某高新一中高考英语一轮复习学案专题2名词

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某高新一中高考英语一轮复习学案专题2名词

某高新一中2013年高考英语一轮复习学案专题2: 名词 ‎【备考策略】‎ 一、名词的种类 名词是所有事物的名称,包括人、物及抽象概念。名词分为普通名词和专有名词两大类。‎ ‎1.普通名词 普通名词是某类人、事件、物体和抽象概念的名称。根据其所指代物体 的特征,普通名词又可分为以下四类: ‎(1)个体名词 表示人或物体中可以数清的单个体。如: student(学生),pen(钢笔),bird(鸟)等。 ‎(2)集体名词(即集合名词)表示由个体组成的集合体。如: people(人民),police(警察),family(家庭)等。 ‎(3)物质名词 表示构成物体物质的不可数名词,或表示无法分为个体的物质的名词。如:‎ water(水),air(空气),wood(木头)等。 ‎(4)抽象名词表示动作、状态、品质、情感等非具体化的抽象概念。如: work(工作),peace(和平),love(爱)等。‎ ‎2.专有名词 专有名词是某些人、事物、机构、组织等特有的名称。主要包括:人名、地名、国名、党派名称等。如: Churchill(丘吉尔)、Tokyo(东京)、China(中国)、the Communist Party of China(中国共产党)等。 二、名词的性 名词按其所表达的物体的自然性别可以分为四类。 ‎1.阴性名词 表示女性或雌性动物的名词。如: woman(女人),hostess(女主人),cow(母牛)等。 ‎2.阳性名词 表示男性或雄性动物的名词。如: man(男人),host(男主人),bull(公牛)等。 ‎3.中性名词 表示物体和抽象概念的名词。如: radio(收音机),love(爱),tree(树),friend(朋友)等。 ‎4.通性名词 多数英语名词不分性,这类名词特指人类、适用于男性和女性组成的小群体或男性、女性个体。如: parents(父母),couple(夫妇),children(孩子们),child(孩子),person(一个人)等。‎ 三、名词的数 名词分可数名词和不可数名词 ‎1.可数名词 个体名词都是可数名词。每个可数名词都有其单数和复数形式。 单数:表示“一个”的概念。用名词的单数时,名词前需加a或an。如:  a book(一本书)、a river(一条河)、an apple(一个苹果)、an orange(一个橘子)等。 复数:表示两个或两个以上的物体。如: two pens(两枝钢笔)、three days(三天)、three cities(三个城市)等。 复数形式的构成有两种:规则名词复数形式的构成和不规则名词复数形式的构成。  ‎(1)规则名词复数形式的构成 大多数名词在词尾加s。(在清辅音后读,在浊辅音及元音后读。cat—cats bag—bags day—days 以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词在词尾加es,读作。 class—classes match—matches 以辅音字母+y结尾的名词把y变成i,加es,作 city—cities但专有名词例外,直接在y后加s,读作 Germany—Germanys 以辅音字母+o结尾的名词一般直接加es,读作;某些外来词例外,加s(如zero,kilo,tobacco等)‎ tomato—tomatoes photo—photos piano—pianos 以元音字母+o结尾的名词直接加s,但读作 zoo—zoos radio—radios 以f或fe结尾的名词有的直接加s,读作 roof—roofs 大多数要将f或fe变为v,再加es,读作 leaf—leaves wife—wives 有些词两种形式都可handkerchief—handkerchiefs—handkerchieves ‎(2)不规则名词复数形式的构成: 通过改变词内元音字母 man—men  foot—feet tooth—teeth mouse—mice 通过在词尾加en ox—oxen  child—children 单复数形式相同 a sheep—two sheep  a deer—two deer a Chinese—two Chinese 外来词保持其原有的复数形式 crisis—crises  basis—bases  phenomenon—phenomena ‎(3)复合名词复数形式的构成 将中心词变为复数形式 Son-in-law(女婿)—sons-in-law grandchild(孙子)—grandchildren looker-on(旁观者)—lookers-on 组成部分均为表示人的主体词,各组成部分都要变为复数形式 woman doctor(女医生)—women doctors man servant(男仆)—men servants  组成部分没有中心词 最后一个组成词上加s grown-up(成年人)—grown-ups go-between(中间人)—go-betweens ‎(4)只有复数形式的名词 由相同两部分组成的物体的名称 scissors trousers glasses 以-ing结尾的名词化的动名词 savings earnings belongings surroundings 已约定俗成的名词形式 arms stairs thanks 只有单数形式的名词 advice,labor,information,furniture,traffic 抽象名词和物质名词的具体化 表示具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,表示变化了的词义,这一抽象名词已完全变为可数名词。常见的词有surprise,cold,pleasure,pity,failure,success,worry,honor,experience,must,difficulty,youth,beauty,wonder,danger,interest等。 That was an unpleasant experience.那是一段不愉快的经历。‎ ‎2.不可数名词 不可数名词指无法分清个体的名词。一般没有复数形式,不能同不定冠词连用,也不能直接用数词修饰,要表示物质名词的量,需要用:“a/数词+单位词+of+不可数名词”来表示。如:‎ a piece of paper一张纸;a block of ice一块冰;a drop of water一滴水;two cups of tea两杯茶;some boxes of chalk很多盒子粉笔;a flash of lighting(一道闪电)等。  英语中有些不可数名词无论在什么情况下都不可能充当可数名词使用,常见的类似词有fun,weather,health,furniture。‎ 考点解析 考点一、对同义词、近义词的考查 ‎ ‎1、 At the meeting they discussed three different_______to the study of mathematics。 ‎ A.approaches B.means C.methods D.ways ‎ ‎【答案】D。‎ ‎【解析】在会议上他们讨论了三种不同的学习数学的方法。way意为“方式,方法”,可所使用的工具、材料、机器、用具、车船等。method意为“方式,方法”,指具体的、系统的、有步骤的方法,强调条理性及高效率。 ‎ ‎【备考提示】面对英语学习中的大量近义词,仅凭母语我们往往无法把它们真正理解和解释清楚。要尽可能地多翻阅英语词典,注意并比较它们的基本义,用英语的思维方式和语言来解释和理解它们。‎ 考点二、易错的新版教材名词固定搭配 ‎ 作为对新版教材的体现,新版教材里的一些新出现的名词固定搭配得到了较多的一种考查。 ‎ ‎3、______achievement,last week’s ministerial meeting of the WTO here earned a low,though not failing,grade. ‎ A.In terms of B.In case of ‎ C.As a result of D.In face of ‎ ‎【答案】A。‎ ‎【解析】语境为:就成绩而言,上周WTO在这里的部长级会议得分不高,尽管还不至于不及格。B项表“如果”,C项表“因为”,D项表“面对……”,A项表“关于、至于”,符合题意。 ‎ ‎4、You have been sitting on my hat and now it is badly out of______。 ‎ A.date B.shape ‎ C.order D.balanee ‎ ‎【答案】B。‎ ‎【解析】你坐在我帽子上,帽子已严重变形了。out of shape意为“变形”;out of date意为“过时”:out of order意为“混乱”;out ofbalance 意为“失衡”。 ‎ ‎【备考提示】面对教材里的词组、搭配,我们要注意收集和整理,并尤其要加强新出现的固定搭配的记忆和分类汇总。 ‎ 考点三、考察单词基本义的引申和拓展 ‎ 近年来,常见单词的陌生义项在高考试题中不时出现,给部分考生造成了不小的障碍。 ‎ ‎5、To make members of a team perform better,the trainer first of all has to know their _____ and weaknesses. ‎ A.strengths B.benefits ‎ C.techniques D.values ‎ ‎【答案】A。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 五年高考 ‎ A组 2012年全国高考题组 ‎1.【2012浙江卷 7】 Your as a student will be excellent if you develop a habit of reflecting on how you learn.‎ A. operation B. growth C. performance D. character ‎【考点】名词 ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】根据句意:作为一个学生,你的学习(performance)会很棒的如果你能够养成对所学的的东西进行反思的话。operation操作、手术;growth增长;character人物、角色,均不符合语境,故排除。‎ ‎2.【2012山东卷 24】My first _______ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man. A. expression B. attention C. satisfaction D. impression ‎3.【2012福建卷 25】 一 Why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?‎ 一 Well, you know, English is my . So it is my best choice.‎ A. strength B. talent C. ability D.' skill ‎【考点】本题考查名词辨析 ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】根据后半句的进一步解释“So it is my best choice”“这是我最好的选择”可知本空指的的是“英语是我的强项”,strength意为“优势,强项”与weakness是反义词。‎ ‎3.【2012湖北卷 29】 It is important to have your eyes examined regularly to check for any sign of eye disease that may not have any ________.‎ A. symptom B. similarity C. sample D. shadow ‎【答案】 A ‎【考点】考查名词辨析。难度中等。‎ ‎【解析】句意为:定期检查眼睛看看是否有眼疾症状很重要。A项意为“症状”,符合句意;B项意为“类似”,C项意为“样本”,D项意为“阴影”,都与语意不符。‎ ‎4.【2012湖北卷 30】The officer insisted that Michael did not follow the correct ________ in applying for a visa. ‎ A. pattern B. procedure C. program D. perspective ‎【答案】 B ‎【考点】考查名词辨析。难度较易。‎ ‎【解析】句意为:这位官员坚持认定Michael没有按照正确的程序申请签证。B项意为“程序”,符合句意;A项意为“模式”,C项意为“节目”,D项意为“远景”,都与语意不符。‎ ‎5.【2012江苏卷 21】— Can I help you with it?‎ ‎— I appreciate your , but I can manage it myself.‎ A. advice B. question C. offer D. idea ‎【考点】名词词义辨析 ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意为:——我可以帮你吗?——我感激你的提议 “offer”,但我自己能设法做的。offer意为“提议”,符合题意。A意为“建议,劝告”;B意为“问题”;D意为“想法,主意”。‎ ‎6.【2012江西卷 29】You’d better write down the phone number of that restaurant for future .‎ ‎ A.purpose B.reference C.progress D.memory ‎【答案】B ‎【考点】考察词义辨析 ‎【解析】你最好写下这个餐馆的号码以便日后参考用。‎ for future reference是一个常用词组搭配,表示“以供日后参考”。‎ ‎7.【2012四川卷 15】He will come to understand your efforts sooner or later. It’s just a matter of _____.‎ A. luck B. value C. time D. fact ‎【答案】 C ‎ ‎【考点】本题考查名词辨析。‎ ‎【解析】句意为:他迟早会渐渐理解你付出的努力的。这只是个时间的问题。根据句意选C。‎ ‎8.【2012全国II 19】The Harry Potter books are quite popular; they are in great ______ in this city.‎ A. quantity B. progress C. production D. demand ‎【答案】D 【解析】此处quantity数量;progress进步; production生产;demand要求。这里be in great ‎ demand意为:需求量很大,畅销。句意:《哈利波特》很受欢迎;在这个城市有很大的需求量。‎ ‎【考点】考查名词词义辨析。‎ B组 2008-2011年全国高考题组 ‎1. 【2011浙江卷,18】Anyway, I can’t cheat him—it’s against all my ____.‎ A. emotions B. principles C. regulations D. opinions ‎【答案】B ‎【考点】考查名词的辨义。‎ ‎【解析】句意为“不管怎样,我不能欺骗他—这违反我的原则。”emotion情绪;principle原则,准则;regulation规定,规则;opinions意见。根据句意选B。‎ ‎2. 【2011江苏卷,27】Teachers have to constantly update their knowledge in order to maintain their professional _____.‎ A.consequence B.independence C.competence D.intelligence ‎【答案】C ‎【考点】考查名词的辨义。‎ ‎【解析】句意为 “教师要不断地更新他们的知识以便保持专业上的称职。”consequence后果,结果;independence独立;competence能力,胜任,称职;intelligence智力, 智慧; 理解力。根据句意选C。‎ ‎3. 【2011福建卷,26】The lack of eco-friendly habits among the public is thought to be a major of global climate change.‎ A.result B.cause C.warning D.reflection ‎【答案】B ‎【考点】考查名词的辨义。‎ ‎【解析】句意为“公众缺乏对生态环境友好的习惯被认为是全球气候变化的主要原因。”result结果;cause原因;warning警告;reflection反映。cause与global climate change存在着因果关系,故选B。‎ ‎4. 【2011四川卷,13】Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of children’s ‎ ‎ . ‎ A.touch B.sight C.reach D.distance ‎【答案】C ‎【考点】考查名词的辨义。‎ ‎【解析】句意为“时刻记住:这些危险物品,比如刀子,要放在孩子们够不着的地方。”out of touch不联系,不接触;out of sight看不见, 在视野之外;out of reach手够不着, 达不到;out of distance远离=far away。根据前面的交代的危险品,选C。‎ ‎5. 【2011湖北卷,22】Giving up my job to go back to full-time education was a big________, but now I know it was the best decision I ever made.‎ A. project B. commitment C. competition D. ambition ‎【答案】B ‎【考点】考查名词的辨义。‎ ‎【解析】句意为“当初放弃我的工作重新接受全日制的教育是个了不起的决定,现在我知道那是我作出的最好的决定。”project项目, 计划, 方案, 课题;commitment 承诺,许诺,保证;competition比赛,竞争;ambition抱负,雄心,野心。commitment与后面的decision相呼应,故选B。‎ ‎6. 【2011江西卷31】What’s the_____, in your opinion, of helping him if he doesn’t make an ‎ effort to help himself?‎ A.sympathy B.theme C.object D.point ‎【答案】D ‎【考点】考查名词的辨义。‎ ‎【解析】sympathy同情,theme 主题,object 物体,point意义。句意为你认为如果他没有作出努力去帮助自己而去帮助他的意义是什么?选D。‎ ‎7.【2010 浙江】The school advisers help you talk through your problem but they don’t give you any direct ______.‎ A. solution B. target C. measure D. function ‎【答案】A ‎【考点】本题考查名词辨析。‎ ‎【解析】分析四个选项:solution解决方法;target目标;measure措施;function功能。根据句意:学校的建议者们帮助你分析问题, 但是他们不会给你直接的解决方法。‎ ‎8.【2010 天津】James took the magazines off the little table to make for the television.‎ A. room B. area C. field D. position ‎【答案】A ‎【考点】考查名词意义和用法。‎ ‎【解析】句意:詹姆斯把杂志从小桌子上拿下了, 目的是为电视腾出空间。make room for是固定搭配, 意思是 “为……让空”的意思, 其中的room是不可数名词。‎ ‎9.【09浙江】The system has been designed to give students quick and easy ______ to the digital resources of the library.‎ A. access B. passage C. way D. approach ‎【答案】A ‎【考点】本题考查名词辨析。‎ ‎【解析】句意:新设计的系统能够让学生便捷、容易地搜索到图书馆的电子资源。这里give...access to...是固定词组, 表示 “能得到, 能进入”, 所以选A ‎10.【09陕西】Form their ________ on the top of the TV Tower, visitors can have a better view of the city.‎ A. stage B. position C. condition D. situation ‎【答案】B ‎【考点】本题考查名词辨析。‎ ‎【解析】名词词义辨析;stage:舞台, 时期, 阶段;position:位置;condition:条件, 情况;situation:形式, 情况;情景;根据空前的物主代词their可以推断出此处选B。题干意思是:从他们在电视塔顶部的位置, 游客们可以更好地看到这个城市的景色。‎ ‎11. 【08浙江】Dogs have a very good ______ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake.‎ A. sense B. view C. means D. idea ‎【答案】A ‎【考点】本题考查名词辨析。‎ ‎【解析】a sense of smell嗅觉。句意为:狗嗅觉灵敏, 经常被用来搜寻地震中的幸存者。‎ ‎12. 【08湖北】The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly______‎ ‎ A. atmosphere B. state C. situation D. phenomenon ‎【答案】A ‎【考点】本题考查名词辨析。‎ ‎【解析】句意为:这两个国家的最高领导人在友好的气氛中进行交谈。atmosphere气氛, 氛围;state状态;situation形势, 局面;phenomenon现象。‎ ‎ 三年模拟 A组 2012年全国高考模拟题组 ‎1.(金华一中2011学年第一学期期中考试 3)The police offered 2,000 dollars____ to whoever witnessed the theft.‎ ‎ A.price B.reward C.award D.prize ‎2.(苍南中学2012届高三上学期期中考试 20)Mr. Green's tight _______ made him put off his trip to China.‎ ‎ A. transport B. attitude C. schedule D. appointment ‎ ‎3.(新昌中学2012届高三上学期期中考试试题 3)I bought a dress for only 20 dollars in a sale; it was really a good ______.‎ ‎ A. purchase B. exchange C. market D. profit ‎4.(杭州市七校2012届高三上学期期中联考 17)They do have a different __________ to the problem of overpopulation.‎ A. solution B. opinion C. decision D. conclusion ‎5.(绍兴一中2012届高三上学期回头考试 21)There has been a great _____ between the two close friends since their quarrel.‎ ‎ A. distance B. shadow C. absence D. shade ‎6.(浙江省十二校新高考研究联盟2012届第一次联考 16)She has just graduated from a nursing school and is going to enter the nursing ________.‎ ‎ A. performance B. presentation C. profession D. preference ‎7.(浙江省五校2012届高三第一次联考试题 14)Mary’s ________ was whether to go to the graduation ball in her old dress or to stay at home.‎ ‎ A. ambition B. concept C. panic D. dilemma ‎ ‎8.(浙江省温州市2012届高三第一次适应性测试 3)People’s for bicycles may reflect public dissatisfaction with bus service.‎ ‎ A.insistence B.allowance C.preference D.reference ‎9.(衢州二中2012届高三下学期第一次综合练习 10)My uncle majored in _______, studying the relation of plants and living creatures to each other and to their environment.‎ ‎ A. psychology B. biology C. ecology D. photography ‎10.(余姚中学2012届高三第一次质检 2) The 13th International Sand Sculpture Festival, with the _____ “Disneyland in Sand Sculpture,” will open on Saturday in Zhoushan in east China’s Zhejiang‎ ‎Province.‎ ‎ A. subject B. theme C. topic D. project ‎11.(浙江省2012届重点中学协作体高三第二学期3月调研试题 2)With the prices going up ‎ every day, 300 yuan a month can hardly cover his _____ of living.‎ ‎ A. standard B. cost C. price D. salary ‎12.(桐乡市2012届高三下学期二月模拟考试 3)Any help from you will be greatly appreciated. Please give me a reply at your earliest ______.‎ ‎ A. convenience B. consideration C. interruption D. imagination B组 2010-2011年全国高考模拟题组 ‎1.(富阳二中2011届高三3月月考 9)After long and hard work,the police at last discovered the _____of the baby found by the side of the Fifth Avenue.‎ A. accent B. identity C. situation D. emergency ‎2.(杭州高中2011届高三年级第七次月考 16)一Tell us, Mark ,what is the ____ of the American Civil War?‎ 一 Well, is it because the black slaves wanted freedom?‎ A. effect B. cause C. result D. reason ‎3.(杭州外国语学校2011届高三11月月考 5)Thanks to the vivid ______, the speaker made the abstract concept accessible to all the audience.‎ ‎ A. inflation B. interference C. illiteracy D. illustration ‎4.(开化中学2011届高三高考冲刺热身卷 18)--- I’ll buy you a ten-speed bicycle as a birthday present. ‎ ‎ --- Is that a _________? I wish you would not disappoint me.‎ ‎ A. decision B. presentation C. preference D. promise ‎5.(文成中学2011届高三第八次模拟 4)After the disaster, the first thing the local government did was to provide _____   for the homeless families. ‎ ‎ A. occupation       B. accommodation       C. equipment       D. furniture ‎6.(浙江省新高考研究联盟2011届高三第一次考联考 6)The police discovered the witness at the funeral, but it was not an _____ to talk at length about the case. ‎ A. appointment B. event C. incident D. occasion ‎7.(温州中学2010届高三第一学期第一次月考 16)John has got a fever these days, and he says he doesn’t want to see a doctor, but I’m afraid he has no______.‎ A. alternative B. extra C. treatment D. possibility ‎8.(衢州市杜泽中学2010届高三第一次月考 8)Former US president Jimmy Carter played an important in establishing China-US ties.‎ A. game B. card C. record D. role ‎9.(浙江省金华一中2010届高三9月月考 23)Travelling has really helped to broaden our ___________, which makes us wiser.‎ ‎ A. differences B. horizons C. shortcomings D. hardships ‎10.(瑞安中学2010届高三暑期总结性测试 5)-Why are you so frustrated? ‎ ‎ -I'd like to make a call, but my cellphone is out of______again.‎ ‎ A. shape B. order C. date D. balance
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