中考复习专题 名词

中考复习专题 名词

‎ 专题三 代词 ‎ 用于替代名词的词叫代词。代词通常分指示代词、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词、连接代词和关系代词。‎ 一、指示代词 ‎ 指示代词表示“这”(this)、“这些”(these)、“那”(that)、“那些”(those)，此外，还有“这样”(such)和“同样”(same)。‎ ‎（一）this, that, those和these在句子中通常充当主语、宾语、表语、和定语，如：‎ This is all want to tell you.（主语）‎ You must finish your homework soon. Can you remember that?（宾语）‎ It’s this, not that.（表语） These women are cooking for the party.（定语）‎ ‎（二）same和such的用法 same“同样的”，前面必须加定冠词the，在句子中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。也常用在the same… as的句型中，意为“和 ……一样”，如：She has the same book as I (have). Mike is the same tall as Jack (is). such“这样的”‎ ‎，在句子中充当主语、表语、和定语，其中作定语时要放在冠词之前，如：We are lucky to have such a good teacher.‎ such 也常用在 such… that…（如此…… 以至于）和such… as （像 …… 一样）句型中，如：She is such a kind girl that we all like her. I have never seen such a man as you talk about.‎ 二、人称代词 ‎ 人称代词表示“你”、“我”、“他（她、它）”、“你们”、“我们”、“他们（她们、它们）”，有数和格的变化，请见下表：‎ ‎ 单 数 ‎ 复 数 ‎ 主格 ‎ 宾格 ‎ 主格 ‎ 宾格 ‎ 第一人称 ‎ I ‎ me ‎ we ‎ us ‎ 第二人称 ‎ you ‎ you ‎ you ‎ you ‎ 第三人称 ‎ he ‎ him ‎ they ‎ them ‎ she ‎ her ‎ it ‎ it ‎ 人称代词的主格在句子中作主语，宾格则作宾语。作表语时，用宾格较多，尤其在口语中，如：‎ ‎──Who is behind the door?‎ ‎──It’s me.‎ ‎ 使用人称代词要注意：‎ 人称代词的排列顺序口诀 人称代词并列观， 注意顺序礼貌见。‎ 单数人称二、三、一，复数人称一、二、三。‎ 麻烦事情“我”站前，其它人称没意见。‎ 两性并用为三单， 男先女后是习惯。‎ ‎1.不同的人称代词并列时，排列顺序是：you, he/ she and I以及we, you and they。第三人称男女并列时，先男后女，如：He and she often quarrel these years.但如表示做错事，承担责任时，第一人称通常放前，如：‎ ‎──Who broke the windows?‎ ‎──I and Jack did.‎ ‎●I and he broke the glass just now.‎ ‎2.有时we, you和they可泛指，表一般的人，如：‎ We couldn’t live without water.‎ You can’t see the birds on such a cold day.‎ They don’t let the children in.‎ ‎3.在非正式英语中，人称代词做的表语时，通常用宾格：‎ ‎──Who is it?‎ ‎──It’s me.‎ ‎4.在比较句型中，在不引起误解的前提下，可以用宾格代替主格：He seems to be shorter than me.‎ ‎5.在感叹句中，常用宾格：Dear me!‎ ‎6.it的用法 ‎1）通常，it指代动物或无生命的事物，但如表拟人化，则可用其他人称代词，如：‎ I keep a lovely cat, and she always plays with me.‎ ‎2）it指代婴儿，幼儿：Don’t call the baby. It is sleeping.‎ ‎3）it指时间、距离、天气等：It’s very far from our school to the house. It’s Sunday today.‎ ‎4）打电话中指人：Hello, it’s Mary.‎ ‎5）作形式主语和形式宾语：It’s important to attend the meeting on time. I think it necessary to tell him the truth.‎ ‎6）用在强调句中：It is the book that I want to buy.‎ ‎7）it用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词，尤其是表示好恶的动词，如：enjoy ,like ,love ,dislike ,hate,‎ Resent ,don’t mind ,be fond of ,feel like ,‎ See to 后，再加宾语从句。‎ 6、 强调句It is (was) +强调部分 that从句 ‎8、make,(find,think,等)+it+形容词to do 三、物主代词 ‎ 物主代词表示所有关系，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词，其有人称和数的变化：‎ 形容词物主代词 ‎ 名词性物主代词 ‎ 单 数 第一人称 ‎ my ‎ mine 第二人称 ‎ your ‎ yours 第三人称 ‎ his ‎ his ‎ her ‎ hers ‎ its ‎ its ‎ 复 数 第一人称 ‎ our ‎ ours 第二人称 ‎ your ‎ yours 第三人称 ‎ their ‎ theirs ‎ 形容词性物主代词具有形容词的特性，在句子中只能作定语。名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词”，具有名词特性，在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语。此外还可与of连用，表所属关系，如：He is a good friend of mine.‎ 四、反身代词 ‎ 反身代词表某人自己，其形式如下表：‎ ‎ 第一人称 ‎ 第二人称 ‎ 第三人称 单 数 ‎ myself ‎ yourself himself herself itself 复 数 ourselves yourselves ‎ themselves ‎ 反身代词在句子中可充当宾语、同位语和表语，如：‎ Help yourself to some fish.‎ The man teaches himself French when he is free.‎ They themselves worked out the problem.‎ I am not myself today.我今天不太舒服。（表语。反身代词与系动词be, look, feel, seem连用，描述一种感觉、情绪或状态。）‎ ‎ 注：有关反身代词的短语：by oneself 独自做 of oneself自动地 for oneself替（为）自己 help oneself(to)… 自便，随便（吃）…… enjoy oneself过得愉快 五、相互代词 ‎ 顾名思义，相互代词表示相互关系。只有each other和one another两个相互代词，前者表示两者之间，而后者表示两个以上之间。它们的所有格为each other’s, one another’‎ s。相互代词通常作介词或动词的宾语，如：‎ Since we all are good friends, we should help one another.‎ Tom and Jack always write to each other.‎ 词义 指两个人或物的 指三个或三个以上人或物 每一个 each every 任何一个 either any 另一个 the other ‎ another 都 both all 都不 neither none 在…之间 between among There are many trees on each side of the street.‎ 六、疑问代词 ‎ 疑问代词who, whom, whose, what, which用于引导特殊疑问句，以‐ever结尾的疑问代词为强调形式，意为“无论，究竟”。‎ ‎1.who指人，作主语和表语：Who invited you to see the movie?（主语）‎ Who is the girl in red?（表语）‎ ‎2.whom指人，只作宾语：Whom/ who were you looking after?口语中，who可代替whom，但前有介词时，仍用whom: With whom were you talking?‎ ‎3.whose实际上是who的宾格，作主语、定语、宾语和表语：Look at the twins’ pictures. Whose is better? （主语） Whose will be choose? Guess! （宾语） Whose novel do you prefer?（定语） Whose this house is?（表语）‎ ‎4.what指事物，作主语、定语、宾语和表语：What happened to you yesterday?（主语）What is your father?（主语，询问职业。） What color is it?（定语） What time will you go to school?（定语）‎ ‎5.which指人或事物，作主语、定语、宾语：Which is heavier, a whale or an elephant?（主语） Which dictionary do you think is useful?（定语） Which do you like best??（宾语） 注意：what与某些名词的固定搭配，与汉语有区别：‎ ‎ What is the population/ distance/ price/ attitude capital/ address…?‎ 七、不定代词 ‎ 不定代词用于替代不确定的人或事物，其用法较复杂，现将一些主要的不一定词做一归纳和比较。‎ ‎1.both, all both用于指代或修饰两个人或事物，“两个都……”‎ ‎；all则用于指代或修饰两个以上的人或事物，或不可数的事物。它们都可作主语、宾语、定语和同位语，如：‎ All have gone well.（主语） Both of them like playing computers.（主语）‎ They have already known all.（宾语） Please require the both not to smoke here.（宾语） All the books have been sold out.（定语） Both scientists were awarded.（定语） We all felt excited at the news.（同位语） You both are allowed to enter.（同位语）此外，all也可充当表语，如：Is that all?‎ ‎2. both, either, neither both指“两者都”，为复数概念，表肯定意义；either指“两者中的一个”，为单数概念，也表肯定意义；neither指“两者中没有一个”，为单数概念，表否定意义。这三个代词都可在句中充当主语、宾语和定语，如：Neither of the boys is late today.（主语） Coffee or tea? You can give me either.（宾语） Both ways can get to the town.（定语）此外要注意both… and…（……和……都），either… or…（或者…… 或者……）和neither… nor…（既不…… 也不……）的结构，当both …and…‎ 做主语时，谓语动词通常用复数，而后两个结构做主语时，谓语动词的单复数与or或nor后的名词或代词一致，如：Neither he nor you were called. Both you and he have been called. Either you or he was called just now.‎ ‎3. no, no one, none no “没有”，只能作定语，修饰名词，相当于 not any, not a/an, 如： I have no difficulty with maths. There’s no milk left in the bottle.‎ no one“没有一个人”，不能和of连用，在句中充当主语，谓语动词用单数； none“没有任何人或事物”（两者以上），可单独用或与of连用，在句中充当主语、宾语和表语，做主语时，谓语动词可用单数或复数，如： It’s none of your business. No one has seen him smoke in the room. None of the machines is/are working now.‎ ‎4. each, every a) each指代或修饰人或事物的每一个，可做定语、主语、宾语和同位语，后可跟 of；但 every 只能修饰人或事物的每一个，只能做定语，不和of连用，如： Each/Every room has one window.（定语） They each own a new desk.（同位语） Each speaks ‎ English well.（主语） Each of the students has a book.（主语）注： each和 every后的名词只能是单数可数名词，谓语动词为单数， each of 后的名词必须是复数名词，但谓语动词仍然用单数。‎ b) each 强调个性，every强调共性。‎ ‎5. one, it, that 不定代词one“一”，代替前面所提到的同类名词，但不代替前面的名词本身，它只指代替可数名词，其复数形式为 ones。它前面常有自己的定语。‎ 指示代词 it代替前面提到的名词本身，可代替可数名词和不可数名词，复数形式是 they。指示代词that 代替前面所提到的同类名词，尤其是后置修饰语的名词，它可代替可数名词和不可数名词，其复数形式是those，它相当于 the one(s)。‎ There are some apples in the fridge. Do you want to have one? I heard you bought a picture. I wonder if I could look at it. The teacher gave the books to all students except those who were not in the classroom.‎ ‎6. other, another Other表“另外的人或事物”，作主语、定语和宾语。其复数形式为 others(=other+复数名词)。若表示 ‎“两个中的另一个”用 the other,“整体两部分中的另外一部分”用 the others/ the rest(=the other+复数名词)。通常用于下面的结构中： one… the other “两个中的一个… 另一个…” some… others “一些 …另一些…”如： ‎ ‎ I received two letters. One is from Jack, and the other is from Jenny.‎ Some pupils are singing, and others are dancing.‎ another 泛指三者或三者以上的另外一个，可指代人或事物，在句子中作主语、宾语和定语等。如： This glass is broken. Could you give me another? Anther作形容词时，表“又，再”等意，如： I am busy now. I will call you another time. Another 10 desks are needed.‎ ‎7. some, any 两者都用于指代和修饰复数名词和不可数名词。通常some用于肯定句，any用于否定句和疑问句，如：There are some vegetables on the table. I don’t have any salt. Do you have any? 注：①some用于单数可数名词之前表示“某一”，如：She heard some man sing.②some可用于疑问句中表请求或邀请、劝告或建议以及希望或预料得到肯定的回答，如：Could you ‎ give me some advice? Why don’t you try some new methode? ③any用于肯定句，表“任何一个”，如：You may come at any time.‎ ‎8.many, much many和much都表示“许多、大量”。many用于指代和修饰可数名词复数，much指代和修饰不可数名词。在句中它们可充当主语、宾语、定语和表语。‎ ‎9.(a) few, (a) little few和a few指代和修饰可数名词，little和a little指代和修饰不可数名词。a few和a little含肯定意义，“有一些，有一点”，few和little含否定意义，“没多少，没几个”。它们可做主语、宾语和定语。‎ ‎10.every, some, any, no构成的复合不定代词 Every, some, any, no与‐thing, ‐body, ‐one 构成复合不定代词，如：everything, somebody, someone, nobody等（注：no one）。复合不定代词在句中可作主语、宾语和表语。如：Everything is ready for you. Don’t tell anybody about it. Is someone here?‎ 注：①somebody, someone, anybody, anyone的用法与some, any的用法类似。②‎ 不定代词均表示单数概念。③修饰不定代词的形容词要后置，如：Let’s talk something important in today’s newspaper.④everyone等同于everybody，指人；every one则指人也指物，后可跟of短语，如：Everyone/ Every one here is listening carefully to the chairman. I have read every one of her letters.‎ 此外，使用不定代词时还应注意：①not和all, every, both连用时，表示部分否定，意为“不是所有的……”，“不是每一个……”，“不是两个都……”。②all, both, each, many, much, some, any, either, neither, none, some one, every one, any one等不定代词后可跟of，构成of+人称代词宾格或of+限定词+名词结构。如：Some of them can play the violin. Each of the boys was given one book.‎ ‎【例题精析】‎ 例1. Whom can you trust, if not ______ ?‎ ‎ A. him B. I C. hers D、 they 解析：注意此题问的是whom，充当trust的宾语，“if not_______ ?”是一个省略句，完整的句子应当是“if you don’t trust ____ ?”，要选的代词应当是充当trust的宾语，只能用宾格形式。整句话的意思是“如果你不信任他，那么你还可以信谁呢？”‎ 答案：A。‎ 例2. ──How many English novels have you read so far?‎ ‎ ── _______ ?‎ A. Nobody B. None C. Nothing D. No one 解析：nobody没有人；none没有任何人或物（两者以上），可以单独使用；nothing没有什么东西；no one没有一个人。题目问的是书的数量，回答应是“没有一本”。答案：B 。‎ 例3. I think the weather in Kunming is much better than ______ in Shanghai.‎ A. it B. one C. this D. that 解析：根据题意首先要排除this，要注意指示代词it，one, that的区别：it上文提过的同一件事物的本身，one与上文提过的同样的另一件事物，只能代替可数名词，that上文提过的同类事物，通常后面有修饰语。答案：D。‎ ‎ 专题测试 ‎1.──How much money is left in your pocket?‎ ‎── _______ .‎ A. Not many B. No one C. Not all D. None ‎2.I found ______ impolite _______ us to leave ‎ without saying good‐bye.‎ ‎ A.it, for B.it, of C.this, for D.this, of ‎3.It is said _____ an important conference will be held in this city.‎ ‎ A. that B. what C. this D. which ‎4.Paul and Peter were both very tired, but _____ of them would stop to take a rest.‎ ‎ A. neither B. none C. either D. all ‎5. ──What color is your bag?‎ ‎ ──My bag is the same color _______.‎ ‎ A.like you B.like yours C.as you D.as yours ‎6.All these books aren’t second‐hand, and _______ of them are new.‎ ‎ A. all B. none C. some D. each ‎7.Tom’s mother kept telling him that he mustn’t smoke, but ______ didn’t work.‎ A. he B. what C. it D. she ‎8._______ is reported in the newspaper that the new president will take office next week.‎ A. As B. What C. Which D. It ‎9.──Will you come to my house on Saturday or Sunday?‎ ‎──Of course, ______ day will be OK.‎ A. any B. either C. any D. all ‎10.I mistook _______ to be _______ .‎ A.her,mine B.hers,me C.she,my D.hers,mine ‎11.──Can your teacher speak French or English?‎ ‎ ──She can speak _______ of them.‎ A. all B. any C. both D. every ‎12.──The light is still on. Who’s in the room?‎ ‎ ── ________ .‎ A. None B. No C. Nothing D. No one ‎13.I want to move to the countryside because the air there is fresher than _______in the city.‎ A. one B. that C. those D. it ‎14.We have been looking for a suitable house but haven’t found ______ we like yet.‎ A. it B. one C. that D. those ‎15.I had to buy ______ of these books because I don’t know which one is the best.‎ A. both B. none C. neither D. all ‎16.She does not know anyone here. She has got _______ to talk to.‎ A. anyone B. someone C.everyone D. no one ‎17.Playing tricks on others is ____we should never do.‎ A.anything B.something C.everything D.nothing ‎18.Tom believed that he knew everybody’s business better than they knew it _____.‎ A.themselves B.oneself C.itself D.himself ‎19.One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and _____.‎ A. the other is white B. another white ‎ C. the other white D. another is white ‎20.At Christmas the foreign teacher gave ___ a gift.‎ A.them each B.each them C.any them D.them any ‎21.── ______ paper are you reading?‎ ‎ ──I am reading China Daily.‎ A. Which B. What C. Whose D. How ‎22.Are you leaving ? Why not stay for ______ three days when the carnival will be celebrated?‎ A. the other B. more C. another D.some ‎23.Remember,these plants will be watered ___ .‎ A. each other day B. every other days ‎ C. every two days D. every of two days ‎24.Three of them are mine, _______ are yours.‎ A.others B.the others C.other D.the other ‎25.There is still ______ time left. Let’s go and buy ______ to eat.‎ A. few, something B. little, everything ‎ C. a little, something D. a few, something ‎26.Aristotle took ______ for granted that heavy objects fell faster than light _____.‎ A. it, ones B. that, ones ‎ C. anything, one D. something, ones ‎27.He, an honest man, says ______ but does ______.‎ A. few, many B. little, much ‎ ‎ C. little, many D. few, much ‎28.The old lady had done all she could for me. I don’t know _____ person who would do so.‎ A. any other B. any C. some other D. other ‎29.I was disappointed with the film for I had expected _______ to be more exciting.‎ A. that B. it C. one D. what ‎30.The boy promised ___ mother never to lie to ___ again.‎ A. her, her B. his, she C. his, her D. his, him