2020届二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之推理判断解题指导

2020届二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之推理判断解题指导

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之推理判断解题指导 ‎　命题方式的特点 英语阅读中，有时作者并未把意图说出来，阅读者要根据字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲作者的态度，理解文章的寓意，这就是推理判断题。推理判断题在阅读测试中属于难题。要求考生在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维、哲学原理，并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。推理判断题常见的题型有细节推断题、因果推断题、写作意图推断题、人物性格、态度及观点判断题、预测想象推断题、短文来源、读者对象推测题等。‎ 命题方式考法 ‎（1）细节推断类-------关键词句的推敲 ‎（2）写作意图类-------文体特点推意图 ‎（3）观点态度题-------褒贬措辞定态度 ‎（4）文章出处或读者对象类--------内容细节巧判断 推理判断类题目常见的设问方式 ‎(1)It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that ________.‎ ‎(2)Which of the following conclusions can we draw according to the passage?‎ ‎(3)The auther strongly suggests that_________.‎ ‎(4)The passage implies, but doesn't directly state that ________.‎ ‎(5)The writer/auther implies/indicates/suggests that ________.‎ ‎(6)The author probably feels that ________.‎ ‎(7)The author uses the example of... to show that ________.‎ ‎(8)What's the author's attitude toward...?‎ ‎(9) What is the main purpose of the author writing text?‎ ‎(10)The author writes the last paragraph in order to __________‎ 选项的特点 ‎(1)正确选项的特点 ‎①在文章中可以找到信息支持，并且可以推断出正确选项。‎ ‎②大多含义深刻，不是常识选项。‎ ‎(2)干扰项的特点 ‎①颠倒是非：选项的结果与推断出来的正确结果相反。‎ ‎②照搬原文：原文里有相关的直接信息，不需要经过推断。‎ ‎③推理过度：把文章中的一些个案绝对化、扩大化。‎ ‎④无中生有：捏造原文中并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推断。‎ 解答推理判断题应注意的问题 ‎(1)把握全文是推断的前提。把握全文内容，在彻底理解的基础上，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示或线索，这是推理判断的前提和基础。‎ ‎(2)推理要有理有据。推理判断题不能毫无根据地凭主观臆断做出在原文中找不到根据的推理，也不能妄加猜测，对表面文字信息做多步推理，必须忠实于原文，以材料所提供的相关事实和线索为依据，使做出的推理合乎文意。‎ ‎(3)切忌用自己的观点来代替作者的观点。一定要认真分析，仔细揣摩，充分利用文章中的关键信息，弄清作者的写作目的和观点、态度，决不能将自己的观点强加到作者身上。‎ ‎(4)把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇结构。要体会文章的基调，揣测作者的态度，找准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦外之音。‎ ‎(5)利用背景知识进行推理。有时做推理判断题需要结合自己所掌握的相关背景知识及经验、常识进行分析、判断，从而得出符合常理的结论。‎ ‎[考法综述]　推理判断是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示，作出一定的判断和推理，从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程。它主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力。推理判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可能是某几句话，要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上，对文章字面信息进行分析、挖掘、逻辑推理，揭示其深层含义。常出现的推理判断题有逻辑推理、知识推断等。这类考题中常出现的词有：infer，imply，suggest，indicate，conclude，learn from, probably, most likely, can, could, may, might等。‎ 命题法1　细节推断 典例1　Since the first Earth Day in 1970, Americans have gotten a lot “greener” toward the environment. “We didn't know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it，” says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.‎ But what began as nothing important in public affairs has grown into a social movement. Business people, political leaders, university professors, and especially millions of grassroots Americans are taking part in the movement.“The understanding has increased many, many times，” says Gaylord Nelson, the former governor from Wisconsin, who thought up the first Earth Day.‎ According to US government reports, emissions (排放) from cars and trucks have dropped from 10.3 million tons a year to 5.5 million tons. The number of cities producing CO beyond the standard has been reduced from 40 to 9. Although serious problems still remain and need to be dealt with, the world is a safer and healthier place. A kind of “green thinking” has become part of practices. ‎ Great improvement has been achieved. In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs; today in 1995 there are about 6,600. Advanced lights, motors, and building designs have helped ‎ save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.‎ Twentyfive years ago, there were hardly any education programs for environment. Today, it's hard to find a public school, university, or law school that does not have such a kind of program.“Until we do that, nothing else will change！” says Bruce Anderson. ‎ 本文为说明文，题材是节能环保类。作者阐述了自1970年以来，美国在环境保护方面所取得的成就。‎ ‎1．What have Americans achieved in environmental protection?‎ A．They have cut car emissions to the lowest.‎ B．They have settled their environmental problems.‎ C．They have lowered their CO levels in forty cities.‎ D．They have reduced pollution through effective measures.‎ ‎2．What is especially important for environmental protection according to the last paragraph?‎ A．Education.　　 B．Planning. C．Green living. D．CO reduction.‎ ‎【答案解析】A　推理判断题。依据最后一段的内容可推知，环保意识教育至关重要。‎ 命题法2　写作意图推断 典例2　　People aren't walking any more－if they can figure out a way to avoid it.‎ I felt superior about this matter until the other day I took my car to mail a small parcel. The journey is a matter of 281 steps. But I used the car. And I wasn't in any hurry, either. I had merely become one more victim of a national sickness: motorosis.‎ It is an illness to which I had thought myself immune(免疫的), for I was bred in the tradition of going to places on my own two legs. At that time, we regarded 25 miles as a good day's walk and the ability to cover such a distance in ten hours as a sign of strength and skill. It did not occur to us that walking was a hardship. And the effect was lasting. When I was 45 years old I raced－and beat－a teenage football player the 168 steps up the Statue of Liberty.‎ Such enterprises today are regarded by many middleaged persons as bad for the heart. But a wellknown British physician, Sir Adolphe Abrahams, pointed out recently that hearts and bodies need proper exercise. A person who avoids exercise is more likely to have illnesses than one who exercises regularly. And walking is an ideal form of exercise－the most familiar and natural of all.‎ It was Henry Thoreau who showed mankind the richness of going on foot. The man walking can learn the trees, flowers, insects, birds and animals, the significance of seasons, the very feel of himself as a living creature in a living world. He cannot learn in a car.‎ The car is a convenient means of transport, but we have made it our way of life. Many people don't dare to approach Nature any more; to them the world they were born to enjoy is all threat. To ‎ them security is a steel river thundering on a concrete road. And much of their thinking takes place while waiting for the traffic light to turn green.‎ I say that the green of forests is the mind's best light. And none but the man on foot can evaluate what is basic and everlasting.‎ What is the author's intention of writing this passage?‎ A．To tell people to reflect more on life.‎ B．To recommend people to give up driving.‎ C．To advise people to do outdoor activities.‎ D．To encourage people to return to walking.‎ 命题法3　观点态度推断 典例3　　The freezing Northeast hasn't been a terribly fun place to spend time this winter, so when the chance came for a weekend to Sarasota, Florida, my bags were packed before you could say “sunshine”. I left for the land of warmth and vitamin C (维生素C), thinking of beaches and orange trees. When we touched down to blue skies and warm air, I sent up a small prayer of gratefulness. Swimming pools, wine tasting, and pink sunsets (at normal evening hours, not 4 in the afternoon) filled the weekend, but the best part—particularly to my taste, dulled by months of coldweather root vegetables—was a 7 a．m. adventure to the Sarasota farmers' market that proved to be more than worth the early wake up call. ‎ What did the author think of her winter life in New York?‎ A．Exciting. B．Boring. C．Relaxing. D．Annoying.‎ ‎【答案解析】 根据第一段第一句话可以看出作者认为在寒冷的冬天，东北地区是一个无趣的地方。故B项正确。‎ 命题法4　文章来源或读者对象的推断 典例4　　The production of coffee beans is a huge, profitable business, but, unfortunately, fullsun production is taking over the industry and bringing about a lot of damage. The change in how coffee is grown from shadegrown production to fullsun production endangers the very existence of certain animals and birds, and even disturbs the world's ecological balance. ‎ On a local level, the damage of the forest required by fullsun fields affects the area's birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees provides a home for birds and other species (物种) that depend on the trees' flowers and fruits. Full－sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly dying out.‎ On a more global level, the destruction of the rainforest for fullsun coffee fields also threatens (威胁) human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal ‎ life, and the destruction of such species could prevent researchers from finding cures for certain diseases. In addition, new coffeegrowing techniques are poisoning the water locally, and eventually the world's groundwater.‎ Both locally and globally, the continued spread of fullsun coffee plantations (种植园) could mean the destruction of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a slight change in the world's climate, and studies show that the loss of oxygengiving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Moreover, the new growing techniques are contributing to acidic (酸性的) soil conditions.‎ It is obvious that the way much coffee is grown affects many aspects of life, from the local environment to the global ecology. But consumers do have a choice. They can purchase shadegrown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.‎ Where does this text probably come from?‎ A．An agricultural magazine. B．A medical journal.‎ C．An engineering textbook. D．A tourist guide.‎ ‎【答案解析】根据整篇文章来看，多次提到种植grow，讨论了fullsun coffee production对环境等的影响，应与农业有关，故选A。‎ ‎【解题法】　文章来源或读者对象推断题的解题思路 ‎(1)文章来源题，考生应具备一些常识，对报刊、网络童话、广告等有一定了解。根据文章特点，文中关键词、文章所阐述内容找到与之相应的文章来源。‎ ‎(2)读者对象推断题，首先把握作者的写作意图，然后推断读者对象。‎ 命题法5　预测推断题 典例5　　Despite the serious nature of inspections, they resulted in some funny moments. Betty Byrnes remembered when her mother did not have time to wash all the dishes before an inspection. At the time, people did not have dishwashers in their homes. In an effort to clean up quickly, Mrs Byrnes tossed all the dishes into a big bread pan, covered them with a cloth, and stuck them in the oven. If the inspector opened the oven door, it would look like bread was baking. He never did.‎ If the inspector had opened the oven door, he would have seen ________.‎ A．an empty pan B．many clean dishes C．pieces of baked bread D．a cloth covering something ‎【解题法】　预测推断题的解题思路 ‎(1)从文中找到与题干相关的信息。‎ ‎(2)理解文意，对事件可能的结局或下一段可能涉及的内容进行预测推断。‎ ‎(3)把握作者的写作思路，作出合理准确的推断。‎ 专项训练 细节推断类 ‎ (2017·太原二模)Three years ago a flash of lightning almost destroyed Lyn Diana's house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside. “There was a huge rainstorm，” she says, recalling the terrifying experience. My brother and I were outside making every effort to stop floodwater from coming in the house. Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by a very large bang. When I picked myself up, the roof and the whole upper storey of the house had been destroyed. The door was blocked by broken bricks, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed. Later I was told that to be struck by lightning is a chance in million, In fact, it's at one chance in 600 000. Even so, Dr. Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organization that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be careful. He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and bend into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.‎ Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a flash of lightning. Mrs. Wilder's heart stopped beating, but she was brought back to consciousness and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for burns to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again. Since that time, she has been a completely fairweather golfer. In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm. The best place to be is inside a car!‎ Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago. He seemed to be unhurt, but it later turned out that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature. Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven't bothered Harold.‎ ‎1. What damage did the rainstorm cause to Mrs. Diana's family?‎ A. Her house was flooded and fell down.‎ B. Her children were seriously ill and hurt.‎ C. The top storey of her house was completely destroyed.‎ D. The door in the house was broken by a very large bang.‎ ‎2. What did Mrs. Wilder do after surviving the lightning strike?‎ A. She played golf only on fine days.‎ B. She never played golf again.‎ C. She often went to see a doctor.‎ D. She never took any medicine.‎ ‎3. What do we know about Harold Deal from the last paragraph?‎ A. The lightning strike did not do any harm to him.‎ B. The lightning strike burnt his hair and skin terribly.‎ C. He suffered a lot from the freezing cold in South Carolina.‎ D. He wasn't sensitive to temperatures after the lightning strike.‎ ‎4. What can we conclude from the passage?‎ A. It happens quite often that lightning strikes people during a storm.‎ B. During a thunderstorm you are safer in your house than in your car.‎ C. During a thunderstorm it is the safest for you to stay under a big round ball.‎ D. If you are caught in a storm, you'd get down as low as possible on the ground. ‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要讲述了三个遭受闪电袭击的人的经历以及专家对此给出的一些应对措施。‎ ‎1．C　细节理解题。‎ 写作意图推断类 In 1978, I was 18 and was working as a nurse in a small town about 270 km away from home. I was looking forward to having five days off from duty. Unfortunately, the only one train a day back to my home had already left. So I thought I'd hitch a ride (搭便车)．‎ I waited by the side of the highway for three hours but no one stopped for me. Finally, a man walked over and introduced himself as Gordon. He said that although he couldn't give me a lift, I should come back to his house for lunch. He noticed me standing for hours in the November heat and thought I must be hungry. I was doubtful as a young girl but he assured me I was safe, and he ‎ also offered to help me find a lift home afterwards. When we arrived at his house, he made us sandwiches. After lunch, he helped me find a lift home.‎ Twentyfive years later, in 2003, while I was driving to a nearby town one day, I saw an elderly man standing in the glaring heat, trying to hitch a ride. I thought it was another chance to repay someone for the favor I'd been given decades earlier. I pulled over and picked him up. I made him comfortable on the back seat and offered him some water.‎ After a few moments of small talk, the man said to me, “You haven't changed a bit, even your red hair is still the same.”‎ I couldn't remember where I'd met him. He then told me he was the man who had given me lunch and helped me find a lift all those years ago. It was Gordon.‎ ‎1. The author had to hitch a ride one day in 1978 because ________.‎ A. her work delayed her trip to her home ‎ B. she missed the only train back home C. she was going home for her holidays D. the town was far away from her home ‎2. Which of the following did Gordon do according to Paragraph 2?‎ A. He helped the girl find a ride.‎ B. He gave the girl a ride back home.‎ C. He bought sandwiches for the girl.‎ D. He watched the girl for three hours.‎ ‎3. The reason why the author offered a lift to the elderly man was that ________.‎ A. she realized he was Gordon B. she had known him for decades C. she was going to the nearby town D. she wanted to repay the favor she once got ‎4. What does the author want to tell the readers through the story?‎ A. Those who give rides will be repaid. ‎ B. Good manners bring about happiness.‎ C. Giving sometimes produces nice results. ‎ D. People should offer free rides to others.‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ ‎【解题思路】根据关键句可知，作者之所以让老人搭便车是因为她想回报她曾获得的帮助。故D项正确。‎ ‎4．C　写作意图题。【解题思路】通读全文可知，文章通过作者和Gordon之间相互帮助的故事说明，帮助他人就是帮助自己，给予有时会带来好结果。故C项正确。‎ 文章来源或读者对象推断类 I got invited to go with some friends to a game at another school. A senior will be driving us, and I think she's a good driver, but it's someone my parents don't know. I want to tell my parents where I'm going, but what if I ask and they say “no”？ I'll end up wishing I never mentioned it and just went ahead and did it anyway.‎ If you want more privileges, it's best to build a track record of honesty and trust. Letting a parent know where you're going is always a good idea.‎ You may worry that telling your parents puts you at risk of getting “no” for an answer. But there's a good chance your parents might be OK with you going. If you go but don't tell them, you risk losing something more important—your parents' trust.‎ Parents who find out their kids did something behind their backs may be less likely to give permission to do things in the future. When trust is broken like this, parents wonder if teens are trying to hide something—and what they imagine can be far worse than the reality.‎ Before you talk to your parents about the game, think about which approach will help them feel most comfortable with giving you more freedom. Maybe they'd like to meet the person driving or talk to friends who have driven with her in the past. If your parents have questions or hesitate about letting you go, find out what their worries are and then do your best to answer them.‎ ‎1. From Paragraph 1 we know that the writer ________.‎ A. appears nervous B. feels confused ‎ C. looks worried D. seems discouraged ‎2. What is the best way to get parents' permission according to the passage?‎ A. To get more privileges from them. ‎ B. To risk gaining their permission.‎ C. To keep off the track of reality. ‎ D. To be honest and win their trust.‎ ‎3. What does the writer really want to tell us?‎ A. Which effective approach to use. ‎ B. How to deal with strict parents.‎ C. How to win over parents. ‎ D. How to get freedom from parents.‎ ‎4. Who do you think the passage is intended for?‎ A. Parents. B. Friends. C. Drivers. D. Teenagers.‎ ‎【答案解析】‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要向青少年介绍了一些如何获得父母的支持的方法。‎ ‎1．B　推理判断题。‎ ‎【关键句】I want to tell my parents where I'm going，but what if I ask and they say“no”？(第一段第三句)‎ 译文：我想告诉父母我要去哪里，但是如果我说了，他们说“不”该怎么办呢？‎ ‎【解题思路】根据关键句可知，作者想告诉父母他的去向，但是又害怕父母会拒绝他的要求，由此可 观点态度类 How many times have parents had to argue with their young son or daughter about getting their face out of their phone and focusing on the world around them? It's completely normal for parents of growing children to be concerned about their child's safety, but is their addiction to social media really harming them?‎ Social media was created to connect people with others online and has recently been added t o smartphones, making it far more accessible than it originally was. This new way to easily be able to use social media has encouraged children and teens to begin to use sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram frequently. Maturing teens and children are usually very timid (胆怯) when it comes to socializing with their families, which they sometimes view as “annoying”. So, what do these kids use as a solution or an “escape”？ The answer is simple, social media. ‎ However, when they use social media for a large amount of time, parents tend to show concern for their child and blame social media for demanding their attention.‎ The word, “social”， was entered into the term, social media, for a reason. Parents of growing teens don't seem to understand that. When they see their child using Twitter or Instagram they think that they are using it to get away from real world responsibilities. The truth, however, is that they are using it to connect with their close friends, make new friends, and receive information about what is currently happening in the modern world.‎ Children and teens are wrongly accused for using social media only for entertainment purposes and for huge amounts of time. Sure everyone who uses social media enjoys contacting their friends and viewing entertaining things, but how come children receive all of the blame for abusing it? Parents should really think about how social media can help children and teens learn and grow in the real world rather than it just being another distraction (分心事)．‎ Social media as a whole has both positive and negative aspects, but after all of the feedback from preteens, teens, and parents is put together, it shows that media is actually helping the newer generations in their lives.‎ ‎1. What causes the parents to be worried about their children?‎ A. Using smartphones. B. Using too much social media.‎ C. Playing games online. D. Failing to socialize with families.‎ ‎2. When social media is added to smartphones, it makes ________.‎ A. smartphones operate faster ‎ B. it more convenient to use C. children crazy about smartphones ‎ D. adults feel frequently disturbed ‎3. According to the fourth paragraph, children use social media to ________.‎ A. kill time B. entertain themselves C. keep themselves informed D. connect with their parents ‎4. What's the writer's attitude towards children using social media?‎ A. Supportive. B. Doubtful. C. Indifferent. D. Disapproving.‎