【英语】2019届二轮复习考点理清(八)—突破名词的单复数和构词法（8页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习考点理清(八)—突破名词的单复数和构词法（8页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习考点理清(八)—突破名词的单复数和构词法 ‎[锁定高频考点]‎ 一、语法填空中的常考点 ‎1．名词的复数形式 ‎①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that/which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause)．‎ ‎②(2018·浙江高考)Making Chinese dishes (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.‎ ‎③(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She has turned down several invitations (invitation) to star at shows in order to concentrate on her studies.‎ ‎④(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few days (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum — she never suspects.‎ ‎⑤(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent studies (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.‎ ‎⑥(2015·全国卷Ⅰ)I'd skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River that/which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese paintings (painting)．‎ ‎2．派生出的名词 ‎⑦(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased pollution (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.‎ ‎⑧(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)My name is Mireya Mayor. I'm a scientist (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.‎ ‎⑨(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This development was only possible with the introduction (introduce) of electricpowered engines and lifts.‎ ‎⑩(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her education (educate)．‎ ‎⑪(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But for tourists like me, pandas are its top attraction (attract)．‎ ‎⑫(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Then, handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of achievement (achieve)．‎ ‎⑬(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)In addition to their simple beauty, what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability (able) to “air condition” a house without using electric equipment.‎ 二、短文改错中的常考点 ‎1．名词的单复数 ‎①(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.chicken→chickens ‎②(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.sort→sorts ‎③(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the word, “Speed up！”“Slow down！” “Turn left！”word→words ‎④(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.year→years ‎⑤(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)One day, little Tony went to a shopping center with his parent.parent→parents ‎⑥(2015·浙江高考)My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass.side→sides ‎ ‎⑦(2014·辽宁高考)We've called several time about Cleo's early morning barking.‎ time→times ‎2．不可数名词 ‎⑧(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.‎ informations→information ‎⑨(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.knowledges→knowledge ‎3．词性误用 ‎⑩(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.honest→honesty ‎4．名词作定语 ‎⑪(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)When I was little, Friday's night was our family game night.‎ Friday's→Friday ‎[考情聚焦]‎ 语法填空题对名词的考查主要包括名词的单复数和所有格，以及给出动词、形容词等提示词要求写出适当的名词形式。短文改错重点考查名词的单复数、不可数名词、名词与其他词类的词性转化等。解答有关名词的题目时，一定要注意名词前的修饰成分，如数词、量词、常修饰可数名词复数和不可数名词的词或短语等，判断其是需要可数名词单数形式、复数形式还是不可数名词；有的还要结合语境分析句子成分，判断是否需要作主语、宾语、表语或定语的名词。‎ ‎[强化解题知能]‎ ‎(一)根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式 ‎1．不定冠词a, an后用名词单数形式。‎ ‎2．有these, those, several, many, all, both等词修饰时名词用复数形式。‎ ‎3．名词前有one of 时用名词复数形式。‎ ‎(二)根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式 如果空格处作主语，且谓语动词是单数形式，则空格处应填名词单数形式；若谓语动词是复数形式，则空格处应填名词复数形式。‎ ‎(三)根据名词复数变化规则正确书写名词复数形式 ‎1．规则名词的6种复数变化形式 变化规则 例词 一般情况下 在词尾直接加s mouth→mouths 以s, x, ch，sh 结尾的名词 在词尾加es glass→glasses match→matches 以辅音字母＋y 结尾的名词 变y为i再加es country→countries factory→factories 以元音字母＋y 结尾的名词 在词尾直接＋s holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys 以o结尾的名词 一般在词尾加s photo→photos 有些在词尾加es potato→potatoes 以f, fe结尾的名词 一般要变f或fe为v＋es self→selves wolf→wolves 少数直接加s belief→beliefs ‎2.不规则名词的3种复数变化形式 变化规则 例词 单复数同形 deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft 变内部元音 foot→feet, tooth→teeth, ‎ ‎ man→men, woman→women 外来名词 medium→media　媒体 phenomenon→phenomena　现象 analysis→analyses　分析 ‎(四)牢记常见的不可数名词 一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。‎ 通常只用作不可数的名词有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, knowledge, bread, advice, progress, orange(橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work(工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word(消息), room(空间), man(人类)等。‎ ‎(五)运用构词法知识，掌握派生出来的名词 ‎1．动词变名词的后缀 后缀 例词 ‎ion/tion/‎ ‎sion/ation correct→correction　　改正 celebrate→celebration 庆祝；庆祝会 attract→attraction 吸引 graduate→graduation 毕业 conclude→conclusion 结论；结束 discuss→discussion 讨论；辩论 decide→decision 决定 admit→admission 接纳；准许入学 invite→invitation 邀请 explain→explanation 解释 expect→expectation 期望 ‎er/or drive→driver　　　　　 　司机；驾驶员 gather→gatherer 收集者；采集者 teach→teacher 老师 announce→announcer 广播员 conduct→conductor 指挥；售票员 ‎ment punish→punishment　　 　 惩罚 achieve→achievement 功绩；成就 argue→argument 辩论；论据 treat→treatment 对待；治疗 equip→equipment 装备；设备 govern→government 政府 ‎ance/‎ ‎ence appear→appearance　　　 出现；外貌 guide→guidance 指引；指导 perform→performance 表演；节目 exist→existence 存在；生存 prefer→preference 偏爱 refer→reference 参考；查阅 ‎ing hear→hearing　　　 听力；听觉 begin→beginning 开始 ‎ure/ture fail→failure　 失败；倒闭 press→pressure 压力 depart→departure 离开；出发 mix→mixture 混合；混合物 ‎y recover→recovery　　 恢复；痊愈 discover→discovery 发现 其他 choose→choice　　　　　 选择 vary→variety 多样化；种类 tend→tendency 趋向；趋势 ‎2.形容词变名词的后缀 后缀 例词 ‎age short→shortage　　　　　 不足；短缺 ‎cy efficient→efficiency　　　　 效率；功效 fluent→fluency 流利；流畅 accurate→accuracy 准确性 private→privacy 隐私；私密 ‎dom free→freedom　　　 　　　 自由；自主 wise→wisdom 明智；智慧 ‎ence different→difference　　　 差异 silent→silence 沉默 ‎ness weak→weakness　　 　　　 虚弱；弱点 kind→kindness 仁慈；好意 careless→carelessness 粗心大意 ‎th strong→strength　　　　　 力气；强项 warm→warmth 温暖；热情 ‎y/ty/ity honest→honesty　　 　　　 诚实 difficult→difficulty 困难 cruel→cruelty 残酷；残暴 safe→safety 安全 disable→disability 无能；伤残 responsible→responsibility 责任 ‎3.表示“人”的名词后缀 在某些形容词、名词或动词后面加后缀变成具有某种职业或动作的人。常见的表示“人”的后缀有：‎ 后缀 例词 ‎er clean→cleaner　　　 清洁工 report→reporter 记者 strange→stranger 陌生人 ‎or invent→inventor　　　　　 发明者 visit→visitor 游客 direct→director 导演 ‎ar lie→liar　　　　　 　 　　 说谎者 beg→beggar 乞讨者，乞丐 ‎ee employ→employee　　　　 雇员 interview→interviewee 参加面试者 train→trainee 受训者，学员 ‎ess host→hostess　　　　　　 女主人 act→actress 女演员 ‎ian music→musician　　 　 　 音乐家 politics→politician 政治家 history→historian 历史学家 ‎ist art→artist　　　　　 　　 艺术家 science→scientist 科学家 piano→pianist 钢琴家 ‎ant serve→servant　　　 　 　 仆人 participate→participant 参加者 assist→assistant 助手，图书管理员 ‎　　(六)根据作定语的性质区分名词作定语以及名词所有格作定语 ‎1．名词作定语往往说明其名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等；‎ cotton goods　　　　　　 　 棉织品 bus driver 公交车司机 Beijing University 北京大学 evening suit 晚礼服 weather forecast 天气预报 ‎2．名词所有格作定语往往表示所属关系。‎ the students' books 学生们的书 ‎[名师点津]　表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用's所有格 表示。‎ Beijing's parks 北京的公园 the factory's output 工厂的产量 ‎[课时跟踪检测]‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2019届高三·兰州模拟)English and math are usually such courses and often a history and a science (scientific) course are required too.‎ ‎2．(2019届高三·大庆模拟)Beijing Opera roles require performers to paint their faces in patterns and colors to represent different character types and qualities (quality)．‎ ‎3．(2019届高三·成都模拟)Nearly half of the high school graduates_(graduate) in America go on to college.‎ ‎4．(2018·福建师大附中5月模拟)Aiming to carry forward the spirit of peace, cooperation, openness and inclusiveness (包容) for shared benefits through concrete projects, the New Silk Road has already received a warm response from more than 60 countries and a number of international organizations (organization)．‎ ‎5．(2018·绵阳模拟)Her_willingness (willing) to stand up for justice has been an inspiration.‎ ‎6．(2018·双流中学模拟)The invention (invent) of parkour (跑酷) can't be given to one person because many people have worked on it.‎ ‎7．(2018·双流中学模拟)In this way, parkour allows one to deal with_difficulties (difficulty) in daily life if he or she deals with them through parkour.‎ ‎8．(2019届高三·佛山模拟)If you wake up to a fire, you may be blinded and confused about where you are or in which direction (direct) you should go.‎ ‎9．(2018·廊坊模拟)Perhaps you will be choosing classes, and taking part in other activities (activity)．‎ ‎10．(2018·南充模拟)However, in the beginning (begin)，only three colors were used — red, white, and black.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．(2019届高三·肇庆模拟)About one fourth of them choose teachers and parents as their ideal listener just because they have many experiences.listener→listeners ‎2．(2019届高三·银川模拟)Every year I spend my holidays in the countryside in my grandparents cottage. grandparents→grandparents'‎ ‎3．(2018·兰州一中考前冲刺)What's worse, the driver's informations might be unreliable.informations→information ‎4．(2018·福建师大附中5月模拟)When I was 12, I believed honest should always be rewarded.honest→honesty ‎5．(2018·昆明模拟)We finished off the day by going shopping, and they bought some paper cuts as souvenir.souvenir→souvenirs ‎6．(2019届高三·玉溪模拟)With his encourage, I decided to have a try. encourage→encouragement ‎7．(2018·六安模拟)Not only can doctors save people's life but also they are doing a respectable job.life→lives ‎8．(2018·临沂模拟)Seconds later, the noise of thunder broke the silent. silent→silence ‎9．(2018·闽侯模拟)To earn money for hundreds of new bike, Katie launched an online page, and finally raised enough money to pay for them._bike→bikes ‎10．(2018·益阳模拟)We can share everything about our life on it with our friend.‎ friend→friends