七年级英语语法汇总(20200907190426)

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七年级英语语法汇总(20200907190426)

一、不定式和动名词: 1、省略了 to 的不定式: (助动词后面加动词原形) have sb. do sth. let sb.do sth. make sb. do sth. help sb. do sth./help sb. with sth. can/may/have to/must do sth. see sb do sth (看见某人做某事,看见全过程,类似的还有: hear sb do sth , watch sb.do sth , find sb. do sth., notice sb. do sth等) 2、带 to 的不定式: want to do sth. want sb. to do sth. ask sb. to do sth. decide to do sth would like to do sth. hope to do sth. like to do sth(一般指一次性的行为) love to do sth. remember to do sth(记得去做某事,此事还未做) stop to do sth(停下来去做某事, 此事是即将要做的事) 3、带 to 的不定式可以作后置定语,如: something to eat(吃的东西) 4、不定式表目的: 如 To save class time, our teacher has us do half of the exercises in class and complete the other half for our homework. 为了节约 课堂时间,我们的老师要求我们在课堂上做一半练习,剩下的一半在课后作为家庭作业完成。 注意: for 也可表目的,但 for 后面加名词或动名词,如 I buy it for you. 5、动名词:(介词后面加名词或动名词) have fun doing sth. practice doing sth. enjoy doing sth. what/how about doing sth. be busy doing sth. spend time doing sth. be good at doing sth.(be good at sth.) like doing sth(经常性的行为,习惯爱好) remember doing sth(记得做过某事,此事已经做了) stop doing sth(停止做某事,此事是要停止的) see sb doing sth(看见某人正在做某事,类似的有: hear sb doing sth , watch sb.doing sth , find sb. doing sth., notice sb. doing sth) No talking(与之类似的: No swimming , No smoking 等) thanks for doing sth. 二、冠词 不定冠词: a , an 可数名词前可以加 a 或 an。以元音 (不是元音字母) 开头的名词前加 an,以辅音开头的名词前加 a 如:a uniform an hour There is a “u” and an “n” in the word. 定冠词: the,有指定性的名词前加 the,前文出现过再次出现时前面也加 the 注意:物主代词后面不加冠词( my home);某些名词前不加冠词(如国家,城市,有名字的街道,三餐,具体的年份和月份等) ;球类 运动前不加 the,而乐器前要加 the。 含冠词的短语: on weekends 和 on the weekend,take a bus/taxi/walk,take a photo和 take photos,go to a movie和 go to the movies,have a look,have a walk,have a rest,have a good time,in the neighborhood等。 三、介词(后加名词或动名词,还可组成固定短语。但注意: home , here , there ,today, tomorrow, yesterday等词除固定短语外前面不加介 词;由 this, that ,these, those,each, any, every, some, all等用于表示时间概念的名词前往往不加介词。 ) 1、介词 in 表示一天中某段时间,指天、年、月、季节、周次等。如: in the morning 表示“在⋯⋯里面” the window is in the wall , I sit in the chair. He is in the red shirt. The bird is in the tree. 表示“排、行、组,前、后”,如: We are in Team One. in front of(在前面) ,in the front of (在前部) 表示较大的地方,如大城市、国家、洲等,如: He lives in Beijing. arrive in Yueyang 表示“包含”如: Beijing is in the north of China. 表示“用材料、语言”如: Can you say it in English? What’s this in English? 2、介词 on 用来表示某一天或星期几,指明具体的某一天。如: on a rainy day 表示一物放在另一物上面,两者紧贴在一起,如: The book is on the table. The apple is on the tree.(树的一部分) 在⋯队里用 on,如: on the basketball team 表示“左、右”,如: Li Ping is on my left. 用于路名,如: He lives on Nanjing Road. 表示“紧邻”如: Canada lies on the north of the U.S. 3、介词 at 表示特定的时间、节日、年龄等(具体的,小的时间) 。如: at noon , at 6 am 表示较小的地方,如家、村、乡村等,如: He lives at a small village. 用于门牌号,如: He lives at No.200, Nanjing Road. 4、介词 for 表示“当作、作为”。如 : I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 表示理由或原因 ,意为“因为、由于”。如 :Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 表示动作的对象或接受者 ,意为“给⋯⋯”、“对⋯⋯ ( 而言 ) ”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 表示时间、距离 ,意为“计、达”。如 : I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 表示以具体价格购买。如: You can take it for 5 yuan each. 5、介词 under表示“在⋯下方”(不接触) ,如: They were seen under the tree. 6、介词 across着重于“从一头或一边到另一头或另一边”,强调从表面穿过。如: She went across the street to make some purchases. 7、介词 through 着重于“穿越”,强调从一定的空间内穿过。如: The sunlight was coming in through the window. 8、介词 to 表示向某处移动,如: go to school , get to school 9、介词 with 表示“用工具、某物”如: with a pen 还可表示“和⋯ ..一起” He with his parents is watching TV. 10、介词 by 表示“用、以、靠、通过⋯方法”如: He prefers traveling by car. 11、介词 between 表示“在两者之间”如: Don’ t sit between the two girls. 四、词语 1、常见短语 a set of 一套 lost and found 失物招领 in English 用英语 first name 名字 family/last name 姓氏 family tree 家谱 Dave’s family/the Daves 大卫一家 my family photo/a photo of my family 我的一张全家福 take⋯to⋯把⋯带到⋯去 bring ⋯to⋯把⋯拿到⋯ .来 play volleyball/basketball/tennis/chessplay computer games 玩电脑游戏 play sports 做运动 play the guitar/the piano/the drum on TV 在电视上 a lot 非常 a lot of/lots of (后加名词)许多 watch TV 看电视 watch the match 观看比赛 every day 每天 everyday 日常的 ice cream 冰淇淋 French fries 炸薯条 healthy food 健康食品 a running star 跑步明星 make a list 列个清单 have/eat breakfast/lunch/dinner 吃早餐 / 中餐 / 晚餐 have/eat ⋯for breakfast 早餐吃⋯ let’s=let us 让我们⋯ how about/what about ⋯怎么样 how much 多少钱 what color 什么颜色 at a (very)good price 以优惠的价格 have a look (at) 看一看 date of birth 出生日期 want (sb.)to do sth. 想要(某人)做某事 for sale 待售 on sale 降价出售 in October 在十月 on Octorber tenth happy birthday 生日快乐 two years old 两岁 t wo-year-old 两岁的 school trip 学校旅行社 Art Festival 艺术节 speech contest 演讲比赛 English party 英语晚会 School Day 校庆 what kind of 哪种⋯ Beijing Opera 京剧 go to a movie/go to the movies/see a movie/go to see a movie 去看电影院 go to work 去上班 go to school 去上学 go home 回家 go to the mountains 去爬山 go shopping/swimming/skating/hiking/sightseeing 去购物 / 游泳 / 滑冰 / 徒步旅行 / 观光 go to bed 去睡觉 be in bed 入睡 get up 起床 get to school 到学校 get home 到家 learn/know about 了解 Chinese history 中国历史 on weekends/on the weekend 在周末 speek English 讲英语 science teacher科学老师 join the art club/the swimming club 加入艺术俱乐部 / 游泳俱乐部 call sb. at⋯.拨⋯号码找某人 what time(具体)什么时候 be good with sb. 相某人相处得好 be good at sth/doing sth 擅长于某事 / 做某事 brush one’s teeth刷牙 a few of 一点儿 a little of 一点儿(加不可数名词) a little 一点儿 kind of 有点 a little bit 有点 a kind of 一种 all kinds of 各种各样的 take a shower 淋浴 after breakfast早餐后 do one’s homework 做家庭作业 help sb. with sth/help sb. do sth. 帮助某人干某事 all night整夜 in the morning/afternoon evening 在上午 / 下午 / 晚上 at noon/ night 在中午 / 晚上 best wishes(to you)最好的祝愿 tell sb. about sth.告诉某人关于某事 your favorite subject 你最喜欢的科目 have math/music上数学课 / 音乐课 be tired 累 after class 下课后 after school 放学后 Class 3 Grade 2 二年级三班 at 6:00 am 在上午 6 点 play with 和⋯一起玩 have volleyball 打排球 run around 到处跑 pen pal 笔友 be from/come from 来自于⋯ live in 住在⋯ . in China 在中国 write to sb. 给某人写信 post to sb. 寄给某人 post office 邮局 pay phone 投币式公用电话 across from 在⋯对面 next to 靠近 in the neighborhood 附近 between⋯and⋯ 在⋯和⋯之间 in front of 在⋯ .前面队 in the front of 在⋯前部 go straight 直走 go/walk down 顺着⋯走 go through 经过 turn left/right at 在⋯向左 / 右转 on the right 在右边 have fun/have a good time/enjoy oneself 玩得开心 have a good trip 旅途愉快 take a walk/bus/taxi 散步 / 乘巴士 / 乘出租车 take a photo/take photos 拍照 the beginning of ⋯的开端 keep/be quiet 安静 in/during the day 在白天 listen to 听 look at 看 shop assistant 店员 bank clerk 银行职员 TV station 电视台 work with 和⋯一起工作 go out 出去 TV show 电视节目 study/work hard 努力学习 / 工作 give sb. sth./give sth. to sb.给某人某物 get sth. from sb. 从某人那里得到某物 not bad 不错 work for sb. 为⋯效力 talk to/with sb. 和某人交谈 talk about sth. 谈论某事 talk on the phone 打电话 ask sb. to do sth. ask sb. sth. 问某人某事 wait for 等候 at school 在学校(学习) in school 在学校 read books 看书 on vacation 度假 thank you for doing sth.谢谢你做某事 thanks for 因⋯ ..谢谢你 lie on the beach 躺在沙滩上 play beach volleyball look cool 看上去酷 look like 看起来像 pretty good 好极了 long curly black hair 卷的黑色的长发 medium height 中等身高 medium build 中等身材 the captain of ⋯的队长 love to do sth. 喜爱做某事 would like sth/to do sth. 想要某物 / 做某事 like doing sth. 喜欢做某事 stop doing sth.停止做某事 tell jokes讲笑话 pop singer 流行歌手 what size 什么型号 / 尺寸 beef and tomato noodles 牛肉西红柿面条 orange juice 橘子汁 green tea 绿茶 stay at home 呆在家里 all day 整天 have a party举行晚会 do some reading 阅读 practice English 练习英语 practice doing sth. 练习做某事 talk show脱口秀 study fo the test 准备测验 last weekend 上周末 clean one’s room 打扫房间 go for a walk 去散步 go on vacation去度假 go to summer camp 去参加夏令营 have fun doing sth. 做某事玩得高兴 in the water 在水中 in the corner 在角落 walk back to 走回到⋯ decide to do sth. 决定做某事 the Great Wall 长城 the Palace Museum 故宫 Tian’anmen Square think of 认为,想到 game show 比赛节目 soap opera 肥皂剧 sports shows 体育节目 in fact 事实上 in class 在课堂上 in the hallways 在走廊里 in the dining hall 在餐厅 enjoy doing sth. 喜欢做某事 arrive late for class 上课迟到 go out 出去 on school nights 在有课的晚上 too many rules 太多规定 make dinner 做晚饭 the Children’s Palace 少年宫 have to 不得不 on one’s way home 在某人回家的路上 on one’s way to 在某人去⋯的路上 the way to 去⋯的路 2、常见词的辨析 (1)bring 和 take bring 意为“拿来,取来,带来” ,常和介词 to 连用; take意为“拿走,带走” 。 (2)some和 any 两者都表示“一些” ,既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。 some常用于肯定句中, any 用于疑问句和否定句中。 但在表示委婉语气、 请示, 希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中, 也可以用 some。如:There is some milk in the bottle. Is there any milk in the bottle? There isn’t any milk in the bottle. Can I have some rice?(希望得到肯定回答) (3)need的用法 need既是情态动词,又是实义动词,意为“需要” 。作为情态动词时,没有人称和数的变化,并且常用于否定句和疑 问句中,后接动词原形。如: Need I go now? She needn’t come here. 作实义动词时,后可接名词、不定式或动名词作宾语。注意用法: sb. need sth 某人需要某物, sb. need to do sth.某人需要做某事, sth. need doing=sth. need to be done 某物需要被⋯ 如:I need some apples. She needs to buy a new skirt. The classroom needs cleaning.=The classroom needs to be cleaned. (4)in time 及时, on time 按时 Every day she goes to school on time. (5)in the tree 和 on the tree in the tree意为 (其他东西) 在树上, on the tree意为 (树叶、 果实) 在树上 The bird is in the tree. The apples are on the tree. (6)on the desk和 at the desk on the desk意为在桌子上, at the desk意为在桌子上(做事) 。He is sitting on the desk. He is reading books at the desk. (7)have和 there be 两者都表示“有,拥有” 。have常表示“某人有某物” ,而 there be句型表示“某地有某物” 。如:She has a pet cat. There is a cat under the table. (8)runner 和 running star runner 意为赛跑选手, running star意为赛跑明星 (9)much 和 many 两者都表示“许多”的意思, much 修饰不可数名词, many修饰可数名词。与之类似的还有 a little 和 a few,前者 修饰不可数名词,后者修饰可数名词(注意: little 和 few 表否定) ,而 a lot of 和 lots of 则既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词。 (10)socks(短袜) ,shoes(鞋),pants(裤子) ,shorts(短裤) ,glasses(眼镜)等都是由不可分割的两部分组成的一个物品,常以复 数形式出现,当它们作主语时,谓语动词要用复数。表示一双(副、对)时,要用 a pair of,如果词组作主语,谓语动词要根据 pair 的数 来变化。如: a pair of shorts two pairs of shorts (11)when 和 what time 当询问某年、 某月或某日时, 一般用 when,不用 what time;当询问具体的时刻 (几点钟) 时, 一般用 what time. 如:When is your birthday? What time is it? (12)work 和 job work 是不可数名词,不能与不定冠词连用,一般指比较抽象的工作; job 是可数名词,可与不定冠词连用,指具体 的工作。如: What’s your father’s job? (13)数字的表示: 21-99 除整十位外,十位和个位间要加连字符“—” ,如: twenty-one(序数词: twenty-first)百、千、百万、十亿后 面不加 s,且百和十之间要加 and(其余的除非中间为零, 否则不加 and)如:720:seven hundred and twenty 75720:seventy-five thousand, seven hundred and twenty 7005:seven thousand and five thousands of 和 hundreds of 前面不能加数字,分别表示“几千” 、“几百” (14)look,see,watch,read look 强调看的动作,不及物动词, look at me;see强调看的结果,及物动词; watch 意为“观看” ,主要 用于观看比赛或电视; read意为“读” ,主要用于读书、读报等。 (15)listen 和 hear listen 强调听的动作,不及物动词, listen to me;hear强调听的结果,及物动词。 (16)also和 too 两者都可表示“也” ,also一般放在 be 动词、助动词或情态动词之后,实义动词之前,用于肯定句中; too 一般放在 句尾。 (too 如果放在句中——形容词的前面,表示“太” ) (17)speak,tell,talk,say speak常用作不及物动词,作及物动词时宾语为某种语言; tell 意为“讲述,告诉” tell jokes开玩笑, tell a story 讲一个故事; talk“讲话,交谈” ,不及物动词,常用于 talk to/with sb. talk about;say作及物动词或不及物动词,强调说话的内容。 Can you say it in English? Can you speak English? (18)usually、often、always、sometimes、never等频率副词, 在句中通常位于 be 动词、情态动词、 助动词之后, 行为动词之前。 She is often late for class. She often arrives late for class. (19)go to school ,get to school go to school 去上学; get to school到达学校 (与之类似的还有 go home 和 get home.但地点副词 home, here,there等前面不加介词) (20)kind of ,a kind of ,kinds of kind of 表示“有点儿,有几分” ;a kind of 表示“一种” ,kinds of 表示有多种。 (21)other,the other,another,others,the others other 意为“其他的” ,后接可数名词的复数或不可数名词;如: Please give me some other books. others意为“其他的人或物” ,指剩余的部分,但不是剩余的全部,相当于 other+名词复数,常与 some构成“ some⋯others⋯”句型; 如:Some students like action movies, others(other students)like comedies. the other 意为“另一个” ,特指两个中的另一个,常与 one 构成“ one⋯the other⋯”句型;如: I have two sweaters, one is red; the other is yellow. the others意为 “另一些人或物” ,指剩余的全部, 相当于 the other+名词复数, 常与 some构成 “some⋯the others⋯”;如:There are thirty students in our class. Twenty are girls, the others(the other students)are boys. another意为“又一个,另一个” ,泛指三个或三个以上的同类人或事物的不定数目中的另一个。如: Would you like another drink? (22)everyone,everybody,nobody,everything,nothing 等作主语时,谓语动词用第三人称单数。如: Everyone likes money. (23)名词作定语修饰名词时常用单数,但 man,woman和 sports例外。如: apple trees,girl students,men teachers,sports shoes。 (24)单个形容词作定语时一般放在它所修饰词的前面,但形容词修饰由 some,any,every,no 等构成的复合不定代词( something, somebody,anything,everything,nothing 等)时,要放在复合不定代词的后面。如: This is a difficult question. I have something important to tell you. (25)形容词顺序:冠、数、性、大、形、年、色、国、材。比如头发:长短 + 形状 +颜色, long curly black hair。两个或两个以上的形容 词作表语,通常在最后一个形容词前加 and。Her sister is tall, young and beautiful. (26)else,other 两者都表示“其他的” 。 else既可作形容词又可作副词,作形容词时常放在疑问代词 who,what,whose 或不定代词 something,anything,nothing ,someone, anyone 之后,如: What else would you like? Is anyone else coming here? 作副词时常置于疑问副词 when,where 等后面。 When else can we meet next time? other 只能作形容词,后要接可数名词的复数或不可数名词,如: other students. (27)be in bed,on the bed be in bed意为“睡觉” ,表示人在床上一般用介词 in,bed 前不加冠词;但表示物在床上用介词 on,on the bed 表示物在床上。 (28)名词所有格 表示有生命的东西或者国家、 城市、 时间等名词的所属关系: 在单数名词词尾加’ s,在以 s结尾的复数名词词尾加’, 在不规则复数名词词尾加’ s 如: Jim’s shirt,the students’ basketball,Children’s Day,city’s museum;表示无生命物体的名词所有格 一般用 of 构成,如: the door of the room,the name of the school. 3、词性 名词、数词、代词既可作主语(行为的发起者) ,又可作宾语(行为的承受者)或表语。如 I like it. I 和 it 都是代词, I 作主语, it 作宾语。 有些名词后面加 y或 ly(重读闭音节以一个辅音字母结尾的要双写辅音字母再加 y)可以变成形容词,如: cloud(n. 云) ,cloudy(adj. 多 云的) ,friend—— friendly,sun——sunny,health—— healthy。 形容词可作定语修饰名词,也可作表语放在 be动词之后,但形容词不可放在行为动词之后。如: a clever boy. (clever作定语) The boy is clever.(clever作表语) 有些形容词后面加 ly 可以变成副词,如: loud(adj. 大声的) ,loudly(adv. 大声地) ,heavy—— heavily,quick—— quickly. 副词分为一般副词、时间副词、地点副词和频率副词等。一般副词 (adv.)放在行为动词后面,但不可放在 be 动词之后。如: study hard, speak loudly,play it well 等;时间副词、地点副词一般放在句首或句尾(一般时间放在地点的后面) ,如: go home(这里的 home 是地点副 词),in the morning 等;频率副词在句中通常位于 be 动词、情态动词、助动词之后,行为动词之前。 动词在句中作谓语,分为 be 动词、行为动词、助动词和情态动词(后两者不能单独作谓语,后面加动词原形一起构成谓语) 。一个单句 中只能有一个谓语,如果已经有谓语了后面还有动词,那后面的动词需要变形(要么变成不定式,要么变成动名词或过去分词) 。行为动 词又分为及物动词和不及物动词,前者后面可以直接加名词,后者必须加上介词后才能加名词,如: listen,look 就是不及物动词,后面如 果要加名词中间必须有介词。 Listen to me. Look at the blackboard. 介词后面可以加名词或动名词,介词还可以构成很多短语。如: be good at sth. /be good at doing sth. 五、句型——一个单句只能有一个谓语 1、肯定句 句子中的谓语可以是 be动词,行为动词或情态动词 +行为动词。 I ’m Gina. She likes action movies. She can speak English. 2、否定句 如果谓语是 be 动词或情态动词 +行为动词,直接在 be 动词或情态动词后接 not 即可;如果谓语是行为动词,在行为动词前加助动词 do (或 did,does),行为动词变回原形。 I am not Gina. She doesn’t like action movies. She can’t speak English. 3、一般疑问句 如果谓语是 be 动词或情态动词 + 行为动词,直接把 be 动词或情态动词提前即可(但要注意人称变化) ;如果谓语是行为动词,在行为动 词前加助动词 do(或 did,does),然后把助动词提前,行为动词变回原形。 Are you Gina? Does she like action movies? Can she speak English? 4、特殊疑问句 如果谓语是 be 动词或情态动词 + 行为动词,把 be 动词或情态动词提前再在句首加上特殊疑问词即可(但要注意人称变化) ;如果谓语是 行为动词,在行为动词前加助动词 do(或 did,does),把助动词提前再在句首加上特殊疑问词,行为动词变回原形。 Who are you?/What’s your name? What kind of movies does she like? What language can she speak? 5、感叹句 两种句型: How + 形容词 +主语 +谓语!(主、谓可以省略) How clever he is!/ How clever! What +(a/an)+形容词 +名词 +主语 +谓语!(主、谓可以省略) What a clever boy he is!/ What a clever boy! What an interesting story it is! 注意:如果后面的名词为不可数名词或名词的复数,前面不加冠词。如: What nice weather it is! 6、祈使句 (1)带有 please的祈使句, please可放在句首或句尾,但放在句尾时, please前要加“,”。如:Please open the door. Open the door,please. (2)命令式的祈使句。如: Don’t speak loudly in the classroom.= No speaking loudly in the classroom. 常见句型: What’s your name? My name is Gina/I’m Gina. Is there your pencil? Yes, it is/No, it isn ’t. What’s this in English? It’s a pencil. What’s your telephone number?/What’ s the number of your telephone? It’s 281-9716. How do you spell pencil? It’s P-E-N-C-I-L. This is my brother. These are my friends. Is this your sister? Is that your brother? Thanks for the photo of your family. Here is my family photo. Where is my backpack? It’s under the bed. Are my books on the chair? No, they aren’t/Yes, they are. /I don ’t know. Do you have a soccer ball? Yes, I do. /No, I don’t. Let’s watch TV. That sounds great/good. Does she like pears? Yes, she does. /No, she doesn’t. What about you? He doesn’t like ice cream. How about apples? How much is this sweater? It ’s eight dollars. How much are these pants? 这条裤子多少钱? They are nine yuan. When is your birthday? My birthday is May 1st. How old are you? I’m thirteen. Do you want to go to a movie? Yes, I do. /No, I don’t. What kind of movies does she like? 她喜欢哪种电影? She likes comedies but she doesn’ t like thrillers. What movies does he like? 他喜欢什么电影? He likes Harry Potter. Can he dance? Yes, he can. /No, he can’t. What club does he want to join? He wants to join the music club. What time does she get up? She gets up at six o’clock. What time does your mother eat breakfast? She eat breakfast at seven o’clock. What’s your favorite subject? My favorite subject is English. Why do you like English? Because it’s fun. Who is your English teacher? Mr. Ren. Where is your pen pal from? = Where does your pen pal come from? He is from Australia. = He comes from Australia. Where does he live? He lives in Sydney. What language does he speak? He speaks English. Is there a bank near here?=Is there a bank in the neighborhood? Yes, there is. It’s on Zhanqian Road. Where is NO.12 Middles School? Go down Zhanqian Road and turn left at the post office. It’s across from the library. Why don’t you like lions? Because they are kind of unfriendly. What does he do? = What is he? = What’s his job? He is a driver. What does he want to be? He wants to be an actor. Where does she work? She works in a hospital. What are you doing? I am doing my homework. Do you want to go swimming? Yes, I do. When do you want to go? At three o’clock. How’s the weather? = What’s the weather like? It’s raining. = It’s rainy. How’s it going? = How are getting on? 最近怎么样? Pretty good. Not bad. It ’s terrible. Is Uncle Li there? 李叔叔在吗? Who’s that? (打电话或别人敲门时) Who’s that speaking? This is Li Lei.我是李雷。 What does he look like? 他长的什么样? He’s tall. /He is of tall height. He’s short and he has long straight black hair. He’s a tall boy with long curly black hair.=He’s tall and he has long curly black hair. He has a big beard. Do you know David, the short man with funny glasses and a big beard? What size bowl of noodles would you like? I’d like a large/ medium/ small bowl of noodles. What kind of noodles would you like? I’d like beef and tomato noodles,please. What’s your address? My address is 818 Zhanqian Road. What did you do last weekend? On Saturday morning I cleaned my room. On Saturday afternoon I went to the movies. How was your weekend? It was great. Where did you go on vacation? We went to the park. How was the weather? It was rainy. What do you think of soap operas? I don’t mind them. / I can ’t stand them. / I like them very much. I don’t mind them, either. I love “Tell it like it is!”我喜欢“实话实说! ” I do, too. Don’t eat in class! Can we wear hats? We don’t have to wear a school uniform. No talking loudly in the classroom. 六、可数名词单数变复数 1. 基本变化规则 ①一般在名词后加 s,变成复数。如 boy → boys, pen → pens等。 ②以 s, x, sh, ch结尾的,在后面加 es。如 class → classes, fox → foxes, brush → brushes, watch → watches 。但stomach的复数为 stomachs。 ③“以辅音字母 +y”结尾的, y 变为 i,然后再加 es。如 baby → babies 。 ④以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词英语中共有 100 多个, 其中直接加 s 的有 92 个,但这些绝大多数不常用, 如 safe, roof, belief等;把 f 或 fe 改为 v, 再 加 es的只有 13 个,但 13 个都是常用的名词,如 thief, life, wife, shelf, self, knife, half, leaf, wolf等。 ⑤以 o 结尾的名词, 除 hero, tomato, potato等少数在后面加 es外,一般是在后面直接加 s。如 kilo → kilos, photo → photos, zoo → zoos, radio → radios, piano → pianos, video → videos 。 2. 不规则变化 名词单数变复数的不规则变化要注意以下几点: ①含 man的名词,一般变 man为 men。如 woman→ women, policeman → policemen, Englishman → Englishmen 。但German→ Germans 。 ②将 oo 改为 ee的有 foot → feet, tooth → teeth, goose → geese等。 ③复数以 en 结尾的有 child → children, ox → oxen等。 ④将 ouse改为 ice 的有 mouse→ mice, louse → lice( 虱子)等。 ⑤单复数同形的有 sheep, deer, fish, means, works(工厂), Swiss, Japanese,Chinese等。(注意 fish 意为“一条条鱼”时,是可数名词,但单复数 同形,意为“鱼肉”时,是不可数名词; fishes意为“不同种类的鱼” ) 七、时态:时态的变化主要体现在时间和动词的形式上。 1、一般现在时 (1)含义:表示经常性的或习惯性的动作,表示主语具备的性格和能力。常有 always,often,usually,every等提示词。 (2)动词的变化:只有第三人称单数作主语时,动词才有变化;其余的作主语,动词保持原形。 一般动词在词尾加 s 如: He likes swimming. He doesn’t like swimming. I like swimming. 以字母 s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的动词后加 es。如: He goes to school by bus every day. 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词先变 y 为 i,再加 es。如: He studies hard. 2、现在进行时 (1)含义:表示说话时动作正在发生或进行,表示现阶段或不限于说话时特定的时间范围内进行的动作,有时还能表示按计划或安排将 要进行的动作。常有 now, at present, at this moment, look, listen等提示语。 (2)动词的变化: be 动词(随人称变化而变化) + 动词的现在分词 一般动词在词尾加 ing 如: He is studying English now. 以不发音的 e结尾的动词,先去 e再加 ing 如:She is having breakfast. She is taking a photo. 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母(除 r 外)的动词,先双先辅音字母再加 ing 如:She is running. I am swimming. 以 ie 结尾且是重读音节的动词,先把 ie 变成 y 再加 ing 如:They are lying on the beach. He is coming back tomorrow.(用现在时表示已经计划和安排好了的、即将发生的动作。 ) He is always telling lies.(用现在时表示反复出现的问题,带有感情色彩) 3、过去时 (1)含义:表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。常有过去时间等提示语。 (2)动词的变化:动词变过去式。 一般动词在词尾加 ed 如:I cleaned my room on last weekends. I played basketball with my friends just now. 以 e 结尾的动词在词尾加 d 如:I decided to buy a computer yesterday. 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的动词先变 y为 i,再加 ed 如: Yesterday, I studied English for 2 hours. 以重读闭音节结尾且末尾只有一个辅音字母(除 r 外)的动词,先双先辅音字母再加 ed. 如:I stopped talking when he came in. 不规则动词的过去式: is/am —was, are—were, do— did, go—went, have—had, buy—bought, teach—taught, can—could, will—would, read—read, let—let, put—put, bring—brought, come—came, run—ran, say—said, write—wrote, spend—spent, eat—ate, take—took, get—got, see—saw, hear— heard等。 八、人称代词 主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词 第一人称单数 I me my mine myself 第二人称单数 you you your yours yourself 第三人称单数 he him his his himself 第三人称单数 she her her hers herself 第三人称单数 it it its its itself 第一人称复数 we us our ours ourselves 第二人称复数 you you your yours yourselves 第三人称复数 they them their theirs themselves 如:I love you,and you love me. This is my pen, that is mine. Do it yourself.
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