高考英语真题上海卷试题精讲含答案和每道题目详细解释

高考英语真题上海卷试题精讲含答案和每道题目详细解释

绝密★启用前 ‎2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试 英 语（上海卷）‎ 本试卷分第一卷（选择题）和第二卷（非选择题）两部分。共150分。考试时间120分钟。‎ 第一卷 注意事项：‎ ‎1. 答第一卷前，考生务必将自己的姓名、准考证号、考试科目用铅笔涂写在答题卡上。‎ ‎2. 每小题选出答案后，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。如需改动，用橡皮擦干净后，再选涂其他答案标号。不能答在试卷上。‎ ‎3. 考试结束，考生将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。‎ Part I. Listening Comprehension Section A Directions: In Section A, you will hear ten short conversations between two speakers. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.‎ ‎1. Where does the conversation most probably take place?‎ A. At a train station. B. At an airport.‎ C. At a travel agency. D. At a bus station.‎ ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】本题的选材属于“人际关系”类话题，属高考听力的高频话题。题目设置考查了对所获得的信息进行推理判断的能力。从“M: Don’t mention it. How was the flight?”可直接推断出。本题虽然很简单，但是还是需要考生对信息做一定的处理。 ‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ W: It’s nice of you to come here to pick me up, Mr. Smith.‎ M: Don’t mention it. How was the flight?‎ Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?‎ ‎【话题】人际关系 ‎【材料】短对话 ‎【题型】选择题 ‎2. How much is the service charge if the food costs 50 dollars?‎ A. $5 B. $10 C. $15 D. $50‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】本题的选材属于“购物”类话题。题目设置考查了对所获取信息进行推断的能力。根据“the service charge is 10%”可计算出如果消费50 dollars，则service charge应该为$5。这道题需要考生对所听到的信息做一下加工处理。‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ W: I wonder if there is a service charge for our meal.‎ M: I think so. The menu said the service charge is 10%.‎ Q: How much is the service charge if the food costs 50 dollars?‎ ‎【话题】购物 ‎【材料】短对话 ‎【题型】选择题 ‎3. What is the most probable relationship between the two speakers?‎ A. Receptionist and guest. B. Salesperson and customer.‎ C. Doctor and patient. D. Waiter and diner.‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】本题的选材属于“人际关系”类话题，属高考听力的高频话题。题目设置考查了对所获得的信息进行推理判断的能力。从两人的对话中可以推断他们一个是宾馆的接待员，一个是客人。根据对话内容很容易做出判断。‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ M: Here is your room key and the checkout time is 12 noon.‎ W: Thanks for reminding me. ‎ Q: What is the most probable relationship between the two speakers?‎ ‎【话题】人际关系 ‎【材料】短对话 ‎【题型】选择题 ‎4. How does the man feel?‎ A. Excited. B. Dissatisfied.‎ C. Bored. D. Exhausted.‎ ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】本题的选材属于“个人情感”类话题。题目设置考查了对信息进行推断的能力。从“M: Soon? How soon is soon?”可以推断男士对快递的速度非常失望。本题可以通过说话人的语气做出判断。‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ W: Sorry, sir. We are working on your order right now and we’ll be delivering it soon.‎ M: Soon? How soon is soon?‎ Q: How does the man feel?‎ ‎【话题】个人情感 ‎【材料】短对话 ‎【题型】选择题 ‎5. What does the woman mean?‎ A. Her hair has changed. ‎ B. She isn’t satisfied with her hair style.‎ C. She prefers to wear long hair.‎ D. The man has changed his hair style.‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】本题的选材属于“个人情感”类话题。题目设置考查了对信息进行推断的能力。从“M: Hi, Jane. It’s been ages. You haven’t changed a bit! W: Except for the hair!”可以推断女士的头发发生了变化。‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ M: Hi, Jane. It’s been ages. You haven’t changed a bit!‎ W: Except for the hair!‎ Q: What does the woman mean?‎ ‎【话题】个人情感 ‎【材料】短对话 ‎【题型】选择题 ‎6. What does the man mean?‎ A. It is too early to watch the Talent Show. B. He will go to bed in five minutes.‎ C. He would rather watch TV than go to bed. D. He is old enough to stay up.‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】本题的选材属于“日常活动”类话题，属高考听力的高频话题。题目设置考查了对获取的事实信息进行简单推断的能力。从“M: But mom, the talent show is starting in 5 minutes.”可以推断Mathew希望能够看talent show，所以不想上床睡觉。‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ Q: What does the woman mean?‎ W: OK, Mathew. Time for bed.‎ M: But mom, the talent show is starting in 5 minutes.‎ Q: What does the man mean?‎ ‎【话题】日常活动 ‎【材料】短对话 ‎【题型】选择题 ‎7. What can we learn about Jenny?‎ A. She has got everything ready. B. She never hesitates over what to take.‎ C. She hates packing by herself. D. She needs more time for packing.‎ ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】本题的选材属于“个人情感”类话题。题目设置考查了对信息进行推断的能力。从“W: I’m still deciding what to take with me.”可以推断Jenny还需要时间收拾东西。考生需要根据Jenny的话进行推理，从而判断出正确答案。‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ M: Hi, Jenny. How are you getting on with your packing?‎ W: I’m still deciding what to take with me.‎ Q: What can we learn about Jenny?‎ ‎【话题】个人情感 ‎【材料】短对话 ‎【题型】选择题 ‎8. What does the woman mean?‎ A. They should wait for John for a while. B. They should stay here for the night.‎ C. They should start the meeting right away. D. They should call John at once.‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】本题的选材属于“个人情感”类话题。题目设置考查了对信息进行推断的能力。从“W: If we wait for John. We might be here all night.”可以推断女士并不赞成等John的提议，所以她的意思是尽快开始会议，不等John。‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ M: Everybody is here except John. Shall we start the meeting?‎ W: If we wait for John. We might be here all night.‎ Q: What does the woman mean?‎ ‎【话题】个人情感 ‎【材料】短对话 ‎【题型】选择题 ‎9. What can we learn about the woman?‎ A. She is unwilling to move into a new flat. B. Her neighbors get along well with her.‎ C. She can’t tell the man why she is moving. D. Her neighbors usually play their TV loud.‎ ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】本题的选材属于“个人情感”类话题。题目设置考查了对信息进行推断的能力。从“W: I can’t tell you how happy I am. I won’t have to listen to my neighbor’s TV.”可以看出女士对搬家非常高兴，因为再也不用听邻居的电视声了。从而可以推断邻居的电视声音可能总是开得很大。‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ M: I’m glad you are finally moving.‎ W: I can’t tell you how happy I am. I won’t have to listen to my neighbor’s TV.‎ Q: What can we learn about the woman?‎ ‎【话题】个人情感 ‎【材料】短对话 ‎【题型】选择题 ‎10. What will the speakers probably do?‎ A. Ask for directions. B. Try a different route.‎ C. Go back for the map. D. Cancel their trip.‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】本题的选材属于“日常活动”类话题，属高考听力的高频话题。题目设置考查了对获取的事实信息进行简单推断的能力。从“W: Well, since we haven’t gone very far. We might as well just turn around.”可知他们并没有走远，所以可以回去取地图。从而判断答案为C。‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ M: Oh, we left our road map at home.‎ W: Well, since we haven’t gone very far. We might as well just turn around.‎ Q: What will the speakers probably do?‎ ‎【话题】日常活动 ‎【材料】短对话 ‎【题型】选择题 Section B Directions: In Section B, you will hear two short passages, and you will be asked to questions on each of the passages. The passages will be read twice, but the questions will be spoken only once. When you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the blest answer to the question you have heard.‎ Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.‎ ‎11. What do the member states of the Common Wealth have in common?‎ A. A political system. B. Religion.‎ C. Working language. D. Race.‎ ‎12. What do people do on Common Wealth Day according to the passage?‎ A. Discuss current issues. B. Join in a writing competition.‎ C. Attend an arts and crafts competition. D. Celebrate their friendship.‎ ‎13. What is the passage mainly about?‎ A. The Commonwealth Games. B. An important holiday.‎ C. The Commonwealth members. D. An international association.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎11.C 12.D 13.D ‎【解析】‎ ‎11. 本题的选材属于“社会”类话题。题目设置考查了获取事实信息的能力。从“The member states all use English as a common working language”可直接得出答案。‎ ‎12. 本题的选材属于“社会”类话题。题目设置考查了获取事实信息的能力。从“Common Wealth Day is held…Common Wealth’s citizens, particularly children, have a chance to celebrate their friendship.”可知在Common Wealth Day这天，人们主要是庆祝他们之间的友谊。 ‎ ‎13. 本题的选材属于“社会”类话题。题目设置考查了理解主旨和要义的能力。全文都是围绕着Common Wealth这个国际组织在进行，所以可以判断答案为D。其他几个选项都是有关Common Wealth的某一方面的内容。考生答题时一定要综合全面，避免被误导。‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ The Common Wealth is a group of 54 countries. The member states all use English as a common working language and have similar legal and education systems, but represent nearly every religion, race and political system on the planet. The Common Wealth is active in a huge number of areas such as health and economics. The heads of government meeting is held every two years where the leaders of the member states get together to discuss current issues. Common Wealth Day is held in the second week of March every year when Common Wealth’s citizens, particularly children, have a chance to celebrate their friendship. The Common Wealth also holds sporting and arts events. There is an annual writer’s price and a yearly arts and crafts competition. Perhaps the most well-known event sponsored by organization is the Common Wealth games, which is held every four years in one of the member countries. The games have gained another name, the friendly games because of their reputation for good-natured competitiveness.‎ Questions:‎ ‎11. What do the member states of the Common Wealth have in common?‎ ‎12. What do people do on Common Wealth Day according to the passage?‎ ‎13. What is the passage mainly about?‎ ‎【话题】社会 ‎【材料】独白 ‎【题型】选择题 Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following news.‎ ‎14. Which of the following is regarded as the most important at Harvard?‎ A. Equipping students with knowledge. B. Qualifying students for certain jobs.‎ C. Developing students’ habits of mind. D. Helping students to go to graduate school.‎ ‎15. Which quality mentioned below can be cultivated both inside and outside the classroom?‎ A. The ability to have critical analysis. B. Creative use of leisure time. ‎ C. Logical use of information. D. Willingness to accept uncertainty.‎ ‎16. What is the speech mainly about?‎ A. Goals to reach in a college education.‎ B. Roles of knowledge in students’ growth.‎ C. Qualifications needed for a job. ‎ D. Importance of after-class activities.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎14.C 15.B 16.A ‎【解析】‎ ‎14. 本题的选材属于“学校生活”类话题。题目设置考查了获取事实信息的能力。从“...Among these things are certain habits of mind,…”可知正确答案为C。‎ ‎15. 本题的选材属于“学校生活”类话题。题目设置考查了获取事实信息的能力。从“a college education should try to lay a foundation for the creative use of leisure time which can be cultivated in the classroom. Yet, the cultivation of this ability will also occur outside of the classroom.”可知the creative use of leisure time的习惯在课内外都可以培养。‎ ‎16. 本题的选材属于“学校生活”类话题。题目设置考查了理解主旨和要义的能力。本文的主要目的在于申明大学教育的最终目的，所以正确答案为A。‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ There is a popular belief that a college education is something to be endured in order to become qualified to obtain certain kinds of jobs or to go to graduate school. This is not what we are trying to do at Harvard. The most obvious goal of a college educationer is to give knowledge, but it is far from the most important. Remarkably few of the facts you learn here will remain in your memory for many years, and some of those that do might be proved false by new knowledge. At Harvard, we have looked to other things we can give that will last a little longer. Among these things are certain habits of mind, such as the ability to have more critical analysis, to make more accurate and logical use of information and so forth. In addition to these habits of thought, it is our hope that we can help you develop certain attitudes of mind like a willingness to accept uncertainty and ‎ the lack of definite truth. Beyond providing these qualities, a college education should try to lay a foundation for the creative use of leisure time which can be cultivated in the classroom. Yet, the cultivation of this ability will also occur outside of the classroom, for example, on sports fields, in music rooms, and so on.‎ Question:‎ ‎14. Which of the following is regarded as the most important at Harvard?‎ ‎15. Which quality mentioned below can be cultivated both inside and outside the classroom?‎ ‎16. What is the speech mainly about?‎ ‎【话题】学校生活 ‎【材料】独白 ‎【题型】选择题 Section C Directions: In Section C, you will hear two longer conversations. The conversations will be read twice. After you hear each conversation, you are required to fill in the numbered blanks with the information you have heard. Write your answers on your answer sheet.‎ Blanks 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.‎ Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.‎ Complaint Form Caller: Mary White Phone No.: 17 .‎ Location of Problem: A 18 restaurant , 449 Shanghai Street Details: It dumps its 19 on the street.‎ ‎ It doesn’t put bottles and cans in 20 bins.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎17. 655038 18. seafood 19. rubbish 20.recycling ‎【解析】‎ ‎17. 本题的选材属于“日常活动”类话题。题目设置考查了记录获取信息的能力。从“M: My phone number is 655038.”可知正确答案为“655038”。‎ ‎18. 本题的选材属于“日常活动”类话题。题目设置考查了记录获取信息的能力。从“...I want ‎ to complain about a sea food restaurant.”直接可得。‎ ‎19. 本题的选材属于“日常活动”类话题。题目设置考查了记录获取信息的能力。从“First, the restaurant dumps its rubbish on the street…”可知正确答案为“rubbish”。‎ ‎20. 本题的选材属于“日常活动”类话题。题目设置考查了记录获取信息的能力。从“M: The restaurant doesn’t put bottles and cans in recycling bins.”可知应填“recycling”。‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ W: Good morning! Green Sense. Can I help you?‎ M: Hello, my name is Mary White and I want to complain about a sea food restaurant.‎ W: OK, can I take down your telephone number?‎ M: My phone number is 655038.‎ W: Good! So what would you like to complain about?‎ M: Actually two things. First, the restaurant dumps its rubbish on the street and you can imagine what that attracts—rats!‎ W: Right! I’ve got that! And the second problem?‎ M: The restaurant doesn’t put bottles and cans in recycling bins. It’s not responsible.‎ W: Got it! What’s the address of the sea food restaurant?‎ M: It’s 449 Shanghai Street.‎ W: OK! We’ll look into it and call you back.‎ M: Thank you. Goodbye!‎ Complete the form. Write ONE WORD for each answer.‎ ‎【话题】日常活动 ‎【材料】长对话 ‎【题型】选择题 Blanks 21 through 24 are based on the following conversation.‎ Complete the form. Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.‎ How long does short memory last?‎ It lasts only 21 .‎ What is an example of medium term memory?‎ Buying bread, a sort of 22 of things to do.‎ What is long term memory concerned with?‎ ‎ 23 that happen in your life such as ‎ your wedding.‎ How is long term memory different from the others?‎ It 24 .‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎21. a few seconds 22.a shopping list ‎ ‎23. Major events 24.is permanent ‎【解析】‎ ‎21. 本题的选材属于“科普知识”类话题。题目设置考查了记录获取信息的能力。从“M: They say that short term memory lasts only a few seconds.”可知应填“a few seconds”。‎ ‎22. 本题的选材属于“科普知识”类话题。题目设置考查了记录获取信息的能力。从“W: Like a sort of a shopping list of things to do?”可知应填“a shopping list”。‎ ‎23. 本题的选材属于“科普知识”类话题。题目设置考查了记录获取信息的能力。从“M: Eh…then long-term memory. They are talking about the major events that happen in your life such as your wedding.”可知应填“Major events”。‎ ‎24. 本题的选材属于“科普知识”类话题。题目设置考查了记录获取信息的能力。从“M: Yeah…I suppose so. Permanent memory.”可推断long term memory is permanent。‎ ‎【听力材料】‎ W: What’s the article about?‎ M: It’s basically about memory. And it says you’ve got three memories: short term, medium term and long term.‎ W: Um…‎ M: They say that short term memory lasts only a few seconds. So you just sort of read something and you remember the beginning of the sentence just until you get to the end of the sentence.‎ W: Um…‎ M: And then medium term memory. The example they give is something like trying to remember that you’ve got to buy bread.‎ W: Like a sort of a shopping list of things to do?‎ M: Yeah! After you buy bread, you don’t need to store that memory. So it’s erased.‎ W: Just sort of a day-to-day management.‎ M: Eh…then long-term memory. They are talking about the major events that happen in your life ‎ such as your wedding.‎ W: And you never forget them.‎ M: Yeah…I suppose so. Permanent memory.‎ ‎【话题】科普知识与现代技术 ‎【材料】长对话 ‎【题型】选择题 Part II. Grammar and Vocabulary Section A Directions: Beneath each of the following sentences there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one answer that best completes the sentence.‎ ‎25. Graduation is a good time to thank those who have helped you ____ the tough years.‎ A. through B. up C. with D. from ‎【答案】A ‎【考点】本题考查介词的搭配。‎ ‎【解析】through the tough years表示经历了苦难的岁月。‎ ‎26. To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered ____.‎ A. the other B. other C. the others D. another ‎【答案】D ‎【考点】本题考查不定代词的辨析。‎ ‎【解析】句意：他为了保持清醒，喝完一杯咖啡后，又要了一杯。两个中的另一个是the other, 不定数目中的另一个是another。A为干扰项。‎ ‎27. It’s no use ____ without taking action.‎ A. complain B. complaining C. being complained D. to be complained ‎【答案】B ‎【考点】本题考查it的固定句型。‎ ‎【解析】it’s no use doing sth. 做某事是白费力气的，并且这里是主动。‎ ‎28. I ____ worry about my weekend—I always have my plans ready before it comes.‎ A. can’t B. mustn’t C. daren’t D. needn’t ‎【答案】D ‎【考点】本题考查情态动词的辨析。‎ ‎【解析】句意：我没有必要担心我的周末，在周末到来之前我总是会事先做好计划。Needn’t do sth.没必要做某事。‎ ‎29. When Mom looked back on the early days of their marriage, she wondered how they had managed with ____ money.‎ A. so few B. such few C. so little D. such little ‎【答案】C ‎【考点】本题考查such, so的辨析。‎ ‎【解析】本题考查so和such，难点在于它们后面如果是不可数名词时，such+形容词+不可数名词，so+形容词+不可数名词，两种结构完全一样，区别就看形容词是什么。如果该结构中的形容词是表示数量多少的many, much, few, little则用so；但是，当little翻译成小的时候，用such, such little children这么小的孩子，so little money这么少的钱。‎ ‎30. It doesn’t matter if they want to come to your party, ____?‎ A. doesn’t it B. does it C. don’t they D. do they ‎【答案】B ‎【考点】本题考查反义疑问句。‎ ‎【解析】当陈述部分为主从复合句时，附加疑问句部分一般应与主句的主语和谓语保持相应的关系。‎ ‎31. After getting lost in a storm, a member of the navy team ____ four days later.‎ A. rescued B. was rescued C. has rescued D. had been rescued ‎【答案】B ‎【考点】本题考查一般过去时和被动语态。‎ ‎【解析】句意：海军中的一员在四天后被救了。句意为被动关系，所以可以排除A、C，而题目没有表达与过去的某一时间进行比较，即不存在过去的过去，这里只是对过去的事作一个描述。‎ ‎32. The rare fish, ____ from the cooking pot, has been returned to the sea.‎ A. saved B. saving C. to be saved D. having saved ‎【答案】A ‎【考点】本题考查非谓语作定语的用法。‎ ‎【解析】非谓语作为高考三巨头（非谓语、复合句、时态综合）每年都不缺席。在本题中，“鱼”和“救”是被动关系，并且明显已经被救出来了。‎ ‎33. At one point I made up my mind to talk to Uncle Sam. Then I changed my mind, ____ that he could do nothing to help.‎ A. to realize B. realized C. realizing D. being realized ‎【答案】C ‎【考点】本题考查非谓语作状语的用法。‎ ‎【解析】“我”和“认识”是主动的关系，排除A、D，而A表达的是将来，这里明显不是将来。句意为：当我发现他帮不上忙时，我就改变了我的主意。‎ ‎34. Did you predict that many students ____ up for the dance competition?‎ A. would sign B. signed C. have signed D. had signed ‎【答案】A ‎【考点】本题考查宾语从句。‎ ‎【解析】主句是过去时，从句要使用过去的一种时态，根据题意：你预测到了会有那么多的学生报舞蹈考试吗？是过去某一时刻对将来的预测，所以，使用过去将来时就没有什么好疑惑的了。‎ ‎35. There is clear evidence ____ the most difficult feeling of all to interpret is bodily pain.‎ A. what B. if C. how D. that ‎【答案】D ‎【考点】本题考查同位语从句。‎ ‎【解析】只要看看从句部分就可以发现它什么成分都不缺失，而在同位语从句中that只起到衔接的作用，不在从句中担当成分，所以，选择D就不难理解了。‎ ‎36. If a lot of people say a film is not good, I won’t bother to see it, or I’ll wait ____ it comes out on DVD.‎ A. whether B. after C. though D. until ‎【答案】D ‎【考点】本题考查连词的辨析。‎ ‎【解析】句意：如果很多人说这部电影不好看，我也懒得去看了，或者我等到出了DVD再看。Until含义为“直到”。‎ ‎37. The police officers in our city work hard ____ the rest of us can live a safe life.‎ A. in case B. as if C. in order that D. only if ‎【答案】C ‎【考点】本题考查目的状语从句。‎ ‎【解析】句意：警察努力工作是为了让我们过上安全的生活。In order that含义为“为了”。‎ ‎38. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of ____ others actually understand.‎ A. why B. that C. which D. what ‎【答案】D ‎【考点】本题考查宾语从句。‎ ‎【解析】本题of后缺少名词，other前缺少连接词，只有what能替代两个成分，所以选D。‎ ‎39. You’ll find taxis waiting at the bus station ____ you can hire to reach your host family.‎ A. which B. where C. when D. as ‎【答案】A ‎【考点】本题考查定语从句的关系代词。‎ ‎【解析】从句中hire缺少宾语，所以只能选A。‎ ‎40. Today we have chat rooms, text messaging, emailing… but we seem ____ the art of communicating face-to-face.‎ A. losing B. to be losing ‎ C. to be lost D. having lost ‎【答案】B ‎【考点】本题考查系动词的搭配和现在进行时。‎ ‎【解析】句意为：现今人们聊天室、短信、电子邮箱，但是我们好像正在丢失面对面交流的艺术。Seem to do sth是固定搭配，be doing表示正在发生。‎ Section B Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.‎ A. launched B. unpleasant C. applying D. technically E. impact F. coating G. fixed H. miraculously I. superior J. advances How would you like to wear the same underwear (内衣裤) for weeks? Owing to the work that has gone into developing intelligent materials, this may not be as 41 as it sounds.‎ ‎ Self-cleaning clothes have now been created, and these new materials provide 42 resistance to dirt as well as water. As a result, they require much less cleaning than traditional materials.‎ The creation of self-cleaning clothes provides an example of how nature helps scientists develop better products. This self-cleaning nature is known as the “lotus effect”. The name comes, of course, from the lotus leaves, which are famous for growing in muddy lakes and rivers while remaining almost 43 clean. By observing nature, scientists are 44 the qualities of the lotus leaves to the materials they have engineered. Because of this, some remarkable new products have been 45 . Among them are special windows that are resistant to dirt and water. A special 46 on these windows not only prevents dirt from sticking to their surfaces, but also allows dust to be easily washed off by the rain. In fact, these new windows have already been 47 to some cars. Even when traveling at high speed through rain, these cars never have to use their windshield wipers (雨刮器).‎ Although we have already seen some practical applications, even more dramatic 48 will be made in the future, and they will, perhaps, change our world completely. Undoubtedly, technology is an important development, and it will have an even bigger 49 on our lives.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎41-45 BIHCA 46-49 FGJE ‎ Part III. Reading Comprehension Section A Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.‎ Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 50 , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 51 the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business— 52 that the customer remains a customer.‎ ‎ 53 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing 54 , this is not surprising.‎ ‎ What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.‎ Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the 55 implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big 56 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to 57 increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.‎ In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 58 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 59 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).‎ The logic behind cultivating customer 60 is impossible to deny. “In practice most companies’ marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 61 them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profits. 62 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 63 , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 64 for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.‎ ‎50. A. in particular B. in reality C. at least D. first of all ‎51. A. emphasize B. doubt C. overlook D. believe ‎52. A. denying B. ensuring C. arguing D. proving ‎53. A. Moving B. Hoping C. Starting D. Failing ‎54. A. markets B. tastes C. prices D. expenses ‎55. A. culture B. social C. financial D. economical ‎56. A. promise B. plan C. mistake D. difference ‎57. A. cost B. opportunity C. profit D. budget ‎58. A. as a result B. on the whole C. in conclusion D. on the contrary ‎59. A. huge B. potential C. extra D. reasonable ‎60. A. beliefs B. loyalty C. habits D. interest ‎61. A. altering B. understanding C. keeping D. attracting ‎62. A. Assumed B. Respected C. Established D. Unexpected ‎63. A. agreeable B. flexible C. friendly D. sensitive ‎64. A. unfair B. difficult C. essential D. convenient ‎【答案】‎ ‎50. B 51. C 52. B 53. D 54. A ‎ ‎55. C 56. D 57. C 58. A 59. B ‎60. B 61. C 62. C 63. D 64. B ‎ ‎【语篇解读】 本文是一篇社会文化类的议论文，主要议论如果不能挽留公司顾客给公司带来的影响，以及稳定公司顾客会给公司带来的好处。‎ ‎【解析】‎ ‎50. 本题考查上下文连接及词组。in particular指尤其；in reality指事实上；at least指至少；first of all指首先。此处联系上下文后确定语句意思为：在事实上，这句睿智的话总是被人所遗忘，所以正确答案为B。‎ ‎51. 本题考查动词及篇章理解。emphasize指强调；doubt指怀疑；overlook指忽视；believe指相信。根据上下文，此处句意为：一旦公司吸引了顾客，公司就会忽视持续吸引顾客的手段，从而忽视了事情的后续，所以正确答案为C。‎ ‎52. 本题考查篇章理解以及动词。deny指否认；ensure指确保；argue指辩论；prove指证明。这四个词皆为动词，根据逻辑，可以判断出此处指的是管理阶层会忘记商业的无聊一面——确保顾客会一直忠实于公司，所以正确答案为B。‎ ‎53. 本题考查语句理解和动名词做主语。动名词作为主语，可以引导一句句子。此处要充分理解句子的原意，句中cost在此处不作名词，而是动词，指导致某人/事损失；move to指移动到某处；hope to希望做某事；start to指开始做某事；fail to指不能做某事。综合语句意思，可以得出本句意思为：公司不重视留住已有的顾客，从而导致公司每年损失大量资金，选D。‎ ‎54. 本题考查逻辑以及名词tastes品味；prices价格；expenses费用；均不能与介词in连接，所以正确答案为A，markets。‎ ‎55. 本题考查形容词及上下文理解。此处需要形容词来修饰名词implication，所以排除A选项culture。Social指社会的；financial指经济上的；economical指实惠的。本段都是在议论顾客对公司的经济影响，所以正确答案为C。‎ ‎56. 本题考查短语以及逻辑。make promise指许下承诺；make plan制定计划；make ‎ mistake指犯错；make difference指使某事改善。这句话的意思是，减少公司的客户量流失可以让公司业绩改善，所以正确答案为D。‎ ‎57. 本题考查形容词。cost指花费；opportunity指机会；profit指利润；budget预算。此处的原意是：根据美国调查证明，减少百分之五的顾客流失量就会使公司的利润增加百分之二十五到百分之八十，所以正确答案为C。‎ ‎58. 本题考查词组以及逻辑。as a result指因此；on the whole指整体上；in conclusion指总结；on the contrary指相反。此处根据句子逻辑，可以推导出句子的原意为：那些第一次上门的顾客接受的服务不如人意，因此再也不会上门，所以正确答案为A。‎ ‎59. 本题考查形容词和逻辑。huge指巨大；potential指潜在的；extra指额外的；reasonable指合情合理的。根据逻辑推导，此处的意思为：那些第一次上门接受到的服务就不如人意的顾客，再也不会上门，而这将导致公司损失上万的潜在利润，所以正确答案为B。‎ ‎60. 本题考查短语搭配。beliefs指信仰；loyalty指忠诚；habit指习惯；interest指兴趣。而和customer搭配时，customer loyalty是专业的商业用语，指顾客对公司的忠诚度，所以正确答案为B。‎ ‎61. 本题考查动词和逻辑。alter指改变；understand指理解；keep指保持；attracting指吸引。此处根据语句意思，前文中也出现过这个短语，所以正确答案为B。‎ ‎62. 本题考查形容词和逻辑。assumed指假定的；respected指受尊重的；unexpected指意外的。这三项均不合符句子意思，established指已确定的，句子意思：公司的固定顾客会购买的更多，所以正确答案为C。‎ ‎63. 本题考查形容词。此处空格处的形容词是修饰名词price，agreeable指宜人的；flexible指灵活的；friendly友好的；sensitive指敏感。此处的意思是：此外，固定顾客对公司的产品价格也没有那么敏感，所以正确答案为D。‎ ‎64. 本题考查短语搭配和上下文联系。makes it +形容词是固定短语，指使某人某事变得如何。Unfair指不公平；difficult指很难；essential指必需；convenient指方便。根据句子意思，选择B，句子意思为：稳定公司的顾客同时也可以使得竞争者很难进入市场，或者增加自己的市场份额。‎ ‎【体裁】 记叙文 ‎【话题】 社会文化（社会生活）‎ ‎【题型】 客观题 ‎【难度】 ‎ 本篇阅读理解较难，要充分理解短文意思，就要明白短文中频频出现的短语意思，以及各种难句，并对短文的意思有总体的把握。‎ Section B Directions: Read the following three passages. Each passage is followed by several questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that fits best according to the information given in the passage you have just read.‎ A The teacher who did the most to encourage me was, as it happened, my aunt. She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the wife of my mother’s brother Bill. She taught in second grade at all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.‎ During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what was considered practical or possible for black females. I liked to sing; she listened to my voice and pronounced it good. I couldn’t dance; she taught me the basic dancing steps. She took me to the theatre not just children’s theatre but adult comedies and dramas—and her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.‎ My aunt also took down books from her extensive library and shared them with me. I had books at home, but they were all serious classics. Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor, and I’ll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis’s Archy & Mehitabel through her.‎ Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided my first opportunity to write for publication. A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to the editor as a “youth columnist”. My column, begun when I was fourteen, was supposed to cover teenage social activities—and it did—but it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation from college six years later, a solid collection of published material that carried my name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs.‎ Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her “favorite niece”. Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted (多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil who has crossed her path.‎ ‎【语篇解读】本文是一篇人物故事类的记叙文。主要介绍了作者生命中一个重要的老师——她的舅妈Aunt Myrtle。作为一名出色的教师，Myrtle善于引导学生发现自身潜力，并在发展爱好和兴趣的同时给予学生们信心。‎ ‎65. Which of the following did Aunt Myrtle do to the author during her childhood and youth?‎ A. She lent her some serious classics.‎ B. She cultivated her taste for music.‎ C. She discovered her talent for dancing.‎ D. She introduced her to adult plays.‎ ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】本题属于细节理解类事实细节题。文章第二段最后一句话提到：“She took me to the theatre not just children’s theatre but adult comedies and dramas.”可以知道Aunt Myrtle不仅带作者去看儿童剧同时也去看成人剧，故D选项正确。文章中第三段第二句话说：“I had books at home, but they were all serious classics.”可知古典文学书籍并不是Aunt Myrtle借给作者的，故A选项错误。文章中第二段第二句说：“I liked to sing; she listened to my voice and pronounced it good.”说明作者本身就擅长唱歌，故B选项错误。文章中第二段第三句话提到：“I couldn’t dance; she taught me the basic dancing steps.”可知Myrtle并没有去发掘了作者的跳舞天赋，而是教授作者一些基本的舞步来筑起作者的自信心。故C选项错误。‎ ‎66. What does Archy and Mehitabel in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?‎ A. A book of great fun. B. A writer of high fame.‎ C. A serious masterpiece. D. A heartbreaking play.‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】本题属于推理判断类深层推理题。文章中第三段最后一句话提到：“Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor,”以及上文关于书籍的描述可知，作者喜欢有趣的书籍，而题目中所问的部分是斜体字，故推测出是可以带来“joy”的书籍。故选择A选项。‎ ‎67. Aunt Myrtle recommended the author to a newspaper editor mainly to ________.‎ A. develop her capabilities for writing B. give her a chance to collect material C. involve her in teenage social activities D. offer her a series of writing jobs ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】本题属于细节理解类语义转换题。文章中第四段中提到：“it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines…a solid collection of published material that carried my name and was my ‎ passport to a series of writing jobs”可知Aunt Mrytle将作者推荐给报刊编辑的主要目的也是为了发掘作者自身的写作潜力。‎ ‎68. We can conclude from the passage that Aunt Myrtle was a teacher who ________.‎ A. trained pupils to be diligent and well-disciplined B. gave pupils confidence in exploiting their potential C. emphasized what was practical or possible for pupils.‎ D. helped pupils overcome difficulties in learning ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】本题属于推理判断类结论推理题。文章最后一段最后一句话说：“Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted (多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil who has crossed her path.” 可以知道Aunt Myrtle在教学过程中善于发现和挖掘每一个学生的潜力。作者以自己的亲身经历为例，讲述了Myrtle肯定学生的长处，同时帮助学生化短处为长处的可贵品质。故选择B选项。‎ ‎【体裁】记叙文 ‎【话题】人物故事类 B Humpback whales are sometimes called performers of the ocean. This is because they can make impressive movements when they dive. The name “humpback”, which is the common name for this whale, refers to the typical curve shape the whale’s back forms as it dives.‎ Sometimes the humpback will dive with a fantastic movement, known as a breach. During breaching the whale uses its powerful tail flukes to lift nearly two-thirds of its body out of the water in a giant leap. A breach might also include a sideways twist with fins stretched out like wings, as the whale reaches the height of the breach.‎ Quick Facts A humpback whale breathes air at the surface of the water through two blowholes which are located near the top of the head. It blows a double stream of water that can rise up to 4 meters above the water.‎ The humpback has a small dorsal fin located towards the tail flukes about two-thirds of the way down its back. Other distinguishing features include large pectoral fins, which may be up to a third of the body length, and unique black and white spots on the underside of the tail flukes. These markings are like fingerprints: no two are the same.‎ Humpback whales live in large groups. They communicate with each other through complex “songs”.‎ Size:‎ ‎14m‎~‎18m in length ‎30~50 tons in weight Living ‎ Open ocean and shallow coastline waters Environment:‎ From warm tropical (热带的) waters, where they breed, to cold polar waters, where they eat.‎ Diet:‎ Shellfish, plants and fish of small size Hunting:‎ Sometimes in groups, in which several whales form a circle under the water, blowing bubbles that ‎ form a “net” around a school of fish. The fish are then forced up to the surface in a concentrated mass.‎ Current state:‎ Endangered; it is estimated that there are about 5000~7000 humpback whales worldwide.‎ ‎【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普知识类的说明文。文章主要讲述了座头鲸名字的由来以及它的生活习性等情况。‎ ‎69. According to Quick Facts, a humpback whale ________.‎ A. cannot survive in waters near the shore B. doesn’t live in the same waters all the time C. lives mainly on underwater plants D. prefers to work alone when hunting food ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】本题属于细节理解类事实细节题。从Quick Facts中的living中可以得知：“Open ocean and shallow coastline waters,”所以选项A错误。从environment中可知：“From warm tropical (热带的) waters, where they breed, to cold polar waters, where they eat.”所以选项B是正确的。从Diet中可知，座头鲸吃“Shellfish, plants and fish of small size”，所以C选项错误。从Hunting中可知座头鲸也时常会集体捕食，所以D选项错误。‎ ‎70. To make a breach, a humpback whale must ________.‎ A. use its tail flukes to leap out of the water B. twist its body sideways to jump high.‎ C. blow two streams of water D. communicate with a group of humpbacks.‎ ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】本题属于细节理解类利用上下文内容理解词义题。文章中第二段中描写座头鲸breaching的过程时说：“During breaching the whale uses its powerful tail flukes to lift nearly two-thirds of its body out of the water in a giant leap. A breach might also include a sideways twist with fins stretched out like wings, as the whale reaches the height of the breach.”意思是座头鲸在跳跃时会用自己强有力的尾叶将自己三分之二的身体甩出水面。还会像海豚跃出水面那样，将自己的鱼鳞像翅膀一样偏向身体的一侧。由此可知选项C，D不正确，并未提及。选项B表述错误。故选择A选项。‎ ‎71. From the passage we can learn that a humpback whale ________.‎ A. has its unique markings on it tail flukes B. has black and white fingerprints C. gets its name from the way it hunts D. is a great performer due to its songs ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】本题属于推理判断类深层推理题。文章第一段最后一句话提到：“The name ‘humpback’, which is the common name for this whale, refers to the typical curve shape the whale’s back forms as it dives”，可知座头鲸名字的由来是因为它的动作而非捕猎，故选项C错误。同样在第一段第二句话中：“This is because they can make impressive movements when they dive”，可知座头鲸之所以被称为海洋的表演者是因为它潜水时的动作而非它的歌唱，故选项D错误。文章第四段中有提到座头鲸身上的记号：“unique black and white spots on the underside of the tail flukes”，可知选项C正确，而“These markings are like fingerprints: no two are the same.”说明这些记号仅仅像指纹而并非真的指纹，故选项B错误。‎ ‎【体裁】说明文 ‎【话题】科普知识类 C Human remains of ancient settlements will be reburied and lost to science under a law that threatens research into the history of humans in Britain, a group of leading archeologists (考古学家) says. In a letter addressed to the justice secretary, Ken Clarke, 40 archaeologists write of their “deep and widespread concern” about the issue. It centers on the law introduced by the Ministry of Justice in 2008 which requires all human remains unearthed in England and Wales to be reburied within two years, regardless of their age. The decision means scientists have too little time to study bones and other human remains of national and cultural significance.‎ ‎“Your current requirement that all archaeologically unearthed human remains should be ‎ reburied, whether after a standard period of two years or a further special extension, is contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and of museum practice,” they write.‎ The law applies to any pieces of bone uncovered at around 400 dig sites, including the remains of 60 or so bodies found at Stonehenge in 2008 that date back to 3,000 BC. Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventually the bones will have to be returned to the ground.‎ The arrangements may result in the waste of future discoveries at sites such as Happisburgh in Norfolk, where digging is continuing after the discovery of stone tools made by early humans 950,000 years ago. If human remains were found at Happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern Europe and the first indication of what this species was. Under the current practice of the law those remains would have to be reburied and effectively destroyed.‎ Before 2008, guidelines allowed for the proper preservation and study of bones of sufficient age and historical interest, while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains. The Ministry of Justice assured archaeologists two years ago that the law was temporary, but has so far failed to revise it.‎ Mike Parker Pearson, an archaeologist at Sheffield University, said: “Archaeologists have been extremely patient because we were led to believe the ministry was sorting out this problem, but we feel that we cannot wait any longer.”‎ The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or on what records should be kept.‎ ‎【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普知识类的说明文。英国法律规定要在两年内将曾经出土的文物重新埋入地下，这一规定引发了考古学家的担忧与不解。他们认为这项法规对科学考古工作是十分有害的。‎ ‎72. According to the passage, scientists are unhappy with the law mainly because ________.‎ A. it is only a temporary measure on the human remains B. it is unreasonable and thus destructive to scientific research C. it was introduced by the government without their knowledge D. it is vague about where and how to rebury human remains ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】本题属于细节理解类事实细节题。文章中第二段最后一句评价这项法规时说：“is ‎ contrary to basic principles of archaeological and scientific research and of museum practice”，说明考古学家认为这是对科学和考古工作都有害，因此这项法规不合理。故选择B选项。‎ ‎73. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?‎ A. Temporary extension of two years will guarantee scientists enough time.‎ B. Human remains of the oldest species were dug out at Happisburgh.‎ C. Human remains will have to be reburied despite the extension of time.‎ D. Scientists have been warned that the law can hardly be changed.‎ ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】本题属于细节理解类事实细节题。文章中第四段中提到：“If human remains were found at Happisburgh, they would be the oldest in northern Europe and the first indication of what this species was.”这是一个假设句，所以选项B的说法不恰当。而D选项在文章中并没有被提及。文章中第三段第二句提到：“Archaeologists have been granted a temporary extension to give them more time, but eventually the bones will have to be returned to the ground.”可以知道不管会不会延期，最终那些文物还是要被埋入地下的，故C选项正确。A选项错误。‎ ‎74. What can be inferred about the British law governing human remains?‎ A. The Ministry of Justice did not intend it to protect human remains.‎ B. The Burial Act 1857 only applied to remains uncovered before 1857.‎ C. The law on human remains hasn’t changed in recent decades.‎ D. The Ministry of Justice has not done enough about the law.‎ ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】本题属于推理判断类深层推理题。文章中最后一段“The ministry has no guidelines on where or how remains should be reburied, or on what records should be kept”，可知政府在这件事上所作的工作不够，故选项D正确。英国政府出台法规填埋文物初衷是为了保护文物，所以选项A错误。文章第五段第一句话说：“while the Burial Act 1857 applied to more recent remains”， 可以知道选项B中“only”用词过于绝对化，不正确。文章的主要内容就是英国政府在关于保护人类遗产方面做出了法律上的变化，所以选项C不正确。‎ ‎75. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?‎ A. New discoveries should be reburied, the government demands.‎ B. Research time should be extended, scientists require.‎ C. Law on human remains needs thorough discussion, authorities say.‎ D. Law could bury ancient secrets for ever, archeologists warn.‎ ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】本题属于主旨大意类选择标题题。本题需要理解全篇文章的整体内容和主旨，为其选择合适的题目。从文章中心思想上看，本文主要讲述考古学家们对法律要求出土的文物要重新被埋入地下这一事件的看法和论述，故选择D选项。‎ ‎【体裁】说明文 ‎【话题】科普知识类 Section C Directions: Read the following text and choose the most suitable heading from A-F for each paragraph. There is one extra heading which you do not need.‎ A. Manufacturing industry in information economy B. News in the age of information C. Argument about individual accounts and their reliability D. Be your own investigative journalist E. Don’t believe everything you read in the newspapers F. Information is presented in an entertaining way ‎76. ______‎ With the arrival of the age of “information economy”, intellectual work is becoming a more important source of wealth than manufacturing. Organizations in all walks of life are doing more to spread their information. So people of the Public Relations are hired to speak for them. A lot of our news is actually collected from press releases and reports of events intentionally staged for journalists. In the information age, journalists spend their time, not investigating, but passing on the words of a spokesperson.‎ ‎77. ______‎ There is a joke in the novel Scoop about the newspaper’s owner, Lord Copper. The editors can never disagree with him. When he’s right about something they answer “definitely”, and when he’s wrong they say “to some extent, Lord Copper.” It seems reasonable to suppose that, in the real world, the opinions of such powerful people still influence the journalists and editors who work for them.‎ ‎78. ______‎ In countries where the news is not officially controlled, it may be provided by commercial organizations who depend on advertising. The news has to attract viewers and maintain its audience ratings. I suspect that some stories get air-time just because there happen to be exciting pictures to show. In Britain, we have the tabloid newspapers which millions of people read simply for entertainment. There is progressively less room for historical background, or statistics, which are harder to present as a sensational story.‎ ‎79. ______‎ There is an argument that with spreading access to the internet and cheap technology for recording sound and images we will all be able to find exactly the information we want. People around the world will be able to publish their own eye-witness accounts and compete with the widely-accepted news-gatherers on equal terms. But what it will mean also is that we’ll be subjected to a still greater amount of nonsense and lies. Any web log may contain the latest information of the year, or equally, a made-up story that you will never be able to check.‎ ‎80. ______‎ Maybe the time has come to do something about it, and I don’t just mean changing your choice of TV channel or newspaper. In a world where everyone wants you to listen to their version, you only have two choices: switch off altogether or start looking for sources you can trust. The investigative journalist of the future is everyone who wants to know the truth.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎76-80 BEFCD Section D Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.‎ Directions: Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements in the fewest possible words.‎ Sociologists have long recognized that organizations of less than 200 individuals can operate through the free flow of information among the members. Once their size goes beyond this figure, the organizations are getting less flexible. So it seems necessary to prevent total disorder resulting from failures of communication.‎ One solution to this problem would, of course, be to structure large organizations into smaller ‎ units of a size that can act as a group. By allowing these groups to build reliance on each other, larger organizations can be built up. However, merely having groups of, say, 150 will never of itself be a complete solution to the problems of the organization. Something else is needed: the people involved must be able to build direct personal relationships. To allow free flow of information, they have to be able to communicate with each other in a casual way. Maintaining too formal a structure of relationships inevitably prevents the way a system works.‎ The importance of this was drawn to my attention two years ago by the case of a TV station. Whether by chance or by design, it so happened that there were almost exactly 150 people in the station. The whole process worked very smoothly as an organization for many years until they were moved into purpose-built accommodation. Then, for no apparent reason, the work seemed to be more difficult to do, not to say less satisfying.‎ It was some time before they work out what the problem was. It turn out that, when the architects were designing the new building, they decided that the coffee room where everyone ate their sandwiches at lunch times was an unnecessary luxury and so did away with it. And with that, they accidentally destroyed the close social networks that strengthened the whole organization. What had apparently been happening was that, as people gathered informally over their sandwiches in the coffee room, useful information was casually being exchanged.‎ ‎(Note: Answer the questions or complete the statements in NO MORE THAN EIGHT WORDS.)‎ ‎81. What size of an organization may lead to communication failures?‎ ‎82. What are the two solutions to the communication problem within a large organization?‎ ‎83. After the TV station moved into new accommodation, its operation _____________________.‎ ‎84. From the case of the TV station, we can conclude it is ________________________________ that make(s) an organization more successful.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎ 81. An organization of more than 200 individuals.‎ ‎ 82. Structuring smaller organizations and building direct personal relationships.‎ ‎ 83. seemed to be more difficult / less satisfying ‎ 84. the close social networks / the free flow of information / the causal communication 第二卷 注意事项：1. 用钢笔或圆珠笔直接答在试卷上。‎ ‎2. 答卷前将密封线内的项目填写清楚。‎ Part I. Translation ‎1. 你为什么不在网上订票？（Why）‎ ‎【答案】Why not/Why don’t you book tickets online/reserve the ticket(s) on the Internet?‎ ‎2. 我常把王海误认为他的双胞胎弟弟，因为他们长得太像了。（mistake）‎ ‎【答案】I often mistake Wang Hai for his twin brother because they look so similar/very much alike.‎ ‎3. 对父母而言，没有什么能与孩子的身心健康相比。（compare）‎ ‎【答案】As for parents, nothing can be compared with their children’s physical and mental health.‎ ‎4. 自从出国留学后，她就不再和我们保持联系了。（No longer）‎ ‎【答案】No longer has she kept in touch with us since she went abroad for further study/education.‎ ‎5. 如果能找到任何适合你的学习方法，你的学习效率就可能明显提高。（whatever）‎ ‎【答案】If you can find whatever learning method (that) suits you, your study/learning efficiency is likely to improve remarkably.‎ Part II. Guided Writing Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese.‎ 假如你是启明中学（Ming Qi Middle School）的李明，想申请一个扶贫项目，帮助贫困地区的儿童。根据以下启事，写一封申请信（信中不能提到真实姓名和学校）。‎ 启事 国际儿童基金会将资助中学生开展扶贫项目，以帮助贫困地区的儿童。申请成功者将获得项目经费2000元。‎ 有意者请来信告知：‎ ‎1）你个人的基本情况；‎ ‎2）你对申请项目的基本设想；‎ ‎3）项目经费的使用计划。‎ 联系方式：2011hope@icf.org ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 2011‎ ‎【解析】‎ 本文是书信形式的应用文写作，考生写作时应注意书信的格式。该话题涉及《课程标准》中“计划与愿望”下的子话题“social event”。题目中以提纲形式进行提示，减轻写作难度的同时又要求考生区分写作重点。题目中的三点要求，第一点只需做简单描述即可，第二点和第三点才是重点，考生需要对扶贫项目的想法写得清楚而明白。作文结构可以用“总—分—总”的框架。首先，总起全文，介绍自己，表明目的，说明得知国际儿童基金会将开展扶贫项目，非常想申请此项目。接着，第二段说明自己的想法和具体的方案。以下为参考：1. 买文具，日常生活用品。2. 买教科书，或者号召同学们募捐旧书，等等。最后，总结全文，表达自己非常热切地想申请到这个扶贫项目。希望国际儿童基金会能尽早回复。‎ ‎【范文1】‎ Dear Sir/Madam,‎ I’m Li Min from Ming Qi Middle School. I am writing to apply for an aid project. I have learned from the announcement that the United Nations Children’s Fund intends to subsidize 2000 Yuan for some middle school students to develop aid-to-the-poor projects, in order to help the children in impoverished area.‎ Here is my plan for the project. First, I will establish contact with a primary school in poor area and then use part of the money to get some stationery and daily necessaries for the children. What’s more, I am going to buy some popular science readings with the money left and make an appeal to my classmates for used book contribution which may broaden the kids’ horizon in depressed area. I am very earnest to apply for the poverty alleviation project.‎ I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.‎ Sincerely yours,‎ Li Min ‎【范文2】‎ Dear Sir or Madam, ‎ I’m Li Ming, a warm-hearted student from Ming Qi Middle School. As I have been concerned about the poor children for a long time, I know they are troubled by poverty and diseases, many of whom even have dropped out of school①. Lending a hand to them has always ‎ been my dream, so I’m writing to apply for the poverty-relief program②. ‎ Undoubtedly, my program will arouse a heated social reaction, thus attracting more people’s attention to helping③. In addition, I will try to raise more money for the program. I sincerely hope that I could win your approval and be given the 2,000-yuan fund to carry out my program④. I will make every effort to do it well, because it is a pleasure to make any difference⑤. To make the best of the supporting money, I will divide it into two parts⑥. 60％ will be used for improving their living standard while the rest will be used to purchase books and stationery⑦. ‎ I’ll be grateful if you can accept my application⑧. I’m looking forward to your early reply. ‎ Sincerely yours, ‎ Li Ming ‎【范文评析】‎ 无论是语言的选用上，还是文章情节的开展上，都让阅卷老师感觉到考生是一个非常有思想的学生。选词准确，句式灵活，可见作者深厚的英语语言基础。能有条不紊地表达出题目所给要点并加以适当发挥，足以说明考生的实力。文章内容上既表达出自己对贫困地区儿童的关心和同情，也表白了自己愿意真心献出一份爱的想法和合理的实施计划。总之，这是一篇上乘的临场佳作。‎ ‎【词句积累】‎ ‎①a warm-hearted student一语道破了作者是一个有爱心的学生，加上be concerned about the poor children的渲染力度，使得主办方不得不认真考虑该中请者的请求。‎ ‎②现在分词作主语的大胆使用和poverty-relief program的正确表达，使得阅卷者会对考生刮目相看。‎ ‎③thus attracting...引出自然而然的结果，让读者相信作者时此项目的设想是经过深思熟虑的。‎ ‎④sincerely hope...进一步体现出作者想更多地帮助贫穷孩子的迫切心情，副词在文中的正确使用体现出考生扎实的英语语言功底。‎ ‎⑤只要能够起到一点点作用，作者都愿意全力以赴，暗示了作者的决心和毅力。给阅卷老师留下深刻的印象。‎ ‎⑥动词不定式的使用表达目的很明确，让主办方相信申请人会合理利用这笔资金，从而提高了此次申请的成功度。‎ ‎⑦此句语言很朴实，也正因为此，才让读者领会到作者并不是在词汇上想“哗众取宠”。而是一个能对英语语言运筹帷幄的人。‎ ‎⑧I will be grateful再一次突出表达了作者的真实感情。并与文首前呼后应。‎ ‎【范文3】‎ Dear Sir or Madam, ‎ I’m Li Ming, a student from Ming Qi Middle School, who have been taking part in a volunteer organization aimed at helping others①. I desire to apply for the poverty-relief program to support children in poverty-stricken areas②. ‎ I have a dream that the children all over the world have equal access to good living conditions③. With the help of the International Children Fund, I hold a firm belief that I can do more valuable things for the poor children because I can have enough money to carry out my program smoothly④. If the opportunity is available for me, I think, it is more a responsibility than an honor, so I will use the money properly⑤. Above all, I will use one third money to buy books and clothes for them. Then, another one third will be used to set up a website that calls for many people to raise money for these children⑥. And the rest will depend on their own demands. ‎ I would appreciate it if my application meets with your approval⑦. I’m looking forward to your early reply. ‎ Yours, ‎ Li Ming ‎【范文评析】‎ 作者很注意写作技巧，在圆满完成题目中规定的各要点同时，有意识地将自己的强项展现在读者面前，比如，从词汇的精心选择上，篇章结构安排上，可以发现作者组织语言的逻辑性很强。同时，作者非常关注语法结构的多样性，选用很多精彩的句式，如I have a dream that...I hold a firm belief that I...If the opportunity is available for me...I would appreciate it if... 等，这些都为本文增加了亮点。‎ ‎【词句积累】‎ ‎①此处定语从句中现在完成进行时和be aimed at作后置定语的正确使用提供了多方面的信息来说明作者符合申请的条件。不仅抓住了读者的眼球，还展示了作者高超的语言驾驭能力，是本文最美的“凤首”。‎ ‎②poverty-relief和poverty-stricken的准确表达，给文章的语言锦上添花。‎ ‎③that引导的同位语从句，诠释了作者美好的梦想，have equal access to更让主办方相信读者确实是一个有爱心的学生。‎ ‎④又一个同位语从句点明了作者坚信在这笔扶贫资金的帮助下，作者可以做成许多有意义的事情。‎ ‎⑤用more...than...“与其……不如……”让读者知道作者还是一个很有责任感的人。‎ ‎⑥call for和raise money for不仅说明了作者是怎样充分利用这笔资金的，而且彰显了作者选词、用词能力。‎ ‎⑦文章最后又用了一个复杂句式，再一次表现出作者的语言实力，不能不给阅卷者留下很深的印象。‎ ‎【话题】计划与愿望 ‎【体裁】应用文：书信 ‎【题型】提纲式