初三英语语法知识复习

初三英语语法知识复习

初三英语语法知识专题复习 一、名 词 一、总的来说,名词分为专有名词和普通名词两类. 专有名词：用来表示某个（些）人、地方、机构等专有名称的词。如Marx、Beijing、USA等，其中的实词第一个字母要大写。如the Great Wall等。‎ 二、名词按其所表示的事物的性质分为可数名词与不可数名词。‎ ‎1、可数名词（个体名词和集体名词）:（1）单数（前加a或an表“一”）; (2)复数（词尾加“-s”或“-es”）。其规则如下：‎ A.规则变化：（1、以s、x、sh、ch结尾的，加-es / iz /; 如boxes, glasses, watches, brushes等；‎ ‎（2、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i,加-es; 如families, babies, countries等；‎ ‎（3以f、fe结尾的，变f、fe为v,加-es; 如knives, wives, halves等；‎ ‎（4、以“辅音字母+o”结尾的，加-es; 如potatoes, tomatoes等，但外来词和缩写词只能加-s,如pianos, kilo(kilogram)——kilos, photo(photograph)——photos.而zero——zeros/zeroes.‎ ‎(5、一般情况加-s,清辅音后发/s/，如desks, maps等，浊辅音和元音后发/z/.如apples, holidays, boys。但houses ‎/′hauziz/, mouths/mau z/.‎ B.不规则变化（child---children man----men woman---women policeman----policemen foot—feet tooth---teeth mouse---mice）（复数名词: people police shoes public clothes）‎ （1、 单数、复数形式相同的：sheep, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese等。‎ 国家 人民 语言 America American English England Englishman English France Frenchman French Germany German German Japan Japanese Japanese China Chinese Chinese Canada Canadian English, French （2、 表示民族、国家的名词，除Chinese, Japanese的复数不变，Englishman, Frenchman的复数变-man为-men外，其余的均在词尾加-s.如Americans, Germans, Russians, Australians ‎(附某国、某国人、某国语言的词形联系表).→→→→→→→ ‎ ‎(3、复合名词复数的构成方法 ‎①在中心词上加-s或-es, 如：pencil-boxes.‎ ‎②在第二个组成部分上加-s或-es, 如：boy-friends, tooth-brushes等.‎ ‎③含性别的复合词，两部分都变为复数，如：man-teacher——men-teachers, woman-driver——women-drivers.‎ ‎2、不可数名词（抽象名词和物质名词）：不能以数目来计算的名词。如water, meat, rice, air, food, time, work, bread等等。它们只有单数形式，不能在前面加a(an)或数词来表示一个或几个。只能用“of词组”来表达。如“五块肉”five pieces of meat，“三袋小麦”three bags of wheat，“四则新闻”four pieces of news.‎ ‎3、可数名词和不可数名词的转换：如：chicken, c“小鸡”，u“鸡肉”；fish, c“鱼”，u“鱼肉”，orange, c“橘子”，u“橙汁”，paper, c“试卷、论文”，u“纸张”，time, c“次数”，u“时间”等等。‎ 三、名词的所有格（含义“……的”）‎ ‎1、基本构成方法： (1)以s结尾的名词，其所有格只加“′”。如the students’ teacher the twins’ bedroom. 但以s结尾的单数名词，也可在词尾加“′s”。如Ross’s bag. (2)其他情况加“’s”。如：Jane’s father，Women’s Day ‎2、其他规则：（1）并列名词的所有格：①共同所有,只需在最后一个名词词尾加-’s,如：Kate and Joan’s room. ‎ ‎②分别所有，则在每个名词词尾加-’s,如Kate’s and Joan’s.‎ ‎（2）表示无生命的事物名词，一般用of表示所属关系。如:the map of China, the legs of the table.‎ ‎（3）双重所有格：①用of结构与名词所有格-’s结合构成双重所有格：a friend of my father’s, one book of his brother’s.②用of结构加名词性物主代词构成双重所有格：a pen of mine, a neighbour of his.‎ ‎（4）表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词常用-’s形式：an hour’s walk, yesterday’ news, China’s population, twenty minutes’ walk.‎ ‎（5）可用-’s表示店铺、某人家：the Greens’, my uncle’s.‎ 典例 （ ） 1.This is ____ news. A.such a good B.a very good C. such good ‎（ ）2. _____ knowledge of space develops very quickly. A.People’s B.Man’s C.Men’s ‎（ ）3. The number of people invited to the party _____ fifty, but a number of them ____ absent for different reasons. A. was/were B. was /was C. were/were ‎（ ）4. “Would you like ___?” “____, please.” ‎ A. a drink/ A coffee B. drink/A cup of coffee C. a cup drink/A cup coffee 25‎ ‎（ ）5. Two thirds of the work ____ done. A. are B. is C. have ‎（ ）6.The rich ____ not always happy. A. is B. have C. are ‎（ ）7. She is the only one of the ____ writers who _____ stories for children. ‎ A. woman/writes B. women/writes C. women/write ‎（ ）8. I met him at _____. A.Mr. Green’s B.the Greens C.Greens’‎ ‎（ ）9.Playing football is _____. A.a great fun B.great funs C.great fun ‎（ ）10.The sheep on the hill _____ theirs. They are all white. A.is B.was C.are 提高训练 一、用所给名词的正确形式填空：‎ ‎1.My shirt is much cheaper than ________.(John) 2.The girl in red is ______________ (Tom and Kate)‎ ‎3.The _________ (Brown) are watching TV now. 4.Our school is about ten __________ (minute) walk.‎ ‎5.March 8 is _______________ (woman day). 6.Who won the _________ (boy) 400- _______ (meter) race?‎ ‎7.This is ___________ (today) newspaper. 8.There are twenty-five _________ (man) workers in my factory.‎ ‎9.I like ___________ (chicken) very much. They’re lovely. So I never eat _________ (chicken).‎ ‎10.Although he is a thirty- ___________ (year old) man, you can see few ________ (hair) on the head.‎ 二、冠词 一、冠词的种类：不定冠词a(an), 定冠词the。冠词不能单独使用，必须置于名词前。‎ 二、不定冠词的用法：一般用于单数名词前，表泛指。其中a用于读音以辅音开头的词前，an用于读音以元音开头的词前。如: a basketball, a university, an hour, an apple.‎ ‎1、表示第一次提到的人或物。如：(1)I bought a new book. (2)He met an old woman on the way to school.‎ ‎2、表示人或物的某一类。如：(1)I’m a boy. (2)Would you like an orange?‎ ‎3、表示数量“一”，但没有one强。如：(1)She has a pencil.(侧重pencil, 而非其他物品) (2)She has one pencil.(侧重数量“一支”，而非“两支、三支”)‎ ‎4、表示“每一”，相当于every。如：They go to see the old man once a week.‎ ‎5、用于带修饰的抽象名词之前，表示“一种”。如：That’s a great surprise to her.‎ ‎6、指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人、何物。如：A boy is waiting for you.‎ ‎7、用于固定搭配词组中。如：a lot of, a little, a piece of.‎ 三、定冠词的用法：定冠词在单复数可数名词和不可数名词前都可使用，表特指，有“this/that或these/those”之意。 1、特指某人或某物。The man under the tree is his father.‎ 2、 指上文提到过的人或物。I bought a new book yesterday. The book is very useful.‎ 3、 指说话双方都提到过的人或物。A: Where is the dirty sock, Tom? B: It’s on the bed, mum.‎ 4、 表示世界上独一无二的事物。the sun, the moon, the earth. 5、用于序数词或形容词最高级前。(1)He is the tallest boy in our class. (2)The first lesson is about English name. ‎ 6、 用于姓氏复数前，表“……一家人”。the Blacks, the Wangs. 7、用于单数名词前，表一类人或物。The horse is a useful animal. 8、用于固定搭配中：in the morning, all the same, on the right. ‎ ‎9、用于专有名词前。the Great Wall, the White House.‎ 四、零冠词（不用冠词）‎ ‎1、三餐、球类、学科、语言前。(1)I have supper at school from Monday to Friday. (2) Maths is very important.‎ ‎2、季节、星期、月份、节日前。In spring, on Sunday, in September, Women’s Day.‎ ‎3、专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词前。Japan, milk, music.‎ ‎4、名词前已有指示代词、物主代词、不定代词或数词作修饰语时。(1)Come this way. (2)My book is here. ‎ ‎5、复数名词表泛指时。They’re students, and we’re workers. ‎ ‎6、在固定搭配中。on foot, at home/work/play, go to school, at night, at sea, in hospital.‎ 典例（ ）1.We often have sports after class, and I like to play ____ basketball. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 ‎（ ）2.What ___ fine weather we have these days! A. a B. the C. 不填 D. an ‎（ ）3.That’s ___ useful book. I have read it already. A. the B. an C. 不填 D. a ‎（ ）4.This is __song I’ve told you about. Isn’t it __ beautiful one? A. the/ the B. a/ a C. the/ a D. a/ the ‎（ ）5.—Did you do well in __English exam?—Yes, I got _“A”. A. the / an B. an/ the C. a/不填 D. the/ a ‎（ ）6.—What can I do for you, madam? —I want ___ orange skirt for my daughter. Have you got any? A. an B. the C. a D.不填 ‎（ ）7.Pass me ___ dictionary next to the radio, and I also need ____pen to take some notes. ‎ ‎ A. a/a B. the/the C. a/the D. the/a ‎（ ）8.—Can I help you, madam?—I’m looking for __ pair of shoes for my daughter.‎ ‎ A. the B. an C. a D. some 25‎ ‎（ ）9.Mr. Smith always gives me ___ hand when I am in trouble. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 ‎（ ）10.—Where is Xiao Ming? —He’s having ___rest over there. A. a B. an C. the D. 不填 基础训练 （ ）1.____ English is not hard to learn. A.A B.The C.An D.× ‎ ‎（ ）2._____ Greens will move to Shanghai. A.The B.A C.× D.An ‎（ ）3. There are twenty-four hours in ____ day. A.the B.× C.a D.an ‎ ‎（ ）4. English is ___ useful language. A.an B.a C.× D.the ‎（ ）5. Tom is ___ honest boy. A.the B.a C.an D.× ‎ ‎（ ）6. __ cup on the table is ___old one. A.The/an B.The/a C.A/an D.A/the ‎（ ）7.You will find ______ story on _____ eighth page. A.×/the B.the/an C.a/the D.a/an ‎ ‎（ ） 8._____ rich are not always happy. A.The B.A C.An D.×‎ ‎（ ）9.______ more he eats, _____ fatter he gets. A.The/a B.The/the C.A/an D.A/the ‎（ ）10.Tom’s going to Nanjing by _____ train. A.a B.an C.the D.×‎ ‎（ ）11.We have _____ supper at half past five. A.× B.a C.an D.the ‎（ ）12.____old man had two children, _____son and ____ daughter. ‎ A.An/the/the B.A/a//a C.The/the/the D.The/a/a ‎（ ）13.Both of them join ____ League in 1998. They have been _____ League members for 4 years.‎ A.×/× B.the/× C.the/the D.a/the ‎（ ）14.March 8th is _____. A.Women’s Day B.the Women’s Day C.a Women’s Day D.Women’s Day ‎（ ）15.He is now studying _____ history of ______Party in ____ university.‎ ‎ A.×/the/a B.the/the /an C.×/×/an D.the/the/a ‎（ ）16.Wang Fei likes swimming in _____ summer. A.a B.the C.× D.an ‎ 提高训练（完成句子，不必要填的地方划斜线）‎ ‎1.长城横卧在我国的北方。_____ Great Wall lies ______ ______ north of our country.‎ ‎2.大部分中国人都喜欢火锅。_____ most Chinese like ________ hot pot.‎ ‎3.这是一个关于植树的非常有趣的故事。This is ____ _________ story about ____planting trees.‎ ‎4.王先生一家人正坐在桌边吃晚饭。_______ ________ are having ____ supper at table.‎ ‎5.等一等，天在下雨，把伞带上。Wait ______ minute. It’s raining. Take ______umbrella.‎ ‎6.他们匆匆忙忙把受伤的人送到医院。They sent ______ wounded to _____ hospital in _____ hurry.‎ ‎7.快点！时间到了，把卷子交上来吧。______ ____ ! _____ time is up. ____ _______ your papers.‎ ‎8.躺着看书对眼睛不好。Reading ________ _______ is bad for your eyes.‎ ‎9.时间就是金钱，而金钱难买时间。_____ time is _____money. But ____money can’t buy ____ time.‎ ‎10.对不起，请再说一遍，好吗？I beg your pardon. ______ you ______ say it ______second time?‎ 三、代词 一、 人称代词 人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 数 单数 复数 单、复数 单数 复数 主格 I we you he she it they 宾格 me us you him her it them 二、 物主代词:有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种形式。形容词性物主代词在句中相当于一个形容词，置于名词之前作定语，即“形容词性物主代词+名词”；名词性物主代词具有名词的特征，即为“形容词性物主代词+名词”。在句中可作主语、宾语、表语。如：This book is mine.(mine =my book) ‎ 数 单数 复数 单、复数 单数 复数 形容词性 my our your his her its their 名词性 mine ours yours his hers its theirs 三、 反身代词:(含义：“……自己，……亲自，……本人”)有人称和数的变化。在句中，常作主语、表语、宾语和同位语。（enjoy oneself=have a good time teach oneself=learn by oneself help oneself to… ）‎ 单数 myself yourself himself herself itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 如：(1) God helps those who help themselves. (宾语) (2)He himself went there. (同位语)‎ 四、 不定代词:不指明特定的人或事物的代词。不定代词有：some, any, no, every, all, both, either, neither, each, none, little, a little, few, a few, another, other, others, many, much等，以及由some, any, every, no和one, thing, body组成的复合不定代词。这些不定代词大多能作主语、宾语、表语或定语，但含有some,‎ 25‎ ‎ any, every, no的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语和表语。no和every只能作定语。‎ 常见不定代词的用法： 1、some和any: 均可作主语、宾语、定语，且指三个或三个以上。some常用于肯定句中，any常用于否定句、疑问句中。如：①There’s some water in the glass. ②He doesn’t have any mistakes in his English paper. 但：①May I ask you some questions? (表力求得到对方的肯定回答) ②Any of you can answer it. (“任一”) ③Does any of you know Mr. Liu? (“任一”)‎ ‎2、few, a few , little, a little: few, a few均与可数名词复数连用，little, a little与不可数名词连用；few, little表否定，“几乎没有”，a few和a little表肯定，“有一点”。如：①There are few people in the station. ②You have little time to do your work now. ‎ ‎③There’re a few apples and a little meat in the fridge. 注意: a few = several/some a little = some/a bit of ‎3、all, both, none和neither: all和none, both和neither分别是一组反义词。all, none表示三个及其以上，both, neither表示两者。 “all ,both +复数名词”, “all/none/both/neither of +复数名词”。如：①Both of us know him a little. But neither of us know(s) where he is from. ②All of my friends met both of my parents.‎ ‎(1)both和all都可以作adj. pron.在句中作定语、主语、宾语。both用于两者之间，all用于三者以上。‎ ‎①All of us are studying hard. (主语) ②All books are useful. (定语) ③We like both.(宾语)‎ 注意：A. all, both, each和every等与not连用表部分否定，完全否定分别用 neither和none. 如: ‎ ‎①Not both of them are workers. ②None of the stories is (are) interesting. ③Not everyone of us know how to answer the question. B. both, each用于两者，both+复数名词，each+单数名词。all, every用于三个及三个以上，every不能与of.（all/each/both of+… every+…+of） ‎ C. each和every: each可作代词、形容词，可作主语、宾语、定语；every是形容词，作定语。如：‎ ‎①Every one of us is here.② Each of us has got a book..③ I like each of them. ④There are trees each side of the street. (2)no one和none: no one作主语时，谓语动词用单数，none作主语时，谓语动词的形式由none所代替的名词的数来决定。‎ ‎4、many和much: many用于修饰和代替可数名词，much用于修饰和代替不可数名词。“too many+可数名词的复数形式”,“too much+不可数名词”，“much too=very”。注意: many = a lot of /lots of/a number of much = a lot of /lots of ‎ ‎5、复合不定代词something, anything, nothing等的定语要后置。如：I have something important to tell you.‎ ‎6、another, other, the other和the others: other 用于表示两个（部分）中的“另一个（部分）”，the other特指两个中“另一个”，常构成“one…the other…”结构。the others 指“其余全部”，another用于表示三个或三个以上的多数中的“另一个”。如：(1)Please show me another pen. (2)He has two sisters. One is a doctor, the other is a nurse. (3)May I have a look at any other photos? (4)There’re 55 students in my class.. 25 are girls, the others are boys. 注意: one 指代前文出现过的名词，其复数形式是ones. 如：She has got a washing machine. I want to buy one, too.‎ ‎7、either、neither either: (1)作代词，“二者之一，任何一个”。如：①Here are two pens. You may use either of them. Either is good. ②Either will do.(随便哪个都行) ③Is (Are) either of the boys ready? (2)作形容词，“（二者之中）任何一个”。如：①You may sit at either side of the desk. ②There are many trees on either side of the road. (3)作连词, 常构成 “either …or…”, 作主语时, 谓语动词由or后面的人称和数决定。如：① Either my brothers or my father is coming. ②Either he or you are wrong. (4)作副词，“也”用于否定句，如：①He didn’t go swimming, either. ②He doesn’t like English, and I don’t like English, either. 注意; 肯定式:also（句中）/too（句末）‎ neither: (1)作代词，“二者都不”。作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如：①Neither is good. (=Both are bad.) ②Neither of the books is interesting. (2)作形容词，“（两者）都不”，与单数名词连用。如：Neither answer is right. (3)作连词，常构成“neither…nor…”,作主语时, 谓语动词由nor后面的人称和数决定。①Neither the students nor the teacher is going to work on the farm. ②Neither she nor I am going to speak at the meeting. 注意: neither…nor…反意→both… and…‎ 一、 指示代词：this, that, these, those均可作主语、宾语、定语。‎ 注意: （1）在比较状语从句中常用that来代替前面出现过的不可数名词或单数的可数名词;用these代替复数的可数名词.eg. The population of China is much larger than __that___ of Russia.‎ ‎(2）it 也可作指示代词.‎ Eg（ ）－A latest English newspaper, please!－Only one copy left. Would you like to have ___ , Sir? A. it （指代前面出现的同一名词） B. one指代前面出现过的同种物或人中的一个） C. this D. that ‎ 25‎ 一、 疑问代词：表示疑问。一般用于疑问句或名词性从句。有：who, whom, whose, what, which等。有时也作连接代词，连接主句和从句，并充当从句的句子成分。如：① Which do you like, tea or coffee? ②I don’t know whose the book is. ‎ 典例 （ ）1.Mary, please show ___ your picture. A. my B. mine C. I D. me ‎（ ）2.This isn’t ____ pencil case. I left mine at home. A. my B. me C. I D. myself ‎（ ）3.Merry Christmas, George! Here is a card for ___ with ___ best wishes. ‎ ‎ A. you/our B. us/your C. you/your D. us/ our ‎（ ）4.Do you know the boy sitting between Peter and ____? A. she B. I C. his D. me ‎（ ）5.—Which do you prefer, Coffee or milk? —___ of them. I like some coca-cola. ‎ ‎ A. Either B. Both C. Neither D. None 基础训练 （ ）1.If you have no dictionary here, you can use _____. A. my B. his C. her D. their ‎（ ）2.They were all very tired, but __ of them would stop to take a rest. A. any B. some C. none D. neither ‎（ ）3.It’s very kind ____ to help us ____ the work. A. of you/in B. for her/at C. for you/to D. of him/with ‎ ‎（ ）4.Her parents went there with a friend of _____. A. them B. theirs C. they D. themselves ‎（ ）5. —Would you like some wine? —Yes, just ______.A. little B. very little C. a little D. little bit ‎（ ）6. —Is there ____ in the room? —No, I’m the only person here. ‎ ‎ A. anyone else B. somebody C. everyone D. anybody ‎（ ）7.Mr Zhang gave the text books to all the pupils except ___ who had already taken them. A. the ones B. ones C. some D. the others ‎（ ）8.Alice received an invitation from ______ boss. A. he B. his C. her D. she ‎ ‎（ ）9.These plants are watered ____. ‎ A. each other day B. every other day C. each of two days D. every of two days ‎ ‎（ ）10.We couldn’t eat in a restaurant because ____ of us had ____ money on us. ‎ A. all/none B. any/no C. none/any D. no one/any ‎ 四、数词 一、基数词：表数目的词。‎ 基数词1～12‎ one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve.‎ 基数词13～19‎ thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen.‎ 基数词20、30…90‎ twenty, thirty, forty, fifty,, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety.‎ 非整十基数词21～99‎ twenty-three, ninety-nine, fifty-eight, forty-four等 三位数以上的，在百位和十位之间加and three hundred and thirty-three，one hundred and one 英语中没有“万位”，要借助“百、千”来表示 five hundred thousand 注：1、带数名词的词组作定语时，数词后的名词应用单数。如：a two-month baby, a five-pound ticket, a 108-page book等。 2、时间表达法：（1）直接表达法：按顺序先说钟点，后说分钟。（2）“过、差、半”表达法：①过：指分钟数不到30分钟时，用“分钟数+past+钟点数”结构表示，如：five past seven.②差：指分钟数超过30分钟，用“所差分钟数+to+(钟点数+1)”结构表示。如：5：45(fifteen to six或a quarter to six).③半：指刚好30分钟，用“half + past + 钟点”表示。如：half past twelve ‎ ‎3. （1）具体数字：five/six hundred/ thousand/… （2）不确切的数目：hundreds/ thousands/billions of ‎ 二、序数词：表顺序的词。‎ 序数词第1～第3‎ first, second, third (1st, 2nd, 3rd)‎ 序数词第4～第19‎ fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth (4th～19th)‎ 序数词第20～第90（整十）‎ twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth (20th～90th)‎ 非整十序数词21～99‎ twenty-first(21st), ninety-second (92nd), fifty-third(53rd), ninety-ninth (99th)等 第一百 a (one) hundredth 注：1、序数词与名词连用时，前面要用定冠词the 或形容词性物主代词，而且名词只用单数。如：the fourth bus, my second holiday. 2、编号的表达：(1) 既可用基数词，又可用序数词，但词序不同。如：Lesson Nine (= the ninth lesson), Page 50 (=the fiftieth page), (2)有的编号习惯上用基数词。如：Room 321 (读作room three two one)。 3、日期表达法：年用基数词，日用序数词。如：May 1(st), 1988 (读作May the first, nineteen eighty-eight)或1(st), May, 1988(读作the first of May, nineteen eighty-eight)。‎ ‎4、分数表达法：分子用基数词，分母用序数词。若分子大于1，分母应加-s。如：3/5 (three fifths)‎ 25‎ 典例 （ ）1.There are ______ days in a year. A. three hundreds sixty-five ‎ ‎ B. three hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five D. three hundred sixty-five ‎（ ）2.The boy always stays here for ____. A. one and half hour ‎ ‎ B. one and half hours C. one and a half hour D. one and a half hours ‎（ ）3. Every morning Mr Smith takes a ___ to his office.‎ ‎ A.20 minutes walk B. 20 minute’s walk C.20-minutes walk D.20 minutes’ walk ‎（ ）4.He bought _____ apples. A. two kilos B. two kiloes C. two kilos of D. two kiloes of ‎ ‎（ ）5. We won in the ______ relay race. A.100 metres B.100 metres’ C.100 metre’s D. 100-metre ‎ ‎（ ）6.Ten and five _____ fifteen. A. is B. are C. be D. has ‎（ ）7.That road is about ___. A. ten-metres-long B. ten-meter-long C. ten meters long D. ten meter long ‎（ ）8. There are ___ people on the playground. ‎ A. thousand B. thousand of C. thousands of D. two thousands ‎（ ）9.Kitty has read ____ of the book A. two thre B. second three C. two thirds D. two third 基础训练 （ ）1. ____ is the most difficult in this book ‎ A. Lesson Second B. The Second Lesson C. Second Lesson D.. The Lesson Two ‎（ ）2.—What’s twelve minus nine? — It’s _______. A. three B. twenty-one C. fifteen D. eleven ‎（ ）3. 276 is ___. A. two hundred and seventy-sixth B. two hundreds and seventy-six ‎ ‎ C. two hundred and seventy-six D. two hundred seven six 提高训练 一、 完成句子： 1. His family has ______________ (数百只羊)。 ‎ ‎2._____________(三分之二) of the water was used to water the young trees.‎ ‎3.I stayed in Beijing for ______________ (三个半月)last year. 4.That’s _________________ (六岁大的) boy. ‎ ‎5.Every morning Mr Smith takes a ________________ (20分钟步行) to his office. ‎ ‎6.__________ (四分之一) of the visitors went into the tall building.‎ ‎7.___________ (第一个) man from the earth got to the moon in ___________________(20世纪70年代)。‎ ‎8.There are _____________ (十瓶橙汁) in the fridge. 9.____________ (第三十) student comes from Canada.‎ ‎10.She will pay _____________ (第四次) visit to the Summer Palace.‎ 二、选择： （ ）1.What was the price of the most expensive car in ________ century? ‎ ‎ A. twenty B. the twentieth C. twentieth D. the twenty ‎（ ）2.—Excuse me, but could you tell me which gate we have to go to? — Please go to _______. ‎ A. the 102 Gate B. the Gate 102 C. Gate 102 D. 102 Gate ‎（ ）3.Two cameras aren’t enough. Why not buy ______ one? It’s worth it. ‎ ‎ A. the third B. a third C. third D. one third ‎（ ）4.— What’s the meaning for 1900 hours in the instruction for the Smiths’ trip? — ________. ‎ A. Nineteen hours B. Nineteenth hours C. Seven o’clock in the morning D. Seven o’clock in the evening ‎（ ）5. ________ of the workers in this factory is about two hundred, ________ of them are women workers. ‎ A. The number/first third B. The number/one third C.A number/half D. A number/ three quarters 五、介词 一、 常见介词分类 1、表示时间：in, at ,on, between, since, for, during, until, till, by, after, from…to…, before, past, behind. 2、表示方位：in, at ,on, between, behind, beside, near, under, above, around, before, below, inside, next to, among, over, in front of, round. 【地点介词： （1）at+小地点 （2）in位于某地境内 Changsha lies in the north of Huan。（3）on与某地接壤 Hubei lies on the north of Huan。 （4）to位于某地的某一方位，但两地互不相连 Hebei lies to the north of Huan。】‎ ‎3、表示运动方向：to, towards, round, around, through, across, from…to…, into, onto, out of, off, along.‎ ‎4、其他介词：by, to, like, unlike, of, except, about, against, in, with, but, as, plus, minus, without.‎ 二、 部分常见介词用法 1、in, on, at表示时间的用法区别 (1) in用于表示“在（一段时间）内、（将来时中）……之后”，如：in the morning, in September, in spring. We’ll meet in Beijing in three days.‎ ‎(2)at 表示“时刻、时段”，如：At this time, the man downstairs was trying to sleep. I usually get up at six o’clock. (3)on表示“具体某一天或某一天的上午、下午、晚上”，如： ①They arrived early on a Tuesday morning. ②We’ll have a party on Christmas Eve. The new school year usually comes on September 1.‎ ‎2、in的其他用法 (1)在（某范围或空间）之内：in the classroom, in the open air, in Lesson One. The wild animals are in danger. (2)以……，用……（方法）：They finished the hard work in time in this way.‎ ‎(3)在……方面：—Are you interested in playing basketball? —Yes. But I can’t do well in it. (4)用……（语言）：What’s this in Chinese? (5)表示穿戴：Who is the girl in a hat? (6)固定搭配：in a hurry, in front 25‎ ‎ of, in fact, in front, in the end, in the air, in bed, in line, in trouble, in surprise.‎ ‎3、at (1)在某地（小地点、场合）：We’ll meet at the school gate tomorrow morning. (2)向（表示方向、目标）：laugh at, point at, knock at, look at, shout at. (3)处于（状态），进行（活动）：at work, at school, at home, at table. (4)固定搭配：at first, at the end of, at last, at all, at least, at the age of, at the beginning of, at the same time, at times, at once, be good at.‎ ‎4. on (1)在……上：There’s a beautiful picture on the blackboard. On top of, on TV, on the desk.‎ ‎(2)表示处于某种状态：on show/display, on duty, on business, on watch. ‎ ‎(3)关于（理论研究）：①We had a talk on the environment. ②Is there any book on English study? ‎ ‎(4)固定搭配：on time, on the left/right, on earth, on one hand, on the other hand, on foot, on one’s way (to), play a joke on, feed on, live on, be based on, get on, put on, turn on, operate on.‎ ‎5. above, over, on (1)above “在……上方”（位置高出）；（程度、状态、水平等）超过（与 below相反）：①There’s a photo of Chairman Mao above the blackboard. ② Today’s temperature is above 35 in Chengdu. (2)over “在……（垂直）上方”（与相对物体由凌空感，与under相反）；跨越；遍及：① Many planes fly over our town every day. ②There’re three bridges over the river. ③ We have friends all over the world. (3)on “在……上面”（有接触面）：There is a glass of milk on the table.‎ ‎6.with (1)和（同、与）……一起（表伴随）：I went to the zoo with my grandpa last weekend. She goes home every year with her parents. (2)带有、具有：I’d like Chinese tea with nothing in it. The mooncakes with nuts and eggs are more delicious. (3)以……，用……（表示手段及方法）：①With the money he bought things for his lab. ②You can write down the important things with the pen and the notebook.‎ ‎(4)固定搭配：agree with, be angry with, be busy with, be filled with, be fed up with, be covered with, catch up with, come up with, do with, get on (well) with, help with, play with, quarrel with, talk with, be strict with.‎ ‎7. for (1)表动作方向，“向、往”：— May I speak to Mr. Smith? — He’s not in. He has left for Shanghai.‎ ‎(2)表原因，“因为”：① Thank you for your help. ② Sichuan is famous for pandas. (3)表目的，“为”：They fought for the freedom. (4)表一段时间或距离，“计、达”：We’ve known each other for three years.‎ ‎(5)表“给、供”：①The flowers are for our English teacher. ②I want to buy some food for supper.‎ ‎(6)固定搭配：pay for, be good for, look for, send for, wait for, get/be ready for, make room for, for ever, for example, ask for, be late for.‎ ‎8.to (1)表方向，“到、向、去”：①Could you I get to the station? ②How can I get to the station?‎ ‎(2)表时间，“到（某时间）”：①Spring in China lasts from February to April. ②It’s ten to four now.‎ ‎(3)表对象，“向、为、对、给（某人、某物）”：Please give it to Ms Smart. (4)固定搭配：thanks to, next to, prefer to, say goodbye to, listen to, to one’s surprise, come to oneself, point to, help oneself to, write to, get to.‎ ‎9.by (1)靠近，在……旁边：①The girl often read by the window. ②There isn’t enough land by the sea.‎ ‎(2)到……时间为止：By the end of last term, we had learned English for two years.‎ ‎(3)乘坐（交通工具），用（手段、方法）：Most of the people in Chengdu go to work by bike. ‎ ‎(4)被（用于被动语态）：Which language is spoken by the largest number of people in the world?‎ ‎(5)固定搭配：by the way, by oneself, mean by, one by one.‎ ‎10. 表“除了”：but, except和besides (1)but和except用法相近，都表示“除了……外”，除去的部分不包含在范围之内。如：①Except my father, none of them came on time. ②All but none of them didn’t come on time. (2)besides用来表示“除了……还有……”。如：Besides my mother, my father and uncle came to my new office yesterday.‎ ‎11.其他常见的介词短语 ‎ ‎(1) “动词（+副词）+介词”：arrive at/in, come from, do well in, feel like doing, get out of, get into, hear of, hear from, knock into, look like, be made of, be made from/in/by, look up, prefer…to…, talk about, be used for, take care of, turn into，spend…（in） doing sth，spend on sth， help sb with sth，thanks to. ‎ put on，write down，take off，turn down/up，wake up。 (2) “动词+表语+介词”：be afraid of, be angry with, be away from, be bad for, be different from, be full of, be sure of, be surprised at，be filled with，‎ ‎(3)其他固定介词短语：a bit of, a little of, a lot of, a number of, a piece of, a kind of, at the news of, all by oneself, all kinds of, by the way, of course. ‎ 典例（ ）1.We held a party ___ the night of May 1. __ that night, we enjoyed ourselves very much. ‎ A. at/At B. in/At C. on/In D. at/In ‎ ‎（ ）2.The teacher is standing ____ the class. A. in the front of B. in front of C. in the back of D. in back of ‎ 25‎ ‎（ ）3. ___ the bad weather, the mountain climbers failed. A. Thanks to B. Thanks for C. Because of D. for ‎（ ）4. The foreigners had a visit to Jiuzhaigou ____ a car. A. by B. on C. with D. in ‎ ‎（ ）5. Come here! There is a yellow bird ______ the tree. A. in B. on C. with D. of ‎ ‎（ ）6. Go __ the street, and wait for the bus __that stop. A. across/in B. through/ in C. across/ at D. cross/at ‎（ ）7. Study hard, or you’ll fall _____ the others. A. after B. before C. off D. behind ‎（ ）8. In the day time, the temperature keeps ______ the zero, but at night it will fall _____ the zero. ‎ A. on/down B. above/below C. over/below D. above/under ‎ ‎（ ）9. How much did you spend _______the beautiful coat? A. in B. for C. of D. on ‎ ‎（ ）10. I’m sure he can get here ______ five minutes. A. in B. after C. for D. since ‎ 基础训练 （ ）1.He needs a new pen to write _________. A. / B. on C. down D. with ‎（ ）2.The teacher asked me to retell the story _____ my own words. A. with B. in C. by D. of ‎（ ）3.The teacher will be back ________ an hour. A. in B. after C. on D. above ‎（ ）4.Mary sends you some flowers ________ best wishes. A. to B. for C. from D. over ‎ ‎（ ）5.The workers ___ glasses___ their eyes. A. wear/on B. wear/over C. put on/over D. wear/with ‎ ‎（ ）6.I met an old friend when I ____ the post office yesterday. A. pass B. past C. passed byD. passed in ‎（ ）7.We must walk ______ the forest before dark. A. in B. by C. among D. through ‎ ‎（ ）8.After the game, the teacher said, “___ you!” ‎ A. Congratulations to B. Congratulations on C. Congratulates to D. Congratulates on ‎ ‎（ ）9.We must be always ready to help others ______ Lei Feng did. A. like B. as C. for D. because ‎ ‎（ ）10.Mrs. Brown came to China _____ 1996. A. from B. of C. to D. in ‎ ‎（ ）11.Our team will play _____ their team. A. to B. towards C. against D. on ‎（ ）12. The boss was very pleased _______ my words. A. at B. with C. in D. for ‎ ‎（ ）13.I shall buy a TV set _____ the money you gave me. A. in B. by C. with D. for ‎（ ）14._______ his wife, his daughter also went to see him. A. Except B. Besides C. Beside D. About ‎ ‎（ ）15.They take the food home, or ____ their workplace. A. / B. at C. to D. in ‎ ‎（ ）16. I arrived here _______the night of the fourth of March. A. in B. at C. on D. to ‎（ ）17.Take the medicine and stay _________. A. on the bed B. in the bed C. on bed D. in bed ‎ 陆、连词 一、 并列连词（常见的有：添加连词and, both…and…, not only…but also…；选择连词or, either…or…, neither…nor…；转折连词but, yet；因果连词for（不能放在句首） ,so等。）‎ ‎1. and 的基本用法：(1)连接对等成分，当对等成分为3个及以上时，前面的并列成分间用“，”隔开，后两项间用“and”连接。如：Lucy and Lily are in the same class. ②She quickly cooked the supper and cleaned the house. ③ I like tennis, golf, basketball and football. (2)连接两个相同的词，表示强调。①The baby laughed and laughed. ②The weather became hotter and hotter. (3)前一个祈使句（相当于一个条件从句），后一个分句表示结果时，用and连接.eg. Give me one more minute, and I’ll be able to finish it. ‎ ‎2.but：表转折，不能与although(though)连用。如：His home is far from school, but he is never late for school.=Though his home is far from school, he is never late for school. ‎ ‎3.or的基本用法：(1)连接对等成分，表选择，“或”；在否定句中，当要同时否定两个并列成分且共用一个否定词时用or连接，如用and连接,则要重复使用否定词。 ①Is your friend a boy or girl? ② We often have milk or eggs for breakfast. ③A clock has no eyes or ears. =A clock has no eyes and no ears. (2)连接两个主语时，谓语动词与最接近的主语保持一致。如：①You or he has taken my bike. ②Have you or he taken my bike? (3)前一句是祈使句，后一句与前一句意义转折，“否则”：Be quiet, or you can’t hear me clearly. ‎ ‎4.so：表结果，“因此，所以”，不与because连用。如：The weather is very good, so we can have our party in the open air. 5.not only…but also…：连接对等成分，可以是主语、谓语、宾语，也可以连接状语、补语、表语，但连接主语时，谓语动词应与最近的主语保持一致。如：①She is not only our teacher but also our friend. ②You must not only read it carefully, but also remember it. ③Not only you but also he is wrong. ④Not only he but also you are wrong. 6.either…or…：连接对等成分，当连接主语时，谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。如：①You either come to the office now or wait for me at home. ②She is coming back either today or tomorrow. ③ Either you or he is right. ④ Either he or you are right.‎ ‎7. neither…nor…：连接对等成分，当连接主语时，谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致。如：①It’s neither hot nor cold in Kunming all the year around. ②He likes neither football nor basketball. ③ Neither I nor he has visited that city. ④Neither he nor I have visited that city.‎ 25‎ 二、从属连词：after, before, when, while, as, since, as soon as, because, for, if, though, until, so…that, unless, than 等。 1.when, while, as：都可引导时间状语从句，“当……时”，都可表示一段时间，when还可表“时间点”。As we were having dinner, he knocked at the door. When it rained, I was having a meeting. While/When I worked in Shanghai, I lived with them. 2.as, since, because, for：都有“因为”之意。as, since, because为从属连词。Because语气最强，表示发生或情况存在的原因，回答why的问题，不能与so连用。since “既然，由于”，引导的从句常位于句首，用来说明推断的理由，语气较because弱。as语气最弱，表示已为人知，或几乎不言而喻的原因，引导的从句可置于句首、句中或句末。for为并列连词，表示补充说明理由或推断理由，引导的从句位于句末，并用“，”隔开。①I have to stop here now, as I have a lot of work to do. ②Since he says so, it must be true. ③We didn’t go to visit the history museum because it rained very heavily last Sunday. ④The shop is quite new, for it opened only a week before. 3.until：“直到……才”，当主句的谓语动词是短暂性动词时，需用否定形式；当主句的谓语动词是延续性动词时需用肯定形式。①Go on until you reach the end of the street. ②Don’t stop until you reach the end of the street.‎ 典例（ ）1.The writer ___ player __ well known in Australia. A. and/are B. and/is C. or/is D. with/is ‎（ ）2. You must leave now, _____ you’ll be late for the meeting. A. or B. as C. then D. for ‎（ ）3. Will you please tell me ____ you have done it or not? A. if B. that C. when D. whether ‎（ ）4. ____ Tom ____ Jim likes playing football after school. ‎ ‎ A. Both/and B. Between/and C. Either/or D. Neither/or ‎（ ）5. There are ___ many people in the supermarket ___ you can’t walk through easily. ‎ ‎ A. so/that B. such/that C. too/to D. so/to ‎（ ）6. We must stop cutting trees ___ we can stop the sand from moving towards the south. ‎ A. in order to B. in order that C. if D. because ‎ ‎（ ）7. ___ you ____your brother is going into that house. A. Neither/nor B. Both/and C.×/and D. if/and ‎（ ）8. I can’t finish it ____ I ____ much more time on it. ‎ ‎ A. if/spend B. unless/spend C. or/will spend D. until/will spend ‎（ ）9. _____ you need my help, give me a call. A. Whatever B. Whenever C. Wherever D. Whoever ‎（ ）10. _____ their help, the old man carried the box home. A. For B. Because C. With D. Thanks for 提高训练一、选择：（ ） 1。He enjoys playing football, ___ he isn’t good at it. A. and B. so C. but D. or ‎（ ）2.I’ll ask him to give you a call _____ he comes here. A. because B. since C. before D. as soon as ‎（ ）3.Could you tell me _____ it snows in winter in Australia or not? A. whether B. if C. when D. but ‎（ ）4.Work hard, ______ you will catch up with the others. A. and B. or C. but D. since ‎（ ）5.There was _____ much noise outside _____ I couldn’t get to sleep. ‎ ‎ A. such/that B. so/that C. very/that D. such/×‎ ‎（ ）6.Lucy swims very well, ____. A. she does so B. so her sister does C. so does her sister D. her does so ‎（ ）7.We didn’t go home _____ wee finished cleaning the classroom. A. until B. after C. since D. even if ‎（ ）8.___ he is very young, __ he knows more than us. A. though/but B. Though/× C. Because/so D.×/×‎ ‎（ ）9.I have never seen him _____ he left school. A. since B. for C. when D. because ‎ ‎（ ）10.We’ll stay at home _____ it rains tomorrow. A. because B. whether C. so that D. if 二、同义句转换，每空一词。 1.A: If you don’t get up early, you’ll be late for school. B: Get up early, ________ you’ll be late for school. 2.A: Can you tell me if your parents will come today? B: Can you tell me ______ your parents will come today _____ _______? 3.A: Jack likes swimming and Tom likes swimming, too. B: _______ Jack ________ Tom _________ swimming. 4.A: One of them, Jack and Jane, must meet Mr. Green at the station. B: ______ Jack _______ Jane must meet Mr. Green at the station.‎ ‎5.A: We didn’t go to the park yesterday and Li Lei didn’t, either. B: ______ we _______ Li Lei _________ to the park yesterday. 6. A: Tom is too tired to go on working. B: Tom is _________ tired ________ he can’t go on working. 7.A: When he got to the office he started to work at once. B: He started to work _________ __________ _______ he got to the office. 8.A: Mr and Mrs Wang are going to the party this evening. B: Mr Wang ______ ______ ______ Mrs Wang is going to the party this evening. 9.A: Traveling by air isn’t so comfortable as traveling by train. B: Traveling by air is _______ comfortable ______ traveling by train. 10.A:No matter where you go, I’ll never forget you. B: ________ you go, I’ll never forget you.‎ 柒、形容词、副词 一、 形容词：用来描述或修饰名词的词，表示人或事物的性质或特征。‎ ‎（一）形容词的句法功能 ‎ ‎1、形容词作定语: (1)形容词作定语的位置通常放在被修饰的名词的前面。如：I have a new picture book. ‎ 25‎ 如果有两个或两个以上的形容词修饰名词，这些形容词的位置要由他们和被修饰名词的关系的密切程度来决定。一般来说，关系最密切的最靠近被修饰的名词。如：①I have a new English book. ②There is a beautiful old stone bridge over the river. (2)当形容词修饰不定代词时，应放在不定代词之后。There’s nothing serious with you. Go home and stay in bed for two days, then you’ll be OK.‎ ‎(3)形容词短语作定语时应放在被修饰语之后。The box full of books is very heavy.‎ ‎2、形容词作表语: (1)形容词作表语的位置在连系动词之后。①The music sounds beautiful. ②I feel very sorry at the bad news. (2)常见的连系动词有：(见动词) (3)英语中有一部分形容词只能作表语，不能作定语，这种形容词叫“表语形容词”，常见的有：sorry, afraid, ill, glad, alone, worth, asleep, alive, awake. 如：①I’m very glad to meet you here. (正确) ②He’s a glad man.(错误) 应改为He’s a happy man.‎ ‎3、形容词作宾补：后置。The new teacher made us happy every class.‎ ‎4、形容词名词化：the+形容词 “某一类人或物”。如：We should look after the old and love the young.‎ ‎（二）形容词的比较等级 大多数的形容词有三个等级：原级、比较级、最高级。原级就是形容词的原形，比较级和最高级的词形变化有规则和不规则之分。‎ ‎1.形容词比较级和最高级的构成： A. 规则变化: (1) 单音节词和部分双音节词：①一般在词尾加-er或-est；②以不发音的e结尾的只加-r或-st；③以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，双写这个辅音字母，加-er或-est；④以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i, 加-er或-est (2) 多音节词和部分双音节词：在词前加more或most 练习：写出下列形容词的比较级和最高级：short, clever, large, nice, fat, thin, hot, big, red, busy, happy, easy, delicious, beautiful, important, popular, difficult, careful.‎ B.不规则变化(请写出下列形容词的比较级和最高级)：little______ _______many/much_______ ______good/well______ ________ bad/badly/ill_________ ____________ far______________ ____________ old______ _________‎ ‎2. 形容词比较等级的用法: （1）同级比较：两种句型：1) as+原级+as… 2)not as/so+原级+as 如：①The box is as heavy as that one. ②It’s not so(as) warm today as yesterday. （2）比较级的用法：1) “(much, even, far, yet, still, a little, a bit, a lot…)+比较级+than” 2) “倍数+比较级+than” 3)比较级+and+比较级“越来越……”4）the+比较级，the+比较级 “越……就越……” 5）the+比较级+of+比较的范围（通常是两者），表“两个中较……” 如：①My sister is a little taller than his. ②The sun is a million times larger than the earth. ③After spring, it gets hotter and hotter. ④The more careful you are, the less mistakes you’ll make.⑤I’m better in English than any other student in our class. （6）He is the cleverer of the two boys。‎ ‎（3）最高级的用法：1) the+最高级+比较范围 2) one of +the+最高级 “最……之一” 3) the+序数词+最高级 “第几……最……”(very置于the后，much, even置于the前) 如：①The Great Wall is the longest wall in the world. ②Tom is the tallest boy of the three. ③Ms Smart is one of the most popular teachers in our school. ④Changjiang River is the third longest river in the world. ⑤This bike is much the best of all.‎ 二、副词：用来修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或全句，说明时间、地点、程度及方式等。‎ 副词的构成：1、本身就是副词的，如now, often, always, never, very等。 2、本身既是形容词也是副词的，如fast, early, long, last, hard等。3、由形容词加ly转化而来的。(1)直接-ly, 如；carefully, slowly, freely, widely, politely. (2)去e加-ly, 如：truly, terribly.（不去e而直接加-ly有polite, wide） (3)以ll结尾的，只需加y,  如fully. (4)以“辅音字母 +y”结尾的，变y为i, 加-ly, 如：angrily, easily, happily, busily, 但dry除外，dry-dryly.（friendly，lively，lovely，lonely，ugly）‎ 副词的种类：1、时间副词：now, today, yesterday, tomorrow, late, soon, then等。 2、频度副词：always, often, ever, never, sometimes, usually等。3、地点副词：here, there, everywhere, upstairs, abroad, outside等。4、程度副词：much, very, quite, almost, rather, enough, little等。5、方式副词：angrily, badly, carefully, loudly, slowly等。6、连接副词：how, when, where, why, whether等。(引导从句) 7、疑问副词：how, when, where, why等。(引导特殊疑问句)‎ 副词的句法功能：1、作状语：I go to school very early every day. 2、作定语：The people here are very friendly. 3、作表语：Class is over. 4、作宾补：Please let me in. ‎ 副词在句中的位置：1、修饰动词，置于动词之后，若是及物动词(词组)，则放在宾语之后。Please listen to me carefully. Please look carefully. 2、频度副词一般放在行为动词之前，情态动词、助动词、be动词之后。He often goes to work on foot. She is often helpful to others. ‎ ‎3、同时出现时间、地点状语时，应先地点，后时间。He arrived here yesterday. 4、副词enough常置于形容词、副词之后。The boy isn’t old enough to go to school.‎ 一些常用副词辨析 ‎1. also, too, either 2.much too, too much, too many 3.already, yet 4.how long, how often, how soon 25‎ 副词的比较等级：与形容词大同小异。副词的最高级前可不用定冠词the. 形式上，凡是以“形容词+ly”构成的副词的比较级和最高级都只能前加more或most.‎ 典例 （ ）1.That ____ was built 200 years ago. A. wood old bridge B. old wood bridge C. wood bridge old D. bridge wood old ‎（ ）2.Which is _____ of the two cities? A. the farther B. farther C. the further D. further ‎（ ）3.There is ___ much noise ____ I can’t fall asleep. A. such/that B. too/to C. enough/that D. so/that ‎（ ）4.—Take this medicine, please. —Do I have to? It tastes _____. ‎ A. horrible B. horribly C. are horrible D. like horrible ‎（ ）5.The boy is ____ to go school. A. enough old B. old enough C. older enough D. old ‎（ ）6.There was _______ snow on the road. We had to drive ____ slowly. ‎ A. much too/too much B. too much/too much C. too much/much too D. too many/much ‎（ ）7.Your book is on the floor. _____ , OK? A. Put it away B. Put away it C. Put up it D. Put it up ‎（ ）8.There is _____ in the bag. ‎ ‎ A. strange something B. something strange C. anything strange D. strange anything ‎（ ）9._____ you study, _____ you can pass the exam. A. The hard/the easily B. The harder/ the easier C. The hard/the more easily D. The harder/the more easily ‎ ‎（ ）10. Her father hasn’t come back ______. A. already B. still C. too D. yet 基础训练 （ ）1.Li Lei didn’t run ____ to _____ Liu Feng. A. enough quickly/catch up ‎ ‎ B. fast enough/catch up with C. quickly enough/keep up D. enough fast/catch up with ‎（ ）2.I have ______ brother. A. not B.no C. any D. no a ‎（ ）3.No sooner had he gone to bed than he fell ____ . A. sleeping B. sleep C. slept D. asleep ‎（ ）4.This dictionary is very good. It _____ buying. A. worths B. worth C. is worth D. is worthing ‎（ ）5.The flowers smell _____. A. well B. nicely C. good D. terribly ‎（ ）6.He won’t do it. I won’t do it, ____. A. too B.either C.also D.so ‎（ ）7.We arrived at the station ______. A. save B.safety C.safetily D. safely ‎（ ）8.That’s really kind ____. A.of you to say so B. for you to say so C. of you saying so D. for you saying so ‎（ ）9.The job is ____ being done. A. worth B.ready C. good D.well ‎（ ）10.I couldn’t find my English-Chinese dictionary ____。‎ ‎ A. anywhere B. everywhere C. nowhere D.somewhere ‎（ ）11.Jack doesn’t work _____ they work. A. so hard as B. so harder as C. as hardly as D. harder like ‎（ ）12.The Yellow River is the second ____ river in China. A. long B. longer C. longest D. more longer ‎（ ）13.Tom is stranger than _____ in his class. A. any other boy B. any boy C. other boy D.any boys ‎（ ）14.I’m sorry, I’m late. My watch is a few minutes _____. A. slow B. slower C. slowly D.more slowly ‎（ ）15.We will have a ___ holiday after the exam. ‎ ‎ A.two month B.two-month C.two month’s D.two-months ‎（ ）16.Of all the machines this one works ____. A. more best B. much better C. best D. much more best ‎（ ）17.The more we looked at the picture, _____. ‎ A. the less we liked it B. we like it less C. better we liked it D. it looked better ‎（ ）18.—Can you understand me? — Sorry, I can _____ understand you. ‎ A. hardly B. almost C. nearly D. ever ‎（ ）19.Of the two pears, Tom chose _____ one. A. the bigger B. the biggest C. bigger D. big ‎（ ）20.Shanghai is larger than ___ in Japan. A. any other city B. any city C. the other cities D. all of the city ‎（ ）21.They went back to Shanghai last summer. And ___. A. I did so B. so did I C. I do so D. so do I ‎ 提高训练 一、选择： （ ）1.Do you think football is _____ basketball in Australia? ‎ A. more popular B. so popular as C. as popular as D. less popular ‎（ ）2.He is a _____ man, not a robot. A. real B. really C. true D. truly ‎（ ）3.The environment around us is becoming _______. A. more beautiful and beautiful ‎ ‎ B. more and more beautiful C. more beautiful and more beautiful D. beautiful and beautiful ‎（ ）4.The supermarket in that city is _____ big. A. still B. very C. even D. far ‎（ ）5.Is there ______ you want to book online, Dad? ‎ A. everything else B. anything else C. else anything D. else something ‎（ ）6.—Who did it better, Kate or Ann? —I think Kate did just ___ Ann. ‎ A. as well as B. as good as C. as better as D. move badly than ‎ ‎（ ）7.The number of the visitors to Hainan in this area _____. ‎ 25‎ A. is larger and larger B. is more and more C. are larger and larger D. are more and more ‎（ ）8.Which country has the second ______ population in the world? A. most B. many C. largest D. large ‎（ ）9.If you are free, please read English stories ______. ‎ A. as much as possible B. as long as possible C. as much as you can D. as many as you can ‎ ‎（ ）10.Which is the _____, the train station, the bus station or the airport? ‎ ‎ A. far B. farthest C. farther D. most far ‎（ ）11.VW PASSAT can cost _____ 300,000 yuan. It’s really expensive.‎ ‎ A. as much as B. as little as C. so much as D. so little as ‎（ ）12.I have something ____ to say. ‎ ‎ A. most important B.the most important C. important D. more important ‎（ ）13.This playground has never had a litter box _____. A. last year B. in 1995 C. ago D. before ‎（ ）14.The product they made looks ____ and sells ____. A. nice/well B. nice/good C. well/nice D. good/nice ‎（ ）15.Li Ping writes ____ in his class. A. more careful B. more carefully C. most carefulD. most carefully ‎（ ）16.The bell rang to tell people to get out of the water as __ as they could when a shark appeared.‎ ‎ A. early B. quickly C. much D. soon ‎（ ）17.—Who won the high jump? —Bill did. He jumped ___ all the others. ‎ ‎ A. higher than B. as high as C. highest of D. the highest of ‎（ ）18.Have they _____ gone scuba diving? A. but B. yet C. ever D. still ‎ ‎（ ）19.___ is it since you came to this school? A. How soon B. How often C. How far D. How long ‎ ‎（ ）20.—__ are you going to Beijing this year? —My parents and I are going by air. ‎ A. What B. With whom C. How D. How long ‎ 捌、it的用法 一、 用作人称代词：1、指代事物：— What’s this? — It’s a cat. 2、指代人：常用于不知对方性别时，比如：询问敲门人或打电话时询问对方是谁，或者用来指代婴儿。(1)—Who’s it? —It’s Sam. (2)—Who’s the baby in the picture? —It’s my younger brother. 二、用作非人称代词：指代天气、时间、季节或距离等，此时的it无意义。(1)It’s two o’clock now. (2)It’s very cold in spring in the northern China. (3)It’s about 100kilometers from our town to the big city. 三、用作替代词：it可作形式主语、形式宾语，可代替不定式、动名词或从句。(1)It is not known where she has gone. (2)It’s bad for your eyes reading in bed. 四、用于强调句，构成“It+be +被强调部分that…”结构。如：It’s in the small shop that I bought the important book. ‎ ‎ 五、在初中英语教材中，出现了许多由it引导的固定句式，现归纳如下： 　(一)It's time for sb. to do sth. / It's time for sth.意为"是(某人)该干……的时间了"、"到……的时候了"。例如： 1. It's time for supper ／to have supper.该吃晚饭了。2. It's time for me to study.我该学习了。‎ ‎(二)It takes(sb.)some time to do sth.意为"(某人)花……时间做某事"。例如：1. It takes twenty minutes to go to school by bike. 骑自行车上学要花二十分钟的时间。2. It took me a week to finish reading the book. 我花了一周时间读完这本书。 (三)It is one's turn to do sth.意为"轮到某人做某事了"。例如：It's your turn to be on duty tomorrow. 明天轮到你值日了。 (四)It is ／ has been ＋时间段＋since ＋一般过去时，意为"自从……以来已过了……(时间)。" 例如：1. It is / has been four days since I caught a cold. 我感冒已四天了。 2. It is / has been two weeks since we met last. 自从我们上次见面以来已过了两周。 (五)It seems ／seemed ＋that从句，意为"看起来好像……"。例如：It seemed that our team was going to win. 我们队看起来好像要赢了。 (六)It's＋表语＋to do sth.。例如：It's a good idea to go out for a walk. 出去散步是个好主意。 (七)It's ＋adj.＋that从句。例如：It's true that I may fall behind the other students.我真可能落在别的学生后面。 (八) It's＋adj.＋of(for)sb.＋to do sth.。对于这个句型究竟用of还是用for，主要取决于前面的形容词。如果形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质等的，如 kind，good，nice，clever等用of；如果形容词仅仅是描述行为的则用for，这类形容词常见的有difficult，easy，hard， important，dangerous等。例如：1. It is nice of you to come to see me.你能来看我真好。2. It is dangerous for children to play with fire.对小孩儿来说玩火是危险的。 ‎ 典例 （ ）1.—Who’s knocking at the door? — I don’t know. Maybe ___ is my uncle. ‎ A. he B. that man C. it D. she ‎（ ）2.—I have only two dollars with me. — Oh, ____ enough to buy this book.‎ ‎ A. it’s B. that’s C. you’re D. they’re ‎（ ）3.—Who’s that baby in the photo? — _____ me. I was only two years old that year. ‎ ‎ A. That’s B. It’s C. I’m D. The baby’s ‎（ ）4.______ five years since I left that town. A. That’s B. They’re C. The time’s D. It’s ‎（ ）5.___about ten minutes’ walk from my home to the factory. A. The way is B. It’s C. The road D. That’s 25‎ ‎（ ）6.Something is in the box, _______ ? A. are they B. aren’t they C. isn’t it D. isn’t something ‎ ‎（ ）7.____ said that the strange man lives in the deep forest. A. It’s B.I C.He D. Someone ‎（ ）8.______ take me much time to write that paper. A, It’s B. It’ll C. That’ll D.I’ll ‎（ ）9.I found ______ easy to swim across that river. A. it B. that C. me D. it’s ‎（ ）10.—Who’s that speaking? — ______ me, Tom. A. I’m B. That’s C. It’s D. Its 提高训练： 完成句子 1. 从学校到工厂需要步行20分钟。______ 20 minutes’ walk _______ the school _______ the factory. 2.这个婴儿才两岁，需要人照顾。The baby is only 2 years old. ________ needs _________ ________ _______ after. 3.快点！要下雨了。________ _______ ! _______ is going to rain.‎ ‎4.桌上有些面包，吃起来挺香的。There is some bread on the table. _______ tastes __________.‎ ‎5.要完成这项工作至少需要20天时间。_____ will take ______ _____ 20 days _______ _____ the work.‎ 玖、句子的种类和句子的类型 Ⅰ句子的种类：按用途分类，英语句子可分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句四类。‎ a) 陈述句:叙述事实、表达思想的句子。又分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句。We arrived in Beijing on Sunday evening. The boy wasn’t here just now. ‎ b）疑问句： (1一般疑问句：询问一件事是否属实，用yes或no来回答。— Is there anybody in the house? —Yes. My sister and her classmates. (2特殊疑问句：“特殊疑问词+一般疑问句”。不能用yes或no回答。常见的特殊疑问词：who, when, where, how, how many, how much, whose, whom, how long, how often, how soon, what time, what colour等。①— How soon will he be back? —He will be back in an hour. ②—Whose is the blue shirt? — It’s Tom’s. (3选择疑问句：A. 一般选择问句式：以or为标志，语序与一般问句相同。回答时不能用yes或no. 如：Did you go to the cinema or stay at home yesterday evening? I stayed at home. B.特殊疑问句式：Which do you like best, peas, potatoes or tomatoes? I like peas best.‎ ‎ (4反意问句：表示提问者有主见，无把握，希望对方来证实。 ‎ ‎（1）基本结构：“陈述句， 简略问句？”。简略问句对陈述句提出相反的疑问。回答这种问句时，如事实肯定的，用yes， 事实是否定的，用no. 如：—He goes to school early every day, doesn’t he?—Yes, he does../ No, he doesn’t. （2）表示否定的词有：not, no, nothing, nobody, never, hardly, seldom, few, little等。如：He hardly knows how to answer it, does he? 但是带否定意义的前缀的词，不能视为半否定词。如：You’re unhappy, aren’t you? His sister dislikes that game, doesn’t she? （3）祈使句的反意问句：除以Let’s开头的，其简略问句用shall we或shan’t we外，其余的均用will you或won’t you.如：Let’s go home now, ____ _____? Let us help you, Granny, ____ _____? Don’t close the window, ____ ____? （4）当陈述部分的主语是everyone, someone, somebody, anybody等词时，问句部分的主语用they；当陈述部分主语是this, that时，问句部分主语用it. Nobody knows, do they? This is what I want, isn’t it? （5）当陈述部分是I’m…结构时，问句部分一般用aren’t I. 如：I’m the first to come to school today, aren’t I? （6）当陈述部分是“I think/believe/suppose…或We think/believe/suppose…或I’m sure… +宾语从句”时，简略问句应对宾语从句进行反问。如：I think they are both right, aren’t they? I’m sure he will come here, won’t he?‎ C）祈使句：表命令、请求。肯定式为：动词原形+其他成分。否定式为：Don’t+动词原形+其他成分。如：Open your book, please. Don’t look out of the window.‎ D）感叹句：表惊讶、喜悦、愤怒等强烈感情。‎ i用what引导：“What+adj.+名词或名词词组+主语+谓语（+其他成分）！”。如：What an interesting story it is! What beautiful flowers they are! ⅱ 用how引导：“How+ adj./adv.+主语+谓语（+其他成分）！”。如：How hard he studies English! How beautiful the flowers are!‎ 典例 （ ）1.Let’s go for a picnic, _____? A. will you B. shall we C. don’t you D. do we ‎（ ）2.Which color do you like ____, red ___ yellow? A. better/or B. best/and C. better/and D. best/or ‎（ ）3._____ wonderful programmes they are! A. How B. How a C. What’re D. What ‎（ ）4.There’s nothing interesting in today’s newspaper, ______? ‎ A. isn’t there B. isn’t it C. is there D. are there ‎（ ）5._____ did it cost? A. How much B. How many C. What money D. How many money ‎（ ）6.Please wait for me, _______? A. don’t you B. shall we C. will you D. will we ‎（ ）7._______ interesting story that is! A, How B. What a C. What D. What an ‎（ ）8.—_____ is your aunt? — A bus driver. A. Who B. What C. What work D. Whom ‎（ ）9.Few of them like flying kites, _______ ? A. don’t they B. won’t they C. like they D. do they ‎（ ）10. Don’t be late next time, _______? A. will you B. won’t you C. do you D. don’t you ‎ 25‎ 提高训练 一、将下列句子变为否定句和一般疑问句。‎ ‎1.She gets up early every morning. She ____ ___ up early every morning. _____ she _____ up early every morning? 2.He has got some story-books. He ______ _____ story-books. ______ he _______ story-books? 3.We have already seen the film. We ______ seen the film_____. _____ you seen the film _______? 4.Both Jim and I are students. ______ Jim ______ I am a student. _____ ______ Jim and you students? 5.Let’s go to the zoo. Let’s _____ ____ to the zoo. _____ we _______ to the zoo? 6.Mr. Smith said something at the class meeting. Mr. Smith ______ _______ _________ at the class meeting. ______ Mr. Smith ____ ______ at the class meeting?‎ 二、将下列句子变为感叹句。 1.She’s a lovely girl. _________ lovely the girl is!‎ ‎2.The people are working hard. _______ ______ the people are working! ‎ ‎3.The flowers are beautiful. _________ beautiful flowers!‎ 三、将下列句子变为反意疑问句。‎ ‎1.The Canadian girl knows little Russian, ________ ______ ? 2. Let’s carry the heavy box for the old woman, _______ ______? 3.There were few people in the station that night, _______ ______? 4.None of you like the books, _____ ______ ? ‎ 四、同义句转换： 1.The bag is so heavy that I can’t carry it. The bag is ______ heavy for me _______ __________ . 2.How can we get to the post office? Did he tell you? Did he tell you _____ ________ get to the post office? 3.The film was very interesting. He found. He found _______ ____________ ________. 4.What about going out for a walk? _______ _________ _________ out for a walk?‎ ‎5.Mr. Green doesn’t enjoy listening to music. His wife doesn’t, either. _____ Mr. Green ________ his wife _______ listening to music.‎ ‎6.Miss Gao is our English teacher this term. Miss Gao _______ ________ English this term.‎ Ⅱ句子的类型：按结构分，英语句子可分为简单句、并列句、复合句。‎ ‎1、简单句：只有一个主语（含并列主语）、一个谓语（含并列谓语）。简单句的五种基本结构：‎ ‎（1）S+V(+状语) We often swim in the pool. (2)S+V+P His brother became a soldier. ‎ ‎ (3)S+V+O He likes playing football. (4)S+V+IO+DO Our teacher told us an interesting story yesterday. (5)S+V+O+OC We call him Big Jack.‎ ‎2.并列句：由两个或两个以上的简单句通过并列连词构成的句子。并列连词有；and ,or, but, then, for, so 等。‎ ‎①Study hard, or you can’t pass the exam. ②It’s very cold today, so you’d better wear warmer clothes.‎ ‎③She finished her homework, then she went to bed. ‎ ‎3.复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子。主句是主体，从句充当主句的成分。初中阶段要求掌握宾语从句、状语从句和定语从句。‎ 宾语从句：在句中作主句的宾语。（在I think/ believe/ suppose/expect等动词后的宾语从句中，从句的谓语尽管是否定的意思，却不用否定形式，而是将think等动词变成否定形式。 I don’t think you are right。）‎ ‎（1）that引导：that无意义，常省略。He says that he won’t be free until tomorrow. He said (that) he would like to see the teacher. （2）由疑问代词(who, whom, whose, what, which)、疑问副词(when, where, why, how)引导：有词义，要充当句子成分，不能省去。I don’t know whose the book is. Can you tell us why you came late again? （3）(3)由if/whether引导：“是否”，“whether……or not”。 He asked whether/if they need more tea. She doesn’t know whether she will go on working in the factory or not.‎ 使用宾语从句，必须注意三个问题：‎ (1) 选准连接词：①陈述句→宾语从句，用that连接；②一般疑问句→宾语从句，用if/whether连接（注意：只能用weather的情况1）同不定式连用2）作介词宾语从句 3）和or或or not 连用。）；③;特殊疑问句→宾语从句，原有的疑问词就是连接词.‎ (2) 使用陈述语序：尤其要注意把一般疑问句和特殊疑问句转变为宾语从句时，要把原有的疑问语序变为陈述语序。 ①He asked me. When will she arrive? →He asked me ______ ______ _______ arrive. ②We want to know. Did he understand our meaning? →We want to know _______ __________ ___________our meaning. （3）She didn’t know whether to go or to stay.（4）I’m not interested in whether you like the plan or not. ‎ (3) 选用正确的时态：①主句是一般现在时，从句时态不受限制。②主句是一般过去时态时，从句只能用相应的过去时态。③如果宾语从句是客观事实或真理时，不受主句时态的限制。 ①“I’ll come back soon.” she told her daughter. → She told her daughter ____ ______ ______ ______ back soon. ②“Has he finished the homework?” the teacher asked my friend. →The teacher my friend ______ ______ _______ _____the homework. ③The teacher told the children that the sun ______(be)much bigger than the earth.‎ 状语从句：在句中作主句的状语。 （1）时间状语从句：引导词有：when, while, after, before, as soon as, since, until等。 （2）条件状语从句：引导词有：if(如果)，unless(除非)‎ 25‎ ‎。注意：在时间状语和条件状语从句中，如果主句用一般将来时，从句应当用一般现在时。如：If she _______ (come), I will tell you. ‎ ‎（3）原因状语从句：引导词有：because, since, for, as等。‎ 练习：用after, unless, if, when, because, until填空。 ①_____ you eat too much, you’ll become fat. ②I won’t pass the exam ________ I work hard. ③She went to bed _______ she washed her face. ④Don’t open the door ______ the bus stops. ⑤______ he came to see me, I was reading a newspaper in bed. ⑥The students went to the farm _______ the farmer needed some help.‎ (1) 比较状语从句：由than, as…as, not so…as引导。Lucy is half an hour older than Lily(is). The weather isn’t so wet as it was yesterday. （2）目的、结果状语从句：由so…that(如此……以致于), such…that, so that(以便)引导。He was so tired that he couldn’t go on working. She got up early so that she could catch the first train. （3）让步状语从句：由although, though, even though 引导。①Although/Though we have learned English for three years, our English is not enough. ②Even though he is eighty, he looks strong and healthy.‎ 定语从句： 在句中作主句的定语，修饰前面的名词或代词。被修饰的词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系代词。初中阶段要求掌握的关系代词有that, which, whose, who和whom. 其中who, whom指人，which指物，whose, that既可指代人也可指代物。如：Have you seen the woman who/that is wearing red coat? He found the girl who/whom/that we’re looking for. Please show me the photo which/that you like best. Do you know the girl whose father is our maths teacher? Can you bring me the caot whose color is green?‎ 当关系代词在句中充当定语从句的宾语时，常常省略。He found the girl we are looking for.‎ 只能用which引导的定语从句：‎ ‎（1）当关系代词在介词后面时，只用which. Eg. What’s the question about which they are talking? ‎ ‎（2）当先行词为that时，关系代词要用which。Eg. What’s that which you are holding in your hands?‎ 只能用that引导的定语从句：（1）先行词前有一个最高级形容词修饰时：This is the most interesting story________ I have ever heard. （2）.当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时：The children like the second lesson ______is about “The Football Match”. （3）当先行词前有only, any, all, no, few, little, one of, just, ver或the sane等修饰时：This is the same bike that I lost. It’s the only word ____I don’t know in the passage.‎ ‎（4）当先行词为不定代词all, something, everything, none, nothing, anything, the one 等词时：Here is all the money ______I have. （5）当先行词同时含有人和物时：I can remember the persons and some pictures _______I saw in the room. （6）为避免重复，在疑问词who后用that: Who is the girl _______ won the first place? （7）当先行词为数词时：Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water . Now you can see the two that are still alive. （8）主句是there be结构，修饰主语的定语从句用that作关系代词。Eg. There is a room in the hotel that is still free. （9）关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时，关系代词用that. Eg. My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.‎ 典例（ ）1.Please call me ____ he ___ to Beijing. A. whether/gets B. if/gets C. whether/reached D. if/reaches ‎（ ）2.Mr. And Mrs. Green are ____ hard-working workers ____ they were given a rise(涨工资)last month. ‎ ‎ A. such/that B. so/that C. so/so D.×/that ‎（ ）3.The scientist told the children that the earth____ around the sun. ‎ A. traveled B. are travelling C. travels D. wound travel ‎（ ）4.We mustn’t stop for a rest until we ___ the village. A. reach B. will reach C. reached D. are reaching ‎（ ）5.Mr. White asked ____ meet next morning. ‎ A. where shall we B. where we shall C. what we wound D. where we wound ‎（ ）6.That town is ____ far away from here ___ you can’t get there on time. ‎ A. so/that B. such/that C. too/for D. enough/that ‎（ ）7.Do you know the man ____ is red? A. who’s coat B. who C. whose coat D. which coat ‎（ ）8.It can tell you ____ the plane leaves. A. what’s time B. what time C. what’s the time D. when does ‎（ ）9.The speaker spoke loudly ____ he could be heard clearly. A. so that B. so C. while D. because ‎（ ）10._____ there is life, there is hope. A. When B. While C. Where D. Why 提高训练 一、同义句转换： ‎ 1. Is the Summer Palace open now? Could you tell me? Could you tell me ________ the Summer Palace ______ ________ now? 2.Please tell me where we show our tickets. Please tell me _______ ______ _________ our tickets. 3.Tom’s father saw that he was sitting on some eggs. Tom’s father saw _________ ___________ on some eggs. 4.He didn’t know the other people’s ideas because he didn’t come to the meeting. He didn’t know what _______ at the meeting. 5.“Where does he lives?” Mr. La asked. Mr. La asked where __________ _____________. 6.I remembered that I had given the book to him. I ‎ 25‎ remembered __________ the book to him. 7.If you don’t help me, I can’t finish it on time. I can’t finish it on time _______ ___________ help. 8.After he said “Good night” politely, he left. _____ a _________ “Good night”, he left. 9.I haven’t heard from Jim. He left here. I haven’t heard from Jim ___________ he left here. 10.I don’t know where we are going. I don’t know _________ ___________ __________.‎ 二、连词填空：‎ ‎1. She tried hard ______ she failed. 2. Be quick, ______ he’ll be angry. 3. You may ______ do it yourself _____ leave it to me. 4.He could read _______ English _____ French well. 5.He didn’t know anything about that ______ he couldn’t tell you. 6. Use your head, ______ you’ll have a way. 7.She must come from Scotland, ______ only the Scotland talk in that way. 8. This shirt is ______ too big _____ too small for me. 9.Mike knew nothing about it ______ Jim told him. 10.I’ll wait _______ he comes back. 11.We’ve known each other _____ I came here in 1990. 12. Don’t worry. He’ll come to see you _______he reaches the city. 13.I met one of my old friends_______ I was walking along the street. 14. His father was _______ angry with his son _______ he couldn’t speak. 15.We must do ______ the Party tells us.‎ 拾、动词的时态及主谓一致 一、动词的种类 ：行为动词、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。‎ ‎1、行为动词：分为及物动词和不及物动词。及物动词后带宾语，不及物动词后不带宾语。如： ①Horses run fast. ②I read newspapers every day. ‎ ‎2、连系动词：本不能单独作谓语，须与表语连用构成谓语。常见的连系动词有：be, become(变成、成为), feel(感觉、摸起来),fall，get(变得),go(变成、处于……状态), grow(变得),look(显得、看起来),seem(好象),smell(闻起来), sound(听起来), stay、keep(保持), taste(尝起来),turn(变得)等。 ①He seems angry. ②My brother has become a driver. ③Fish soon goes bad in hot weather. ④The noise from the crowd grew louder and louder. ⑤Your voice sounds beautiful. ⑥His father kept very busy all day last Friday. ⑦The baby soon fell asleep.⑧She looks very ill. ‎ ‎3.助动词：无词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语，表示否定、时态或其他语法形式。助动词有：be, do(does, did), have(has, had),shall, will等。They are playing basketball on the playground. The man did not understand my words. Have you found it anywhere?‎ ‎4.情态动词：(1)有词义; (2)不能独立作谓语，只能和行为动词一起构成谓语; (3)后接动词原形; (4)表示说话人的语气和情态; (5)无人称和数的变化(have to除外)。情态动词有：can, may, must, need, could, should, might, would, shall, will, have to等。‎ 二、动词的时态：初中阶段共有8种时态：一般现在时态、一般将来时态、一般过去时态、现在进行时态、现在完成时态、过去进行时态、过去完成时态和过去将来时态。‎ ‎1.一般现在时： (1)用法：①表经常性、习惯性的动作。常与always, usually, often, sometimes, every day等时间状语连用。He sometimes goes shopping with his parents. I often go to work on foot. ②表现在的特征或状态。 She likes playing pingpong. He’s eighteen years old this year. ③表客观真理和科学事实。 The earth goes around the sun. ④在时间状语和条件状语从句中，若主句是一般将来时，从句用一般现在时。If it doesn’t rain, we’ll go out to have a picnic.‎ ‎(2)构成：①be（am/is/are）②行为动词：A：当谓语动词为非三人称单数时，动词用原形；B：当谓语动词为第三人称单数时，动词用第三人称单数(动词的第三人称单数形式构成方法与名词复数的变化规则相同) 练习：写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式：work, study, fly, do, wash, watch.‎ ‎2. 现在进行时： (1)用法：①表说话时正在进行的动作。如： Listen! She is singing an English song. ②表示以现在为中心前后一段时间内发生的动作。如：We’re learning Lesson Eight these days.③有时还用某些趋向性动词(终止性动词)的现在进行时来表示将来意义时。这些动词包括：come, go, start, leave, stay等。如：I’m going to the park this afternoon. ‎ ‎(2)动词现在分词的构成：①直接在词尾加-ing（2）去不发音的e，加-ing；（3）以重读闭音节结尾的，词尾只有一个辅音字母，双写加-ing;（4）少数以ie结尾的，变ie为y加-ing, 练习：写出下列动词的现在分词：die, ask, come, begin, lie, feel, leave, tie, climb, dig.‎ ‎3.一般过去时： (1)用法：表示说话以前发生的动作或存在的状态。常与yesterday, last week, ago, in 1995等过去时间状语连用。He went to the northern part of China last year. ‎ ‎(2)动词过去式的构成：A.规则变化：①去不发音的e，加- ed；②以重读闭音节结尾的，词尾只有一个辅音字母，双写加-ed; ③以“辅音字母+y”结尾的，变y为i,加-ed, ④其余一般加-ed. B.不规则变化：（须记住） ‎ ‎4.一般将来时: (1)用法：表示说话以后(将来)要发生的动作或存在的状态。常与next year, tomorrow, in the future, in two days等将来时间连用。He is going to have a meeting next Sunday.‎ ‎(2)构成：①“be going to+动词原形”，表示打算或即将发生的动作。It’s going to rain. We’re going to help the ‎ 25‎ old man next to our school. ②“will/shall+动词原形”. I will take part in our game. Shall we meet a little earlier tomorrow morning. ‎ ‎5.现在完成时:(1)构成：“助动词have/has+动词的过去分词”(动词的过去分词与动词的过去式规则变化构成方法相同，不规则变化必须记住) (2)用法：A：表过去的动作对现在的影响或结果。I have seen the film. He has gone to Shanghai. B：表过去的动作持续到现在并有可能继续持续下去。常与表示一段时间的“for短语、since+从句”连用。如：My father has been away for Beijing for five hours. Mr. Black and his family have been in China since they came here three years ago. 注：这一用法中，谓语动词必须为延续性动词，非延续性动词必须转化为延续性动词。如：buy—have/keep, borrow/lend—have/keep, become—be, leave—be away, die—be dead, open—be open, close—be closed, arrive/come/go/reach/get—be in/here/there, join—be a member of/bein, begin—be on, get up—be up, fall asleep—be asleep, finish/end—be over等。如：改错：I have joined the League for half a year. (3)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：前者属现在时态范畴，不与过去时间连用，强调过去的动作或状态对现在的影响。后者属于过去时范畴，常与过去时间连用，只是单纯地谈论过去，与现在无关。He has read that book. He read it last year.‎ ‎(4)have/has gone to , have/has been to与have/has been in ①—Where is your mother now? —She has gone to Chengdu. ②—Do you know something about Chengdu? —Yes. I have been to Chengdu three times.‎ ‎6.过去进行时: (1)构成：was/were+动词的现在分词 (2)用法：表过去某一时刻或过去某一时间段内正在发生的动作。如：We were having breakfast when there was a knock at the door. I was doing my homework from 8 to 10 last night.‎ ‎7.过去将来时：表立足于过去某一时间而言将要发生的动作或状态。常用于宾语从句。由“would+动词原形”或“was/were going to+动词原形”构成。He told me there would be a football match that weekend.‎ ‎8.过去完成时：表过去某一时间以前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，即“过去的过去”。由“had+动词的过去分词”构成。By the end of last term, we had learned English for two years. They had done the whole work before he phoned them.‎ 三、主谓一致：英语中主语和谓语在人称和数的一致问题上一般遵循三条原则：形态一致原则、意义一致原则、就近原则。‎ ‎1.形态一致原则: (1)可数名词单数和不可数名词独立作主语时谓语动词用单数形式。可数名词复数或两个及以上的不可数名词并列作主语时，谓语用复数。如：On the table are some fruits. Some water and a little bread are for their breakfast. ‎ ‎(2)不定代词作主语时，谓语动词常用单数。但neither和none作主语时谓语动词既可用单数，也可用复数。Listen! Somebody is knocking at the door. Both of them are from Sichuan. But neither know(s) it. ‎ ‎(3)非谓语动词的结构和从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数。①Playing basketball every day is good for your health. ②How we can find that place now is really a problem. (4)主语后面跟有with, as well as, but, like等引导的短语作定语时，谓语形式不受定语影响。The boy as well as his friends is going there on foot.‎ ‎2.意义一致原则: (1)根据主语的内在涵义来决定谓语的数。Some are apples. Some is salt and some is sugar.‎ ‎(2)表示“总量”或“总和”的时间、距离、金钱、重量、容量等复数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Four hours is long enough for you to finish that work. Ten thousand dollars is much enough to buy a new car.‎ ‎(3)表复数意义的代词作主语时，谓语动词用复数。常见的有：both, few, a few, many, several等。Few of them have been to Canada. (4)表“总称”的名词作主语时，谓语动词用复数，常见的有：police, people, cattle等。如：the people in the city are very friendly. The police are looking for the lost car, ‎ ‎(5)some等不定代词、two thirds等分数词组、rest等名词作主语时， 根据其代替的对象是否可数来决定谓语动词的数。The rest of us are in the classtoom. The rest of the milk is drunk by the little girl.‎ ‎(6)family等集合名词作主语时，如果强调集体时， 谓语用单数，若强调成员个体时， 谓语用复数。My family enjoy sports and games. My family has moved into the new house. (7)由“the+形容词”表一类人作主语时，谓语动词用复数。The young in this team are able to jelp the old climb up the mountain. The injured(受伤人员)were sent to hospital.‎ ‎3.就近原则：用于“there be”句型和由“either…or…，neither…nor…, not only…but also…，whether…or…，or”等引导主语的句子中，谓语动词的数由距离谓语动词最近的主语部分决定。There is some bread and some cakes on the table. There are some cakes and some bread on the table. Neither you nor he has been to Chengdu. Neither he nor you have been to Chengdu.‎ 典例 （ ）1.Their teacher _____ since three years ago. A. has been ill B. was ill C. is ill D. ill ‎（ ）2.Her grandpa ______ for several years. A. has died B. has been dead C. died D. was dead ‎ 25‎ ‎（ ）3.Mr. Zhang ____ to the meeting soon. A. is going to come B. will go to come C. comes D. is coming ‎（ ）4.If the rain ____ tomorrow, we’ll visit the Great Wall. A. will stop B. is going to stop C. stop D. stops ‎（ ）5.He said that they _____ that work. A. have finished B. had finished C. were finishing D. finished ‎（ ）6.Now, I ______ we must stop. A. am thinking B think C. thought D. will think ‎ ‎（ ）7.The little girl with her grandparents ____ have a piano concert. A. is going to B. are going toC. isD. are ‎（ ）8.Either you or he ______ right. A. are B. were C. is D. be ‎（ ）9.There _____ a piece of paper and some books on the floor. A. are B. is C. has D. have ‎（ ）10.The teacher said that we ______ change the plan. A. would B. will C. shall D. had 提高训练 动词填空： 1.Please tell me if he ______ (go) to the cinema tonight. 2.The workers _________ (build) a new bridge next year. 3.I hoped that James _________ (arrive) before supper. 4.Mr. Chen told us that the sun __________ (set) in the west. 5.They promised that they __________ (bring) us all the necessary books. 6..Mary asked me if he __________ (come) back in two days. ‎ ‎7.They said they _______ (not collect) the rubbish until they _______ (pay) higher. 8.I wonder if he ________ (give) a concert tomorrow. 9. She ______________ (write) to us as soon as she gets there. 10. She ___________ (shout) the whole afternoon. 11. Some scientists __________ (explore) in the sea when a shark ________ (attack) one of them. 12.The door is locked, and I have no key. What __________ I (do)? 13.When _________ you _______ (start) for Australia next week? 14. Look at the clouds! It ____________ (rain). 15. A new bridge __________ (build) at the end of this year. 16.Ann doesn’t know whether she __________ (be) in our class. 17. There _________ (be) more people in the world in the next 10 years. 18. This afternoon we __________ (have) a discussion on how to improve our studies. 19.I________(finish) reading the novel by tomorrow night. 20.________ (be) the children very happy _________ (take) to the park last Sunday? 21.When she ____________ (work) in the garden, her back ____________ (hurt) terribly. 22.By the end of the match, they __________ (kick) two goals. ‎ ‎23.—Where were you a moment ago? — I ____________ (dig) holes in the garden. 24. Jane didn’t go to school yesterday because she _______ (catch) a bad cold. 25.I said that it was least ten years since I _____________ (enjoy) a good drink. 26.Miss Jones ___________ (walk) in the street when a man ___________ (rob) her. 27. While they _____________ (practise) the song, Pearl _________ (rush) in. ‎ ‎28.Tom _____________ (look) for his cat ever since this Monday. 29.— Did the train arrive on time? — No, it should _________ (arrive) two hours ago. 30.Neither Mr. Green nor his wife ____________ (dive) before. 31. By the time he was 5, he _______ (learn) 400 English words. 32._________you ever________(be) to England? 33.She_________ (see) him these days. 34.Five years _________ (pass) since he ___________ (join) the Party. 35.Some little children _________ (enter) the dangerous building before they __________ (warn). 36.By the time the bell rang, every member of the class _________ (be) busy reading. ‎ ‎37.I ____________ (not do) anything at that time. 38. Listen! Who _________ (quarrel) in the next room? ‎ ‎39. Would you please ________ (hold) the ladder for me? 40. His father __________ (graduate) in Harvard. ‎ ‎41.It’s the eve of Christmas. The children ____________ (decorate) their living room with their parents. ‎ ‎42.Ice can __________ (turn) into water. 43.These magazines must __________ (return) to the library. ‎ ‎44.Hearing the loud noise, they all stopped _________ (see) what_________ (happen)? ‎ ‎45.Lily often ________ (make) spelling mistakes.‎ 拾壹、动词的语态 英语中的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。动作的执行者作主语时，用主动语态，动作的承受者作主语时，用被动语态。‎ 一、被动语态的构成：“be+P.P”. 被动语态的时态变化由be来体现。Eg.is/am/are being asked , have been made, was/were being given等。 ‎ 二、主动语态和被动语态的转换：(1)把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语；(2)将主动语态的谓语动词变为被动语态结构(即be+P.P), be体现时态。(3)必要时用介词 by引导主动语态的主语置于句尾。如：People play football all over the world. →Football is played all over the world (by people).‎ ‎1、含双宾语的主动语态的转换：可用其中任何一个宾语作主语，但用直接宾语作主语时，被动语态句子中的原间接宾语前要加必要的介词(多数加to, 个别加for)。如：(1)My grandpa gave me a ball as the birthday present. →I was given a ball as the birthday present (by my grandpa).或→A ball was given to me as the birthday present.(2)His aunt bought him a dictionary. →He was bought a dictionary by his aunt. 或 →A dictionary was bought for him by his aunt.‎ ‎2、含复合宾语的主动语态的转换：变为被动语态时，宾补要保留，但当宾补是不带to的不定式时，必须加上to. 如：(1) They call him Lao Zhang. →He is called Lao Zhang. (2)I often hear her sing English songs.→She is often heard to sing English songs.‎ 25‎ 典例 （ ）1.In fact, the Christmas presents _______ by our parents.‎ ‎ A. give to us B. are given to us C. have given us D. gave us ‎ ‎（ ）2.The children ______ twelve hours a day. ‎ ‎ A. were made to work B. were made work C. made to work D. make working ‎（ ）3.It ____ that there was an accident. A. reports B. reported C. is reported D. has reported ‎ ‎（ ）4.Lesson Eight ____ from yesterday on. A. learns B. is being learned C. is learning D. is been learned ‎（ ）5.The map of China _____ now. A. is being looked at B. is seen at C. is being looked d. is looked ‎ ‎（ ）6.The flowers ________. A. are watering B. watered C. water d. have been watered ‎ ‎（ ）7.English ______ a very useful working language at international meeting. ‎ ‎ A. is spoken B. is used C. is used by D. is used as ‎（ ）8.The students are always ___ Chinese every morning. ‎ A. kept reading B. keeping reading C. kept to read D. keeping to read ‎（ ）9.The young men _____ playing football on the ground by the boys. ‎ A. were watching B. watched C. were watched D. watch ‎（ ）10.The League _______ in May, 1922. A. found B. was founded C. founded D. was found 基础训练 动词填空： 1.Orange trees __________ (grow) in warm areas(地区). ‎ ‎2.The river smells terrible. People must stop ________ (throw) dirty things into it. 3.Many more houses __________ (build) for teachers since last year. 4. A new building _____________ (put up) in our school these days. 5. Today, the forests have almost gone. People must ____________ (stop) from _________ (cut down) too many trees. 6. He ____________ (see) _________ (enter) the room a moment ago. ‎ ‎7. The song _____ often ______ (sing) by children. 8.He doesn’t mind ______________(laugh at). 9.It __________ (say) that Christmas Father lives in the North Pole. 10.The meeting_______________ (hold) in the biggest hotel in the city next month. 11. Come here. The man needs ___________(send) to hospital. 12. ________ the children __________ (take) to the park yet?‎ 提高训练 完成句子： 1。还没有决定在什么时候，什么地方开会。_________and _________ to have the meeting ________ _______ ________ yet. 2。许多被邀请参加晚会的客人缺席。_________ _________ of guests who ________ __________ to the evening party were absent. 3。必须阻止沙向南推进。Sand _________ _________ ___________ __________ moving towards the south. 4。送给他们的新衣服正在缝制中。The new clothes for them _________ __________ _____________. 5。富人常感到不安全和不高兴。_________ __________ don’t __________ safe and happy. 6。这个婴儿在她妈妈外出时必须有人照顾。The baby ______ _________ _________ __________ ________ during her mother is out.‎ ‎7。我昨晚收到一份精美的生日礼物。I __________ ___________ a pretty birthday present last night.‎ ‎8．外面很冷，外出时穿上暖和的衣服。It’s very cold outside. Warm clothes ________ ____ ____ ________when you go out. 9。美国挤满了汽车。The United States _________ ___________ with cars. 10。 刚刚才有人听见她在隔壁唱歌呢。She _________ _________ _________ in the next room ________ __________ ago.‎ 拾贰、非谓语动词 不能用来作谓语但又具有动词特征的词，叫非谓语动词。包括动词不定式、动名词和分词。‎ 一、动词不定式：“to+V.”（give up doing sth。放弃做某事/ look forward to doing sth。渴望做某事）‎ ‎1、作主语：不定式作主语时，谓语动词用第三人称单数。常用“It is/was…+to+V.”, 其中it是形式主语，“to+V.”是真正的主语。To learn English well is not easy. →It is not easy to learn English well.‎ ‎2、作宾语： (1)不定式作宾语，跟在及物动词后面，这类及物动词有： want, wish, like, love, decide, help, start, begin, forget, remember, try, prefer, ask, hate, use, hope, plan，agree，afford，happen，refuse，learn，need，promise等。有的动词要求不定式带上疑问词(who, when, how, where, which等)，如：show, know, tell, teach, learn等。He decided to help her. I don’t’ know how to tell you the news. ‎ ‎(2)有时不定式宾语后面还带有补足语，常用it作形式宾语，把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后。如：I found it difficult to find a new job in the city.‎ ‎3、作表语：My wish is to reach there on time. Our idea is to climb up the mountain from the north.‎ ‎4、作宾语补足语：补充说明宾语在干什么。 Ask/want/tell/would like/wish/allow /get/ hate/ order/ teach/ warn/ encourage sb. to do sth. eg. My brother asked me to clean the room with him. Would you like me to stay here with you?‎ 注意：(1)感官动词、役使动词之后的不定式不带to. 这类动词常见的有：have，let, make, hear, see, feel, watch, notice等。如：The policeman saw a child play in the street. The boss made them work more than 12 hours a day. (2) help之后的不定式，可带to，也可不带to.‎ ‎5、作定语：不定式作定语要放在被修饰词后面。I have good news to tell you. She is the first to come to school. ‎ 25‎ ‎ 6、作状语：(1)作目的状语：To learn English well, you must study hard every day. He came here to ask for his book. (2)作程度、结果状语，常与enough, too连用。He is old enough to go to school. He is too young to go to school. 7、不定式的否定结构： “not+(to)+V”. Please tell your child not to play in the street. 8、不定式复合结构：不定式动作的逻辑主语不是句子的主语时，用“for/of + sb.+不定式”复合结构。It’s impossible for us to finish that work in a day. The car is too expensive for me to buy. It’s very kind of you to help me.‎ 二、动名词：“V-ing”,有名词和动词的特征。‎ 1、 作主语（谓语动词用单数形式）：Doing morning exercises is good for health.‎ 2、 作表语：My favourite sport is swimming.‎ 3、 作宾语：1）后面只能用动名词作宾语的动词及短语有：enjoy, finish, mind, practise, keep, feel like, be busy, can’t help（情不自禁地……）等。I’m busy______ (do)my homework. Do you mind __________ (open) the window? 2） 有的动词后面既可以用不定式，也可以用动名词，但意义不同。如：continue/go on to do sth./ doing sth remember /forget to do sth / doing sth. like to do sth/ doing sth. stop to do sth./ doing sth. try to do sth./ doing sth. mean to do sth.（打算，想要做某事）/doing sth.（意味着，意思是） need /want /require（需要）to dosth./doing（to be done） deserve to do sth. /doing sth.（to be done）‎ 4、 作定语：There is a swimming pool in our school.‎ 典例 （ ）1.____ good for your health ____ morning exercises. A.It’s/do B. He’s/doing C.It’s/doing D. It/to do ‎（ ）2.I found it easy ______ a paper ship. A. to make B. making C. make D. made ‎（ ）3.My job is _____ them the way to the office. A. to tell B. told C. making D. made ‎（ ）4.She is often heard _____ songs in the next room. A. sing B. to sing C. has sung D. singing ‎（ ）5.We have a lot of problems ____ these days. A. work out B. to answer C. answer D. to work out ‎ ‎（ ）6. It’s not late _____ to work hard now. A. begin B. we begin C. of us to begin D. for us to begin ‎（ ）7.Please tell your child _____ in the street. A. not to play B. don’t play C. to play D. not play ‎（ ）8.—You’d better ___ something. —But I don’t feel like ___ anything. ‎ ‎ A. eat/eat B. eat/eating C. to eat/to eat D. eating /eating ‎（ ）9.Stop ___ to me. I have something important____ you. ‎ ‎ A. listening/ to tell B. to listen/ tell C. listening/ telling D. to listen /to tell ‎（ ）10.It’s not good to make him _____ in front of the others. A. to stand B. stand C. standing D. stood 提高训练 动词填空： 1.Can you finish ________ (write) the composition in an hour? ‎ ‎2.Would you mind my ________ (park) here? 3.He prefers _________ (ski) to _____(skate) ‎ ‎4.Allow me________ (continue) the story. 5. Last night Mrs. Wilson saw a stranger________ (spy) about his house. 6.We missed ________ (see)him off because of the bad traffic. 7. You’d better______ (send) for a doctor at once. 8. Last year my little brother became___________ (interest) in ________ (repair) clocks. ‎ ‎9. She spent lots of time __________ (take) care of the poor child. 10.He spent all his life in _______ (keep) the secret. 11.How about _______(go) on a tour of Europe? 12. How long did it take the police ________ (search) the murderer. 13.Mr. Brown asked the woman_______ (not jump) the queue. 14. Why not ______ (report) it to the headmaster? He must understand us. 15.Everyone on the farm were busy _________ (get) ready for the harvest festival. 16.After a month the artist was able ________ (draw) a very beautiful horse in five minutes. 17.Who in your city did better than any other one in ______(make) dresses? ‎ ‎18. I felt very frightened _________ (look) down from the top floor of the building. 19 He seems __________ (complain) about it a few times. 20.While she lived, her front gate was always locked and no one ever saw her ________ (leave) or saw anybody _________ (go) in. 21 I have something important __________ (tell) you. 22.She rushed out of the room without _______ (give) me a chance _________ (complain). 23. Did you remember ________ (lock) the door? No, I didn’t. I’d better go back and ______ (do)it. 24.The baby needs _________ (look) after. 25. He is said _________ (send) to hospital already. ‎ ‎26. I am glad ________ (work) with you now. 27.Would you like _______ (go) with me or would you rather __________ (stay) at home? 28.He was ever so happy ________ (admit) to the army. ‎ ‎29.They happened ________ (see) the thief going to that house. 30. I hope ________ (invite) to the party. 31. They don’t allow these books _______ (take) out of the reading room. 32. He finished _________ (read) the book. 33. We had no choice but _________ (do) what we were asked. 34. Before he let us _______ (go) he made us _________ (promise)________ (not tell) anyone what we had seen. 35.I want _______ (finish)the work by the end of next month. 36.They did all the could _______(save)the child. 37.You’d better ___________ (not wake) me up when you come in. 38. She prefers __________ (stay) at the home than __________ (go) out at night. 39. I think it important ______ (do)so. 40. They all enjoyed _________ (learn) to skate. 41 Jack has just given up ___________ (smoke). ‎ 25‎ ‎42.Peter kept on _________ (ask) questions. 43.She didn’t mind ___________(work) over time. ‎ ‎44. We can’t help __________ (shout) when we happened to see each other in the street.‎ ‎45.Instead of ________ (go) to the concert, she went to an exhibition.‎ 知识要点专题复习 壹、重要词汇 ‎1.bring “带来”，take “带去”强调动作的方向，carry “带着、扛起”，无方向。①—I’m very hungry. Will you please ______ me some food? —OK, Sam, _____ some food to your father at once, will you? ②Excuse me, can you help me ________ the heavy box to the office? ‎ ‎2.excuse me表示“打扰”，“歉意”在事前；sorry表示“歉意”在事后。— _____ , is that pen on your desk mine? —No. It’s mine. — ____. I’ve made a mistake.‎ ‎3.listen和listen to都表“认真地听”，听的过程，前者不及物，后者及物。hear表“听见”，听的结果，及物动词，后可接宾语从句； hear of/about “听说”。 ①______! Can you _______ something? ②_________ the tape carefully, then answer the questions. ③I ________ that our English teacher would go abroad. ④—Do you know Ms Smith?—No, I’ve never ________her.‎ ‎4.look, look at都有“注意地看”之意，前者不及物，后者及物。see “看”的能力、结果。watch “观看”电视、比赛等。read “看书、看报”。 ①______! What can you ______ in the picture? ②The students are _______ the blackboard. ③Let’s _______ the football match tonight. ④_______ the newspaper is my hobby.‎ ‎5.speak常作不及物动词，常用于“speak to sb.”短语中，“说、讲某种语言”，及物动词。 say及物动词，表“说的内容”,也可用于“say to sb.”.tell “告诉”，及物动词（tell a story），可带双宾语，构成tell sb. sth. talk “谈论”不及物动词，常用于结构“talk about sth./sb.或talk with/to sb.”.①His parents are __________ to his teacher. ②Can you speak Chinese? ③They _______ to me that they were playing on the playground. ④Please _______ us a story. He _______ to me about the film just now.‎ ‎6.look for “寻找”的过程，find “找到”，表结果，find out “找出”，通过一定的手段、方式后“查明、弄清楚”事实真相。What are you _____________? Did you ___________ the answer of the question? He has ________ the way to work out the problem. 7. another “另一个”，other “别的”，作定语，the other “两个中另一个”，常构成“one…the other…”，others “另一些”，常构成“some…others…”， the others “其余的”，相当于“the other+名词复数”。①Please show me _______ pen. ②Five of my classmates will go to the zoo, and ________ will go to the Great Wall. ③I have two sisters. One works in Chongqing, _______ studies in Wuhan. ④There are many flowers. Some are red, and _________ are yellow.‎ ‎8.alone “单独的、单独地”，表语，状语。lonely “孤独的、寂寞的”，表语，定语。①She is always _____ at home, but she never feels _______. ②The old man lives in a ______ village. I’ll go to see him there _______.‎ ‎9.borrow “借进”，“borrow…from…”；lend “借出”“lend…to…”。I didn’t take my pen to school. I _______ one from Jack. Will you please _____ your pen to me?（—How long can I __________ this book?—Three days.） 10.after“在……之后”表过去某一段时间之后，用在过去时中；表某一时刻之后，也可用在将来时中。in表将来一段时间之后。later放在时间段的后面。After a few years(=A few years later) he built a lab for himself. He’ll call you after two o’clock. He’ll call you in one hour.‎ ‎11.in hospital “住院”，in the hospital “在医院里”。 12.problem表需要解决的“困难、难题”，question表需要回答的“问题、难题”。He worked out that problem. Please answer me the question about your family.‎ ‎13.get不及物动词，与to搭配，arrive不及物动词，与in, 后接大地点，与at后接小地点。Reach及物动词。When will they ___________ Beijing? 14.some①用于肯定句，②希望对方肯定回答；any①用于否定句，②用于肯定句，“任一”。There’s ______ water in the glass. He doesn’t have ________ mistakes in his English paper. May I ask you ________ questions? _______ of you can answer it.‎ ‎15.few, a few修饰可数名词，few表否定，a few表肯定。little, a little修饰不可数名词，little表否定，a little表肯定。There’re a few apples and a little meat in the fridge.‎ ‎16.wear,be in, have…on均穿着的状态，wear, have…on是及物动词，用衣服作宾语，be in…后可带衣服，也可加颜色。Put on表动作，dress“给…穿上”，宾语是人。The girl is wearing(=in)a new skirt today. She had something black on. This is your coat. Put it on. The little boy can dress himself now.‎ ‎17.between“在两者之间”among“在三者或三者以上中间”，in the middle of 表位置，“在某空间的中间”。I sat _______Tom and Jack in the cinema. He sat _______ the foreigners and talked with them. _________ the room, there is a big table. 18.spend常构成“sb. spends some money/some time on sth./(in) doing sth.”;pay常构成“sb. pays some money for sth.”;cost常构成“sth. costs sb some money.”take常构成“It takes sb. some time to do sth.”David spent five yuan on that book.(改为同义句)David ____ five yuan ____‎ 25‎ ‎ that book.或That book____ David five yuan. It took me two hours to finish cleaning the house.(改为同义句)I _____ two hours ______ cleaning the room. 19.stop to do sth“停下来做某事”，stop doing sth. “停止做某事”，stop/keep/prevent sb/sth. from doing sth 阻止……做某事 ‎20.be made in+时间/地点，be made of表成品看得见原材料，be made from表成品看不见原材料。The bridge was made ______ stones. Paper is made ______ wood. This watch was made ______ 1940.‎ ‎21.no more=not…any more, no longer=not…any longer, no more和no longer常放在情态动词、助动词、be动词之后，行为动词之前。He is no longer a student now. no longer, not…any longer一般修饰延续性动词，表动作不再发生或状态不再延续；no more, not…any more除表动作不再发生、某一状态不再延续外，还可表示程度、数量不再增加。 22.go to bed侧重于上床睡觉的动作。be asleep侧重于进入了睡眠状态。fall asleep“开始入睡、开始睡着了”，侧重于入睡动作的结果。get to sleep和go to sleep侧重于入睡动作的渐变过程。He was tired, but he couldn’t get to sleep.‎ ‎23.sometime “将来某时”，sometimes “有时”, some time“一段时间”，some times “几次、数次”。‎ ‎24.go on doing sth继续做同一件事，go on to do sth继续做另一件事。‎ ‎25.at the end of “在……尽头”，by the end of “到……为止”，多用于完成时。In the end “最终、最后”(=finally/at last) 26.how long“多长、多久”，how often “每隔多久”，表频率。how soon “多久以后”。— _______ do you go to the cinema?—Once a month. —______will he come back?—He will come back in an hour. 27.in front “在前面”，in front of “在……前面”，in the front of “在……前部”。‎ ‎28.keep doing sth侧重于动作或状态的持续、坚持，keep on doing sth侧重于动作或状态的反复。They kept walking towards the village. They kept on talking about it. 29.through 介词，“穿过、通过”，cross=(go across),动词“横穿”，across介词，“横穿”。A small river goes through the town. across the street ‎30.look out(=be careful=take care), “当心”，look out of “向……外看”。‎ ‎31.too/as well用于肯定句句末，also用于肯定句中, either用于否定句句末。 32.have to—has to —had to “必须，不得不”，表客观; must表主观，没有时态和数的变化，mustn’t“不准，不允许”。—Must I …?—No, I needn’t.‎ ‎33.already用于肯定句，若用于疑问句，表惊讶、意外。yet用于否定句、疑问句中。‎ ‎34.when, while, as 用于引导时间状语从句，都可表示“一段时间”，“在……时”，when还可表示“时间点”。While还可表示转折，“而”。 35.as, since, because, for都有“因为”之意。As, since, because为从属连词。Because语气最强，表示发生或情况存在的原因，回答why的问题，不能与so连用；since “既然、由于”，引导的从句常位于句首，用来说明推断的理由，语气较because弱；as语气最弱，表示已为人们所知或几乎不言而喻的原因，引导的从句可置于句首、句中或句末；for为并列连词，表示补充说明理由或推断理由，引导的从句位于句末，并用逗号隔开。 36.have gone to 用于表示出发去某地了，还未回来；have been to 表示“曾去过”某地；have been in…+一段时间，表示呆在某地…‎ 典例 （ ）1.—How many children have been to the Great Wall?—_______. ‎ A. none B. No one C. No any one D. Nothing ‎（ ）2.Japan is ____ the east of China. A. in B. to C. on D. at ‎（ ）3.I _____ you to come soon. A. hope B. wish C. hope that D. wish that ‎ ‎（ ）4.The baby is too young to _____ himself. A. put on B. wear C. have D. dress ‎ ‎（ ）5.I’ll have my hair ____ this evening. A. cutted B.cutting C. cut D. cuts ‎（ ）6.Walk along this street _____ and you’ll find the hospital. ‎ A. in the end B. to the end c. by the end D. at the end ‎ ‎（ ）7.—____ are you late for school? —Never. A. How long B. How soon C. How often D. How much ‎（ ）8.He sang ____ beautiful a song in the party. A. so B. such C. too D. quite ‎（ ）9.She likes to ____ others but never writes to them. A. hear of B. hear about C. hear from D. hear ‎（ ）10.The basket is too heavy for _____ to lift. A. nobody B. anybody C. somebody D. everybody 提高训练 1.I have to wash all the plates and thing after the meal. (=must) ‎ ‎2.Could I help you, sir? (=What could I do for you?) 3.In China autumn lasts from August to October.(=goes on) 4.—Could I speak to Mary?—One moment, please. (=Hold on for a moment)‎ ‎5.The girl can sing very well. (=is good at singing.) 6.Lucy is looking for her key now. (=trying to find)‎ ‎7.When we heard the news, we were all very pleased. (=happy) 8.He said he had received her letter. (=heard from her) 9.We have got a letter from Miss Yang. (=heard from) 10.I was away yesterday and I didn’t know what happened. (=out/not in) 11.—Excuse me, Bob! I want to carry this heavy box to the room. Could you come and give me a hand? —OK. I’m coming. (=help me) 12.Will you please ring me up at ten this evening? (=give me a call) 13.In China, lunch is usually at noon.(=in the middle of day)‎ 25‎ ‎14.Can you finish your homework in half an hour? (=in thirty minutes) 5.Thirty more trees will be planted around the lake. (=Another thirty) 16.I hope you’ll have a good time at the party. (=enjoy yourself) ‎ ‎17.She always walks about 5 miles after supper every day. (=a little more or less than)‎ ‎18.I found it very difficult to finish the work in half an hour. (=hard) 19.Will you take care of Polly when we are away on holiday? (=look after) 20.There are a lot of apples on the trees. (=many) ‎ ‎21.Miss Gao is in the classroom at the moment. (=right now) 22.Can I do it a second time? (=again) 23.Mike went to the Great Wall with his parents. (=father and mother)‎ ‎24.Mary, can you catch what I said just now? (=understand) 25.I feel like going to the park tomorrow. (=would like to go) 26.We are very glad to hear the good news. (=pleased) 27.I will go to see my grandma this evening. (=visit) 28.His coat is worn out. (=broken) 29.The dress on the right is nice, but it costs too much. (=is too expensive) 30.He has worked for three hours and is a bit tired. (=a little) 31.Jimmy tried hard, and in the end he did it well. (=at last) 32.Alice will go shopping with her aunt tomorrow. (=buy something) 33.Mary called him three times yesterday, but nobody answered.(=phoned) ‎ ‎34.Please take your time. There’s much time left. (=don’t hurry) 35.Peter is weak in Chinese. (=is not good at)‎ ‎36.Jim comes to visit us sometimes. That is always the happiest time for the whole family. (=at times) ‎ ‎37.We won the game against Class Three yesterday. (=beat) ‎ ‎38.You should start at once. There is no time. (=right away)‎ ‎39.—Oh, sorry, John. I forgot to post your letter. —That’s all right. I’ll post it myself.(=It doesn’t matter)‎ 贰、重要句型 ‎1.What row/class/grade are you in? 2.—What’s one and/plus one?—It’s two. /—What’s five minus three?—It’s two. 3.—Thank you very much.—That’s all right.或That’s OK./You’re welcome./It’s a/my pleasure./Not at all./Don’t mention it. 4.There is some water and cakes on the table. 5.The boy on the black bike is Li Lei. 6.It’s time to play games. It’s time for lunch. 7.It has no eyes or ears. ‎ ‎8.Tell me what she looks like. 9.What would you like for breakfast/lunch? 10.It’s a fine day for walking. 11.There is something wrong with my computer. 12.Do you have a big breakfast? 13. I have some fruit for supper. 14.They’re too hard for me. 15.He teaches us English. 16.He likes rice very much.→He does not like rice at all. 17. We don’t walk with our hands. 18. It is not far from his home. 19.It takes me ten minutes to walk there. 20.How do you like China? 21.We’re going to have fun (in) learning and speaking English this term. 22.Thank you for making English fun! 23.Jim is short for James. We call James Jim for short. 24.Would you like to come over to my home for Mid-Autumn Festival? ‎ ‎25.Which do you like best, dogs, cats or chickens? 26. Why not meet a little earlier? 27.Let’s make it half past nine. 28.I don’t know what to do(what I shall do). 29.You’d better catch a bus. 30. All the six students do as the teacher says(what the teacher says). 31.I don’t think it is good for animals to stay in cages. 32.I feel sorry for it/him. 33.What day is it today? 34.Do you enjoy living here? 35. Is this your first visit to China? 36.What’s the weather like in spring? 37.The temperature will stay above zero in the day time, and at night it will fall below zero. 38.There will be a strong wind to the north of the Huai River. 39.The way you speak. 40.Good luck with your Chinese! 41.Can I take a message for you? 42.Hold on, please. 43. That’s the doorbell.(The doorbell is ringing.) 44.There is nothing but a card in it. 45.Help yourself to some fish. 46.Would you like some more sandwiches? 47.It will last from January 20 to February 25. 48. Now I’m working hard on my exam. 49.They eat a lot of potatoes. So do we. 50.Go on until you reach the end of road. 51.Turn right at the second crossing. 52.Do you think it necessary for us to learn to wait? 53. If you don’t go soon, you’ll be late. 54. What’s the matter/wrong with you?‎ ‎55. She didn’t feel like eating anything. 56.I had to sit down and rest every five minutes. ‎ ‎57.Either my mother or my father cooks dinner on weekdays. 58.Could we have the bill? ‎ ‎59.Would you like anything else? 60.He’s sick in hospital. 61.How can I get to North Street Hospital? 62.She started to make her way to the restaurant. 63.It’s easy to get lost in a big city like Tokyo. 64.Every day he made the small animals bring him something to eat. 65.Did she learn all by herself? 66.To his surprise he found the girl was blind. 67.My little brother is too young to look after himself. 68.Would/Will/Could you please not do this? 69.How can you get on with your neighbour? ‎ ‎70.It’s very nice of you (to do sth). 71.Could you tell me whether that’s a fast train or not? ‎ ‎72.Could you tell me how much it costs to fly to Hainan? 73.Not all sharks are alike. 74.That’s a deal. 75.The boy’s father was so thankful that he taught Edison how to send message by telegraph. ‎ ‎76.What do you mean by “decorate the tree”? 77.What’s it used for? It’s used for storing books. 78.Sharks have been around for a very long time. 79.Many sharks feed on fish, other sea animals. 80.Most of the questions had nothing to do with his lesson. 81.At the age of 12, he started writing his own newspaper. 82.This gave him a new start in life. 83.But I have confidence in you. 84.No matter how ‎ 25‎ difficult something seemed, he could find answer. 85.Father Christmas is based on a real person in history. ‎ ‎86.Father Christmas is no longer living, his spirit of generosity lives on today. 87.The more, the better. 88.The population of the world increased by 25%. 89.I beg your pardon? 90.Put the tree in the hole next to the stick so that it is straight. 91.Forests help to keep water from running away. 92.Mrs. Parley said she felt as if she was in a storm at sea. 93.There is no need to thank me.(It’s not necessary for you to thank me.) 94.Soon the lady came to herself. 95.What size does she wear? 96.He also liked to play joke on his friend. 97.What was worse, Grandma lost more books. 98.She used to be a history teacher.‎ ‎99.He is not only the pride of our school, but also the pride of all the people in Hainan. 100.I hope to see you as soon as possible. 101.If everyone makes a contribution to protecting the environment, the world will become much more beautiful. 102.Time flies! 103.What’s the population of Germany? 104.I wonder if that’s a lot of people for the size of the country. 105.Are you excited about going to Beijing? 106. They prefer to buy a new one rather than repair it. 107. This camera seemed to offer the most at the price. 108.After Herriot graduated from high school, he made up his mind to be a vet. ‎ ‎109. They regarded their pets as members of their families. 110.Never mind.‎ 基础训练 1.我没有时间回家吃饭。I have _____ _____ to ____ home ______ lunch. ‎ ‎2.为什么不早点来呢？________ _________ come a little earlier? 3.你能告诉我她长得怎么样？Can you _______ me _________ __________ _________ like? 4.每星期你进行多少小时体育运动？不到5小时。________ _________ _________ ______ ________ do you do every week? ______ ______ 5 hours.‎ ‎5.非常感谢邀请我们参加你们的晚会。Thanks a lot for ______ __________ _________your party.‎ ‎6.我的朋友比我擅长游泳。My friend is _______ _________ __________ _____ swimming.‎ ‎7.起初我发现很难理解她。_____ ________ I found ____ _________ __________ understand her.‎ ‎8.高老师生病了，李老师给她代课。Miss Gao is ill. Miss Li _________ _________ ____________.‎ ‎9.我们正在尽力使我们的世界更美丽。We are doing our _______ to ________ our world ________ _________. 10.我们应该为祖国的四个现代化做出我们的贡献。We should ________ _________ ____________ ____ the Four Modernizations of our country. 11.我们对她所说的一切大为惊异。We _______ __________ ________ _________ she said. 12.我从新疆给你带了一些好吃的东西。I have brought you _________ _________ _____ ________ from Xinjiang. 13.她问我这个故事是否根据一个真实的人。She asked me ________ the story _______ _________ _________ a real person.‎ ‎14.你说的 “TB”是什么意思？它是“tuberculosis”的另一种说法。What do you _________ __________ “TB”? It’s _______ way of ________ “tuberculosis”. 15.我喜欢走着去那儿，不喜欢乘公共汽车。I _______ _________ walk there _______ _________ go by bus. 16.这家商场的电脑价格低的低到300元，高的高达9000元。A computer in this market can cost ____ ________ ____ 300 yuan and as much as 9000 yuan. 17.从今以后，你必须更加小心。You must ________ more careful _________ _________ ___________.‎ ‎18.上海的人口比成都的人口多。The population of Shanghai _________ ____________ ___________ ___________ __________ Chengdu. 19.这个镇有5千人口。This town ___________ ____________ __________ __________ five thousand. 20.会议期间所有传呼机、手机必须关闭。All beepers and mobile phones ________ _________ __________ _________ during the meeting. 21.这件大衣太贵了。有更便宜的吗？This coat is ________ _____________. Have you __________ anything ____________? 22.她激动得说不出话来。She was ___________ ____________ __________ say a word. 23.他们继续谈了两小时。They talked ________ ________ ________ _________ two hours. 24.帮助人是我的乐趣。_________ ___________ ______________is my pleasure. 25.你以前看过这样激动人心的比赛吗？_________ you __________ __________ ____________ an ____________ match before? 26.努力学习是成功的关键。To study hard is the ___________ __________ _____________. 27.乘飞机去巴黎要10多小时。It __________ more than 10 hours ____________ ____________ to Paris _________ plane. 28.农民正忙于种树。The farmers are __________ _________ trees. 29.海伦到我们班以来已经结交了许多朋友。Helen __________ ___________ many ________ ____________ she came to our class. 30.我认为不可能在短时间里学好英语。I __________ ___________ _________ ___________ to learn English well in a short time.‎ ‎31.许多古董正在展出。__________ of old thing __________ ___________ _____________.‎ ‎32.沿着中山路走，在第一个十字路口向左转。Go ________ Zhongshan Road, and ________ _________ __________ the first crossing. 33.到现在为止，还没有人旅行到比月球更远的地方。_______ _________, no man has traveled_______ _________ the moon. 34.我打电话给妈妈让她尽快回来。I ______ a telephone call _________ ask my mother to come ______ soon as she _______.‎ ‎35.我想弄清楚今晚上演什么电影。I want to ______ _________ what film ______ _______ tonight.‎ ‎36.对年长的人说话得有礼貌。______ people must he ______ _______ __________.‎ 25‎ ‎37.格林一家过去习惯于在家里过圣诞节，现在他们喜欢去旅游。The Green ____ ______ spend Christmas Day at home, but now they ____ to _____ instead. 38.完成这样艰巨的工作，你一定要锲而不舍。You must_______ _______ _______ to finish ______ hard work. 39.昆明一年四季既不太热也不太冷。The weather in Kunming is ________ too hot _______ too cold all the ______ ___________.‎ ‎40.无论明天的天气怎样，我们都决定参观万里长城。________ ________ how the weather is, we all_____ to _________ the Great Wall.‎ ‎ 叁、完型填空 Passage 1： There are 1 seasons in one 2 : spring, summer, autumn and winter. In spring the weather gets 3 . The 4 are green again. The people have a 5 Spring Festival. 6 the festival, the 7 begin to sow(播种). Very soon the fields turn 8 .‎ When summer comes, the 9 is hot and it rains 10 . It is a busy season for the farmers. They work in the 11 all day long. They work hard to 12 more grain..‎ ‎ 13 is the best season of the year. It is 14 time, and the farmers 15 the crops. They have good harvest and celebrate 16 in high spirits.‎ Winter comes 17 of all. It is 18 . 19 are frozen. Young people and children go out 20 . But the farmers are busy. They get the seeds(种子), the manure(粪肥) and other things ready for the next spring sowing. ‎ ‎（ ）1.A.only one B. many C. four D. a lot of （ ）2. A. year B. month C. day D. week （ ）3.A. cool B. cold C. warmer D. hotter （ ）4. A. lakes B. rivers C. trees D. roads （ ）5. A. heavy B. big C. happy D. sad （ ）6. A. Before B. After C. In D. At （ ）7. A. workers B. drivers C. farmers D. children （ ）8.A. green B. yellow C. red D. white ‎ ‎（ ） 9. A. water B. river C. hill D. weather （ ）10. A. a lot B. little C. heavy D. good （ ） 11.A. room B. house C. factory D. field （ ）12.A. get B. grow C. bring in D. buy （ ）13. A. Spring B. Summer C. Autumn D. Winter （ ）14. A. hard B. good C. sowing D. harvest （ ）15.A.sow B. grow C. get D. bring in ‎ ‎（ ）16. A. New Year B. Spring Festival C. National Day D. May Day ‎ ‎（ ）17. A. last B. first C. fast D. slowly （ ）18.A.cool B. cold C. warm D. hot ‎ ‎（ ）19.A. Lakes and roads B. Lakes and rivers C. Roads and rivers D. Roads and seas ‎ ‎（ ） 20.A. swimming B. flying kites C. skating D. playing basketball Passage 2： Did you live in English? IN the country nobody 1 the age of eighteen can 2 in the bar(酒吧).‎ Mr. Wine 3 to go to the bar near his house, but he 4 took his son, Bill. 5 he was too young. When the boy 6 his eighteenth birthday, Mr. Wine 7 him to the bar for 8 .They drink for 9 , and the father said to his son, “Now, Bill, I want to 10 you something useful. You must always 11 not to drink too much. But 12 do you know you have had enough? Well, I’ll 13 you. Do you see those two lights 14 the end of the bar? 15 they become four, it 16 you have had too much, 17 you should go home.” ‎ ‎“But, Dad,” said Bill, “I 18 see one light there, and do you 19 I’m drinking a little 20 ?”. ‎ ‎（ ）1.A.little B. down C. less D. under （ ）2. A. eat B. drink C. play D. rest ‎ ‎（ ）3.A.likedl B. loves C. would like D. was lik （ ）4. A. no B. not C. never D. didn’t ‎ ‎（ ）5. A. why B. because C. so D. because of ‎ ‎（ ） 6. A. had B. there was C. would have D. past （ ）7. A. brought B. got C. carries D. took ‎ ‎（ ）8.A. one time B. some time C. the first time D. at times ‎ ‎（ ）9. A. an hour B. a half hour C. one and a half hour D. one hour and half a ‎ ‎（ ）10. A. say B. teach C. help D. speak （ ）11.A. careful B. be careful C. carefully D. be carefully （ ）12.A. how B. what C. what about D. how about ‎ ‎（ ）13. A. talk B. write C. tell D. understand ‎ ‎（ ）14. A. in B. on C. by D. at ‎ ‎（ ）15.A.Before B. When C. After D. What time ‎ ‎（ ）16. A. is B. said C. means D. showing ‎ ‎（ ）17. A. and B. but C. or D. instead ‎ ‎（ ）18.A.only can B. can only C. only could D. could only ‎ ‎（ ）19.A. sure B. afraid C. want D. think ‎ ‎（ ）20.A. too B. quite C. enough D. very ‎ 25‎