高考英语总复习专题攻略之阅读理解解题技巧之推理判断

高考英语总复习专题攻略之阅读理解解题技巧之推理判断

只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 1 - 高考英语阅读理解解题技巧之推理判断 这类题主要考查学生根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇逻辑关系，研究细节的暗示，推敲 作者的态度，理解文章的寓意等。推理判断题属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题。做这类 题时，考生应在理解全文的基础上，从文章本身所提供的信息出发，运用逻辑思维，同时借 助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。 提问整篇文章或某句某段的含蓄意思时，问句中都含有 infer, imply, indicate, suggest (推断，暗指)等词。对付这类题时我们不仅要弄懂文章字面的意思，更重要的是要知道文章 潜在的含义，和作者所给的提示。同时要对文章的含义和作者的暗示作合理的猜测和推论。 关键是：意思要靠推断得出，而不是原文照搬。这就要把握住文章的主题思想和每段的内容； 明确作者的观点及其写作该文的目的；分析文章里所给的有关信息；注意词汇在词典的定义 和词典以外的含义；最后运用自己的知识进行由表及里的逻辑推理，挖出文章的伏笔，得出 正确的推论。 这种问题的提问方式通常有： (1) From paragraph 4 we can infer that. / What can be inferred from the passage? / From the last paragraph we can infer that . (2) We can infer from the text that…/ What can we learn from…? / We can conclude from the passage that… (3) The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that. (4) The author implies that by the year 2080, . (5) To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should. (6) The author mentions the fact that…to show. (7) This passage would most likely be found in _________? (8) The author’s attitude toward …is _________? (9) The tone of the passage can best be described as _________? 这些提问方式的答案一般在短文中不可能直接找到，必须根据提问中的某些关键字眼与 短文中相应的有关内容加以逻辑推理或演算，从而得出某些作者并未说明却已在字里行间所 暗含的意思及观点。具体的说，考生应当注意以下几点： a) 首先要注意一定要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 2 - 知，遵循“词不离句，句不离段，段不离篇”的原则。千万不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意 揣测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点。 b) 要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。 有的推断，考生完全可以根据文章中所阐述的细节，再结合自己所掌握的基础知识、有关背 景知识或常识来帮助进行分析、推敲，从而得出符合文章原意的结论。 c) 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从特殊到 一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，合乎逻辑地推理。不能就事论事，断章取 义，以偏概全。 d) 要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构，同时还要体会文章的基调，揣摩作 者的态度，摸准逻辑发展方向，悟出作者的言外之意。 e) 在解答推理性问题时，一定要注意确定推理依据的位置或范围。应清楚所要解答的问 题需要针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。针对细节的推断 可运用 scanning 的方法，迅速在材料中确定推理依据的位置或范围，然后再进行推理判断。 针对主题思想作推断时，则常常要纵览全篇文章。 以下介绍几种常见的推理判断题型： 1．细节推断题 要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件、 具体信息等。考生要从文章本身所提供的信息出发，抓住关键的信息词，运用逻辑思维，并 借助一定的常识进行分析、推理、判断。 例题 MONTREAL (Reuters) – Crossing the US-Canada border(边界) to go to church on a Sunday cost a US citizen $ 10,000 for breaking Washington’s strict new security(安 全) rules. The expensive trip to church was a surprise for Richard Albert, who lives right on the Canadian border. Like the other half-dozen people of Township 15, crossing the border is a daily occurrence for Albert. The nearby Quebec village of St. Pamphile is where they shop, eat and go to church. … 59. We learn from the text that Richard Albert is _______. A. an American living in Township 15 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 3 - B. a Canadian living in a Quebec village C. a Canadian working in a customs station D. an American working in a Canadian church 【答案与解析】选 A。根据第一段中的 cost a US citizen $ 10,000 可以推断出 Richard Albert 是美国人，working in a Canadian church 与第二段后两句事实不符。 2．因果推断题 要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因或根据已有的原因推断可能的结果。考 生要准确掌握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。最关键的是要找准事物间存在的因果关系 信息，根据已有信息，进行分析判断推理，从而推出最符合逻辑的原因或判断出最可能导致 的结果。 例题 1 60. Albert was fined because he ________ A. failed to obey traffic rules. B. broke the American security rules. C. worked in St. Pamphile without a pass. D. damaged the gate of the customs office. 答 案 与 解 析 ： 选 B 。 从 第 一 段 得 知 Albert 被 海 关 罚 了 $10,000 是 因 为 breaking Washington’s strict new security(安全) rules。 例题 2 Paul Zindel’s death on March 27,2003 ended the brilliant life of a famous writer. Not only did Paul Zindel win a Pulitzer Prize as well as an Obie Prize for his 1970 play The Effect of Gamma Rays on Man-in-the-Moon Marigolds, but be was one of the earliest writers in the field of contemporary（当代的） literature for young adults （成人）. The Pigman, published in 1968, is still one of the most well-known and widely-taught novels in the genre. The American Library Association has named it one of the 100 Best of the Best Books for Young Adults published between 1967 and 1992, and Zindel’s autobiography, The Pigman and Me, was among the 100 Best of the Best Books published for teenagers during the last part of the twentieth century. Six of Zindel’s books, in fact, have been voted the Best Books for Young Adults, and most of his recent horror books-such as The Doom Stone and Rats-have been chosen as Quick 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 4 - Picks for Reluctant Young Adult Readers. Clearly, he was a writer who knew how to interest contemporary children. Recognizing that, the American Library Association in 2002 honored Paul Zindel with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize for his lifetime achievements, and later that same year he was presented with the ALAN Prize for his contributions to Young Adult Literature. With his passing, young readers, teachers, and librarians have lost a great friend. 57. Why was Paul Zindel honored with the Margaret A. Edwards Prize? A. His books were widely read by children. B. His books were interesting and helpful to adults. C. He made great contributions to contemporary literature. D. He wrote a number of horror books for young adults. 3．人物性格、心情处境、态度及观点等推断题 高考阅读测试中有些题目考查学生对文章作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语 中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作用或文中人物的态度、观点等方面的理解。做这一类题时一定 注意： （1）由表及里地准确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思 想观点。 （2）特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情，态度观点的词语。要特别注意 作者在文章中的措辞，尤其是感情色彩的形容词。 （3）能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价。 例题 1 Parents should stop blaming themselves because there’s not a lot they can do about it. I mean the teenager (十几岁的孩子) problem. Whatever you do or however you choose to deal with it, at certain times a wonderful, reasonable and helpful child 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 5 - will turn into a terrible animal. I’ve seen friends deal with it in all kinds of different ways. One strict mother insisted that her son, right from a child, should stand up whenever anyone entered the room, open doors and shake hands like a gentleman. I saw him last week when I called round. Sprawling himself (懒散地躺) on the sofa in full length, he made no attempt to turn off the loud TV he was watching as I walked in, and his greeting was no more than a quick glance at me. His mother was ashamed. “I don’t know what to do with him these days,” she said. “He’s forgotten all the manners we taught him.” He hasn’t forgotten them. He’ s just decided that he’ s not going to use them. She confessed (坦白) that she would like to come up behind him and throw him down from the sofa onto the floor. Another good friend of mine let her two daughters climb all over the furniture, reach across the table, stare at me and say, “I don’t like your dress; it’s ugly.” One of the daughters has recently been driven out of school. The other has left home. “Where did we go wrong?” her parents are now very sad. Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents. 73. The boy on the sofa would most probably be described as ______. A. lazy B. quiet G. unusual D. rude 74. From the second example we can infer that the parents of the two daughters ______. A. pay no attention to them B. are too busy to look after them C. have come to hate them D. feel helpless to do much about them 75. What is the author’s opinion about the sudden change in teenage children? A. Parents have no choice but to try to accept it. B. Parents should pay still sore attention to the change. C. Parents should work more closely with school teachers. D. Parents are at fault for the change in their children. 【答案与解析】 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 6 - 74. 选 D。此题属于“人物心情处境推断题”。最后一段，“‘Where did we go wrong?’ her parents are now very sad.”一句可推测这两位父母对他们学坏的女儿无可奈何，因此 正确答案为 D。 75. 选 A。此题属于“态度及观点推断题”，文中第一句话“Parents should stop blaming themselves because there’s not a lot they can do about it.”就表明了作者的观点， 父母不应当总是为此事而责怪自己。应当采取措施面对这个事情。然后最后又用了“Probably nowhere much. At least, no more than the rest of that unfortunate race, parents.” 做总结，表明父母们不得不接受这个不好的事实。 例题 2 How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments－mostly for entertainment purposes－is fair and respectful? … The animals are kept together in small spaces, with no privacy and little opportunity for mental and physical exercise. This results in unusual and self-destructive behavior called zoochosis. A worldwide study of zoos found that zoochosis is common among animals kept in small spaces or cages. Another study showed that elephants spend 22 percent of their time making repeated head movements or biting cage bars, and bears spend 30 percent of their time walking back and forth, a sign of unhappiness and pain. … 64. How would the author describe the animals’ life in zoos? A. Dangerous. B. Unhappy. C. Natural. D. Easy. 答案与解析：64. 选 B。此题属于“态度及观点推断题”，由本段中的第一句话 keeping animals in cages in unnatural environments，以及后文当中的 The animals are kept together in small spaces, 和 a sign of unhappiness and pain. 可以推断出作者认为动 物园中的动物的生活不幸福。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 7 - 4．篇章结构推断题 根据不同文章的内容和写作目的，作者会采取记叙、描写、议论、说明或应用文体。作 者也会采用叙述、例证、比较对照等不同的组织结构。不同文体的阅读难度、要求和任务不 同，阅读方法也应不同。增强对篇章结构的理解能力有助于提高阅读质量。 例题 1 Have you ever wondered why birds sing? Maybe you thought that they were just happy. After all, you probably sing or whistle when you are happy. Some scientists believe that birds do sing some of the time just because they are happy. However, they sing most of the time for a very different reason. Their singing is actually a warning to other birds to stay out of their territory. … 59. How does the writer explain birds’ singing? A. By comparing birds with human beings. B. By reporting experiment results. C. By describing birds’ daily life. D. By telling a bird’s story. 【答案与解析】59. 选 A。由文章第一、二两段可知作者是把鸟儿和人类进行对比。 例题 2 In the course of working my way through school, I took many jobs I would rather forget. But none of these jobs was as dreadful as my job in an apple plant. The work was hard; the pay was poor; and, most of all, the working conditions were terrible. First of all, the job made huge demands on my strength… … I stayed on the job for five months, all the while hating the difficulty of the work, the poor money, and the conditions under which I worked. By the time I left, I was determined never to go back there again. 52. How is the text organized? A. Topic—Argument—Explanation B. Opinion—Discussion--Description C. Main idea—Comparison—Supporting examples 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 8 - D. Introduction—Supporting examples—Conclusion 5．文章结论推断题 由具体到一般，对已知的事实进行归纳总结性推断称为结论。 例题 In 1837, the historian Carlyle made the first recorded use of the word " queue" (排队). He spoke of the French and their "habit of standing in a queue". Forty years later Paris was the best place to wait in line. However, queuing became popular in Britain too. The Second World War was the golden age of queuing, and people joined any line in the hope that it was a queue for something to buy. This was the source of many Second World War jokes: Shopkeeper to customer: Excuse me, miss, are you pregnant (怀孕)? Customer: Well, I wasn’t when I joined the queue. Today, according to research in America, we (in Britain) can spend up to 5 years of our lives queuing - as compared to twelve months looking for things we have lost. But things may be changing. … But some people just like queuing. One man queued all night for Harrods famous January sale, and then returned home for breakfast at nine o’ clock the next morning without going into the shop. 71. We can infer from the passage that ________. A. queue management doesn’t work well B. there is still queuing in England C. we don’t see much queuing in Paris 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 9 - D. the French like queuing more than the British 【答案与解析】 71.选 B。文章结论推断题。文章最后说了“But some people just like queuing.”，该句表明在英国还是有人喜欢排队，因此排队仍然存在。 6．预测题 有些内容文章中没有明确说明，要求考生根据语篇，对事件可能的结局或下段可能涉及 的内容等进行预测推理。 常见的与预测相关的问题主要有： What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph? What do you think the author is most likely to suggest if he continues to write? What would… do in the end? 对于这类问题的判断， 做这类题时应常常要纵览全文，把握作者的写作思路（如文章可能按事件发展的经过描 写，也可能按因果关系、对比关系来叙述），作者往往在前文提出几个要解决或说明的问题， 提出几种观点看法，然后在下文一一解释说明，考生可通过文章，找出作者已经阐明了哪些 问题或观点，然后接下去文章将会如何发展便一目了然了。 例题 1 Giving Back Fair Way The Westborough High School golf team had taken the official photos with the state prize. The other teams, disappointed, were on the bus heading home. And then Westborough instructor Greg Rota noticed something wrong on one of the score cards. A 9 had been recorded as a 7. They were not the state prize winner; Woburn High had won. “ No one would have known, “ said Woburn’s instructor, Bob Doran. For Rota, it wasn’t a difficult decision: “The prize wasn’t ours to take.” 60. What did Greg Rota probably do in the end? A. Took photos of Doran. B. Had a meeting with Doran. C. Returned the prize to the organizer. D. Apologized to Woburn High School. 61. Greg Rota’s decision shows that he was . 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 10 - A. honest B. polite C. careful D. friendly 例题 2 I THIRST Each day water-related diseases kill 3,900 of world’s children. Across the world, 1.1 billion people have no access to clean drinking water. More than 2.5 billion people lack basic sanitation.(卫生设备) The combination proves deadly. Each year, diseases related to inadequate water and sanitation kill between 2 and 5 million people and cause an estimated 80 percent of all sicknesses in the developing world. Safe drinking water is a precondition for health and the fight against child death rate, inequality between men and women, and poverty. … Here are three ways you can help: 1) Write Congress … 2) Sponsor a project with a faith-based organization … 3) Support nonprofit water organizations Numerous U.S.-based nonprofits work skillfully abroad in community-led projects related to drinking water and sanitation. Like the sample of non-profits noted as follows: some organizations are large, other small-scale, some operate worldwide, others are devoted to certain areas in Africa, Asia, or Latin America. Support them generously. 75. What information will probably be provided following the last paragraph? 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 - 11 - A. A variety of companies and their worldwide operation. B. A list of nonprofit water organizations to make contact with. C. Some ways to get financial aids from U.S. Congress. D. A few water resources exploited by some world-famous organizations. 【答案与解析】选 B。这是一篇广告，要求为全世界缺水或饮用水不安全的人捐献一 份爱心。本题是一道预测题。根据最后一段 Like the sample of non-profits noted as follows:… 一句可预测下一段将为读者提供的是“非赢利性组织名单”，以便捐献爱心的人 和他们取得联系。因此正确答案选 B。其他三个选项都与本广告的目的不符，故都排除。