【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题说明文话题10篇训练之十五（21页word版答案含有解析）

【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题说明文话题10篇训练之十五（21页word版答案含有解析）

‎2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题说明文话题10篇训练之十五 ‎[一]‎ Chimps(黑猩猩) will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory． But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct (本能) to help one another． Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves． Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children． Who are able from a young age to gather their own food．‎ In the laboratory, chimps don’t naturally share food either． If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random ---he just doesn’t care whether his neighbor gets fed or not． Chimps are truly selfish．‎ Human children, on the other hand are extremely corporative． From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate a achieving common goals． The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of expensive with very young children． He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help．‎ There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught ．but naturally possessed in young children．One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially．Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded．A third reason is that social intelligence．There are several reasons to Develops in children before their general cognitive(认知的)skills，at least when compared with chimps．In tests conducted by Tomtasell, the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests, but were considerably better at understanding the social world．‎ The cure of what children’s minds have and chimps’ don’t in what Tomasello calls what． Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking． But that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose． They actively seek to be part of a “we”, a group that intends to work toward a shared goal．‎ ‎58．What can we learn from the experiment with chimps?‎ A．Chimps seldom care about others’ interests．‎ B．Chimps tend to provide food for their children．‎ C．Chimps like to take in their neighbors’ food．‎ D．Chimps naturally share food with each other．‎ ‎59．Michael Tomasello’s tests on young children indicate that they____．‎ A．have the instinct to help others B．know how to offer help to adults C．know the world better than chimps D．trust adults with their hands full ‎60．The passage is mainly about ____．‎ A．the helping behaviors of young children B．ways to train children’s shared intentionality C．cooperation as a distinctive human nature D．the development of intelligence in children 参考答案：‎ ‎58．A【解析】根据第一段中的“they have little instinct(本能）to help one another”和下文的实验可知黑猩猩很少关心别的黑猩猩，只顾自己。因此选项A正确。‎ ‎59．A【解析】根据第三段首句“Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative”和下文对于实验结果的描述可知帮助别人是儿童的本能，因此选择A。‎ ‎60．C【解析】文章前两段说明了黑猩猩的自私，第三段作者话锋一转，提出了本文要说明的中心：Human children，on the other hand，are naturally cooperative。因此选项C正确。‎ ‎[二]‎ A scientist working at her lab bench and a six-old baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common．After all，the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world，and the baby is，well, just playing…right? Perhaps，but some developmental psychologists(心理学家)have argued that this “play” s more like a scientific investigation than one might think．‎ Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table．Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over ‎ the table edge，it falls in the ground-and, in the process, it belongs out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用) ; bowls of rice do not flood in mid-sit, but require support to remain stable． It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe; nor are they ever clearly taught it． Instead, babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact． Though their ranges and tools differ, the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world ), overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world), and logic (are my observations what I expected?)．‎ Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical world in this way---that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means． For example, it may only be through repeated experiments, evidence gathering, and finally overturning a theory, that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has, for example, unlike the child , Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate．‎ Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws on how children learn ,but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists． Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike? Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort-the desire to explore, explain, and understand our world-is simply something that comes from our babyhood． Perhaps evolution(进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds, and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children． The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists． As some psychologists put it, “It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children．”‎ ‎50．According to some developmental psychologists, ‎ A． a baby’s play is nothing more than a game．‎ B． scientific research into babies; games is possible C． the nature of babies’ play has been thoroughly investigated D． a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment ‎51．We learn from Paragraph 2 that ‎ A． scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently B． scientists and babies often interact with each other C． babies are born with the knowledge of object support D． babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do ‎52． Children may learn the rules of language by ‎ A． exploring the physical world B． investigating human psychology C． repeating their own experiments D． observing their parents’ behaviors ‎53． What is the main idea of the last paragraph?‎ A． The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play．‎ B． Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science．‎ C． Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists．‎ D． One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows．‎ ‎54．What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’ research and babies’ play?‎ A．Convincing． B．Confused． C．Confidence． D．Cautious．‎ 参考答案：‎ ‎50．D【解析】从文章第一段的“but some developmental psychologists（心理学家）have argued that this ’play’ is more like a scientific investigation than one might think”可知，一些发展心理学家认为，婴儿的游戏在某种程度上类似于科学家的实验，所以选D项。‎ ‎51．D【解析】从第二段的“in the process, it brings out important evidence about... the baby's investigation and the scientist's experiment appear to share the same aim...”推断可知，婴儿收集证据的方式类似于科学家的，故选D项。‎ ‎52．C【解析】从第三段的“they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means...through repeated experiments…”可知，孩子们可能会通过不停地尝试他们自己的“实验”来习得语言规则，故选C项。‎ ‎53．B【解析】从最后一段的内容尤其是“Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn…look at science and scientists”可知，研究孩子们的游戏可能有助于更好地理解科学，所以B项正确。‎ ‎54．D【解析】通读全文特别是最后一段的“Perhaps evolution（进化）provided.”‎ 可知，作者的态度是很谨慎的，所以选D项。‎ ‎[三]‎ A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep． But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night．‎ ‎ Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety．‎ ‎ The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night．‎ Those given night milk, which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime, according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food．‎ Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer．‎ While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now, taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night．‎ Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax．‎ Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening． The more fat you take in before bedtime, the greater burden you will put on your body at night．‎ ‎32．According to the text, the mice fed with daytime milk_______．‎ ‎ A．started sleep more easily B．were more anxious ‎ C．were less active D．woke up later ‎33．Which of the following is true of melatonin according to the text?‎ ‎ A．It’s been tested on mice for ten years B．It can make people more energetic ‎ C．It exists in milk in great amount D．It’s used in sleeping drugs ‎34．What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A．Night Milk and Sleep B．Fat Sugar and Health C．An Experiment on Mice D．Milk Drinking and Health ‎35．How does the author support the theme of the text?‎ ‎ A．By giving examples． B．By stating arguments．‎ ‎ C． By explaining statistical data． D． By providing research results．‎ 参考答案：‎ ‎32．B【解析】根据第四段中的“Those given night milk，which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin, were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime”可知，饮用在白天取自奶牛的牛奶的老鼠更焦虑。所以B项正确。‎ ‎33．D【解析】根据第六段中的“taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night”可知，褪黑激素被用在安眠药中。所以D项正确。‎ ‎34．A 【解析】 根据第一段中的“But now a study has found it really does help people nod off - if it is milked from a cow at night”、第二段以及第五段内容可知，全文围绕“Night Milk and Sleep”展开，告诉读者饮用在晚上取自奶牛的牛奶有助于睡眠。所以A项正确。‎ ‎35．D【解析】 通读全文可知，文中作者通过提供研究结果来支持文章的主题。所以D项正确。‎ ‎[四]‎ When John was growing up, other kids felt sorry for him. His parents always had him weeding the garden, carrying out the garbage and delivering newspapers. But when John reached adulthood, he was better off than his childhood playmates. He had more job satisfaction, a better marriage and was healthier. Most of all, he was happier. Far happier.‎ These are the findings of a 40-year study that followed the lives of 456 teenage boys from Boston. The study showed that those who had worked as boys enjoyed happier and more productive lives than those who had not. “Boys who worked in the home or community gained competence (能力) and came to feel they were worthwhile members of society,” said George Vaillant, the psychologist (心理学家) who made the discovery. “And because they felt good about themselves, others felt good about them.”‎ Vaillant’s study followed these males in great detail. Interviews were repeated at ages 25, 31 and 47. Under Vaillant, the researchers compared the men’s mental-health scores with their boyhood-activity scores with their boyhood-activity scores. Points were awarded for part-time jobs, housework, effort in school, and ability to deal with problems.‎ The link between what the men had done as boys and how they turned out as adults was surprisingly sharp. Those who had done the most boyhood activities were twice as likely to have warm relations with a wide variety of people, five times as likely to be well paid and 16 times less likely to have been unemployed. The researchers also found that IQ and family social and economic class made no real difference in how the boys turned out. Working----at any age----is important. Childhood activities help a child develop responsibility, independence, confidence and competence---the underpinnings (基础) of emotional health. They also help him understand that people must cooperate and work toward common goals. The most competent adults are those who know how to do this. Yet work isn’t everything. As Tolstoy once said, “One can live magnificently in this world if one knows how to work and how to love, to work for the person one loves and to love one’s work.”‎ ‎46. What do we know about John?‎ A. He enjoyed his career and marriage.‎ B. He had few childhood playmates.‎ C. He received little love from his family.‎ D. He was envied by others in his childhood.‎ ‎47. Vaillant’s words in Paragraph 2 serve as _____.‎ A. a description of personal values and social values B. an analysis of how work was related to competence C. an example for parents’ expectations of their children D. an explanation why some boys grew into happy men ‎48. Vaillant’s team obtained their findings by _____.‎ A. recording the boys’ effort in school B. evaluating the men’s mental health C. comparing different sets of scores D. measuring the men’s problem solving ability ‎49. What does the underlined word “sharp” probably mean in Paragraph 4?‎ A. Quick to react B. Having a thin edge C. Clear and definite D. sudden and rapid ‎50. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?‎ A. competent adults know more about love than work.‎ B. Emotional health is essential to a wonderful adult life.‎ C. Love brings more joy to people than work does.‎ D. Independence is the key to one’s success.‎ 参考答案：‎ ‎46．A【解析】根据第一段中的“He had more job satisfaction，a better marriage and was healthier”可知，约翰享受工作和婚姻带来的快乐。‎ ‎47．D【解析】第二段的第二句话“The study showed that those...than those who had not”告诉我们，小时候劳动的男孩要比不劳动的男孩成年后更能享受生活且更富有创造性，后面紧接着引用Vaillant的话来进一步解释为什么有些男孩成年后会享受快乐的生活。‎ ‎48．C【解析】根据第三段的内容可知，Vaillant的团队通过比较几组不同的得分情况得出了他们的结论。‎ ‎49．C【解析】根据画线词后面的“Those who had done the most boyhood activities...less likely to have been unemployed”可知，孩提时代的劳动和长大后的生活之间的联系是显而易见的。‎ ‎50．B【解析】根据最后一段的内容可知，孩提时代的劳动能够培养一个人多方面的能力，这些能力正是情感健康的基础，同时也能帮助他们过上更快乐的生活。由此可推断出情感健康对享受精彩的成年生活十分重要。‎ ‎[五]‎ Bad news sells．If it bleeds, it leads．No news is good news, and good news is no news．Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts and the morning papers．But now that information is being spread and monitored (监控) in different ways, researchers are discovering new rules． By tracking people’s e-mails and online posts, scientists have found that good news can spread faster and farther than disasters and sob stories．‎ ‎“The ‘if it bleeds’ rule works for mass media,” says Jonah Berger, a scholar at the University of Pennsylvania． “They want your eyeballs and don’t care how you’re feeling． But when you share a story with your friends, you care a lot more how they react． You don’t want them to think ‎ of you as a Debbie Downer．”‎ Researchers analyzing word-of-mouth communication—e-mails, Web posts and reviews, face-to-face conversations—found that it tended to be more positive than negative(消极的), but that didn’t necessarily mean people preferred positive news． Was positive news shared more often simply because people experienced more good things than bad things? To test for that possibility, Dr．Berger looked at how people spread a particular set of news stories: thousands of articles on The New York Times’ website． He and a Penn colleague analyzed the “most e-mailed” list for six months．One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles． He found that science amazed Times’ readers and made them want to share this positive feeling with others．‎ Readers also tended to share articles that were exciting or funny, or that inspired negative feelings like anger or anxiety, but not articles that left them merely sad． They needed to be aroused(激发) one way or the other, and they preferred good news to bad． The more positive an article, the more likely it was to be shared, as Dr．Berger explains in his new book, “Contagious: Why Things Catch On．” ‎ ‎32．What do the classic rules mentioned in the text apply to?‎ A．News reports． B．Research papers．‎ C．Private e-mails． D．Daily conversations．‎ ‎33．What can we infer about people like Debbie Downer?‎ A．They’re socially inactive． B．They’re good at telling stories．‎ C．They’re inconsiderate of others． D．They’re careful with their words．‎ ‎34．Which tended to be the most e-mailed according to Dr．Berger’s research?‎ A．Sports news． B．Science articles．‎ C．Personal accounts． D．Financial reviews．‎ ‎35．What can be a suitable title for the text?‎ A．Sad Stories Travel Far and Wide B．Online News Attracts More People C．Reading Habits Change with the Times D．Good News Beats Bad on Social Networks 参考答案：‎ ‎32．A【解析】根据第一段的内容尤其是“Those are the classic rules for the evening broadcasts ‎ ‎ and the morning papers”可知，新闻报道惯常报道坏消息来吸引人们的 眼球。‎ ‎33．C【解析】根据第二段可知，大众传媒想要吸引你的眼球而不关心你的内心感受，但是当你和朋友分享故事时，你对他们的反应要关心得多，你不希望他们把你看作Debbie Downer。由此可以推断，Debbie Downer和大众传媒是一样的，不会去关心他人的感受，故选C项，inconsiderate意为“不为别人着想的，不考虑他人的”。‎ ‎34．B【解析】根据第三段中的“One of his first findings was that articles in the science section were much more likely to make the list than non-science articles”可知，选B项。‎ ‎35．D【解析】本文第一段的最后一句概括了文章的主要内容：通过追踪人们的电子邮件和网上的帖子，科学家已经发现好消息要比坏消息传得更快更远。下文是对这一发现的具体介绍，故选D项。‎ ‎[六]‎ Getting less sleep has become a bad habit for most American kids． According to a new survey(调查) by the National Sleep Foundation， 51% of kids aged 10 to 18 go to bed at 10 pm or later on school nights， even though they have to get up early． Last year the Foundation reported that nearly 60% of 7- to 12-year-olds said they felt tired during the day， and 15% said they had fallen asleep at school．‎ How much sleep you need depends a lot on your age． Babies need a lot of rest: most of them sleep about 18 hours a day! Adults need about eight hours． For most school-age children， ten hours is ideal(理想的)． But the new National Sleep Foundation survey found that 35% of 10- to 12-year-olds get only seven or eight hours． And guess what almost half of the surveyed kids said they do before bedtime? Watch TV．‎ ‎“More children are going to bed with TVs on，and there are more opportunities(机会) to stay awake，with more homework，the Internet and the phone，” says Dr．Mary Carskadon， a sleep researcher at Brown University Medical School．She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep．Other experts say part of the problem is chemical．Changing levels of body chemicals called hormones not only make teenagers’ bodies develop adult characteristics，but also make it hard for teenagers to fall asleep before 11 pm．‎ Because sleepiness is such a problem for teenagers，some school districts have decided to start high school classes later than they used to． Three years ago， schools in Edina， Minnesota，‎ ‎ changed the start time from 7:25 am to 8:30 am．Students，parents and teachers are pleased with the results．‎ ‎25．What is the new National Sleep Foundation survey on?‎ A．American kids’ sleeping habits． B．Teenagers’ sleep-related diseases．‎ C．Activities to prevent sleeplessness． D．Learning problems and lack of sleep．‎ ‎26．How many hours of sleep do 11-year-olds need every day?‎ A． 7 hours． B． 8 hours． C． 10 hours． D． 18 hours．‎ ‎27．Why do teenagers go to sleep late according to Carskadon?‎ A．They are affected by certain body chemicals．‎ B．They tend to do things that excite them．‎ C．They follow their parents’ examples．‎ D．They don’t need to go to school early．‎ 参考答案：‎ ‎25．A【解析】根据文章第一段内容可知，该调查主要是对青少年的睡眠进行研究，所以选A项。‎ ‎26．C【解析】根据文章第二段的“For most school-age children，ten hours is ideal(理想的)”可知，11岁左右的青少年最佳的睡眠时长是10小时，故选C项。‎ ‎27．B【解析】根据第三段第一句和“ She says these activities at bedtime can get kids all excited and make it hard for them to calm down and sleep”可推知，由于青少年晚上的活动都会使他们兴奋，所以他们很难静下心来睡觉，从而导致晚睡，故选B项。A项“青少年受到身体里特定化学物质的影响”是其他专家解释的原因，而不是Carskadon博士解释的原因，故排除；C项“他们以父母为榜样”，全文没有提到父母的生活习惯对子女的影响，故排除；D项“他们不需要早点上学”，文章最后提到部分学校推迟上学时间，这是应对青少年睡眠时间少的一种措施，而不是青少年晚睡的原因，故排除。‎ ‎[六]‎ Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly．The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want．In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener， who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）， put it this ‎ way： “If we use，to achieve our purposes，a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere(干预)，we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire．”‎ A machine with a specific purpose has another quality， one that we usually associate with living things： a wish to preserve its own existence． For the machine， this quality is not in-born， nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead． So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee， it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task． If we are not careful， then， we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined， super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own， with the real world as the chessboard． ‎ The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists．Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall， using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world． Unfortunately， that plan seems unlikely to work： we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans， let alone super intelligent machines．‎ Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy．There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines．But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand，as it has been by some AI researchers．Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans．Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility．Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen．On September 11，1933，famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated， with confidence， “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine．” However， on September 12，1933，physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction．‎ ‎67．Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may ．‎ A．run out of human control B．satisfy human’s real desires C．command armies of killer robots D．work faster than a mathematician ‎68．Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to ．‎ A．prevent themselves from being destroyed B．achieve their original goals independently C．do anything successfully with given orders D．beat humans in international chess matches ‎69．According to some researchers，we can use firewalls to ．‎ A．help super intelligent machines work better B．be secure against evil human beings C．keep machines from being harmed D．avoid robots’ affecting the world ‎70．What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?‎ A．It will disappear with the development of AI．‎ B．It will get worse with human interference．‎ C．It will be solved but with difficulty．‎ D．It will stay for a decade． ‎ 参考答案：‎ ‎67．A【解析】根据第一段中的“The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want”可知，人工智能可能会变得非常擅长完成目标，而这些目标可能不是人们真正想要的，所以人工智能有可能摆脱人的控制。由文中的“artificial intelligence(AI)may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want”可知B项表述错误；由文中的“Hollywood's theory that machines with evil（邪恶的）minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly”可知，C项表示错误；D项在原文没有被提及。‎ ‎68．A【解析】根据第二段中的“A machine with a specific purpose has another quality， one that we usually associate with living things：a wish to preserve its own existence”可知，智能机器可能会为保护自己的存在而阻止自己被摧毁。‎ ‎69．D【解析】根据第三段中的“Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a ‎ kind of firewall， using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world”可知，有些研究者认为可用防火墙防止机器人影响世界。‎ ‎70．C【解析】根据第四段中的“Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy”可知，人工智能的安全问题有可能得到解决，但又困难重重。‎ ‎[七]‎ The Intelligent Transport team at Newcastle University have turned an electric car into a mobile laboratory named “DriveLAB” in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are．‎ Research shows that giving up driving is one of the key reasons for a fall in health and well-being among older people, leading to them becoming more isolated(隔绝) and inactive．‎ Led by Professor Phil Blythe, the Newcastle team are developing in-vehicle technologies for older drivers which they hope could help them to continue driving into later life．‎ These include custom-made navigation(导航) tools, night vision systems and intelligent speed adaptations． Phil Blythe explains： “For many older people, particularly those living alone or in the country, driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others．”‎ ‎“But we all have to accept that as we get older our reactions slow down and this often results in people avoiding any potentially challenging driving conditions and losing confidence in their driving skills． The result is that people stop driving before they really need to．”‎ Dr Amy Guo，the leading researcher on the older driver study, explains, “The DriveLAB is helping us to understand what the key points and difficulties are for older drivers and how we might use technology to address these problems．‎ ‎“For example, most of us would expect older drivers always go slower than everyone else but surprisingly, we found that in 30mph zones they struggled to keep at a constant speed and so were more likely to break the speed limit and be at risk of getting fined． We’re looking at the benefits of systems which control their speed as a way of preventing that．‎ ‎“We hope that our work will help with technological solutions(解决方案) to ensure that older drivers stay safer behind the wheel．”‎ ‎32．What is the purpose of the Drivel AB?‎ A．To explore new means of transport．‎ B．To design new types of cars．‎ C．To find out older driver`s problems．‎ D．To teach people traffic rules．‎ ‎33．Why is driving important for older people according to Phil Blythe?‎ A．It keeps them independent．‎ B．It helps them save time．‎ C．It builds up their strength．‎ D．It cures their mental illnesses．‎ ‎34．What do researchers hope to do for older drivers?‎ A．Improve their driving skills．‎ B．Develop driver-assist technologies．‎ C．Provide tips on repairing their cars．‎ D．Organize regular physical checkups．‎ ‎35．What is the best title for the text?‎ A．A new Model Electric Car B．A Solution to Traffic Problem C．Driving Service for elders D．Keeping Older Drivers on the Road 参考答案：‎ ‎32．C【解析】根据第一段最后一句中的“in order to understand the challenges faced by older drivers and to discover where the key stress points are”可知，建立实验室的目的是要找出老年人开车有困难的地方，故选C。‎ ‎33．A【解析】根据第四段中的“For many older people，particularly those living alone or in the country，driving is important for preserving their independence, giving them the freedom to get out and about without having to rely on others”可知，对于老年人来说，开车对保持他们生活的独立性至关重要，故选A。‎ ‎34．B【解析】根据第三段中的“the Newcastle team are developing invehicle technologies for ‎ older drivers which they hope could. help them to continue driving into later life”可知，研究者正在研发车载式的技术以帮助老年人晚年依然能开车，故选B。‎ ‎35．D【解析】本文的关键词是老年人驾车，重点讲述了为了让他们安全驾车所进行的研究。 C项比较容易被误选，Services 一词不恰当，概括太宽泛，偏离了文章的主旨。‎ ‎[八]‎ When a leafy plant is under attack，it doesn’t sit quietly．Back in 1983，two scientists，Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin，reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get．These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm．What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds，VOCs for short．‎ Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked．It’s a plant’s way of crying out．But is anyone listening? Apparently．Because we can watch the neighbors react．‎ Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away．But others do double duty．They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers．Once they arrive，the tables are turned．The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch．‎ In study after study，it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbors．The damage is usually more serious on the first plant，but the neighbors，relatively speaking，stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do．‎ Does this mean that plants talk to each other? Scientists don’t know． Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches， and so， in effect， was talking to itself． Perhaps the neighbors just happened to “overhear” the cry． So information was exchanged，but it wasn’t a true，intentional back and forth．‎ Charles Darwin， over 150 years ago， imagined a world far busier， noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear． Our senses are weak． There’s a whole lot going on．‎ ‎32．What does a plant do when it is under attack?‎ A．It makes noises． B．It gets help from other plants．‎ C．It stands quietly D．It sends out certain chemicals．‎ ‎33．What does the author mean by “the tables are turned” in paragraph 3?‎ A．The attackers get attacked．‎ B．The insects gather under the table．‎ C．The plants get ready to fight back．‎ D．The perfumes attract natural enemies．‎ ‎34．Scientists find from their studies that plants can ．‎ A．predict natural disasters B．protect themselves against insects C．talk to one another intentionally D．help their neighbors when necessary ‎35．what can we infer from the last paragraph?‎ A．The word is changing faster than ever．‎ B．People have stronger senses than before C．The world is more complex than it seems D．People in Darwin’s time were more imaginative．‎ 参考答案：‎ ‎32．D【解析】根据第一段的“young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighboring plants can get. These chemicals．come from the injured parts of the plant”可知，当植物受到攻击时，它会产生一些化学物质。故选D项。‎ ‎33．A【解析】根据第三段中的“The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch”可知，正吃午餐的袭击者变成了午餐，也就是袭击者被攻击了。故选A项。‎ ‎34．B【解析】根据第三段中的“Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away. But others do double duty”可知，植物能保护自己抵抗昆虫。故选B项。‎ ‎35．C【解析】根据最后一段中的“imagined a world far busier，noisier and more intimate（亲密的）than the world we can see and hear. Our senses are weak”可推知，世界比它显现出来的更加复杂。故选C项。‎ ‎[九]‎ A build-it-yourself solar still（蒸馏器） is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available．Developed by two doctors in the U．S．Department of Agriculture, it’s an excellent water collector．Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary ‎ equipment with you, since it’s all but impossible to find natural substitutes． The only components required, though, are a sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container — perhaps just a drinking cup — to catch the water．These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt．‎ To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep．Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity．Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole．Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up — and out — the side of the hole．‎ Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock． The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides． The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup．‎ The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic．Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material and fall off into the cup． When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won’t have to break down the still every time you need a drink． ‎ ‎32．What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?‎ A．It’s delicate． B．It’s expensive． C．It’s complex． D．It’s portable．‎ ‎33．What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A．The tube． B．The still． C．The hole． D．The cup．‎ ‎34．What’s the last step of constructing a working solar still?‎ A．Dig a hole of a certain size． B．Put the cup in place．‎ C．Weight the sheet’s center down． D．Cover the hole with the plastic sheet．‎ ‎35．When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup form ．‎ A．the plastic tube B．outside the hole C．the open air D．beneath the sheet 参考答案：‎ ‎32．D【解析】根据第一段的最后一句“These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt”可知，这种自制的太阳能蒸馏器便于携带。‎ ‎33．B【解析】根据语境，尤其是第二段的第一句“To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep”可知，画线部分the water catcher指代前句中的a working still，即自制的太阳能蒸馏器。‎ ‎34．C【解析】根据第三段的内容，尤其是第一句“Next，cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's center down with a rock”可知，做好太阳能蒸馏器装置后，还要在塑料薄膜的中心放一块石头以使塑料薄膜的中心下垂，进而形成圆锥体的构造，从而使该太阳能蒸馏器更好地发挥作用。‎ ‎35．D【解析】根据第四段的第二句“Ground water evaporates（蒸发）and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form，run down the material，and fall off into the cup”可知，水蒸气会附在塑料薄膜的表面，最后沿着塑料薄膜滴落到杯中。‎ ‎[十]‎ The possibility of self-driving robot cars has often seemed like a futurist’s dream， years away from materializing in the real world． Well， the future is apparently now． The California Department of Motor Vehicles began giving permits in April for companies to test truly self-driving cars on public roads． The state also cleared the way for companies to sell or rent out self-driving cars， and for companies to operate driverless taxi services． California， it should be noted， isn’t leading the way here． Companies have been testing their vehicles in cities across the country． It’s hard to predict when driverless cars will be everywhere on our roads． But however long it takes， the technology has the potential to change our transportation systems and our cities， for better or for worse， depending on how the transformation is regulated．‎ While much of the debate so far has been focused on the safety of driverless cars(and rightfully so)， policymakers also should be talking about how self-driving vehicles can help reduce traffic jams，cut emissions(排放) and offer more convenient， affordable mobility options．The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared．‎ Do we want to copy — or even worsen — the traffic of today with driverless cars? Imagine a future where most adults own individual self-driving vehicles．They tolerate long， slow journeys to and from work on packed highways because they can work， entertain themselves or sleep on the ride， which encourages urban spread． They take their driverless car to an appointment and ‎ set the empty vehicle to circle the building to avoid paying for parking． Instead of walking a few blocks to pick up a child or the dry cleaning， they send the self-driving minibus． The convenience even leads fewer people to take public transport — an unwelcome side effect researchers have already found in ride-hailing(叫车) services．‎ A study from the University of California at Davis suggested that replacing petrol-powered private cars worldwide with electric， self-driving and shared systems could reduce carbon emissions from transportation 80% and cut the cost of transportation infrastructure(基础设施) and operations 40% by 2050． Fewer emissions and cheaper travel sound pretty appealing． The first commercially available driverless cars will almost certainly be fielded by ride-hailing services， considering the cost of self-driving technology as well as liability and maintenance issues(责任与维护问题)． But driverless car ownership could increase as the prices drop and more people become comfortable with the technology．‎ ‎ Policymakers should start thinking now about how to make sure the appearance of driverless vehicles doesn’t extend the worst aspects of the car-controlled transportation system we have today． The coming technological advancement presents a chance for cities and states to develop transportation systems designed to move more people， and more affordably． The car of the future is coming． We just have to plan for it．‎ ‎47．According to the author，attention should be paid to how driverless cars can _____．‎ A．help deal with transportation-related problems B．provide better services to customers C．cause damage to our environment D．make some people lose jobs ‎48．As for driverless cars，what is the author’s major concern?‎ A．Safety． B．Side effects．‎ C．Affordability． D．Management．‎ ‎49．What does the underlined word ＂fielded＂ in Paragraph 4 probably mean?‎ A．Employed． B．Replaced．‎ C．Shared． D．Reduced．‎ ‎50．What is the author’s attitude to the future of self-driving cars?‎ A．Doubtful． B．Positive．‎ C．Disapproving． D．Sympathetic．‎ 参考答案：‎ ‎47．A【解析】根据第二段中的“While much of the debate．．．mobility options”以及第三段中的“Do we want to copy - or even worsen - the traffic of today with driverless cars”可知，应该注意伴随无人驾驶汽车出现的问题。故选A。‎ ‎48．D【解析】根据第一段中的“But however long it takes．．．how the transformation is regulated”可知，作者最关心自动驾驶的监管问题。故选D。‎ ‎49．A【解析】根据上下文可知，此处表示“考虑到无人驾驶技术的成本和责任与维护问题，叫车服务（公司）将运用第一批可使用的商业无人驾驶汽车”，fielded这里引申为“使用，应用”之意，故选A。‎ ‎50．B【解析】根据第一段中的“Well，the future is apparently now”，第二段中的“The arrival of driverless vehicles is a chance to make sure that those vehicles are environmentally friendly and more shared”以及最后一段中的“The coming technological advancement．．．plan for it”可知，作者对无人驾驶汽车的未来持积极正面的态度。故选B。‎