专题09+名词、冠词详解-2019年高考英语十大高频考点详解

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专题09+名词、冠词详解-2019年高考英语十大高频考点详解

‎ ‎ 第一部分:名词详解 一、名词种类 ‎ 个体名词 ‎ 可数名词 集体名词 ‎ 普通名词 物质名词 名词 不可数名词 ‎ 专有名词 抽象名词 ‎ ‎ 二、专有名词 ‎ 2.1人名:James Keynes ; ‎ ‎ 2.2地名:Beijing ; ‎London ‎ 2.3 月份,星期几和节日:June六月;Monday;New Year’s Day ‎ 2.4某类人的名称:Americans ‎ 2.5书名,电影及诗歌名称the Bible圣经 ‎ 2.6某些抽象事物:English ; ‎ ‎ 2.7对家人的称呼:Mum ;Dad 专有名词的第一个字母要大写。‎ ‎ ‎ 三、普通名词 可数:可以用数计算;不可数:不可以用数计算。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1.可数名词中的个体名词 He has two books.‎ The panda is native to China. 熊猫原产于中国 个体名词含义1:具体的人或物,作为个体存在的。‎ We have been good friends for twenty years.‎ I had a dream last week.‎ 个体名词含义2:也可指抽象事物。‎ There are still many problems. 现在仍然有许多问题 ‎ 个体名词含义3:个体名词有复数,可以和冠词连用。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2.可数名词中的集体名词 group(小组) cast演员(总称) army(军队) audience(听众) family(家庭) ‎ 含义:集体名词是由个体组成的集体。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎1)一般来说,集体名词被视为整体时做单数;强调其成员时做复数:‎ 单数: His family isn’t large. 他家族不大。 ‎ 复数: His family are all sport lovers 他家人都喜欢运动。‎ 单数: The public was unlikely to support it.公众支持它的可能性不大。‎ 复数: The public were fooled by the newspapers. 公众被报纸愚弄 ‎ ‎ ‎2) 特殊用法 例一:two people两个人 two peoples两个民族 ‎ people指“人们”时是集体名词,只能做复数;指“民族”时可做单数:‎ 例二:The police are looking for him. A policeman is there. 一个警察在那。‎ 此类集体名词加the表“全体。。。”,如the cattle牛群;the England英格兰人。‎ 例三:常做复数的词。‎ a pair of pants(短)裤子 / trousers裤子 / glasses眼镜 / scissors剪刀 shoes鞋子 socks袜子 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3)一些集体名词后做单复数皆可 The audience was/were excited by the show. 观众对演出深感激动。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3.不可数名词中的物质名词 beer啤酒 water水 cheese奶酪 cake蛋糕 rain雨 hair头发 sugar糖 一般来说,物质名词是不可数的,没有复数形式。‎ ‎3.3.1‎特殊情况:‎ Two coffees,please. 请给我两杯咖啡。‎ Three beers,please. 备注:一杯,一份 It is a special tea. 这是一种特别的茶。 一种 It is the time of the spring rains. 现在是春天雨季。 ‎ Here are the snows of last year. 这是去年的积雪。 特殊含义 ‎ 双面词: 物质名词 个体名词 ‎ glass玻璃 a glass 一个玻璃杯 ‎ paper纸 a paper一张报纸,试卷,论文 ‎ wood木头 a wood树林 ‎ gold 金子 a gold金牌 ‎ iron 铁 a iron 熨斗 ‎ fish鱼肉 a fish一条鱼 ‎ chicken鸡肉 a chicken一只小鸡 ‎4.不可数名词中的抽象名词 多数情况下,抽象名词是单数,不加任何冠词.‎ Safety first!安全第一!‎ He is learning English for fun.‎ 双面词: 抽象名词 个体名词 ‎ work工作 a work一部作品 ‎ room空间 a room一间房间 ‎ youth青春 a youth 青年人 ‎ beauty美 a beauty美人,美的东西 ‎ pleasure高兴 a pleasure 使人感到愉快的事 ‎ power力量 a power大国 ‎ ‎ 双面词: 可数名词 不可数名词 ‎ a job一件工作 work工作 ‎ a laugh一个笑声 laughter笑声 ‎ a bag(case)一件行李 luggage,baggage行李 ‎ a loaf一个面包 bread面包 ‎ a permit许可证 permission允许 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 第二部分:冠词详解 定义:冠词是英语中的一类特殊的虚词,只能与名词一起使用,且位于名词前。例: an apple, a picture, the book。‎ 一、不定冠词 不定冠词a / an 表示一类事物中泛指的某一事物,后接可数名词单数如a map, an eye ‎1.定冠词a用于以辅音音素开头的单词前;‎ 如a phone, a city, a country.‎ ‎2.定冠词an用于以元音音素开头的单词前; ‎ 如an airplane, an onion, an ear.‎ 注意:an用于以元音音素开头的单词前,而不是元音字母开头的单词前。‎ ‎ 如university,第一个字母u是元音字母,但单词发音的一个音素是[j], 所以要用a, 而不是an;‎ ‎ 又如hour, 第一个字母h是辅音字母,因首字母h不发音,单词发音的第一个音素是[a], 所以用an;‎ ‎ 又如there is “n” in the word. 因字母n的发音第一个音素是[e], 故应填an, 而不是a.‎ ‎3.用于表示一类人或事物;‎ 如an elephant is bigger than a horse.‎ 指某一类人或事物中的一个;‎ 如she is a teacher.‎ I just bought a new dictionary.‎ ‎5.泛指某一个人或事物;‎ 如A man is waiting for you at the school gate. 相当于“one”;‎ ‎6.文中第一次提及某人或事物;‎ 如There is a bridge over the river,and the bridge was built in 1898.‎ ‎7.表示单位,意思是“ 每一” ;‎ My friend calls me once a week. 我朋友一周打一次电话给我。 ‎ ‎8.用在表示职业或身份的名词前。 ‎ My mother is an office worker. 我的妈妈是办公室职员。 ‎ ‎9.用在 what 引导的感叹句中的单数可数名词前。 ‎ What a difficult problem! 多么难的问题啊! ‎ ‎10.难点在不定冠词用于固定短语中 Take a break, have a walk, have a great time, make a mistake, make a face做鬼脸,a number of, have a cold, do someone a favor帮助某人=help someone out.‎ have a good time 过得愉快 make a noise 弄出噪音 have a drink 喝 ‎ do someone’s a favor帮某人忙 see a movie看电影 as a rule照例 ‎ in a hurry赶快 ‎ ‎ ‎【实战演练】‎ Let me buy you beer/chocolate/sandwich.‎ Two (coffee),please.‎ ‎ Mr. Green called this morning.‎ ‎ Greens are sitting at the table.‎ ‎【答案】1.a 2.coffees 3.a 4.The ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 二、定冠词 定冠词用于特指某一个或某些事物,可用于不可数名词、可数名词单数、可数名词复数前;‎ 如,the food, the earth, the buildings.‎ ‎1.第一次在文中提及某人或某物用不定冠词,而第二次提到则用定冠词;‎ I bought a dictionary yesterday, and the dictionary is very useful.‎ ‎2.虽然是第一次提及某人或某物,但说话双方均知其所指,也应用定冠词;‎ Please turn off the lights before you leave.‎ ‎3.世上独一无二的天体等名词前应加定冠词,如the earth, the moon, the sun;‎ There are nine planets around the sun. —— a big red sun a new moon 形容词修饰时例外 ‎4.在序数词、形容词比较级和最高级前要用定冠词;‎ If you turn right at the second crossing of this street, you can see the bookstore is on the left.‎ He is the taller of the two children.‎ That is the best lesson I’ve ever had.‎ You’re the only one I want. (the last最近、最后/same/next/right/wrong)‎ ‎[注意]在序数词的含义不是顺序中的第一第二,而其意在于再学一个,再来一个是,应用a;‎ I want to learn a second language this term.‎ ‎5.在河流名称前应加定冠词;(专有名词大写首字母)‎ The Yellow River is the longest river in China.‎ ‎6.在形容词前加定冠词表示一类人,在姓的前面加定冠词,(在姓的后加s)表示某一家;‎ The sick are lying on the ground.‎ 如:The poor/rich/old/blind/unknown/disabled The Blacks are going to move to New York.‎ ‎7.物质名词特指时也应加定冠词;动词+sb. +介词+the+人体某一部位。‎ I like to eat bread for breakfast,because the bread tastes so good.‎ A flying stone hit me on the head while I was passing by.‎ ‎8.在地点、时间、方向、方位前应用定冠词,如in the west, in the direction, in the past, in the future;‎ The sun rises in the east.‎ He could speak English at the age of four ‎9.在特指和专有的事物或名称前,某类属的全体要加定冠词;‎ Do you know who invented the telephone?‎ The Smith you are looking for no longer lives here.‎ The Tibet of today is not what it was 20 years ago.‎ The pen is mightier than the sword. 文字的力量超过武器 ‎10.惯用法the same, the only, the very前的定冠词不可换为不定冠词;‎ Last summer, I went to the same city as she did.‎ ‎11.计量单位:by the +单数名词 I’m paid by the hour/day/week/month/year.‎ Eggs are sold by the dozen.‎ ‎12.乐器前要加定冠词,而球类棋类游戏前则不加;‎ I have two pen pals(笔友).One of them likes playing the guitar, and the other likes playing chess.‎ ‎13.用在固定搭配中。 ‎ in the end 最后 by the way 顺便说一下 ‎ ‎ 三、零冠词 A.表示以某种交通工具去,用“ by + 名词”,名词必须用单数形式,并且在它前面不能加任何冠词。 By car/bus/taxi/subway-----ride a bike/take a bus/take the subway I usually go to school by bike. 我通常骑自行车去学校。 ‎ B. 在季节、月份、星期几等名词前。in September(专有名词大写首字母)‎ There are four seasons in a year. They are spring, summer, autumn and winter. 一年有四季,它们是春、夏、秋、冬。 ‎ What do you often do on Sundays? 周日你经常做什么? on Wednesday C. 在表示体育运动的名词前。 ‎ We often play football on Friday afternoon. 周五下午我们通常踢足球。‎ D. 在表示一般意义而不是特指的可数名词复数和不可数名词前。 ‎ Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视过多有害你的健康。‎ E. 在序数词前出现形容词性物主代词或名词所有格时,序数词前不加冠词。 ‎ This is her third time to go to Hainan. 这是她第三次去海南。 ‎ F. 在三餐和表示学科的名词之前。 ‎ He had lunch at school yesterday. 他昨天在学校吃的午饭。 study math G.在某些固定词组或习语中。 ‎ in hospital在医院 at school在学校 at home在家 ‎ ‎ 四、冠词有无的区别 英文中很多普通名词都有这种用法,一个需要加冠词,另一个不加冠词。‎ ‎1.winter词组 in the winter是特指的某个冬天 比如:In the winter,I came to Harbin for the first time.‎ 这个冬天,我第一次来到了哈尔滨 而 in winter是泛指冬天 比如:It always snows in Harbin in winter.‎ 哈尔滨的冬天总会下雪.‎ ‎2.go to school 词组 He goes to school by bus every day. (他每天坐公共汽车去上学)‎ You send a boy to school. (你送孩子去上学)‎ They come home from school at three. (他们三点钟放学回家)‎ What do you do before school? (上学之前你打算做什么?)‎ School begins at eight. (学校从八点起开始上课)‎ I went to the school to see the results of the entrance examination. (我到学校去看入学考试的成绩)‎ He lives opposite the school. (他就住在学校对面)‎ I always take my lunch at the school. (我通常都在学校吃午饭)‎ You will find them in the school between ‎8 A.M. and 4 P.M. (在上午八点到下午四点的时候,你可以在学校里找到他们)‎ ‎3.Hospital(医院):‎ He is now in hospital. (他现在进了医院)‎ He is one of the patients at the hospital. (他是这家医院里的病人之一)‎ ‎4.Market(市场):‎ Mother has gone to market. (母亲去市场了)‎ Is it far from here to the market? (从这里到市场远么?)‎ ‎5.Table(桌子):‎ They were at table when I went in. (我进去时他们正在吃饭)‎ The supper is on the table. (晚饭在桌子上)‎ 总结:不加THE的情况通常指的是享受该场所所提供的特定功能。如go to hospital是(病人)去住院的意思,而加了THE就只是进入医院里(可以是看望病人,也可以在医院上班,就像医生)。‎ ‎6.例外:比如到戏院去看戏,虽然是戏院的本意,但是仍然要加 the,从而说成 go to the theatre(去看戏),go to the cinema(去看电影),go to the movies(去看电影)。‎ ‎7.Spring 当讨论具体季节、日期和中国传统节日时常用定冠词,否则不加冠词。‎ I don’t like the spring of Beijing.‎ The Mid-Autumn Festival,the Spring Festival and the Lantern Festival are three important traditional Chinese festivals.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【实战演练】‎ 冠词填空:‎ These cakes are tasty.Would you like third one?‎ This is most useful book for English learners.‎ 用any/any other 填空并改错:‎ She is taller than boy in her class. ‎ She is taller than girl in her class. ‎ ‎【答案】1.a ;2.a ; 3. Any ; 4. any other.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 五、 冠词与名词融合 ‎ ‎ ‎【注意】‎ ‎1.要根据表达内容选用冠词:The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct.老虎正面临灭绝的危险。‎ 这里不能用a tiger,因为濒临灭绝的是整个虎类,而不是任何一支老虎。‎ ‎2.普通名词前使用冠词的类指用法 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎
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