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中考第二轮复习——语法专项
年 级 初三 学 科 英语 版 本 人教版（新目标） 内容标题 二轮复习 语法专项 编稿老师 康文岗 【本讲教育信息】 一、教学内容 二轮复习 语法专项 【具体教学内容】 名词 考点清单： 名词的可数与不可数； 可数名词复数的规则变化； 可数名词复数的不规则变化； 名词的所有格及双重所有格； 名词在具体语境中的选用； 名词的数 名词有可数和不可数之分。表示可以计算数目的人或物的名词称为可数名词。 可数名词的单数 若表示一本书、一只狗、一个苹果等概念时，要用名词的单数形式。表示名词的单数，要在名词前加不定冠词a或an。如：a book, a pen, an apple, an orange。a, an 后面有时紧接的不是单数名词，而是a/an+形容词+单数名词的形式。如：a new orange, an impolite soldier。 可数名词的复数 若表示两本书、三个学生、四把椅子这些两个或两个以上的概念时，要用名词的复数形式。 名词单数变复数口诀： （一） 名词单数变复数，直接加-s的占多数；词尾若是-s，-x，-ch，sh，直接加上-es。 词尾若是f或fe，加-s之前要把f或fe变为ve；“辅音字母+y”，要把y变为i再加-es。 词尾字母若是o，加-es的有hero，tomato和potato。 还有一些不规则变化，下面咱们来说一说： 男人女人变一个；脚牙一变变一双；小孩后面加三个。鹿和绵羊是一家，单数复数无变化。 【走近中考】 ①They bought some at the supermarket yesterday. (potato) ②How many (月) are there in a year? （二） 以-f(e)结尾的名词复数 第13页 版权所有 不得复制 树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮，架后窜出一只狼，就像小偷逃命忙。 leaf→leaves; half→halves; wife→wives; knife→knives; shelf→shelves; wolf→wolves; thief→thieves 两个特例：roof→roofs, scarf→scarfs/scarves 【走近中考】 ①Some animals, for example, elephants and koalas, live on grass and （树叶）. ②There are a lot of (leaf) on the tree when spring comes. （三） 表示“某国人”的名词变复数 中日不变英法变，其他-s加后面。 Chinese, Japanese, Englishman, Frenchman, American, Australian, German 【走近中考】 They are from . They’re . A. Germany; Germans B. Germans; Germany C. German; Germany D. Germany; Germen 复合名词的复数形式： 把复合名词中起主导作用的主体名词变为复数形式。例如： girl-friend→girl-friends 女朋友 apple tree→apple trees 苹果树 tooth-brush→tooth-brushes牙刷 passer-by→passers-by 过路人 如果没有主体名词，就把复数词尾加在最后一个词上。例如：grown-up→grown-ups 成年人 构成复合名词的两个词都要变为复数。例如： man teacher →men teachers 男教师 woman doctor→ women doctors 女医生 不可数名词的量 表示不能计算数目的人或物的名词，称为不可数名词。它们前面不能用a/an，没有复数形式。 当表示不可数名词的确切数量时，通常可在不可数名词的前面加上表示数量的单位词。 a jar of jam 一罐果酱 a piece of advice一条建议 two bags of rice 两袋米 three cups of coffee 三杯咖啡 five kilos of meat 五公斤肉 注意：一些可数名词也可以用单位词表示量。 在初中阶段我们主要考查的不可数名词有： water, meat, rice, bread, milk, tea, orange(桔汁), air, snow, work, homework, housework, paper(纸), time(时间), music, weather, grass, news, fish(鱼肉), coke, porridge, advice, knowledge, exercise（锻炼）, room（空间）等。 有些不可数名词在用作不同意义时是可数名词。如： glass玻璃 →a glass一个玻璃杯/ glasses眼镜； room地方/空间→a room一个房间 fish鱼肉→a fish/two fish一条/两条鱼/fishes 鱼的种类； chicken鸡肉→a chicken一只小鸡 a box of matches 一盒火柴 four pounds of tomatoes 四磅西红柿 当表示不可数名词的各种大概、不确切的数量时，可运用下列词或短语。 词/短语 意义 词/短语 意义 not (any) / no 没有 a lot of 许多 little 几乎没有 lots of 第13页 版权所有 不得复制 a little / some 一些 plenty of most 大部分 much all 全部 a great deal of 比较： 可用下列词语表示可数名词的复数： a few, some, few, many, plenty of, a lot of, lots of 名词的所有格 有生命物体的名词的所有格，用加’s的结构来表示所有关系。 I don’t like my sister’s hairstyle. 我不喜欢我姐姐的发型。 The twins’ mother wanted to buy them some candies. 双胞胎的母亲想给他们买一些糖果。 This shop only sells women’s clothes. 这个商店只卖女式服装。 【走近中考】 This is not my dictionary. It’s . She lent it to me this morning. A. my sister B. my sisters C. my sister’s D. my sisters’ 如果一样东西为两个或两个以上的人共有，只在后一个名词后加“’s”；如果不是共有，则各个名词后都要加“’s”。 Mary is Mr and Mrs Smith’s daughter. 玛丽是史密斯夫妇的女儿。 These are Mary’s and Jack’s books. 这些是玛丽的书和杰克的书。 有些表示时间、距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词，也可以加’s来构成所有格。 today’s newspaper今天的报纸 one month’s vacation 一个月的假期 ten seconds’ love 十秒钟的爱 a mile’s journey一英里的路程 【走近中考】 Can you imagine what life will be like in time? A. 20 years’ B. 20 year’s C. 20-years’ D. 20-years 表示无生命物体的所有关系多用“of + 名词”的结构。 the title of the song 歌名 the end of the week 周末 the name of the book 书名 有时’s结构可以换成of结构表示强调： the girl’s skirt = the skirt of the girl女孩的裙子 my uncle’s tractor = the tractor of my uncle 我叔叔的拖拉机 双重所有格： 在表示所属物的名词前有冠词、数词、不定代词或指示代词等修饰时，常用“of +名词’s”的形式来表示所有关系，即通常所说的“双重所有格”。后面的名词一般都是表示人的。 This is a book of Li Ming’s. 这是李明的一本书。 I met a few friends of mine. 我遇到了我的一些朋友。 【走近中考】 Mrs Bond is an old friend of A. Jack mother B. Jack mother’s C. Jack’s mother D Jack’s mother’s 注意：当中心词是picture, photo 等时，用双重所有格表示某人收藏的肖像、照片等；用所有格则表示某人自己的肖像、照片等。 Here is a photo of Mary’s. 这是一张玛丽的照片。（玛丽收藏的，不一定是她本人的照片） I have a photo of Mary. 我有一张玛丽的照片。（指玛丽本人的照片） 名词所有格用法歌诀： 英语名词所有格，表示某物是“谁的”。所有格构成有方法，多数要把’s加。 第13页 版权所有 不得复制 复数词尾有s，只加撇号就可以。名词若为无生命，我们常把of用。 时间、地点和距离，所有格也可用’s。 名词在具体语境中的选用： 【走近中考】 ①We have no in the fridge. Let’s go and buy some peas, carrots and cabbages. A. vegetables B. eggs C. meat D. fruit ②When I hurriedly got to the airport, the lady at the window told me that there were no left on that plane. A. places B. seats C. space D. room 冠词 考点清单： 不定冠词的使用情况； 定冠词的使用情况； 不用冠词的情况； 不定冠词： 不定冠词仅用在单数可数名词的前面，表示“一”的意义，但不强调数目观念，只表示某类人或物中不确定的一个。 Beijing is a beautiful city. 北京是一座美丽的城市。 不定冠词的形式 不定冠词有a和an两种形式。a用于辅音（不一定是辅音字母）开头的单词前，an用于元音（不一定是元音字母）开头的单词前。例如： a European country a university a boy an island an hour an honour an umbrella an honest boy an old bike a big island 【走近中考】 ①My father is engineer. He works very hard. A. a B. an C. the D./ ②I think it’s useful advice, so I will always remember it. A. a B. an C. the D. / 不定冠词的用法： ⑴表示一类事物或人中的任意一个。 There is an island over there. 那儿有一个岛。 【走近中考】 ①—Do you have pen? —Yes. I have one. A. a B. an C. the D. / ②Spiderman III is exciting movie. A. a B. an C. the D. / ⑵表示单位量词的“每一”。 He works six days a week. 他一周工作六天。 ⑶表示一类事物或人，a/an在此处不必翻译。 A tiger is a wild animal. 老虎是一种野生动物。 A plane is a machine that can fly. 飞机是一种能飞的机器。 第13页 版权所有 不得复制 ⑷不定冠词与序数词连用，不表示“第几”的概念，而表示“又一、再一”。 You can try a second time if you fail. 如果你失败了，可以再试一次。 ⑸用于一些固定短语中： have a word with sb. 和某人谈话；have a bath/ a shower 洗澡；have a look (at) 看一看； have a good time 过得愉快；in a (one) word 总之；have a swim游泳；have/take a walk 散步；have a rest 休息一下；have a fever/headache/toothache /stomachache 发烧/头疼/牙痛/肚子疼 定冠词的基本用法歌诀： 特指双熟悉，上文已提及； 世上独无二，序数最高级； 某些专有名，习语及乐器。 以上口诀归纳了用定冠词的一般情况，即： ⑴特指某些人或事 定冠词用在带有定语的名词前面，特指某（些）人或某（些）事物。 The singer in that room was given a warm welcome by his fans. Show me the photo of your family. 【走近中考】 Look, Simon, Walkman that I bought last year isn’t working properly. A. a B. an C. the D. / ⑵谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物，即“语境特指”。 Please fill in the form and sing it. Oh, you mean the boys. Open the window and you can see them. 【走近中考】 ①—How do you like your holiday in Mount Yuntai? —We enjoyed it very much. sight is very beautiful. A. A B. An C. The D. / ②It is said that umbrella was invented over four thousand years ago by Chinese people. A. a B. an C. the D. / ③I looked under table and found pen I lost yesterday. A. the; a B. the; the C. /; the D. the; / ④—Sonia, do you know new club in your school? —Of course. I’m one of its members. A. a B. an C. the D. / ⑶上文已经提到的人或事，即“前照应特指”。 I met a lovely girl at the gate. Look, this is the girl coming. Cut up a tomato, and put the tomato on the bread. ⑷世界上独一无二的事物前 Which is the biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth? We have friends all over the world. ⑸序数词或形容词最高级前 It’s the second country they will visit in Asia. Autumn is the best season in Beijing. ⑹某些专有名词前 第13页 版权所有 不得复制 由普通名词构成的专有名词的前面 the Great Wall, the United Nations ⑺一些习惯短语（如：in the day等）中、西洋乐器前（如:play the violin/piano） 【走近中考】 I learned to play piano at the age of four. A. a B. an C. the D. / 其他用法还有： ⑻用在姓氏的复数形式前面表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。 The Taylors were having dinner when I came in. Don’t forget to invite the Greens. ⑼和某些形容词连用，表示一类人或事物。 the rich富人们； the poor穷人们； the deaf 聋人；the blind盲人 The poor are against the plan, but the rich are for it. （谓语动词用复数） ⑽含有the的词组及句型： in the day; at the beginning; in the middle of… ; in the end; by the way; the same as…; in the front of; on the right/left; in the morning/afternoon/evening; What’s the matter with…? = What’s wrong with …? the +比较级……， the + 比较级…… 意为“越……越……” 不用冠词的用法歌诀： 下列情况应免冠，代词限定名词前； 专有名词不可数，学科球棋三餐饭； 复数名词表泛指，两节星期月份前； 颜色语种和国名，称呼习语及头衔。 以上口诀主要概括了一般应“免冠”的几种情况，即： ⑴名词前已有作定语用的物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格的。 a/the his bag; the both/ all bags; The Mike’s school is over there. ⑵专有名词和不可数名词前。 Tom; New Year’s Day; May; Tian’anmen Square; We love peace. Paper is made from bamboo. 【走近中考】 —It’s nice day, isn’t it? —Yes, what fine weather! A. a; a B. the; the C. a; / D. the; / ⑶表示学科的（如:maths, Chinese, physics ）名词前。 ⑷ 球类名词前及三餐总称前。 【走近中考】 Bob likes to play basketball, so he bought a basketball yesterday. A. a B. an C. the D. / ⑸复数名词表示泛指（同一类人或事物）时。 We are all students. I like seeing films. ⑹节日、季节、星期、月份前。 注意：以festival组成的节日名词前要加定冠词the。例如： the Spring Festival 春节；the Mid-autumn Festival 中秋节 ⑺表示颜色（如:It’s red/yellow）语种（speak English/Japanese 第13页 版权所有 不得复制 ）和国家的非全称名词（如:We live in China. They come from America.） 【走近中考】 More and more foreign students come to China to learn Chinese. A. a B. an C. the D. / ⑻在家庭成员的名称、称呼语或只有一个人担任的职务名词前。 If you promise me, I’ll make you King. Father is on business in Shanghai.（家庭成员的名称不在句首也要大写） 但当表示职业的名词在句中作表语时，其前通常要用不定冠词。 He became a sailor when he grew up. ⑼某些短语中 at last; in bed; in hospital; on time; at work; at table; on foot; go to college; by bike/bus/train/plane/air/sea等 数词 考点清单： 基数词与序数词的用法； hundred, thousand, million的用法； 分数的用法； “数词+名词”构成的形容词的用法； 表示数目或顺序的词叫数词。英语中数词有两种，基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词为基数词，如one, two等。表示顺序次第的数词为序数词，如the first, the second等。 基数词的词形 1-12 one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve 13-19 的基数词，在个位数上加后缀-teen构成。 20-90 各整十位数的基数词都以-ty结尾。如twenty; thirty; fifty 在21-99之间的非整十位数的基数词要在十位和个位之间加连字符号。thirty-one 三位数的基数词要在百位和十位（若无十位则和个位）之间加and。 one hundred and fifty-one 151 two hundred and five 205 1000以上的数字，从后向前数，每三位数加一个逗号，第一个逗号前为thousand，第二个逗号前为million，第三个逗号前为billion，其读法如下： 1,001-one thousand and one5,386-five thousand, three hundred and eighty-six 要注意的是hundred, thousand, million与billion的用法。①前面有别的基数词时，即若干个百、千、百万、十亿时，其本身都不加s，如：three hundred students。 ② 若表示成百，成千或数百，数千时，前面不能有基数词，但其本身要用复数形式，即其后+of+名词复数，如：thousands of 成千上万 序数词的词形 基数词变序数词歌诀： 一、二、三特殊记，加th从四起；八省t，九去e，逢五和十二，ve要用f替。 二十到九十，y要变ie。若是几十几，只变个位就可以。 first, second, third, eighth, ninth, fifth, twelfth, twentieth, thirty-first, thirty-fifth 序数词在实际应用中，经常以缩写形式出现。如：1st, 2nd, 3rd, 10th, 22nd, 63rd, 101st 【走近中考】 ①Can you answer the （第三）question and the fourth one in Chinese? ②All the teachers live on floor. 第13页 版权所有 不得复制 A. the second B. two C. second ③Friday is the day of a week. (six) ④April is （第四）the month of a year. ⑤Kate’s new house in on the （十二）floor. ⑥I’m planning to leave on the t (20th day of the month) 数词的实际应用 ⑴表示排列顺序： 第三课：Lesson Three / the third lesson / Lesson 3 第463页：page four six three 第507页：page five 0 seven 第305房间：Room three 0 five 11路公共汽车：Bus (No.) eleven / the No. 11 bus ⑵表示年龄： 表示某人的年龄，一般情况直接用基数词。如： The little girl is seven years old. 【走近中考】 —Peter, how old is your father this year? — . And we just had a party for his birthday last weekend. A. Fortieth; forty B. Forty; forty C. Forty; fortieth D. Fortieth; fortieth 当表示一个人有三十多岁、四十多岁时，要用固定短语。 in one’s thirties 在某人三十几岁时 in one’s forties 在某人四十几岁时 Our English teacher is in her forties. 我们的英语老师有四十多岁。 【走近中考】 —Could you tell me when Confucius began to teach? —Sure. He began to teach when he was . A. at thirty B. more than thirty C. thirty D. at the age of thirty ⑶表示年代、日期和时刻 年代是四位数字时，各分成两位数来表示。 1995 nineteen ninety-five; 2008 two thousand and eight 日期通常用序数词来表示。 5月10日：May 10th (=May the tenth) 7月1日：July 1st (=July the first) 时刻通常用基数词来表示。 8点45分：eight forty-five 11点26分：eleven twenty-six ⑷表示电话号码 125646 one two five six four six 2048867 two zero four eight eight six seven 数字0可以读作oh或zero。两个相同的数字重叠，如88可以读作double eight。 ⑸表示小数、分数和百分数 小数点前的数按基数词读，小数点读作point，小数点后的词，按个位基数词顺序读出。 34.08：thirty-four point zero eight 178.6：one hundred and seventy-eight point six 分数的分子用基数词表示，分母用序数词表示，分子超过1，分母后加s。先读分子，后读分母。4/5：four fifths 但1/2可用one half, 1/4可用a quarter表示。 百分数：符号%读作percent 第13页 版权所有 不得复制 5%：five percent 100%：a hundred percent 【走近中考】 —Which is the smallest number of the four? — . A. Two-thirds B. A half C. A quarter D. Three-fourths ⑹表示次数 当我们表达“一次”时，用once；“两次”用twice；“三次以上”用基数词+times。 Mary likes shopping very much. She goes shopping even three times one week. ⑺“数词+名词+形容词” “数词+名词+形容词”相当于一个形容词，其中的名词只可用单数形式。 a two-metre-long ruler 一把两米长的尺子 【走近中考】 ①The little girl has to write a composition every other week. A. two-thousand-word B. two-thousands-word C. two-thousand-words D. two-thousands-words ②The Sutong Highway Bridge, a bridge, is already open to traffic. A. 32 kilometre long B. 32-kilometre-long C. 32 kilometres long D. 32-kilometres-long 【模拟试题】（答题时间：60分钟） 名词 1. —How many do you want? —A kilo, please. A. meat B. bananas C. bread D. milk 2. If you want to know the meaning of a word, you can look it up in a . A. diary B. dictionary C. sound D. diagram 3. Just from the I know it’s Liu Minjun. A. voice B. noise C. sound D. sing 4. —Help yourself to . —Thanks. Mmm…it tastes good. A. some chickens B. a chicken C. some chicken D. any chicken 5. In time, those mountains will be covered with trees, too. A. few years B. a few years’ C. a few year D. a few year’s 6. —Would you like tea? —No, thanks. I have drunk two . A. any; bottles of orange juice B. some; bottles of orange juice C. many; bottles of orange juice D. few; bottle of orange juice 7. After a holiday in Australia, we went on a trip back home to China. A. three month B. three months C. three-months D. three-month 8. Mr Hu has about computers. He has designed some software for schools and companies. A. many knowledge B. much knowledge C. many knowledges D. a knowledge 9. What’s the with you? I fell off the bike and hurt my . 第13页 版权所有 不得复制 A. wrong; foots B. matter; foots C. matter; feet D. wrong; feet 10. I stayed at last Sunday. A. my uncle’s B. of my uncles’ C. my uncle’s family D. my uncle 11. He got to know Li Ping three (month) ago. 12. There are lots of (potato) in the basket on the table. 13. —Where’s the (teacher) office? —On the first floor. 14. June 1st is (child) Day. 15. Each of the (student) has a book. 16. We have a (sport) meet each term. 17. There are three (apple tree) near my home. 18. I am busy with my work these days. I don’t have enough (sleep). 19. There are twenty (boy) students in our class. 20. Our school is just ten (minute) walk from my home. 冠词 1. We have been to Great Wall twice. A. the B. a C. an D. / 2. Do you like playing football? A. a B. an C. the D. / 3. Kate is taller of the twins. A. a B. an C. the D. / 4. Long long ago there was old woman in the hill, and old woman had a girl. A. a; the B. an; an C. an; the D. an; / 5. Reads are going to London next week for winter holiday. A. A B. An C. The D. / 6. I caught cold and had to stay in bed. A. a; the B. an; an C. an; the D. a; / 7. —Have you seen pen? I left it here this morning. —Is it black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A. a; the B. the; the C. a; a D. the; a 8. —Where is math teacher? —He’s talking with Sam’s father? A. the B. a C. an D. / 9. He died in autumn of 2008. A. / B. the C. an D. a 10. More and more graduates would like to work in west part of our country next year. A. the; the B. /; / C. /; the D. the; / 11. It takes us hour or more to go to my hometown by train. A. an; a B. a; an C. an; / D. a; / 12. Are you going to learn second language in third grade? A. a; the B. a; a C. the; the D. the; a 13. Tomorrow is Teachers’ Day and we’ll make Teachers’ Day card for 第13页 版权所有 不得复制 our English teacher. A. a; the B. /; the C. /; a D. /; / 14. woman over there is popular teacher in our school. A. A; an B. The; a C. The; the D. A; the 15. They made him king. A. a B. the C. an D. / 16. old lady with white hair spoke English well at meeting. A. An; an; the B. The; /; an C. The; /; a D. The; /; the 17. After quick breakfast I hurried to school. A. /; / B. a; / C. /; the D. a; the 18. Where is basketball? I want to play it with Wang Lin. A. / B. a C. an D. the 19. Beijing University is university with long history. A. The; an; / B. /; a; a C. The; /; a D. /; a; / 20. Do you know name of old man? A. the; an B. a; an C. the; the D. a; the 21. I have watched the TV play before. I’ll watch it second time. A. this B. a C. the D. another 22. Both young and old value their time. A. the; the B. /; / C. the; / D. /; the 23. There is one-year-old baby in the photo. A. a B. an C. the D. / 24. It’s time for lunch. Greens are sitting at table. A. A; the B. The; the C. The; a D. The; / 25. My mother is ill in hospital. I must go to hospital to look after her. A. the; the B. a; a C. /; the D. the; / 26. —Where’s Xiao Ming? —He’s having rest over there. A. a B. an C. the D. / 27. What fine weather we have these days. A. a B. the C. an D. / 28. Which is biggest animal on land? A. a; a B. the; the C. the; / D. /; the 29. moon travels round earth. It’s our satellite. A. The; a; a B. The; the; a C. A; the; the D. The; the; / 30. Jack bought useful book. book is also very interesting. A. an; The B. a; The C. an; A D. a; A 数词 1. Where are you going to have the meeting? In ? A. 204 Room B. Room 204 C. the room 204 D. the Room 204 2. He began to learn Chinese in his . A. fifty B. fiftieth C. fifties D. fifth 3. of the people speak French. A. Two third B. Two three C. Two thirds D. Second Thirds 第13页 版权所有 不得复制 4. What’s the date today? It’s . A. July five B. July the five C. July fifth D. July the fifth 5. It’s now. A. seven and thirty B. thirty seven C. seven thirty 6. I think that the century will bring us more hopes. A. twentieth-one B. twenty-one C. twentieth-first D. twenty-first 7. December is the month in a year. A. twenty B. twelve C. twentieth D. twelfth 8. people visit this museum every day. A. Two hundreds B. Two hundreds of C. Hundred of D. Hundreds of 9. On her _ _ birthday, her husband bought her a new car as a present. A. forty B. the forty C. fortieth D. the fortieth 10. There are so many new words in the _ lesson. It’s hard to understand. A. forty-nine B. fortieth-ninth C. forty-nineth D. forty-ninth 第13页 版权所有 不得复制 【试题答案】 名词： 1~5 BBACB 6~10 BDBCA 11. months 12. potatoes 13. teachers’ 14. Children’s 15. students 16. sports 17. apple trees 18. sleep 19. boy 20. minutes’ 冠词： 1~5 ADCCC 6~10 DCABD 11~15 CACBD 16~20 DBDBC 21~25 BAADC 26~30 ADCDB 数词：1~5 BCCDC 6~10 DDDCD 第13页 版权所有 不得复制查看更多