Fahrenheit scale water freezes at 32 degrees and boils at 212 degrees. On the Celsius scale water freezes at 0 degrees and boils at 100degrees.‎ F. Take wax (you may use an old candle if you have one) and melt some of it right where the straw is struck into the cap to seal(把..粘住) them together.‎ G. People use thermometers which are made by themselves when travelling around the world.‎ ‎（6）‎ What is your favourite colour? Do you like yellow, orange, red? ___71___. Do you prefer greys and blues? Then you are probably quiet, shy, and you would rather follow than lead. You tend to be pessimist. At least, this is what psychologists tell us, and they should know, because they have been seriously studying the meaning of colour preference, as well as the effect that colours have on human beings. ___72___ . If you happen to love brown, you did so, as soon as you opened your eyes, or at least as soon as you could see clearly.‎ ‎___73___. A yellow room makes most people feel more cheerful and more relaxed than a dark green one; and a red dress brings warmth and cheer to the saddest winter day. ___74___ . A black bridge over the Thames River, near London, used to be the scene of more suicides(自杀) than any other bridge in the area---until it was repainted green. The number of suicide attempts immediately fell sharply. Perhaps it would have fallen even more if the bridge had been done in pink or baby blue.‎ ‎___75___. It is an established fact that factory workers work better, harder, and have fewer accidents when their machines are painted orange rather than black or grey.‎ A. On the other hand, black is depressing.‎ B. They tell us, among other facts, that we do not choose our favourite colour as grow up --- we are born with our preference.‎ C. The rooms are painted in different colours as you like.‎ D. If you do, you must be an optimist, a leader, an active person who enjoys life, people and ‎ excitement.‎ E. Light and bright colours make people not only happier but more active.‎ F. Life is like a picture or a poem, full of different colours.‎ G. Colours do influence our moods---there is no doubt about it 参考答案 ‎（1）EDAFG （2）DBEGC （3）DGECA （4）BDFAE （5）EDAFG ‎（6）‎ ‎71. A 从前面上下文意义可知温度计在我们日常生活中的功能，便可知道选择A正确。‎ ‎72. E 从上文可知“温度计分华氏标准和摄氏标准两种方式计量温度，”选项E进一步介绍了这两种温度计量方式的具体标准。故正确答案是E。‎ ‎73. C 本段前一部分介绍了温度计的构造原理，下文根据此原理制造一个能够计量温度工作的温度计。所以选项C符合文意。‎ ‎74. F 根据上下文的逻辑意义，选项F是正确答案。‎ ‎75. D 从下文可知应选与之对应的选项D。‎ ‎（8）‎ ‎71. D 根据下文问答形式可以看出，选项D为正确答案。‎ ‎72. B 根据上文意义，选项填到此空处可以与上文形成排比句式。‎ ‎73. G 从空后的“A yellow room makes most people feel more cheerful and more relaxed than a dark green one; and a red dress brings warmth and cheer to the saddest winter ‎ day.”这句话中可以找出正确答案为选项G。‎ ‎74. A 从与上文的关系空后的“A black bridge over the Thames River, near London, used to be the scene of more suicides(自杀) than any other bridge in the area---until it was repainted green.” 这句话中可以找到正确答案选项G。‎ ‎75. E 从下文意义可以很容易地推断出E为最佳选项。‎