人教初中英语一三年级句子成分及结构总结

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人教初中英语一三年级句子成分及结构总结

‎ 英语句子成分及句子结构 句子结构---五种简单的基本句型 1. 主语+不及物动词 如She came. My head aches.‎ 2. 主语+及物动词 +宾语 如She likes English.‎ 3. 主语+系动词 +表语 如She is happy.‎ 4. 主语+双宾动词 +间接宾语+直接宾语 如He gave John a book.‎ 5. 主语+宾补动词 +宾语+宾语补语如She makes her mother angry. The teacher asked me ti read a newspaper.‎ 英语句子基本构成成分:‎ 主语:可以作主语的成分有名词(如boy),主格代词(如I ,we, he, she, they ),数词、动词不定式,动名词等。最常用的便是名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式。主语一般在句首。‎ ‎(1)名词作主语 English is very important. 英语是很重要的。‎ The students all love their English teacher. ‘‎ 这些学生都爱他们的英语老师。‎ ‎(2)代词作主语 They go to school by bus. 他们乘公共汽车上学。‎ ‎ (3)动名词作主语 Watching TV too much is bad for your eyes. ‎ 看电视太多对你的眼睛是有害的。‎ It’s no use regretting it. 后悔是无用的。‎ ‎(4)动词不定式(短语)作主语 To see is to believe. 眼见为实。‎ It is necessary to master a foreign language.‎ 10‎ 掌握一门外语是很必要的 谓语:谓语由动词构成,谓语时态、语态的变化都体现在动词的变化上,一般在主语之后。‎ ‎(1)及物动词作谓语 We should help each other. 我们应该互相帮助。‎ All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。‎ ‎(2)不及物动词作谓语 You’re driving too fast. 你开车开得太快了。‎ The teacher came in, book in hand. 老师走进教室,手里拿着书。‎ ‎(3)连系动词作谓语 He looks worried.他看起来很担心。‎ The box itself is not so heavy. 箱子本身并不重。‎ ‎(4) 复合谓语:‎ ① 由情态动词加动词原形构成。如:‎ You may keep the book for two weeks. ‎ ② 由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如:‎ ‎ Do you speak English?‎ ‎ They are working in a field.‎ ‎ He has caught a bad cold. ‎ 注意:谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。‎ 宾语:宾语位于及物动词之后,一般同主语成分一样,不同的是构成宾语的代词必须是”代词宾格” 如:me, us, him ,her ,them I like Chinese food. 我喜欢中国菜。‎ I saw him yesterday. (代词)昨天我看到他了。‎ I enjoyed talking to you. 我和你谈话很高兴。‎ He wanted to have a cup of tea. (不定式短语)他想要一杯茶。‎ We hoped that you would stay for a few days.‎ 我们希望你能多待几天的。‎ 直接宾语和间接宾语——有些及物动词可以有两个宾语,一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫作间接宾语,指物的叫直接宾语。合称双宾。例如:‎ He gave me some ink . 他给了我一些墨水。‎ 间接宾语 直接宾语 ‎ Our teacher told us an interesting story. 老师给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。‎ 10‎ 间接宾语 直接宾语 表语:与连系动词连用,构成系表结构,说明主语的身份或特征,一般由形容词、名词、动名词、动词不定式、分词等充当。如:‎ The flower is beautiful.‎ They are brother and sister. 他们是兄妹。‎ Her father is sixty-five. 她父亲65岁。‎ The poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子就是我自己。‎ All you need do is to take a taxi from the airport. ‎ 你只需从机场打个的即可。‎ My favourite sport is swimming. 我最喜爱的运动是游泳。‎ 定语:定语为句子的次要成分,起修饰限制名词或代词的作用,可分为前置定语和后置定语。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语) 或句子充当。‎ 如:1) His father is a doctor. 他父亲是一名医生。(代词)‎ ‎2) Mr. Green has two sons. 格林先生有两个儿子。(数词)‎ ‎3) The girl under the tree is Kate. 在树下的那个女孩是凯特。(介词短语)‎ ‎4) I bought a new dictionary. 我买了本新字典。‎ ‎5)This is a green cup.这是一个绿色的杯子。(形容词)‎ ‎6)The people here are very friendly.(副词)这里的人们非常友好。‎ ‎7) Would you like something to drink? 你想要些喝的东西吗?(不定式)‎ ‎8) A barking dog seldom bites. 吠狗很少咬人。(V-ing)‎ ‎ 9) The suggestion sent to the committee was adopted. (过去分词)‎ 送往委员会的建议被采纳了。‎ ‎10) Do you know the man who is standing next to Mr. Green? (定从)‎ 你认识站在格林先生旁边的那个人吗?‎ 状语:状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或全句,说明时间、地点、方式、原因、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。状语在句子中的位置很灵活,常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构之后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;地点状语一般须在时间状语之前;一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。‎ 10‎ ‎(1) 时间状语 I often get up at 5:30 in the morning. 我常常在早上5:30起床。‎ Hearing the news, they felt very excited.‎ 听到这个消息,他们感到很兴奋。‎ Jim went to Shanghai yesterday. ( 时间状语,句末 )‎ ‎(2) 地点状语 Pandas only live in China. 熊猫仅生活在中国。‎ I met him in the street. ( 地点状语)‎ ‎(3) 程度状语 He is quite young. (修饰adj.,放在adj.前)‎ ‎ (4) 目的状语 We’ll go to the beach for a picnic this Sunday. ‎ 这个星期天我们将去沙滩野炊。‎ He took some change from his pocket to buy a newspaper.‎ ‎ 他从口袋里掏出一些零钱来买报纸。‎ She got up early so that she could catch the first bus. ‎ 她早早地起床,以便能够赶上这辆早班车。‎ ‎(5) 方式状语 We usually go to school on foot. 我们通常步行去上学。‎ Please do it as I told you. 请按我告诉你的去做。‎ ‎(6) 让步状语 Though she has a lot of money, she is unhappy.‎ ‎ 虽然她很有钱,而她并不幸福。‎ No matter what happens, I will never lose heart. ‎ 无论发生什么,我将决不失去信心。‎ ‎(7) 条件状语 If you don’t work hard, you’ll fall behind the others. ‎ 假如你不努力学习,你将落后于别人。‎ Given more attention, the flowers would have grown better.‎ ‎ 如果给予更多的关心的话,这些花将长得更好。‎ ‎ (8) 原因状语 We didn’t go to the park because of the bad weather. ‎ 由于天气不好,我们没有去公园。‎ 10‎ Because he was ill, he didn’t go to school. ‎ 由于病了,他没有去上学。‎ ‎(9) 结果状语 The wind was so strong that we could hardly move forward. ‎ 风是如此地猛烈,以致于我们寸步难行。‎ He left early, so that he caught the train. ‎ 他早早地离去,(结果) 因此赶上了火车。‎ ‎(10) 伴随状语 The doctor hurried off, with a medicine box under his arm. ‎ 这位医生匆匆离去,胳膊下夹着一个药箱子。‎ The teacher came into the classroom, followed by a group of his students. 老师进到教室里来,后面跟着一群学生。‎ 补语:补语是起补充说明作用的成份。最常见的是宾语补足语。名词、动名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词都可以在句子中作宾补。‎ ‎1)We call her Xiao Li. (名词)‎ ‎ 宾语 宾语补足语 ‎2)You must keep the room clean and tidy. (形容词)‎ ‎ 宾语 宾语补足语 ‎3)John asked me to help him with his Chinese. (动词不定式)‎ ‎ 宾语 宾语补足语 ‎4)I will have my hair cut tomorrow. (过去分词)‎ ‎ 宾语 宾语补足语 ‎5)We saw the boy playing basketball on the playground just now. (v-ing)‎ ‎ 宾语 宾语补足语 ‎6) Rain makes plants grow. 雨水使植物生长。(动词原形)‎ ‎ 宾语 宾补 注意: 后跟名词作宾语补足语的动词有 call, name, think, make, choose 等,后跟形容词作宾语补足语的谓语动词有 keep, find, get, think, make 等。动词不定式作宾语补足语时,当谓语动词为感官动词(如 feel, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, sound, 等),使役动词(如 let, have, make 等),动词不定式不带 to。‎ 英语中的五种基本句型结构 一、 句型1: Subject (主语) + Verb (谓语) ‎ 10‎ 这种句型中的动词大多是不及物动词,所谓不及物动词,就是这种动词后不可以直接接宾语。常见的动词如:work, sing, swim, fish, jump, ‎ arrive, come, die, disappear, cry, happen等。‎ 如: 1) Li Ming works very hard.李明学习很努力。‎ ‎ 2) The accident happened yesterday afternoon.‎ ‎3)Spring is coming.‎ ‎ 4) We have lived in the city for ten years.‎ ‎ 5) The sun was shining. 太阳在照耀着。‎ 二、句型2:Subject (主语) + Link. V(系动词) + Predicate(表语) ‎ 这种句型主要用来表示主语的身份、特点等。‎ 其系动词一般可分为下列两类:‎ ‎ (1)表示状态。这样的词有:be, look, seem, smell, taste, sound, keep等。如:‎ ‎ 1) This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。 ‎ ‎2) He looked worried just now.刚才他看上去有些焦急。‎ ‎3) The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。‎ ‎ (2)表示变化。这类系动词有:become, turn, get, grow, go等。如: ‎ ‎1) Spring comes. It is getting warmer and warmer.‎ 春天到了,天气变得越来越暖和。‎ ‎ 2) The tree has grown much taller than before.‎ 这棵树比以前长得高多了。‎ ‎3) His face turned red. 他的脸红了。‎ ‎ 三、句型3:Subject(主语) + Verb (谓语) + Object (宾语) ‎ 这种句型中的动词一般为及物动词, 所谓及物动词,就是这种动词后可以直接接宾语,其宾语通常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。例:‎ ‎ 1) He took his bag and left.(名词) 他拿着书包离开了。‎ ‎ 2) Li Lei always helps me when I have difficulties. (代词)‎ 当我遇到困难时,李雷总能给我帮助。‎ ‎ 3) She plans to travel in the coming May Day.(不定式)‎ 她打算在即将到来的“五一”外出旅游。‎ ‎4) She likes watching TV.(动名词)‎ ‎ 她喜欢看电视。‎ ‎5)I don’t know what I should do next. (从句)‎ 10‎ 我不知道下一步该干什么。‎ ‎ 注意:英语中的许多动词既是及物动词,又是不及物动词。‎ ‎ 四、句型4: Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)+ Indirect object(间接宾语)+Direct object (直接宾语)‎ ‎ 这种句型中,直接宾语为主要宾语,表示动作是对谁做的或为谁做的,在句中不可或缺,常常由表示“物”的名词来充当;间接宾语也被称之为第二宾语,去掉之后,对整个句子的影响不大,多由指“人”的名词或代词承担。‎ 引导这类双宾语的常见动词有:buy, pass, lend, give, tell, teach, show, bring, send等。‎ 如:1) Her father bought her a dictionary as a birthday present.她爸爸给她买了一本词典作为生日礼物。 ‎ ‎2)The old man always tells the children stories about the ‎ heroes in the Long March. ‎ 老人经常给孩子们讲述长征途中那些英雄的故事。‎ ‎3)Sandy gave the dog some food.‎ ‎ 桑迪给狗喂了些食物。‎ 上述句子还可以表达为:‎ ‎ 1)Her father bought a dictionary for her as a birthday present.‎ ‎ 2)The old man always tells stories about the heroes to the ‎ children in the Long March. ‎ ‎3)Sandy gave some food to the dog.‎ 五、句型5: Subject(主语)+Verb (动词)+Object (宾语)+Complement(补语) ‎ 此句型的句子的共同特点是:动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。‎ 宾语补足语:位于宾语之后对宾语作出说明的成分。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系,它们一起构成复合宾语。‎ 宾语补足语的主要作用或者是补充、说明宾语的特点、身份等;或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如:‎ ‎1)You should keep the room clean and tidy. (形容词)‎ 你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。‎ ‎2) They painted the door green. (形容词) 他们把门漆成绿色。‎ ‎3) We made him our monitor.(名词) 我们选他当班长。‎ 10‎ ‎4) What makes him think so? (动词原形) 他怎么会这样想?‎ ‎5) His father told him not to play in the street.(不定式)‎ 他父亲告诉他不要在街上玩。‎ ‎6)My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball.(现在分词) ‎ ‎7) I saw a cat running across the road. (现在分词)‎ 我看见一只猫跑过了马路.‎ ‎8) Yesterday I had a picture taken with two Americans.(过去分词)‎ ‎ 昨天我跟两个美国人合了张影。‎ ‎9)I found it difficult to learn English. ‎ ‎(形容词。It充当形式宾语,to learn English是真正的宾语。)‎ 我发现学英语很难。‎ 简单句五种基本句型巧记歌诀:‎ 英语句子万万千,五大句型把线牵。‎ 句型种类看动词,后接成分是关键。‎ 系词之后接表语,不及物后无需连。‎ 及物又可分三类,单宾双宾最常见。‎ 还有宾语补足语,各种搭配记心间。‎ Exercises:‎ 指出下列句子中划线部分的成分。‎ ‎1.We all study hard at English.‎ A. 主语 B. 谓语 C. 宾语 D.表语 ‎2.Betty likes her new bike very much.‎ ‎ A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语 ‎3.My brother is a policeman.‎ ‎ A. 主语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.表语 ‎4.Were you at home last night? ‎ ‎ A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语 ‎5.Winter is the coldest season of the year.‎ ‎ A 定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语 ‎6.He often walks in the park.‎ 10‎ ‎ A.定语 B.状语 C.宾语 D.表语 ‎7.Mary asked me to help her yesterday.‎ A.定语 B.状语 C.宾补 D.表语 ‎8.He bought me a nice present last week.‎ ‎ A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补 ‎9.His parents are doctors.‎ A.宾语 B.表语 C.谓语 D.定语 ‎10.I’ll get you some tea now.‎ A.宾语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补 ‎11.My mother told us an interesting story last night.‎ A.表语 B.直接宾语 C.间接宾语 D.宾补 ‎12.He has read the book twice.‎ A.主语 B.谓语 C.表语 D.宾语 ‎13.They seemed unhappy when they heard the news.‎ A.表语 B.谓语 C.宾语 D.定语 ‎14.Do you have something to eat ?‎ A.状语 B.定语 C.宾语 D.宾补 ‎15.We made him our monitor.‎ A.宾语 B.定语 C. 状语 D.宾补 Exercises:‎ 指出下列句子的基本类型 ‎1.They are listening.‎ ‎2.My mother is fifty now.‎ ‎3.I have bought three books.‎ ‎4.My friend gave me a birthday present.‎ ‎5.I painted the wall white.‎ ‎6.The boss often makes the workers work twelve hours a day.‎ ‎7.They arrived at six o’clock.‎ ‎8.The map is on the wall ‎9.Children often sing this song.‎ ‎10.Mr Wu teaches us English.‎ ‎11.She showed her friends all her pictures.‎ ‎12.I find him a lovely boy.‎ 10‎ 请朗读以下句子,划分下列句子的成分,并指出他们分别属于简单句中的哪种。‎ ‎1. Our country consumes a large number of plastic bags.‎ ‎2. The super-thin bags are the main source of white pollution.‎ ‎3. We should encourage people to return to carrying cloth bags.‎ ‎4. The new rule came out.‎ ‎5. Enviornmental groups welcome the new rule.‎ ‎6. They can stop using plastic bags.‎ ‎7. What is particularly positive is that it involves public participation.‎ ‎8. Shops don’t offer free plastic bags to their consumers.‎ ‎9. Hong Kong and Australia are considering measures to curb plastic bag litter.‎ ‎10. Chinese consumers have gotten used to free plastic shopping bags.‎ 10‎
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