中考英语语法复合句

中考英语语法复合句

人教版中考英语专项练习 复合句 由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。主句为句子的主体，从句只是做句子的一个成分。根据从句在句子中的作用，可以把从句分为名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句和同位语从句），定语从句和状语从句（时间，地点，原因，条件，让步，方式，比较等）三类。‎ 一.宾语从句 ‎1.宾语从句根据引导词的不同分为三种类型 ‎⑴由that引导的宾语从句，其中that不做成分，可省略。‎ ‎ We all knew (that) we should learn from each other.‎ ‎⑵由if/whether引导的宾语从句。‎ ‎ Please tell me if/whether you have been to America.‎ ‎⑶由who,where,how等连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。‎ ‎ Can you tell me how I can get to the nearest post office?‎ ‎2.宾语从句“三关”‎ ‎⑴引导词关 注意：whether与if的区别 ‎ 只用whether的情况 ① 在介词后面 We don`t think about whether it would rain the next day.‎ ② 在动词不定式前 They asked me whether to sit at the front.‎ ③ 当与or not连用，或提出两种选择时 Mary asked whether I was doing my homework or not at that time ① 宾语从句提前时 Whether this is true or not, I can`t say ② 在动词discuss后的宾语从句中 We discussed whether we should have a sports meeting next week.‎ ③ 引导表语从句或位于句首的主语从句用whether ‎ The question was whether he went there last night ‎ 只用if的情况 ① 引导否定概念的宾语从句时 ‎ He asked me if I had`t finished my homework ② 引导条件状语从句时，if意为“如果”‎ We`ll go hiking if it doesn`t rain tomorrow ‎⑵语序关 ① 宾语从句若为陈述句，语序不变 ② 宾语从句若为一般疑问句或特殊疑问句，语序还原为陈述语序 ‎⑶时态关 ① 如果主句是现在的时态，从句时态据实际情况而定 ② 如果主句是过去某种时态，从句时态一定变为过去某时态 注意：宾语从句表述的是客观真理，自然现象时，只能用一般现在时 ‎3.人称变化：‎ ‎4.从句简化 ‎⑴当主句谓语动词是find, see,watch,hear等时，从句常简化为“宾语+宾补”结构，宾补为省to不定式或v+ing形式 ‎ She found that the wallet lay/lying on the ground.→‎ ‎ She found the wallet lie/lying on the ground.‎ ‎⑵当主句谓语动词是hope,wish,decide,forget等，且主句主语与从句主语相同时，从句简化为不定式结构 ‎ She agreed that she could help me with my maths. →‎ ‎ She agreed to help me with my maths.‎ ‎⑶在连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句中，当从句主语与主句主语或间接宾语一致时，宾语从句简化为“连接代词/副词+不定式”结构 ‎ Can you tell me how I can get to the station? →‎ ‎ Can you tell me how to get to the station?‎ ‎5.否定转移 ‎ 如果主句的谓语动词是believe,think,guess,suppose等，且主句主语是一人称时，后面所接宾语从句的否定词通常前移到主句中。‎ ‎ I don`t think that she can finish this work on time.‎ 注意：①这种否定前移的宾语从句，在变成反意疑问句时，反意疑问句的主谓要与从句一致 ‎ I don`t think he is interested in that, is he?‎ ① 如果主句主语是二三人称时，宾语从句否定词不前移，反意疑问句反问主句 She thought that film was not interesting, didn`t she?‎ 二．状语从句 ‎1.时间状语从句 常用when, as, while, before, after, since, till, until, as soon ‎ as等来引导。在时间状语从句中，通常用现在时态表示将来的动作或状态。在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句中，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到…时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到…才…”, “在…以前不…”，谓语动词可用瞬间动词。Since引导的时间状语从句，主句用一般现在时或现在完成时，从句用过去时。 While引导的状语从句的动词必须是延续动词，不能是短暂性动词。‎ as, when, while都表示主从句的动作或状态同时发生。as强调两动作同时进行，并表示对比；发生时间较短，且由“一边…一边…”的意思。When还可表示从句动词的动作在主句动词的动作“之前”或“之后”发生。While用于时间较长时。‎ ‎ When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.‎ ‎2.条件状语从句 ‎ 通常用if, unless引导。在条件状语从句中，谓语动词通常用现在时表示将来的动作或状态。‎ ‎ I`m waiting for my friend. If she doesn`t come, I`ll go shopping alone.‎ ‎3.原因状语从句 通常用because, since, as（由于）引导。because表示直接原因，语气最强。because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答 由why提出的问题，只能用because。as和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的从句多放在句首。because和so不能同时出现。‎ ‎ As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our match.‎ ‎4.结果状语从句 由so…that, such…that, so that 引导。so…that与such…that可以互换。如果名词前由many, much, little, few等词修饰时,只能用so. so…that句型的否定形式可用简单句too…to…或not…enough to代替 such+形容词+不可数名词/复数可数名词+that snch+a(an)+形容词+单数可数名词+that=so+形容词+a(an)+单数可数名词+that ‎ Last night Judy worked so late that she didn`t catch the early bus this morning.‎ ‎5.比较状语从句 通常由as…as, than等连词引导 Though the player is over thirty, he can still run as fast as some young players ‎6.目的状语从句 通常用so that, in order that引导。so that即可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别是： 目的状语从句中往往带有情态动词can, could, may, might等，从意义上看，目的状语从句表示的目的很明确。 Pass the cake round so that everyone can take a piece.‎ ‎7.让步状语从句 通常由though, although, as等连词引导。although, though与but不同时出现。Though he is old, he is very strong.‎ ‎8.地点状语从句 通常由where, wherever引导 Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.‎ ‎9.方式状语从句 通常由as, as if, as though等引导 Always do to the others as you would be done by.希望别人怎样待你，你就怎样待人 三．定语从句 指在主从复合句中充当定语的句子，在句中修饰名词、代词，常由关系代词which, that, who(m), whose及关系副词when, where, why等引导。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句放先行词后做后置定语 1. 当先行词表示人时，定语从句用关系代词that, who, whom引导。当先行词表物时，定语从句用关系词that或which。当关系代词在从句中作宾语时可省略。‎ ⑴ that可指人，也可指物，在从句中可作主语，宾语。作宾语可省 ⑵ which指物，在从句中作主语，宾语，作宾语时可省，可以引导非限制性定语从句，有时可与that互换。‎ ⑶ who, whom, whose指人，who在从句中做主语，whom在从句中作宾语，whose在从句中作定语 He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.‎ The package which/that you are carrying is too heavy.‎ Please pass me the book whose/of which cover is green.‎ 2. 当引导词在句中作状语时不可用that, which,‎ ‎ who(m)等关系代词，而应用关系副词。表示时间用when,表示地点用where, 表示原因用why。但这些关系副词可转换为“介词+关系代词”形式。‎ Beijing is the place where/in which I was born.‎ 1. 其他注意事项 ⑴ 表示物时只能用that引导定语从句的情况 ① 当先行词为all, everything, nothing, something, anything, little, much none, the one等不定代词时 ② 先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时 ③ 先行词被the only, the very, the last, the same等词修饰时（当先行词是人时，也可用关系代词who或whom）‎ ④ 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时 ⑤ 当先行词同时含有物和人时 ⑥ 主句中已有疑问词who或which时 Which is the bike that you lost?‎ Who is the woman that was praised at the meeting?‎ ⑵ 表示物时只用which不用that的情况 ① 当关系代词前使用介词时 ② 在非限制性定语从句（即通常用逗号与主语隔开，若去掉整个句子仍能表达完整意义的定语从句）中 ⑶ 指人时，当先行词为everybody, anybody, everyone, anyone等时要用who,不用that ⑷ 一个句子中带有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系代词是that，另一个用who ‎ The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard.‎ 其中一个关系代词已用which，另一个用that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before 注意：⑴关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数要和先行词一致 ‎⑵one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数谓语动词 ‎ the (only) one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数谓语动词 Titanic is one of the best movies that have been produced in Hollywood.‎ Titanic is the (only) one of the best movies that has been produced in Hollywood 四．主语从句 在句中作主语的名词性从句叫主语从句。主语从句的谓语动词通常用三人称单数。主语从句可直接位于句首。但如主语从句长，可用it充当形式主语代替主语从句，把主语从句后置。记住下列主语从句常用结构：‎ It is said that…据说 It is reported that…据报道 It is announced that..据宣布 It is (well) known that…众所周知 It is believed that…人们相信 It is supposed that…人们希望 It is hoped that…希望 It is suggested that…有人建议 It must be remembered that…务必记住 注意：有些情况下谓语动词的单复数应和表语保持一致 ‎ What we need are doctors and nurses.‎ ‎ What we need is time.‎ 五．同位语从句 同位语从句是对名词的内容给予具体详细的说明。常在后面接同位语从句的名词有fact, news, idea, truth, hope, suggestion, question, problem, doubt, fear, belief等。同位语从句引导词为that,有时根据需要也可以用when, where等 His opinion that we must take good care of our earth sounds reasonable.‎ ‎ They have no idea at all where he has gone.‎ 注意:同位语从句的that在句中不作句子成分，也无词义，但不能省。而定语从句中的that除了引导从句外，还是从句的一个成分，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省。‎ 六．表语从句 在句中作连系动词的表语的从句，位于主句中系动词后 ‎ That is why he didn`t come to school yesterday.‎ 练习 ‎1.We`ll play snowman＿＿＿it snows heavily this afternoon.‎ A. ‎ if B. although C. unless D. but ‎2.Ididn`t know_________________they could pass the exam or not.‎ A.why B.when C.that D.whether ‎3.I don`t think Ben did such a stupid thing______?‎ A.do I B.did I C.did he D.does he ‎4.Newton was playing under an apple tree____an apple fell onto his head A.when B.while C.after D.before ‎5.——The duty of Project Hope is to help poor children,isn`t it?‎ ‎——Yes,it has built many schools_____those children can study happily A.where B.when C.which D.why ‎ ‎6.During the holiday I visited Shaolin Temple______lies in the west of Zhengzhou. A.where B.which C.who D.what ‎7.Jim`s mother let him watch TV after he finished his homework.（同义句）Jim`s mother_____let him watch TV _____he finished his homework.‎ ‎8.The TV play is so interesting that we like to see it again（改为同义句）‎ It is______ ______intereting TV play _____we like to see it again.‎ ‎9.When people in the United States have guests(1)________when they are invited to a get-together,they usually try to make others feel comfortable(2)_____ relaxed.Generally,they tend to be informal.Men shake hands,(3)______usually only (4)________theyare introduced.Male friends and business associates(5)________ haven`t seen each other for a time may shake hands. When a woman (6)______ a man are introduced,shaking hands is decided by the woman.American women become more(7)_______more independent.They go to places by themselves,earn their own money,(8)______often live alone ,Sometimes they will ask men for help,(9)_______they usually don`t want to be peotected.American women may start conversations with men ‎ (10)______even ask them to dance.‎ ‎10.In the dark street,there wasn`t a single person_______she could turn for help A.that B.to whom C.from whom D.who ‎11.Please pass me the dictionary ________is black A.its cover B.which cover C.of which the cover D.cover of which ‎12.There are forty-five students in our class,_____are from the neardy villages A.one-third of who B.one-third of which C.one-third of them D.one-third of whom ‎13.This is the student______you took the message yesterday.‎ A.whose father B.to whose father C.to his father D.his father ‎14.There isn`t much______I can do A.what B.which C.that D.how ‎15.Tell us about the people and the places______are different from ours A.that B.who C.which D.whom ‎16.Last Sunday they reached Qingdao,______a conference was to be held A.which B.that C.when D.where ‎17.Is this the museum_______you visited the other day?‎ A.that B.where C.in which D.the one ‎18.This is the very film________I`ve long wished to see A.which B.that C.who D.whom ‎19.There is no difficulty________ can`t be overcome in the world A.that B.which C.who D.what ‎20.Who is the person______is standing at the gate of Beijing Tourism Tower? A.who B.that C.which D.whom ‎21.The house________the capitalist used to live in is now a nursery A.that B.where C.what D.when ‎22.The house_____we live is not big A. in that B.which C.in which D.that ‎23.单句改错 This is the factory where we visited last week This is the watch for which Tom is looking The person to who you spoke is a student of Grade Two The house in that we live is very small The sun gives off light and warmth,that makes it possible for plants to grow ‎24.The WTO can not live up to its name _______it does not include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind A.as long as B.while C.if D.even though ‎25.John shut everybody out of the kitchen_______he could prepare his grand surprise for the party A.which B.when C.so that D.as if ‎26.He made a mistake,but then he corrected the situation_____it got worse, A.until B.when C.before D.as ‎27.-Was his father very strict with him when he was at school?‎ ‎-Yes.He had never praised him ______he became one of the top students in his grade A.after B.unless C.until D.when ‎28.You can eat food free in my restaurant ______you like ‎ A.whenever B.whereever C.whatever D.however ‎29.Scientists say ir may be five or six years______it is possible to test this medicine on hunman patients A.sice B.after C.before D.when ‎ ‎30. This house is _______my father painted by himself.‎ A.that B.which C.the one D./‎ ‎31. _______we can`t get seems better than ______we have A.What,/ B.What,that C.That,that D.That,what ‎32.-What did Jack ask you just now?‎ ‎-He wanted to know how long______when I reached the cinema A.had the film been on B.the film had started C.the film had lasted D.had the film ended ‎33.I don`t have to introduce him to you ______you know the boy A.until B.unless C.since D.but ‎ ‎34._______hamburgers are junk food,many children like them A.If B.Unless C.Because D.Although ‎35.We should do_______we can _______those endangered animals A.that,to save B.which,save C.that ,save D.what ,to svae ‎36.________you go ,______you do, I will be right here waiting for you A.If,if B.Wherever,whatever C.where,what ‎37.If you don`tgo to the mall this weekend,________‎ A.he will,too B.he won`t,either C.neither he will D.he doesn`t ,either ‎38.I arrived at the airport_____the plane had taken off.‎ ‎ A.after B.while C.when D.before ‎40.Our hometown is quite different from_______before A.that it was B.what it was C.which it was D.when it was ‎41._____she succeeded in finishing her tasks remains a secret A.What B.If C.How D.Who ‎42.Is this the reason______at the meeting for carelessness in his work?‎ A.he explained B.what he explained ‎ C.how he explained D.why he explained ‎43.We are living in an age______many things are done on computer A.which B.that C.whose D.when ‎44._____the days went on, the weather got worse A.With B.Since C.While D.As ‎45.-What was the party like?-It`s years______ I enjoyed myself so much A.after B.when C.before D.since ‎46._____you have tried it on, you can`t imagine how pretty the new style skirt is.‎ A.Because B.Although C.Unless D.When ‎47.I won`t go to her party unless my best friend Tom_______‎ A.will invite B.will be invited C.is invited D.invites ‎48.Franklin told them all______to be in Britain again A.he was how happy B.how happy he was C.how was he happy D.he was happy how ‎49.Jane is one of the students in the class_____have ever been to China A.who B.whose C.which D.whom ‎50.I still remember the time______we spent together at Xisai Mountain last year A.when B.what C.who D.which ‎51.Mr. Smith____ is smoking is looking for____he lost yesterday A.whom;which B.who;what C.that;who D.which;where ‎52.Nobody knows_______‎ A.how will our future look like B.what will our future be like C.how our future will look like D.what our future will be like ‎53.I was chatting with my friends on the phone______my mother came in ‎ A.while B.when C.as D.since ‎54.In order to choose the right one, she first asked me______I want to use a dictionary for A.what B.why C.how D.whether ‎55.Customers are asked to make sure that they______the right charge be-fore leaving the shop A.will give B.have been given C.have given D.will be given ‎56.______Tom didin`t go to school?‎ A.Do you know how B.Why do you know C.How you know why D.Do you know why ‎57.Mary`s mother asked her_______‎ A.that whether she had finished her homework B.if she has finished her homework C.if she had finished her homework D.that if she had finished her homework ‎58.The hostess said that it_______time that they _______supper.‎ A.was; had B.was;had had C.is; have D.is; have had ‎59.He said,“Don`t do that again”He______me______that again A. said to; not to do B. siad to; don`t do ‎ C. told; don`t do D. told; not to do ‎60.He always think of______ he can work better.‎ A. what B. how C. who D.which ‎61.The photographs will show you______.‎ A. what does our village look like B. what our village looks like C. how does our village look like D. how our village looks like ‎62.I suggested that we ______to the cinema.‎ A. would go B. will go C. shall go D. go ‎63.It was true______ Alice did surprised her mother.‎ A. that what B. what that C. that that D. all that ‎64.______ is well-known______ much progress has been made in China.‎ A. What, what B. It, that C. It, what D. That, that ‎65. ______he has enough time to finish the work is still a problem.‎ A. Whether B. That C. If D.What ‎66.He was so angry at all______ he was doing______ he walked out.‎ A. what, that B. that, that C. that, what D. what, what ‎67.They found at last______ they had been looking for.‎ A. that B. what C. where D. which ‎68.He will be here on time. But I`m not sure______ he drives or take the train. A. whether B. if C. when D. how ‎69.“An order has come from Berlin______ no language but German may be taught in the schools of Alsace and Lorraine.”‎ A. where B. what C. that D. which