初三英语时态和语态

初三英语时态和语态

初三时态和语态复习 ‎ ‎　 中考考点 ‎　1．动词的第三人称单数形式、过去式、过去分词和现在分词的构成。‎ ‎　2．动词的8种时态的基本结构及区别(了解过去将来时、过去完成时的基本用法)。‎ ‎　3．被动语态的构成及主动语态和被动语态的转换。‎ ‎ 4. 非谓语动词的构成及用法。‎ ‎ 5. 动词短语的用法区别。‎ 初中阶段应掌握的时态共有八种，即一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、过去将来时、现在完成时和过去完成时。‎ ‎　1．一般现在时 ‎ (1)用法：‎ ‎①表示事实、现状、性质或经常的、习惯性的动作。常与seldom, often, usually, always, sometimes, today, every day, once a week, every five minutes, on Sundays等时间状语连用。如：‎ I go to school at seven every day. 我每天七点去上学。‎ ‎②表示普遍真理，客观存在，科学事实。或者表示格言或者警句中。‎ 如： The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。‎ ‎ Shanghai lies in the east of China.      ‎ Pride goes before a fall.‎ 注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。 例：Columbus proved that the earth is round.‎ ‎③表示在现在时间里所发生的一个动作。如：Here comes the bus. 公共汽车来了。 ‎ ‎④某些动词，如 come, go, move, stop, leave, arrive, be, finish, continue, start 等，在一般现在时句中可用来表示将来肯定会发生的动作。      ‎ The train comes at 3 o'clock. ‎ 注意：在时间和条件状语从句中用一般现在时代表一般将来时。‎ 如： I'll go shopping with my mother if she is free tomorrow. 如果明天我妈妈有空，我将和她去购物。‎ ‎(2)动词的第三人称单数形式变化规则如下：‎ ‎①直接加s。如：work—works。‎ ‎②辅音字母＋y结尾的词，先变y为i，再加es。如：carry—carries; cry—cries; try—tries; study—studies。‎ ‎③以s、x、ch、sh、o结尾的词加es。如：wash—washes; teach—teaches; go—goes; pass—passes; fix—fixes。‎ ‎④特殊：have—has。‎ ‎2.现在进行时 ‎(1)结构： am/is/are＋动词的ing形式 ‎(2)用法：①表示目前发生(进行)的动作(不指状态)，他注重现在正在进行的动作，而不管从什么时间开始，到什么时间结束。常用的时间状语有： now, at the moment 等。当有look, listen起提示作用时，后面的句子常用现在进行时。‎ 如：Are you writing a letter to your friend now? 你现在正在给你朋友写信吗？‎ Listen! She is singing in the next room. 听！她正在隔壁唱歌。‎ ‎②表示现阶段正在进行，而此刻不一定在进行的动作。‎ 如：We are planting trees these days.这些日子我们在植树。‎ ‎③表示位移的动词的进行时表示动作将要发生。此类词有come, go, leave, arrive, fly等，常与表示将来的时间状语连用。‎ 如：They are leaving for England tomorrow afternoon. 他们明天下午要去英国。‎ ‎(3)现在分词的变化规则：‎ ‎①一般加-ing。如：play—playing。‎ ‎②以不发音字母e结尾的，去e加ing。如：‎ come—coming; make—making; live—living；write—writing; take—taking。‎ ‎③以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母，再加-ing。如：run—running; sit—sitting; begin—beginning; cut—cutting; stop—stopping; get—getting; swim—swimming; plan—planning。‎ ‎④特殊：die—dying; lie—lying; tie—tying ‎【注意】有些动词一般不可以用于进行时态 ‎ ‎①表示状态的动词，尤其是静态动词，如：be, have ‎ ‎②表示认识、知觉和情感的动词，如：know, think, hear, find, see, like, want, wish, prefer等。‎ ‎3.一般将来时 ‎(1)结构：助动词shall/will＋动词原形 ‎ ‎(2)用法：①表示将要发生的动作或状态，常用的时间状语有： later(on), soon, in a month, next time, from now on, tomorrow等。‎ 如：I shall be eighteen years old next year.明年我18岁了。‎ ‎②表示某种必然的趋势。如：Fish will die without water.离开水，鱼就会死。 ‎ (3) 注意：① 在以第一人称作主语的问句中，常用 shall 表示提议和询问情况，在以第二人称作主语的句中，用will 表示请求。‎ 如：Where shall we have lunch? 我们在哪里吃午饭？‎ ‎②当主语是第一人称时，用will 表示意愿、决心、允诺、命令等。如：‎ I will give Xiaoming a good gift for his birthday. 我会在小明生日时送他一份好礼。‎ ‎③在时间或条件状语从句中，一般用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如：‎ I will write to Jim when he is there. 当吉姆到达那里时，我将给他写信。‎ ‎④“be going to＋动词原形” 也可表示将来时。‎ a．表示主观意愿、打算等。如：He's going to learn English next term.下学期他打算学英语。‎ b．根据已有迹象能推测出可能要发生的情况。‎ 如：Look at the black clouds！It is going to rain. 看那些乌云！马上要下雨了。‎ ‎[提示] 表示位移的动词的进行时常表达将来之意，如： come, go, leave, fly, start, finish等。‎ 如：She's flying to Australia next month.下个月她将飞往澳大利亚。‎ ‎4．一般过去时 表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或存在的状态。句中的谓语动词要变为过去式。‎ (1) 句型结构：‎ ‎①be动词型 I was a student last year. 去年我是一名学生。‎ ‎—Were you at home this morning? 今天早上你在家吗？‎ ‎—Yes, I was./No, I wasn't. 是的，我在。/不，我不在。‎ ‎②行为动词型 Tom went to Shanghai last year. 去年汤姆去了上海。‎ John did n’t leave here last year. 去年约翰没有住在这里。‎ Did you see him just now? 你刚才看见他了吗？‎ ‎(2)用法：①主要表示过去的某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。如：‎ His friend was at work yesterday. 他的朋友昨天在工作。‎ ‎②表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常与often，always 等表示频度的时间状语连用。如：‎ We often went to work by bus last year. 去年我们经常乘公交车上班。‎ 注意：表示过去经常反复发生的动作也可以用used to加动词原形表示。‎ ‎ 例如：I used to go fishing on Sundays.‎ ‎③和when 等引导的时间状语从句连用。如：When he got home, he had a rest. 当他到家时，他休息了一会儿。‎ ‎④常与表示过去的时间状语连用。这些状语有：ago, yesterday, last week, in the old days, when I was five years old, in 1995等。如： We began our work three hours ago．三小时前，我们开始工作。‎ ‎(3)动词过去式的变化规则：‎ ‎①一般情况在动词原形后加-ed。如: watch—watched。‎ ‎②以不发音字母e结尾的加-d。如：live—lived; practice—practiced。‎ ‎③以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i加-ed。如：study—studied; carry—carried;‎ ‎ cry—cried。‎ ‎④以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的，先双写该辅音字母，再加-ed。如：stop—stopped; plan—planned; ‎ ‎⑤不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。‎ ‎5.现在完成时 ‎(1)结构： have/has＋动词的过去分词 ‎ ‎(2)用法：①表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响和结果,或者是表示在说话之前已经完成或者刚完成的动作。有时与just, already, yet, recently, before，ever, never, twice, three times等时间状语连用。‎ 如：I have seen the film already. 我已经看过这部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了。)‎ ‎②表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与“since＋时间点”，“for＋时间段”，及how long, (ever)since, ever, before, so far, in the last/past few years, up to now, till now等时间状语连用。如：‎ We've planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 过去几年我们种了成千上万棵树。‎ They have waited for more than two hours.‎ ‎(3)一般过去时与现在完成时的区别 ‎ 一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事或关注的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等。而现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在的影响，因此，若不强调某事对现在的影响就不用现在完成时。如：‎ I saw the movie yesterday. 我昨天看了这部电影。(强调电影是昨天看的)‎ I have already seen the film. 我已经看过这部电影了。(强调到现在为止看过这部电影了)‎ ‎(4)延续性动词:在现在完成时中，如果有持续的时间状语，要把非延续性动词变为延续性动词。如： ‎ I have had the book for two days. 这本书我已经买了两天了。(用had，而不用bought)‎ I have been in Tokyo for two weeks. 我已经来东京两周了。(用been in，而不用come to)‎ 现在完成时瞬间动词即终止性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。‎ 常见终止性动词与延续性动词 (或状态动词) 的对应关系如下:‎ come / go / arrive / get / reach / move--- be in/at ‎ open --- be open die --- be dead ‎ close --- be closed become ---be ‎ borrow --- keep put on --- wear ‎ buy --- have leave ----- be away (from) ‎ begin / start ----- be on fall asleep ---- be asleep end/finish ----- be over catch a cold ----- have a cold ‎ join the army ---- be in the army, be a soldier ‎ join the Party---- be in the Party , be a Party member ‎ 例：吉姆买这支已有两年了。‎ Jim bought this pen two years ago.‎ Jim has had this pen for two years.‎ ‎ Jim has had this pen since two years ago.‎ ‎ Jim has had this pen since 2007‎ ‎ It is two years since Jim bought this pen.‎ ‎6．过去进行时 ‎(1)结构： was/were＋doing ‎(2)用法：过去进行时主要表示过去某一时间点或某一段时间的状态或正在进行的动作。如：‎ His father fell down while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. ‎ ‎ 他爸爸骑自行车时摔到了，弄伤了自己。‎ ‎(3)常用的时间状语： this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten, last evening, when, while。‎ ‎(4)when和while的区别：‎ ‎①引导时间状语从句时，while 连接的是时间段，后常接延续性动词；而when连接的既可以是延续性动词也可以是非延续性动词。如：What was your father doing while your mother was cooking？你妈妈正在做饭时，你爸爸干什么呢？‎ What was your mother doing when you came back? 当你回来时，你妈妈干什么呢？‎ ‎②while可以连接两个并列的句子，而when不可以。如：‎ I was trying my best to finish my work while my sister was watching TV. 我当时正在尽力完成作业，而我的妹妹正在看电视。‎ ‎③when可作特殊疑问词，对时间进行提问，while 不能。如：When were you born?你是什么时候出生的？‎ ‎7．过去完成时 ‎ ‎(1)结构： had＋动词的过去分词 ‎(2)用法：①表示过去的某一时刻以前已经发生的动作或存在的状态，也就是“过去的过去”。常以by, before短语或when, before, after, until等引导的从句作为前提。如：‎ My teacher said she had never been to London. 我老师说过她从来没去过伦敦。‎ When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。‎ ‎②表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态。跟现在完成时一样，也常与 how long, for three days, before 等表示一段时间的状语连用。如：‎ When Jack arrived, he learned Mary had left for almost an hour. 当杰克到来时，他得知玛丽已经离开差不多一个小时了。‎ ‎8．过去将来时 ‎ ‎(1)结构： would＋动词原形或was/were＋going to＋动词原形。‎ ‎(2)用法： 表示从过去的某一时刻看，将要发生的动作。多用在宾语从句中。‎ 如：His uncle said that there would be a good harvest the next year.他叔叔说明年会有个好收成。‎ ‎[提醒] 在由if引导的条件状语从句中，如果主句中用过去将来时，if从句中需用一般过去时代替过去将来时。如：‎ ‎　Amy said that she would go shopping if it didn't rain the next day.艾米说如果明天不下雨，她就去购物。‎ 中考模拟练习 ‎( ) 1 I___ supper when the boy broke in.‎ A. has B. have C. was having D. will have ‎　　( ) 2 We ___ no class on Sundays.‎ ‎　　A. had B. have C. has D. are having ‎　　( ) 3 ___ the Blacks ___ TV at seven yesterday?‎ ‎　　A. Did; watch B. Are, watching C. Were; watching D. Do; watch ‎　　( ) 4 The scientist ___ a walk in his garden at four last Sunday.‎ ‎　　A. was taking B. would take 　　C. took 　　D. was taken ‎　　( ) 5 While Tom ___ a football match, his sister was reading an interesting story in her room.‎ ‎　　A. was watching B. is watching 　C. has watched D. had watched ‎　　( ) 6 When Miss Zhao came into the classroom, the students ___.‎ ‎　　A. talked 　B. were talking 　C. talking　 D. talk ‎　　( ) 7 Mary was drawing a horse on the blackboard when I ___ in.‎ ‎　　A. have come　　B. came　　C. am coming　　D. come ‎　　( ) 8 Look at the clouds. ___.‎ A. It's going to rain　　B. It'll be raining　　‎ C. It will be rained　　D. It'll rain ‎　　( ) 9 My family ___ to stay in London for some time.‎ ‎　　A. is going 　B. are going 　　C. go 　　D. are go ‎　　( ) 10 There ___ two English films next week.‎ A. is going to be 　B. are going to have　C. will have　D. are going to be ‎( ) 11 There is going to ___ a volleyball match on our school playground.The match is going to ___ at six this evening.‎ ‎　　A. have; be　　B. be; have　　C. be; be　　D. have; have ‎　　( ) 12 -Are you busy this afternoon? -No. I ___ to watch a football match.‎ ‎　　A. am going　　B. will　　C. shall　　D. can ‎　　( ) 13 Who ___ help him to move the box away?‎ ‎　　A. are　　B. are going ,　　C. are going to　　D. is ‎　　( ) 14 Where ___ buy a computer for your son?‎ ‎　　A. you are　　B. are going　　C. you go　　D. are you going to ‎　　( ) 15 Next year my little sister ___ ten years old.‎ ‎　　A. is to be　　B. is going to be　　C. shall be　　D. will be ‎　　( ) 16 -Is this the last exam for this term?‎ ‎　　-Yes, but there ___ another test three months from now.‎ ‎　　A. is　　B. was　　C. will be　　D. has been ‎　　( ) 17 You ___ late for school again if you ___ early.‎ A. shall be; won't get up　　B. are; won't get up　　‎ C. will be; don't get up　　D. have been; not get ‎　　( ) 18 Could you please ___ this rubber to Xiao Ling?‎ ‎　　A. to give　　B. giving　　C. gave　　D. give ‎　　( ) 19 ___ you ___ a teacher when you grow up?‎ ‎　　A. Will; be　　B. Are; going to be　　C. Are; /　　D. Will; going to be,‎ ‎　　( ) 20 Last year the old man ___ under the roof, enjoying the sunlight-‎ ‎　　A. sits　　B. is sitting　　C. sit　　D. would sit ‎　　( ) 21 He ___ in our school for 20 years and he ___ here in 1977.‎ A. has taught; came　 B. has taught; has come　‎ C. taught; came　 　D. has teached; has came ‎　　( ) 22 ___ the Great Wall?‎ A. Have you ever gone to　B. Are you ever going to　　‎ C. Do you ever go to　　D. Have you ever been to ‎　　( ) 23 I ___ the book yet.‎ ‎　　A. haven't read　　B. hadn't read　　C. don't read　　D. am not reading ‎　　( ) 24 They left for Beijing last month and we ___ them ever since.‎ A. don't hear from　　B. haven't heard from　　‎ C. won't hear from　　D. didn't hear from ‎　　( ) 25 The old man ___ in this house since 1949.‎ ‎　　A. has lived　　B. had lived　　C. is living　　D. lives ‎　　( ) 26 I ___ her only twice since last year.‎ ‎　　A. see　　B. was seeing　　C. have seen　　D. saw ‎( ) 29 -_____you ___ your breakfast?　-Yes, I have.‎ ‎　　-When ___ you ___ it?　-Twenty minutes ago.‎ A. Have; have; have; had　　B. Did; have; did; have　‎ C. Have; had; do; have　　D. Have; had; did; have ‎( ) 30 -___ your homework yet?　-Not yet, I ___ it.　　‎ A. Have you done; am doing　　B. Did you do; did　　‎ C. Did you do; am doing　　 D. Have you done; did ‎　( ) 31 My father isn't here now. He ___ Shanghai. He ___ there twice.‎ ‎　A. has gone; has been　 　B. has gone to; has been to　　‎ C. has been to; has gone　　D. has gone to; has been ‎　　( ) 32 -Could I speak to Mrs. Black, please?‎ ‎　　-Sorry, she ___ to the library.‎ ‎　　A. is going　　B. has gone　　C. has been　　D. will to ‎　　( ) 33. Peter is young, but he ___ many foreign countries.‎ ‎　　A. has been in 　B. has gone to　　C. went to　　D. has been to ‎　　( ) 34 ____ you ____ the book?‎ ‎　　A. Are; have　　B. Have; got　　C. Do; get　　D. Are; having ‎　( )35. -What's her name? -I______.‎ ‎　　A. forget　　B. forgot　　C. had forgotten　　D. am forgetting ‎( )36.I______my homework now.‎ A. finish　　B. finished　　C. have finished　　D. had finished ‎( )37.Last week John______ his leg.‎ A. felt and broken B. fell and broke　　‎ B. C. feels and breaks D. fallen and broken 考点二 动词的被动语态 英语中的动词有两种语态： 主动语态和被动语态。‎ ‎1．被动语态的构成： 助动词be＋及物动词的过去分词 ‎(1)一般现在时： 主语＋am/is/are＋动词的过去分词 ‎(2)一般过去时： 主语＋was/were＋动词的过去分词 ‎(3)一般将来时： 主语＋will/shall/be going to＋be＋动词的过去分词。如：‎ ‎ A bridge will be built over the river. 人们将在这条河上建一座桥。‎ ‎(4)现在进行时： 主语＋am/is/are＋being＋动词的过去分词。如：‎ A bridge is being built over the river. 人们正在这条河上建桥。‎ ‎(5)现在完成时： 主语＋have/has＋been＋动词的过去分词 ‎(6)过去进行时： 主语＋was/were＋being＋动词的过去分词 ‎(7)过去完成时： 主语＋had been＋动词的过去分词 ‎(8)过去将来时： 主语＋would be＋动词的过去分词 ‎(9)含有情态动词的被动语态： 主语＋情态动词＋be＋动词的过去分词。如：‎ A bridge can be seen over the river. 人们能看到河上有座桥。‎ ‎(10)在使役动词have, make, let以及感官动词see, find, watch, notice, hear, feel 等后面作宾语补足语的不定式，在主动结构中不定式to要省略，但变为被动结构时，要加to .如：‎ Someone saw a stranger walk into the building. ‎ 被动结构为： A stranger was seen to walk into the building. 有人看见一个陌生人走进了这座楼。‎ ‎2．某些谓语动词的主动形式表示被动意义 ‎ (1)英语中有很多动词，如： break, catch, clean, drive, look, open, sell, read, write,draw, wash等，当它们被用作不及物动词来描述主语特征时，常用其主动形式表达被动意义，主语通常是物。‎ 如： This kind of cloth washes well．这种布料很好洗。‎ ‎[注意] 主动语态表被动强调的是主语的特征，而被动语态则强调外界作用造成的影响。‎ 试比较：The door won't lock.(指门本身有毛病)‎ The door won't be locked.(指不会有人来锁门，表示“门没有锁”是人的原因)‎ ‎(2)表示“发生、进行”的不及物动词和短语，如：happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out, give out, turn out等以主动形式表示被动意义。如：‎ How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何印刷出来的呢？‎ ‎(3)系动词没有被动形式，但有些表示感受、感官的连系动词，如：feel, sound, taste, feel等在主系表结构中常以主动形式表示被动意义。如：Your reason sounds reasonable. 你的理由听起来很合理。‎ ‎(4)下列结构中的v.ing必须用主动形式表示被动意义：‎ ‎①want(need, require, request)“需要”＋v.ing。但当这些动词后接不定式时，则必须用被动形式表示被动意义。如：‎ The bike needs mending.这辆自行车需要修理 Our classroom needs to be cleaned. 我们的教室需要打扫。‎ ‎②be worth doing sth值得做某事　如：‎ The book is well worth reading. 这本书很值得一读 中考模拟练习 ‎1. The sick boy __to hospital by the police yesterday.‎ ‎　　A. is taken B. was taken C. takes D. took ‎　　2. Waste paper shouldn't __ everywhere. It's our duty to keep our city clean.‎ ‎　　A. be thrown B. throw C. is thrown D. are thrown ‎　　3. -Do you have any problems if you __ this job?‎ ‎　　A. offer B. will offer C. are offered D. will be offered ‎　　4. It is reported that more new teaching buildings __ in our school in the next term.‎ ‎　　A. will be built B. was built C. has built D. will build ‎　　5. ---David, turn off the TV __ no one is watching it.‎ ‎　　--But it __ off already! The music is from the radio.‎ ‎　A. so that, has been turned B.when,has turned C. if,has been turned D. because,has turned ‎6. ick __ a job in a bank, but to our surprise,he didn't take it.‎ ‎　A. is offered B. offered C was offered D. has offered ‎　 7.-It's difficult for the village children to cross the river for school.‎ ‎　 - -I think a bridge __ over the river.‎ A. was built B. is being built C. has been built D. should be built ‎8. I ___ to get there before seven tomorrow, so I'll have to get up early .‎ A. told B. have told C. will tell D. was told ‎9. It is reported that the Underground Line No. 3 __ in our city in 2010.‎ A. will build B. has built C. will be built D. has been built ‎10. When you leave the room, make sure the door ___.‎ A. was locked B. is locked C. will be locked D. should be locked 课堂分享 a dog’ s dinner (一顿狗餐)喻 “乱七八糟；一件做得很糟糕的工作”。‎ in the doghouse（在狗房里）喻 “失宠，丢人 “。‎ with the tail between the legs（双腿夹着尾巴）喻 “垂头丧气”。‎ Have a bone to pick with（有根骨头与……抢）喻“与……为难”。‎ work like a dog（像狗一样工作）喻 “拼命工作”。‎ teach the dog to bark（教狗怎么叫）喻“做白费心机的事”。‎ 以上都是英语中由“狗”引申过来的成语，多为褒义，同样在汉语中也有很多与狗相关的成语,而在汉语中大部分是贬义的.在汉语文化中,”狗”常用来形容坏人,如狗仗人势,狼心狗肺,够血喷人,狗急跳墙,鸡飞狗跳, 鸡鸣狗盗,狗嘴里吐不出象牙,狗眼看人低等等.‎ 课后强化练习--完形填空 David is a middle school student. He had lived in a small __1__ for fifteen years. It was a small place with only five families living there. His father, Mr. Hill, was a rich farmer and later on he __2__ a shop in our town. He bought a house here last month. His __3__ moved to the new house and his son began to study in our class. But ‎ he had __4__ friends here. At first he often played by _5__.‎ His neighbor Cathy is a kind girl. She has many friends. She finds the boy never talks with anybody and decides to help him. David __6__ to stay with her and talks to her a lot. Now they're good friends.‎ One afternoon, Cathy told David, “It'll be my sixteenth birthday tomorrow. I'll have a birthday party. Would you like to come?”‎ ‎“__7__. I'm glad to,” the boy said happily.‎ David got home and thought of a __8__ he could give to Cathy. He was sorry that he _9__ to ask the girl what she liked. He couldn't telephone her because he didn't know her __10__. At that moment Mrs. Hill came and asked, “What's the matter, dear?”‎ ‎“What would you like if it was your sixteenth birthday, Mom?”‎ ‎“Nothing," the woman said, "I just wish I were sixteen.”‎ ‎( )1. A. town B. city C. village D. country ‎( )2. A. open B. opens C. opened D. opening ‎( )3. A. home B. shop C. building D. family ‎( )4. A. a few B. few C. a little D. little ‎( )5. A. himself B. him C. his D. he ‎ ‎( )6. A. enjoy B. enjoys C. like D. likes ‎( )7. A. Well B. No C. Sorry D. Certainly ‎( )8. A. book B. dress C. present D. pen ‎ ‎( )9. A. forgot B. forget C. remember D. remembered ‎( )10. A. home B. number C. place D. address