三精考点之高三英语最困难考点系列：高三英语最困难考点系列（7）科普说明文阅读

三精考点之高三英语最困难考点系列：高三英语最困难考点系列（7）科普说明文阅读

高三最困难考点系列（7）科普说明文阅读 科普说明文阅读 ‎★★★★★‎ ‎○○○○○‎ ‎【命题说明】‎ 得阅读者，得天下。由此可知阅读理解在高考中的地位。阅读理解是高考的重点和难点。该部分内容从能力的角度来讲，考查学生运用英语的能力，具体地说，就是通过阅读有关文章提取有用信息的能力；从解题方法的角度讲，根据不同的题材和体裁，结合阅读的题型特点，采用不同的阅读方法，但不论怎样，理解文章的内容是前提；从取材的角度讲，阅读理解所选的语段包括叙述文、说明文、应用文和议论文，继续保持了体裁的多样化特点。选材多源于英文报刊和网络媒体，包括广告应用文、日常生活、新闻报道、社会背景、政治经济、科普文章等各个方面的知识，并且具有鲜明的英语语言文化特点和浓厚的时代气息。‎ 科普说明文阅读的核心考点 高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文，它是阅读理解重要内容，也是高考考查难点。科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到命题者的青睐｡而科普类文章往往具有跨学科､行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握｡‎ ‎【试题特点】 ‎ ‎　　① 注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象｡ ‎ ‎　　② 贴近学生的学习､生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用｡ ‎ ‎③ 能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析､解决实际问题的能力｡‎ 科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点:要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以 及重要细节上全面把握。科普说明文常设置下列题型：‎ ‎(1)标题判断题 科普说明文多出现标题判断题，考查考生对全文的理解，它常以What would be the best title for this passage。为设问方式，解题时应特别注意因科普说明文常介绍动植物是 如何保护自身的，因此多以How do does...defend themselves(itself)为标题。‎ ‎(2)生词词义判断题 科普说明文往往揭示自然奥秘、动植物生存特点及产品工艺原理，易出现一些学术 性较强的生词，因此常出现生词词义判断题，这种试题常以What does the underlined word mean?或What is the meaning of the underlined word。为设问方式考查对生词词义的判断。 解题时一定要认真阅读原文， 分析原文对自然奥秘、动植物生存特点、产品工艺原理是如何解释、如何定义的，在此基础上抽象概括出生词词义。‎ ‎(3)代词指代判断题 科技说明文在对自然奥秘、动植物生存侍点及产品工艺原理进行解释时，易出现动作变换多、人称转变频的现象，因此常出现代词指代判断题，这些试题常以it；they；them 等表物的代词为命题题点，要求考生裉据上下文语语境逻辑推断其指代对象。解题时应认真分析动作转换背景，区分动作不同执行者，从而准确判断代词的正确指代。‎ ‎ (4)科学方法图示判断题 ‎ 科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题，这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系；或以工艺流程为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的流程顺序，或以生产方法为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的生产方法；或以机械配制为命题题点，要求考生判断正确的机械配制。解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍，并且边读边画简易草图，以提高理解准确率。分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况，找出各图不同之处，以便最终做出正确判断。‎ Before birth，babies can tell the difference between loud sounds and voices. They can even distinguish their mother's voice from that of a female stranger. But when it comes to embryonic learning (胎教)，birds could rule the roost. As recently reported in The Auk：Ornithological Advances，some mother birds may teach their young to sing even before they hatch (孵化). Newborn chicks can then imitate their mum's call within a few days of entering ‎ the world.‎ This educational method was first observed in 2012 by Sonia Kleindorfer，a biologist at Flinders University in South Australia，and her colleagues. Female Australian superb fairy wrens were found to repeat one sound over and over again while hatching their eggs. When the eggs were hatched，the baby birds made the similar chirp to their mothers—a sound that served as their regular “feed me！” call.‎ To find out if the special quality was more widespread in birds，the researchers sought the redbacked fairy wren，another species of Australian songbird. First they collected sound data from 67 nests in four sites in Queensland before and after hatching. Then they identified begging calls by analysing the order and number of notes. A computer analysis blindly compared calls produced by mothers and chicks，ranking them by similarity.‎ It turns out that baby redbacked fairy wrens also emerge chirping like their mums. And the more frequently mothers had called to their eggs，the more similar were the babies' begging calls. In addition，the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mum's voice were rewarded with the most food.‎ This observation hints that effective embryonic learning could signal neurological (神经系统的) strengths of children to parents. An evolutionary inference can then be drawn. “As a parent，do you invest in quality children，or do you invest in children that are in need？”Kleindorfer asks. “Our results suggest that they might be going for quality.”‎ ‎1．The underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 means “________”．‎ A．be the worst B．be the best C．be just as bad D．be just as good ‎2．What are Kleindorfer's findings based on?‎ A．Similarities between the calls of mums and chicks.‎ B．The observation of fairy wrens across Australia.‎ C．The data collected from Queensland's locals.‎ D．Controlled experiments on wrens and other birds.‎ ‎3．Embryonic learning helps mother birds to identify the baby birds which ________．‎ A．can receive quality signals ‎ B．are in need of training C．fit the environment better ‎ D．make the loudest call ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普说明文。文章介绍了一项新发现：幼鸟在被孵化前母鸟便教它们识别声音了。母亲呼唤它们的鸟蛋越频繁，则它们的孩子越会发出相似的声音；幼鸟的声音越像它们母亲的声音，则它们获得的食物奖励就越多。‎ ‎1. B　词义猜测题。第一段将人类婴儿与幼鸟进行了对比，画线词组所在句上文讲出生前人的辨别声音的能力很强，下文讲一些母鸟在幼鸟被孵化之前就教它们学唱歌了。据此可以判断，在胎教方面，鸟儿的表现是最好的，推测“rule the roost”意为“be the best”，故选B项。‎ ‎3. C　推理判断题。第四段“In addition, the team set up a separate experiment that suggested that the baby birds that most closely imitated their mum's voice were rewarded with the most food.(一项单独的实验表明模仿母鸟声音最接近的幼鸟会得到最多的食物)”和最后一段研究人员的研究结果表明，母鸟会选择质量优良的孩子，因此可以推断，母鸟通过胎教来确定质量优良的幼鸟，即最会模仿它们声音的幼鸟。质量优良的幼鸟无需过多帮助就能更好地适应环境，故选C项。‎ ‎[2017·全国卷Ⅰ]‎ D A buildityourself solar still(蒸馏器) is one of the best ways to obtain drinking water in areas where the liquid is not readily available. Developed by two doctors in the US Department of Agriculture, it's an excellent water collector. Unfortunately, you must carry the necessary equipment with you, since it's all but impossible to find natural substitutes. The only components required, though, are a 5′×5′ sheet of clear or slightly milky plastic, six feet of plastic tube, and a container—perhaps just a drinking cup—to catch the water. These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.‎ To construct a working still, use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep. Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher's productivity. ‎ Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole. Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole.‎ Next, cover the hole with the plastic sheet, securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet's centre down with a rock. The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45degreeangled sides. The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over, and no more than three inches above, the cup. ‎ The solar still works by creating a greenhouse under the plastic. Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup. When the container is full, you can suck the refreshment out through the tube, and won't have to break down the still every time you need a drink. ‎ ‎1．What do we know about the solar still equipment from the first paragraph?‎ A．It's delicate. B．It's expensive.‎ C．It's complex. D．It's portable.‎ ‎2．What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A．The tube. B．The still.‎ C．The hole. D．The cup.‎ ‎3．What is the last step of constructing a working solar still?‎ A．Dig a hole of a certain size. ‎ B．Put the cup in place.‎ C．Weight the sheet's centre down. ‎ D．Cover the hole with the plastic sheet.‎ ‎4．When a solar still works, drops of water come into the cup from ________．‎ A．the plastic tube B．outside the hole C．the open air D．beneath the sheet ‎【文章大意】 本文是一篇科普文章。文章主要介绍了一种自己可以亲手制作的太阳能蒸馏器的方法和它的工作原理。这种蒸馏器所需的材料简单，适用于任何缺水的地方。‎ ‎1. D　推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句话“These pieces can be folded into a neat little pack and fastened on your belt.”可知，制作蒸馏器的东西可以叠放成一个小包，系在腰间，说明制作蒸馏器的设备很轻便。portable表示“轻便的；手提的”。故选D。‎ ‎2. B　词义猜测题。根据文章“Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water ‎ catcher's productivity.”可知，最好在潮湿的地方挖洞，以提高接水器的工作效率。接水器指的是在潮湿的地方挖洞，在洞的底部放一个杯子，杯子上方用塑料板遮挡。整个装置构成接水器，而不是某个部分。这一题很容易错选D。就算在干燥的地方挖洞，杯子也可以接水，杯子接水的事实并不会因为周围的环境变化而变化，杯子的工作效率是不变的。故选B。‎ ‎4. D　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Ground water evaporates (蒸发) and collects on the sheet until small drops of water form, run down the material, and fall off into the cup.”可知，地下水蒸发，在塑料板上聚集起来直到形成小水滴落在杯子里。塑料板是在杯子上面的，所以水滴是凝聚在塑料板的下面。故选D。‎ ‎1.【山西省大同市第一中学2018届高三11月月考】‎ If a woman has an extra piece of cake, don’t blame it on greed, blame it on her brain.‎ Scientists have found that women’s brains react to food very differently—and much more strongly—than men’s. Academics found that decades of dieting pressure on women and advertising have programmed certain parts of the female brain to react strongly when faced with any kind of food. Men, on the other hand, are not usually as obsessive (着迷的) about what they eat.‎ Dr. Rudolf Uher and his colleagues at the Institute of Psychiatry in King’s College London used brain scanning technology, known as functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI), to look at the brains of eighteen men and women.‎ The volunteers were given images of food to look at, as well as food to taste. Their brain reactions were observed by the scientists.‎ They found that the female brains reacted much more strongly than those of males.‎ The same reaction did not happen when they were shown non-food images. The team believe this means women think more about food than men tend to do.‎ Dr. Uher said, “This could be related to biological differences between men and women. But the more likely explanation is that women have a more complicated reaction to food ‎ because of social pressure.‎ Professor Carey Cooper, psychology and health professor at Lancaster University, said, “For centuries women have had a providing role — preparing and cooking food for their families. And it is part of that rule to make sure the food is safe. They will therefore be much more sensitive to food than men are, and I would not be surprised if that was now built into their DNA. If the female brain reacts to food because it historically has developed neural (神经的) pathways to do this, then food will be the way they express their stress. Food actually, is a comfort for women.”‎ But other experts have said that more research must be done before the results can be proved. American scientist Angelo del Parigi of the John B. Pierce Laboratory in New Haven, Connecticut, said, “Looking at an FMRI alone cannot make sure whether the stronger reaction in women is due to innate (天生的) differences or a learned process.‎ ‎1. Dr.Uher and his colleagues carried out the research by comparing ____‎ A. FMRI’s effectiveness on women and men B. volunteers’ reaction to different kinds of food C. volunteers’ reaction to food before and after meals D. women’s and men’s reaction to different images ‎2. In Dr. Uher’s opinion, women react more strongly to food than men most probably because they are ____　.‎ A. told to do so for a long time B. influenced by advertisements C. forced by powerful social influences D. born to do so due to biological reasons ‎3. According to Professor Carey Cooper, women _______.‎ A. turn to food when they feel sad B. are stressed because of food safety C. accept their social role from the heart D. are satisfied with preparing food for their families ‎4. What was Angelo del Parigi’s attitude towards the research results?‎ A. Surprised. B. Uninterested.‎ C. Doubtful. D. Curious.‎ ‎【答案】1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C ‎【解析】如果一名女子有一块吃不下的蛋糕，不要责备她贪婪，这是由于她的大脑在作怪。科学家们发现女性的大脑对食物的反应很不同。最可能的解释是女人们的社交压力造成她们对失望的复杂反应。‎ ‎1. 细节理解题。根据第五段“They found that the female brains reacted much more strongly than those of males.”及第六段中的“The same reaction did not happen when they were shown non-food images.”可知,Uher博士比较了男性和女性在面对不同图片时大脑的反应是否一样。故选D。‎ ‎2. 细节理解题。根据倒数第三段中的“But the more likely explanation is that women have a more complicated reaction to food because of social pressure.”可知最可能的解释是女人们的社交压力造成她们对失望的复杂反应。答案是C。‎ ‎4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Looking at an fMRI alone cannot make sure whether the stronger reaction in women is due to innate (天生的) differences or a learned process.”可以看出,Angelo del Parigi对Uher博士的研究结果持怀疑的态度。A. Surprised. 惊讶的； B. Uninterested.不感兴趣的；C. Doubtful. 怀疑的； D. Curious 好奇的. 故选C。‎ ‎2.【河北省衡水中学2018届高三上学期四模】‎ James Gross, a psychology professor at Stanford University, has a 13-year-old daughter who loves math and science. “It hasn’t occurred to her yet that’s unusual,” he says. “But I know in the next couple of years, it will.”‎ She’s already being pulled out of class to do advanced things with a couple of other kids, who are guys. And as someone who studies human emotion for a procession, Gross says, “I know as time goes on, she will feel increasingly lonely as a girl who’s interested in math and science, and be at risk of narrowing her choices in life before finding out how far she could have gone.’’‎ Gross’ concern clearly shows what has been a touchy subject in the world of science for a long time: Why are there still so few women in science, and how might that affect what we learn from research?‎ Women now make up half the national workforce, earn more college and graduate degrees than men, and by some estimates represent the largest single economic force in the world. ‎ Yet the gender gap in science persists, to a greater degree than in other professions, particularly in high-end, math-intensive fields such as computer science and engineering.‎ According to US Census Bureau statistics, women in fields commonly referred to as STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) made up 7 percent of that workforce in 1970, a figure that had jumped to 23 percent by 1990. But the rise essentially stopped there. Two decades later, in 2011, women made up 26 percent of the science workforce.‎ ‎1. According to James Gross, in the near future his daughter may .‎ A. become a great scientist B. feel lonely and have fewer choices C. be pulled out of class with some guys D. learn math and science better and better ‎2. We can learn from the text that .‎ A. women are cleverer than men in college B. men represent the largest single economic force C. women make up more than 50% of the national workforce D. the number of women graduating from college is larger than that of men ‎3. How does the author develop the last paragraph?‎ A. By providing examples.‎ B. By making comments.‎ C. By following time order.‎ D. By explaining the process.‎ ‎4. Which of the following is the best title for the text?‎ A. Why It Is Important to Get More Women Into Science B. James Gross, Confusion About His daughter C. Situation of Women in the Whole Country D. Future of women in the Workforce ‎【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. A ‎【解析】本文主要讲述了长期以来科学界一直存在的一个敏感话题：为什么科学界的女性仍然如此之少，而这又会如何影响我们从研究中获得的知识呢？分析中可知大学毕业的女性多于男性，但在高端的数学密集领域非常少。而这几年来根据资料显示女性在STEM中的人数在逐年上升，这更说明女性在这一领域的 重要性。‎ ‎1. B推理判断题。第二段中的“I know as time goes on, she will feel increasingly lonely as a girl who’s interested in math and science，and be at risk of narrowing her choices in life before finding out how far she could have gone.”分析句意，可知随着时间的推移，作为一个对数学和科学感兴趣的女孩，她会感到越来越孤独，有可能会限制她在生活中的选择。故B符合题意。‎ ‎2. D推理判断题。根据第四段“.Women now make up half the national workforce, earn more college and graduate degrees than men, .Women now make up half the national workforce, earn more college and graduate degrees than men,”分析本句，可知“现在妇女占全国劳动力的一半，比男子获得更多的大学和研究生学位，据估计，这是世界上最大的单一经济力量。”由此可推断出大学毕业的女性比男性的数量多，因此选D。‎ ‎4. A　主旨大意题。通读全文可知本文主要讲述了长期以来科学界一直存在的一个敏感话题：为什么科学界的女性仍然如此之少，而这又会如何影响我们从研究中获得的知识呢？分析中可知大学毕业的女性多于男性，但在高端的数学密集领域非常少。而这几年来根据资料显示女性在STEM中的人数在逐年上升，这更说明女性在这一领域的重要性。分析选项中可知A项符合题意。可知故选A。‎ ‎1.【“江淮十校”2018届高三联考】‎ Known as GC-1,the drug reportedly speeds up metabolism（新陈代谢）,or burning off,of fat cells.“GC-1 dramatically increases the metabolic rate,essentially transforming white fat,which stores extra calories and is associated with obesity and metabolic disease,into a fat like calorie-burning brown fat,”said Kevin Phillips,a researcher in Houston.‎ Until several years ago,scientists thought that only animals and human babies have energy-burning,"good" brown fat.“It is now clear,”Phillips said,“that human adults do have brown fat,but appear to lose its calorie-burning activity over time.”White fat has a bad effect on people when the body has too much of it.Some published research shows that people who have more brown fat have a reduced risk of obesity.Researchers are now working on ‎ ways to “brown” white fat,or change it into brown fat.‎ GC-1 works,according to Phillips.He said he and other researchers have tested the drug in hundreds of mice. Obese mice,both genetically obese and those with diet-induced obesity,received GC-1 treatment daily.Genetically obese mice lost weight and more than 50 percent of their fat mass in approximately two weeks,Phillips reported.He said mice with diet-induced obesity experienced similar improvements.The drug also caused adaptive thermogenes（适应性发热）in fat cells from mice.Cells grown in a dish,as well as tissue samples taken from obese mice,showed evidence of white-fat browning.“Our data prove that GC-1 is a novel fat-browning agent that may have use in the treatment of obesity and metabolic disease,”Phillips said.‎ The drug has not yet been tested for weight loss in humans.However,Phillips said it wouldn’t be long before it was used as a way of losing weight.‎ ‎1. What is the writer's purpose of writing this passage?‎ A. To prove the harm of a new drug.‎ B. To introduce a new drug to people.‎ C. To explain the development of a new drug.‎ D. To inform people of some health knowledge.‎ ‎2. In the past,people held the belief that______.‎ A. human babies have brown fat B. animals don't have brown fat C. only human adults have brown fat D. brown fat may lose its activity over time ‎3. What can we know about GC-1?‎ A. It can be used to treat obesity.‎ B. It is a cure for heart disease.‎ C. It is a drug intended for mice.‎ D. It has been sold in the drug store.‎ ‎4. Which of the following can make people lose weight?‎ A. Increasing more white fat.‎ B. Burning off more brown fat.‎ C. Changing white fat into brown fat.‎ D. Slowing down the activity of brown fat.‎ ‎【答案】1. B 2. A 3. A 4. C ‎【解析】本文向我们介绍了一种帮助燃烧脂肪来减肥的新药GC-1.‎ ‎1. B推理判断题。根据第一段Known as GC-1,the drug reportedly speeds up metabolism（新陈代谢）,or burning off, of fat cells.和下文研究试验结果和最后一段The drug has not yet been tested for weight loss in humans. However, Phillips said it wouldn’t be long before it was used as a way of losing weight.可知本文是向我们介绍了一种帮助减肥的新药。故选B.‎ ‎2. A细节推理题。根据第二段Until several years ago, scientists thought that only animals and human babies have energy-burning, "good" brown fat.可知以前人们认为只有动物和婴儿才有燃烧能量的棕色脂肪，故选A.‎ ‎4. C细节推理题。根据第二段Some published research shows that people who have more brown fat have a reduced risk of obesity.和Researchers are now working on ways to “brown” white fat, or change it into brown fat.可知有更多棕色脂肪的人肥胖的风险较小，研究棕色脂肪或者把白色脂肪变成棕色脂肪能帮助减肥。故选C.‎ ‎2.【吉林省百校联盟2018届高三TOP20十一月联考】‎ A new “smart bin” could mean the end of environment-conscious families spending hours sorting tins, cartons, bottles, and cardboard for recycling.‎ The invention, which can help sort rubbish into recycling categories without needing people to operate. It is being trialed in Poland and is set to go on sale in UK within a few years.‎ The bin, designed by start-up company Bin.E, recognizes different type of waste via a system positioned inside the bin which uses sensors, image recognition and artificial intelligence. Once waste is placed inside, the camera and sensor identify its type and place it in one of the smaller bins. Then it compresses the waste so it occupies less space.‎ It is thought that the bin could be stocked by department stores such as John Lewis, ‎ which said it is introducing more new hi-tech recycling bins. Matt Thomas, a buyer at John Lewis, gave us the reason, “We’ve recently seen a jump in specialist bins sales, with a 25 percent increase in the last few months alone. We have noticed our customers are becoming more and more focused on sustainability. In response to this demand, we are really excited to introduce a smart bin this autumn/winter season-designed to make recycling more efficient and functional for the everyday home."‎ Bin.E's official release on the market will take place in 2018. However, at first only a larger version designed for offices will be available. The office bin will sell at £ 430 while customers will need to pay a £ 107 subscription fee for an accompanying smartphone app, which hooks them up with collection services. A spokesman at Bin.E said that home version of the bin will be cheaper and will not include a monthly payment.‎ They added: “After the office version, we plan to create an outdoor version and later the home version. We decided to go for the outdoor version for public areas first because it is more difficult to organize an efficient waste segregating system than in our homes.”‎ ‎5. What do we know about about a new “smart bin” from the first paragraph?‎ A. It works automatically.‎ B. It has been used widely.‎ C. It is easy to operate.‎ D. It is very expensive.‎ ‎6. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ A. The waste.‎ B. The camera.‎ C. The bin.‎ D. The sensor.‎ ‎7. Why is John Lewis introducing more new hi-tech recycling bins?‎ A. To change people’s behaviour,‎ B. To satisfy increasing demands.‎ C. To popularize new technology.‎ D. To make them more famous.‎ ‎8. Where will the first version of new “smart bin” be used according to Bin. E’s ‎ official?‎ A. At home.‎ B. In the supermarket.‎ C. In the open air.‎ D. In the office.‎ ‎【答案】5. A 6. C 7. B 8. D ‎6. C词义猜测题。根据前边The invention, which can help sort rubbish into recycling categories without needing people to operate这项发明可以帮助垃圾分类，可知it指代the smart bin，故选C。‎ ‎8. D细节理解题。根据文章However, at first only a larger version designed for offices will be available.最初只有一个为办公室设计的更大胆版本才可以使用。可知最初是在办公室使用，故选D。‎ ‎___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________‎ ‎ ‎