专题14 语言与学习（话题解读）-备战2018年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练

专题14 语言与学习（话题解读）-备战2018年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练

专题14 语言与学习 ‎【话题解读】‎ ‎“语言与学习”是高中英语新课标24话题之一，也是高考常考的话题之一。本话题包括英美英语的差异、英语和文化、语言学习的困难和策略、语言和交际的态度、学习方法和学习策略等方面。这些话题与学生的日常学习密切相关，通过这些话题的学习和考查，可以让学生了解西方语言的特点及其语言背后的文化差异，研究学习方法和策略，激发学生学习外语的热情，促进他们的身心健康。‎ ‎【高考探究】‎ 近几年高考英语中本话题常以听力、阅读理解、完形填空和书面表达的形式来进行考查，例如2017年高考新课标卷1完形填空；2016年四川卷完形填空；2016年浙江卷阅读理解C、D两篇；2016年北京卷阅读理解A、D两篇；2016年江苏卷阅读理解A篇和天津卷阅读理解A篇；2015年天津卷阅读理解C篇；2014年新课标全国卷Ⅰ阅读理解D篇；2012年四川卷书面表达等。‎ ‎【参考词汇】‎ 重点单词 Ⅰ.写作必记单词 ‎1. absorb vt.吸收；理解；使全神贯注；吸引(注意)‎ ‎2. approach v. 接近；靠近；n.接近；方法；途径 ‎3. course n. 课程；过程 ‎4. difficulty n. 困难，困境 ‎5. explain vt.解释，说明→explanation n. 解释；讲解；说明 ‎6. express v. 表达；表示 ‎7. gradually adv.逐渐地→gradual adj.逐渐的 ‎8. master vt.精通，掌握；n.大师；主人 ‎9. overcome v. 克服，解决 ‎10. practice n. & v. 练习 ‎11. request v. & n. 请求；要求 Ⅱ.阅读识记单词 ‎12. accent n. 口音；腔调；重音 ‎13. accumulate vt.& vi.积累；积聚→accumulation n. 积累，积聚 ‎14. accurate adj.准确的，精确的→accurately adv.精确地，准确地→accuracy n. 精确，准确 ‎15. classify vt.分类 ‎16. consult v. 咨询 ‎17. correction n. 改正 ‎18. effective adj.有效的→effect n. 效果，作用 ‎19. dialect n. 方言，土语 ‎20. enlarge vt.扩大 ‎21. enrich vt.丰富 ‎22. excellent adj.极好的，优秀的→excellently adv.极好地；优秀地 ‎23. expression n. 表达；表示；表情；词语，措辞 ‎24. grasp vt.领会；掌握 ‎25. fluently adv.流利地 ‎26. frequently adj.频繁地→frequent adj.频繁的 ‎27. memorize v. 记忆 ‎28. pronunciation n. 发音→pronounce vt.& vi.发音 ‎29. recognize v. 辨认出；承认；识别 ‎30. scan vt.& vi.扫读；浏览 ‎31. sentence n. 句子 ‎32. shortcoming n. 缺点，短处 ‎33. shortly adv.不久；简单地，扼要地 ‎34. skim vt.& vi.跳读；略读 ‎35. spelling n. 拼写；拼法 ‎36. standard n. & adj.标准(的)‎ ‎37. straight adj.笔直的；正直的；adv.直接地；坦率地 ‎38. stress n. 重音 ‎39. term n. 术语；条目 ‎40. usage n. 使用；用法 ‎41. vocabulary n. 词汇 ‎42. wonderful adj.精彩的；了不起的 重点短语 ‎1. at present目前；现在 ‎2. attach importance to重视 ‎3. because of因为；由于 ‎4. come up提出；走近 ‎5. form the habit of养成……的习惯 ‎6. have a good command of精通 ‎7. have a good knowledge of通晓 ‎8. insist on坚持 ‎9. keep/bear...in mind记住……‎ ‎10. look up查阅；向上看 ‎11. make progress取得进步 ‎12. make full use of充分利用 ‎13. pick up(偶然)学得；拾起，捡起；接收 ‎14. put...to use使用……‎ ‎15. such as例如；像 ‎【典例剖析】‎ ‎ A scientist working at her lab bench and a sixmonthold baby playing with his food might seem to have little in common. After all，the scientist is engaged in serious research to uncover the very nature of the physical world，and the baby is，well，just playing...right？Perhaps，but some developmental psychologists(心理学家) have argued that this “play” is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.‎ Take a closer look at the baby playing at the table. Each time the bowl of rice is pushed over the table edge，it falls to the ground—and，in the process，it brings out important evidence about how physical objects interact(相互作用)：bowls of rice do not float in midair，but require support to remain stable. It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe；nor are they ever clearly taught it. Instead，babies may form an understanding of object support through repeated experiments and then build on this knowledge to learn even more about how objects interact. Though their ranges and tools differ，the baby’s investigation and the scientist’s experiment appear to share the same aim(to learn about the natural world)，overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world)，and logic (are my observations what I expected？). ‎ Some psychologists suggest that young children learn about more than just the physical ‎ world in this way—that they investigate human psychology and the rules of language using similar means.For example，it may only be through repeated experiments，evidence gathering，and finally overturning a theory，that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has，for example，unlike the child，Mommy actually doesn’t like Dove chocolate.‎ Viewing childhood development as a scientific investigation throws light on how children learn，but it also offers an inspiring look at science and scientists.Why do young children and scientists seem to be so much alike？Psychologists have suggested that science as an effort—the desire to explore，explain，and understand our world—is simply something that comes from our babyhood.Perhaps evolution(进化) provided human babies with curiosity and a natural drive to explain their worlds，and adult scientists simply make use of the same drive that served them as children.The same cognitive(认知的) systems that make young children feel good about figuring something out may have been adopted by adult scientists.As some psychologists put it，“It is not that children are little scientists but that scientists are big children.”‎ ‎50. According to some developmental psychologists， .‎ A. a baby’s play is nothing more than a game B. scientific research into babies’ games is possible C. the nature of babies’ play has been thoroughly investigated D. a baby’s play is somehow similar to a scientist’s experiment 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句中的“...but some developmental psychologists(心理学家) have argued that this ‘play’ is more like a scientific investigation than one might think.”可知，心理学家觉得孩子的玩耍和科学家的研究有共同之处，故选D。‎ ‎51. We learn from Paragraph 2 that .‎ A. scientists and babies seem to observe the world differently B. scientists and babies often interact with each other C. babies are born with the knowledge of object support D. babies seem to collect evidence just as scientists do 答案　D 解析　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句中的“...overall approach (gathering direct evidence from the world). ..”可知，孩子也会像科学家一样收集证据，故选D。‎ ‎52. Children may learn the rules of language by .‎ A. exploring the physical world B. investigating human psychology C. repeating their own experiments D. observing their parents’ behaviors 答案　C 解析　细节理解题。根据第三段第二句“For example，it may only be through repeated experiments，evidence gathering，and finally overturning a theory...”可知，孩子可以通过重复自己的实验来学习语言的规律，故选C。‎ ‎53. What is the main idea of the last paragraph?‎ A. The world may be more clearly explained through children’s play.‎ B. Studying babies’ play may lead to a better understanding of science.‎ C. Children may have greater ability to figure out things than scientists.‎ D. One’s drive for scientific research may become stronger as he grows.‎ 答案　B ‎54. What is the author’s tone when he discusses the connection between scientists’ research and babies’ play?‎ ‎ A. Convincing. B. Confused. ‎ C. Confident. D. Cautious.‎ 答案　D 解析　推理判断题。根据作者在文中的用词appear to和may来弱化绝对性的表达，和通过引用其他人的观点“Some psychologists suggest that...”可知，作者的语气是谨慎的。故选D。‎ 名师指津 ‎1. 抓住主旨大意，理清文章脉络 通过阅读文章可知，本文是一篇议论文。作者提出自己的观点：六个月大的婴儿不断把碗从桌子边上推下去的这个简单的游戏动作，其实包含着很深刻的道理，它与科学家做实验有很多相似之处。我们追求科学的态度其实源于我们的儿童时代。‎ 文章具体脉络如下：‎ ‎2. 总结解题规律，提高解题能力 理解好长难句有助于全面理解文章 在阅读理解中理解文章的长难句是关键，理解不了这些句子就很难理解文章的大意。下面我们分析一下这篇文章中的两个长难句。‎ 句子1：It is likely that babies are not born knowing the basic fact of the universe；nor are they ever clearly taught it.‎ 结构分析：这句话使用分号连接两个并列分句，前面的分句使用“It is likely that...”这个句型，还有knowing...作伴随状语，后面的分句是“nor＋倒装句”的结构。‎ 句意为：可能孩子不是天生就知道宇宙的基本事实，他们也没有被清楚的教过。‎ 句子2：For example，it may only be through repeated experiments，evidence gathering，and finally overturning a theory，that a baby will come to accept the idea that other people can have different views and desires from what he or she has.‎ 结构分析：这句话使用了强调句型，被强调部分是through repeated experiments，evidence gathering，and finally overturning a theory，这部分比较长，考生可能很难理解这个句式。主干部分中idea后面是同位语从句，from后面还有宾语从句。‎ 句意为：例如，它可能只是通过反复实验，收集证据，并最终推翻一个理论——一个婴儿会接受其他人可以和他/她有不同的意见和愿望的想法。‎