初中英语语法专题讲解

初中英语语法专题讲解

初中英语语法专题讲解 专题一 冠词 an apple on the tree the apple on the table 什么是冠词？ 一、冠词的定义 冠词是虚词，本身不能单独使用，也没有词义，它用在名词前面，帮助指明名词的含义。 冠 词 ( 一 ) 定冠词的用法 定冠词 the 与指示代词 this ， that 同源，有 “ 那 ( 这 ) 个 ” 的意思，但较弱，可以和一个名词连用，来 表示某个或某些特定的人或东西 。 1 ．特指双方 都明白的人或物 。 Take the medicine. 把药吃了。 2 ． 上文提到过的人或物 。 He bought a house. I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 3 ．指 世上独一无二 的事物，如： the sun ；或用于对两个人或事物比较时起特指作用的比较级前。 He is the taller of the two boys. 两个男孩中他较高点。 4 ．与单数名词连用表示 一类事物 ，如： the dollar“ 美元 ” ；或与形容词或分词连用表示 一类人 ，如： the rich“ 富人 ” ； the living“ 生者 ” 。 5 ．用在 序数词 和形容词 最高级 及形容词 only, very, same 等前面。 Where do you live ？ I live on the second floor. 你住在哪？我住在二层。 That's the very thing I've been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。 6 ．与 复数名词 连用，指整个群体。 They are the teachers of this school.( 指全体教师 ) 他们是这所学校的全体老师。 They are teachers of this school.( 指部分教师 ) 他们是这所学校的老师。 7 ．表示 所有 ，相当于 物主代词 ，用在表示 身体部位的名词 前。 She caught me by the arm. 她抓住了我的手臂。 8 ．用在某些由普通名词构成的 国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词 前。 the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国 9 ．用在表示 西洋乐器 的名词之前，但 中国乐器前不加 the 。 play the piano 弹钢琴 10 ．用在 姓氏的复数名词 之前，表示 “ 一家人 ” 或 “ 夫妇二人 ” 。 the Greens 格林一家人 ( 或格林夫妇 ) 11 ．用在 惯用语 中。 in the morning/afternoon/evening ， in the end ， by the way ， at the age of ， at the moment 等。 12 ．用于 方向名词 或表示 江河、山脉、海峡等专有地理名称 前。 in the southeast of ， at the back of ， the Red Sea 13 ．用在 逢十的复数名词 前，表示年代，也指 人的大约岁数 。 The young girl is in the twenties. 这个年轻的女孩大约二十几岁。 The war broke out in the forties. 这场战争发生在 40 年代。 ( 二 ) 不定冠词 的用法 1 ．不定冠词用来 表示 “ 一 ” 这个数量，其意思和 “ one” 差不多。 —What can I do for you, madam ？要点什么，女士？ —I want an orange skirt for my daughter. 我想为我女儿买条橘黄色的裙子。 2 ．泛指人或事物的某一类，尤其是作表语时要 用 a ＋单数名词 ，而不用 the ＋单数名词。 The dog is an honest animal to human beings. 狗是对人类忠诚的动物。 3 ．用于表示 时间、速度、价格 等意义的名词前，有 “ 每一 ” 之意， 相当于 every 。 —How much is the meat? 肉多少钱？ —It's eight yuan a kilo. 每公斤 8 块钱。 4 ．泛指某人或某物。 A boy is looking at you. 一个男孩在看你。 5 ．用在某些 物质名词或抽象名词 前，表示 “ 一份，一场 ” 等。 Would you like a drink? 你想喝杯饮料吗？ 6 ．用于 可视为一体 的两个名词前。 a knife and fork 一副刀叉 7 ．用于某些 习语 中，如： a little/few/bit ， in a hurry ， catch a cold ， have a good time ， have a rest ， after a while ， in a word 8 ．用于 固定结构 后，如： quite/half/rather/many/such ＋ a(an) ＋名词 He's quite a famous artist. 他是个很有名的艺术家。 注意： 1 ． 不定冠词 a/an 的区别 a 用在以 辅音音素 开头的单词前， an 用在以 元音音素 开头的单词前，判断一个单词是元音开头还是辅音开头，要 根据其读音 ，而不是根据首字母。如： an honest boy ， a useful book There is an “f” in the word “five”. 在 “ five” 中有字母 “ f” 。 我们可以这样来记忆：不见元音不加 an ，不看字母看发音。 2. 以 u 开头的单词，要注意区别 。如： an umbrella ， an unusual story ， an unhappy boy ， a university ， a useful book ( 三 ) 零冠词 的用法 1 ．在 专有名词 前不加冠词，如 国名、省名、城市名、街名、公园名 等。 Sanya is in Hainan Province. 三亚在海南省。 2 ．一日三餐、球类运动和学科 名词前不加冠词。 They like playing football after school. 他们喜欢放学后踢足球。 I like English very much. 我非常喜欢英语。 3 ．表示 节日、季节、星期、月份 的名词前不加冠词，但若 特指 某年的某月、某季节，则需要在月份、季节前 加 the 。 Today is Friday /July 14th. 今天是星期五 /7 月 14 日。 It is summer now. 现在是夏天。 Yesterday was March 8th ， Women's Day. 昨天是 3 月 8 日妇女节。 4 ．表示 称呼或头衔 的名词前，不加冠词。 This is Professor Wang. 这是王教授。 He is captain of the team. 他是队长。 5 ．在有 物主代词、不定代词、指示代词等作定语 的名词前，不用冠词。 His birthday is September 8th. 他的生日是 9 月 8 日。 6 ． 不可数名词 前一般不用冠词。 Which does he like better, fish or chicken? 他更喜欢哪一个，鱼还是鸡？ 7 ． 泛指的复数名词 前不用冠词。 Animals live in the forest. 动物生活在树林里。 8 ．与 by 连用的交通工具前 不用冠词，但与 take 或介词 连用时，名词前要 加冠词 。 They often go to school by bus. 他们通常坐公共汽车去上学。 take a bus ， in a boat ， on the bike 9 ．在某些 固定的词组或习语 中，不用冠词。 face to face ， watch TV ， step by step ， at first/last, in trouble/danger ， on/in time ， go to school/work ， at noon/night 注意： 1. 有定冠词与无定冠词的区别 2 ．序数词前面用定冠词与不定冠词的区别 “the ＋序数词 ” 表示 “ 第几 ……” ； “ a ＋序数词 ” 表示 “ 又一，再一 ” 。如： The cake is delicious ， and I would like a _ second one. 蛋糕很好吃，我想再吃一块。 3 ． a number of 与 the number of 的辨析 A number of students like playing computer games. 许多学生喜欢玩电脑游戏。 The number of the students is about 1,500 in our school. 我们学校学生的人数大约是 1500 。 a number of 意思是 “ 许多 ” ，相当于 a lot of ； the number of 意思是 “ …… 的数目， …… 的数量 ” ，当它作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： 4 ．在句型 “ 动词＋人＋介词＋ the ＋人体部位 ” 中要用 the ，而不用物主代词。如： take sb. by the hand 抓住某人的手 hit sb. on the head 打某人的头 pat sb. on the shoulder 拍某人的肩 hit sb. in the face 打某人的脸 5 ．当名词被其他词修饰时， 不定冠词 a 或 an 的位置 应注意： (1) 当名词被 such ， half ， what ， many 修饰时，不定冠词放在这些词之后。如： He left in such a hurry that he forgot to close the door. 他离开得如此匆忙以至于忘了关门。 It took me half an hour to write the letter. 写那封信花了我半个小时。 ( 但在美国，半个小时也可以说成 a half hour 。 ) What an interesting book it is! 这是多么有趣的一本书啊！ Many a man has gone to the big cities for work. 许多人到大城市去打工了。 冠 词 总结： 练一练 1 ． On March 11, 2013 ________earthquake hit Japan. A ． an B ． a C ． / D ． the 2 ． —What are you going to be when you grow up, Sam? —________ teacher like you. A ． A B ． An C ． The D ． / 3 ． Photography can be ________excellent hobby for kids. A ． / B ． a C ． an D ． the 4 ． —Did you get there by ________bike? —No, I took ________taxi. A ． a ； a B ． / ； a C ． the ； the D ． a ； the 5 ． —Have you seen ________pen? I left one here this morning. —Is it ________black one? I think I saw it somewhere. A ． the ； the B ． a ； a C ． the ； a D ． a ； the 6 ． There is ________“u”and ________“h”in the word hour. A ． an ； an B ． a ； a C ． an ； a D ． a ； an 7.It's not _____good idea to drive for four hours without ______break. A ． a ； a B ． a ； the C ． the ； a D ． the ； the 8.—Who's________boy in red ， do you know? —Oh.He's________friend of Tom. A ． the ； a B ． an ； the C ． a ； the D ． the ； an Thank you ！ 专题二 名词 book girl happiness bookshop 他们有什么相同点？ 思考： 一、名词的定义 名词是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称的词。 二、名词的分类 （ 1 ）名词分为专有名词和普通名词。 1、专有名词：个人，地方，机构等专有名称，如： C hina， S hanghai， L ilei等。 具体说来，它包括 人名、地名、月份、星期、节日、书名、电影名 以及某些 抽象名词 等。如： J im吉姆， C hina中国， J uly七月， F riday星期五， C hristmas圣诞节， E nglish英语 注意： 专有名词的 首字母 通常要 大写 。 1）个体名词： 2）集体名词： 3）物质名词： 4）抽象名词： 某类人或东西中的 个体 ，如fighter，gun，country，cup，desk，student等。 一般可数，有单复数形式 。 若干个体组成的 集合体 ，如family，team，police，class等。 一般可数，有单复数形式 。 无法分为个体的实物，如cotton，tea，air等。 一般不可数，没有单复数之分。 动作，状态，品质，感情等抽象概念。如health，happiness，love，work，life等。 一般不可数，没有单复数之分。 2、普通名词：指表示一类人或东西或抽象概念的名词。 名词 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词： book ， chair 集体名词： people ， family 物质名词： rain ， water ， sunshine 抽象名词： happiness ， love ， knowledge 二、可数名词的复数形式 1. 规则变化 (1) 一般情况 加词尾 -s ，如 book-books, desk-desks, pen—pens, doctor—doctors,boy—boys等。其读音规则是在清辅音后读［s］，在元音和浊辅音后读［z］。如:map—map s ， boy—boys等。 (2) 以 s, x, sh, ch 等结尾 的名词，通常加词尾 -es ， 如： bus -buses, box -boxes, dish-dishes ， match-matches （比赛）， watch-watches 等。 (3) 以 y 结尾的名词，其复数构成要分两种情况： a. 以 “ 辅音字母 +y” 结尾的名词， 将 y 改为 ies ； 如： city-cities,baby-babies,factory-----factories,country—countries, family—families 等 。 b. 以 “ 元音字母 +y” 结尾的名词，直接加词尾 -s ： 如： toy / toys, holiday / holidays boy—boys,day—days等。 (4) 以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词，多数变 f 或 fe 为 v 加 es: 如： wife-wives, knife-knives （小刀）， Leaf-leaves （树叶）； life-lives( 生命 ) ， scarf-scarves( 围巾 ) 记住以下 10 个要把 f 或者 fe 改成 v 加 es 的单词： wife( 妻子 ) ， life( 生命 ) ， knife( 小刀 ) ， leaf( 树叶 ) ， thief( 贼 ) ， half( 一半 ) ， self( 自己 ) ， shelf( 架子 ) ， loaf( 面包 ) ， wolf( 狼 ) 。 但 roof-roofs( 屋顶 ),belief-beliefs( 信仰 ) 是例外！！ (5) a. 以 “ 辅音字母 +o” 结尾的名词 , 加词尾 es ；如 tomato- tomatoes ； potato - potato es,hero( 英雄 )-heroes b. 以 “ 元 音字母 +o” 结尾的名词 ，加词尾 s ；如 radio—radios （收音机）； piano-pianos 但注意 photo—photos （相片） 2. 不规则变化 构成方法 例　词 形式不变 ( 单复数同形 ) sheep － sheep 　 deer － deer Chinese － Chinese 　 Japanese － Japanese 变内部元音字母 foot － feet 　 tooth － teeth 　 goose － geese man － men 　 mouse － mice 词尾加 - en/-ren child － children 　 ox － oxen 3. “某国人”的复数有三种类型： (1)Chinese 、 Japanese 的 单复数同型 ，不需要加“ s ” ; (2)Englishmen 、 Frenchman ，复数要把 “ man ”变为“ men ” ； (3) 其他各国人 以 an 、 ian 结尾 的均直接加“ s ” : 如 Americans 、 Australians 、 Indians 注意： German 是 Germans!!! 4. 复合名词的复数形式有两种 (1) 将主体词变为复数，如： sisterinlaw→sistersinlaw( 嫂子 ) boy classmate→boy classmates (2) 将复合词中两个词都变为复数，此种复合词中第一个词须是 man 或 woman ，如： man worker →men workers woman teacher →women teachers 5. 特殊情况 (1) 有些名词只有复数形式，如： Clothes, shorts ， pants ， goods ， glasses( 眼镜 ) (2) 有些名词以 s 结尾，但不是复数形式，如： news ， maths ， physics ， politics (3) 有些物质名词或抽象名词的单、复数形式表示不同的含义，如： room( 空间 )—a room( 房间 ) work( 工作 )—works( 著作 ) (4) 不可数名词的数量表达 ① 不可数名词本身不可数，但可借助单位量词表示一定的数量，如： a piece of bread/news/paper 一片面包 / 一则新闻 / 一张纸 ② 还可用 much ， little ， a little ， a large amount of ， some ， any ， no ， lots of ， plenty of 等来修饰不可数名词，如： much money ， some milk (5) 数词＋名词＋形容词构成的复合形容词，中间的名词不能用复数形式而须用单数形式， 如： He is a fouryearold boy. 他是个 4 岁的男孩。 a fivefootdeep hole 一个五英尺深的 洞 三、名词所有格 1）构成： A. 一般词尾+ 's.如：the teacher's office, Xiao Li's sister's husband's mother. B. 以 s 结尾的复数名词只+"' "，如： workers' rest room. C. 不以s结尾的复数名词加's，如： children's toys. D. 复合名词只在最后一个词的后面加 's，如： my sister-in-law's brother. E. 表示共同所有的几个名词，只在最后一个词的后面加's，如： This is Tom, James and Dick's room. F. 表示各个所有关系的几个名词，在每个名词后分别加's，如： Jenny's, Jean's and Mary's rooms face to the south. G. 名词短语只在最后一个词后加 's，如： a quarter of an hour's talk. 1、's 所有格： 2）用法： A. 名词所有格主要用于表示有生命的名词，表示所属关系： Lei Feng's dairy. B. 用于表示时间的名词： today's paper. an hour's drive. Friday's work. C. 用于表示地理、国家、城市等名词： the country's plan. the farm's fruit. China's population. D. 用于表示由人组成的集体名词： our party's stand E. 用于表示度量、价值的名词： two dollars' worth of books. a pound's weight. 2、of所有格： 1）凡不能用's 属格的情况可用 of 属格表示所属关系： the City of New York. a map of China. 2 ）表示无生命的东西的所有格形式：名词＋ of ＋所有者，如： the name of the zoo 动物园的名字 3 ）双重所有格：即 of ＋ 's 或 of ＋名词性物主代词，如： a book of my daughter's 我女儿的一本书 The friend of his is very kind. 他的朋友非常友好。 1. 名词在句中可以作 主语、宾语、宾语补足语、同位语、表语、状语、定语 等。 2. 名词作定语，一般用单数形式。如： girl students( 女学生 ) paper flowers( 纸花 ) 3. 名词作定语时，个别情况用复数形式。如： sports meeting ( 运动会 ) 四、名词的句法功能 总结： 自我检测 1.For my homework I have to write a(n) ________about the wonders of the world. A ． music B ． picture C ． composition D ． exam 2.—I have great ________ in learning math and I'm so worried.Could you help me? —Sure.I'd be glad to. A ． trouble B ． interest C ． joy D ． fun 3.—Mrs Black, could you give me some advice on how to write an application letter? —With pleasure.Remember that the letter should be written in the formal ________. A ． value B ． style C ． effect D ． mood 4.—I'm going to the supermarket.Let me get you some fruit. —OK.Thanks for your ________. A ． offer B ． information C ． message D ． order 5.These natural disasters have warned us that everyone should start to protect the ________immediately. A ． amusement B ． development C ． environment D ． government 6.—Mrs.Wang was sent to teach English in a poor mountain village last year. —She said she would never forget some pleasant ________ while working there. A ． experiments B ． expressions C ． experiences D ． emotions 7.—Excuse me, where can I exchange ________ ？ —There's a bank on the second floor. A ． books B ． food C ． money D ． stamps 8.—I'm sorry I went out for a smoke.I was very tired. —There's no ________ for this while you are at work. A ． cause B ． excuse C ． matter D ． choice 9.John wants to be a ________ ， so he often helps sick people in the hospital. A ． reporter B ． doctor C ． scientist D ． cook 10.The two cities have reached an ________to develop science and technology. A ． education B ． excitement C ． agreement D ． invention 11.—Could you tell me something about the boy who helped you just now? —Sorry, I know nothing about him.We are________. A ． friends B ． neighbors C ． classmates D ． strangers 12.I don't think looking after children is just ________ work. A ． woman B ． woman's C ． women D ． women's 13.—I'm not sure about the meaning of the word. —You'd better look it up in a ________. A ． letter B ． dictionary C ． postcard D ． notice Thank you ！ 专题三 代词 一、代词的定义 代词是代替名词及其名词作用的短语及句子的词。 什么是代词？ it they that some her himself neither others a little 思考 二、代词的分类及用法 人称代词是用来指人或物的代词，人称代词有 主格、宾格 。主格 作 主语和表语，宾语 作 宾语，一般用来做动词或介词的宾语。 1. 人称代词放在 动词、介词 后面作宾语时，一定要用其 宾格 形式。 2. 当几个不同的人称代词作主语，排列顺序通常是： 单数为： you ， he/she and I 即你、他 / 她、我（二三一人称单数顺序） 复数为： we,you and they 即我们、你们、他们 / 她们（一二三人称复数顺序） A. 人称代词 物主代词是用来表示 所有人与物的关系的 。 1. 分类 2. 用法 形容词性物主代词放在名词前，不能单独使用；名词性物主代词用来代替名词。 区别：名词性物主代词=形容词性物主代词+名词 人称 分类 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数 形容词性 名词性 my our your your his her its their mine ours yours yours his hers its theirs B. 物主代词 反身代词指动作反射到 动作执行者本身 或进行 强调 ，一般用来做动词或介词的宾语，表示动作返回到动作执行者本身，即主语和宾语是指同一人或物，或者指同一些人或物。 常与反身代词连用的动词有 enjoy,dress，hurt，help，teach 及介词 by,in,for,of 等 . 人称 分类 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 myself ourselves yourself yourselves himself themselves herself itself C. 反身代词 过得愉快 自学 请随便吃… 自言自语 独自 伤了某人自己 不要客气 陶醉／沉浸于 自己穿衣服 照顾自己 enjoy oneself learn---- by / teach oneself help oneself to sth. say to oneself by oneself hurt oneself make oneself at home lose oneself in… dress oneself look after oneself 2. 反身代词常见固定搭配 1.Jackie Chen won an Oscar after ______ 56-year-old long career in the film industry. A.he B.him C.his D.himself 2.After chatting happily with the new student in my class,I gave her my QQ number and she gave me ________. A.she B.hers C.her D.herself 3.Everyone makes mistakes in his or her life.The important thing is not to repeat ________. A.it B.her C.him D.them 4 .Andyis not ______ today. What's wrong? He was caught in the rain this morning and doesn't feel well now. A.himself B.he C.him D.his 5.The Rio 2016 Olympic torch( 火炬 ) began _______ 95-day journey in Brazil on May 3rd. A.it B.its C.it's D.itself 练一练 C B D A B D. 指示代词 定义：专门用来指人或物的一类代词，称为指示代词。 这类词有： this,that,those,these,such,some,it。 用法？ 用于指代前面讲过的或者后面将要讲到的事物。 this ,thes e 较近 that ,those 较远 i t 的用法 例句 1.This is not my book.It is Jim's. 2 . What's this? --It's a pencil . 3.Somwone is knocking at the door.Please go and see who it is. 4.What's the time now? --It's ten o'clock. 5.What's the weather like today? --It's sunny. 6.How far is it from your school to your home? 指代前面提到过的事物 用来代替指示代词this或that 指婴儿或不明身份的人 指时间或季节 指天气 指距离 It is + adj. (+for/of sb.) +to do sth. I t' s one ' s turn to do sth. It ' s time (for sb.) to do sth./for sth . It ' s said that … It takes sb. some time to do sth. It is/has been+ 时间段 + since + 从句(过去时) It seems that ... 看起来好像 It seems that he is quite happy. It 's +adj.+that 从句 It 's necessary that you should be present at the meeting. 7. 作形式主语 , 常用于下列句型中 8 、作形式宾语 某人发现/认为/感觉到做某事是…的 find sb. think feel 9 、用在强调句型 “It is /was + 被强调部分 +that /who + 其他成分 ” 中 It was in the park that Tom lost his watch. + it + adj. to do it, one, that 作代词的区别 (1) I have many books. Which____ do you like? (2) The book is mine. ____ is very interesting. (3)The weather in Beijing is much colder than____in Hainan. 例如: ① it 指上文提到过的事物，同类且同物。 ② one 泛指上下文提及的同类事物中的一个，同类而不同物。 ③ that 常用于比较结构中，代替前面提到的名词，避免重复。 one It that 1. My star sign is Virgo and my characteristics are similar to______ described in that book. A.them B.that C.it D.those 2.Do you think ______ acceptable for a group of women to dance to loud music on the square near your house. A.it B.that C.this D.its 3.The population of our city has increased ______ 40%,compared with ______ of 3 years ago. A.by;that B.to;those C.with;ones D.of;it 4 .This bookon idoms is interesting.I'd like ______ . Where did you buy it? ---In the bookstore near my home. A.it B.this C.that D.one 5.A new study shows that shouting at children may have results that go beyond _______ of beating them. A.it B.those C.one's D.that 练一练 D A A D B   主 格 宾格 所有格 指人 　who whom whose 指物 what whose 指人或物 which whose E. 疑问代词(连接代词 ) F. 关系 代词 that ,which,who,whom,whose,as G. 不定代词 1 ) 定义： 2 ) 种类 ： 英语中不定代词有： some (something,somebody,someone,somewhere ） , any (anything,anybody,anyone,anywhere), no (nothing,nobody,no one), every(everything,everybody,everyone,everywhere), all,each,both,much,many,(a) little,(a) few, other(s),another,none,one,either,neither 不定代词是 不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词 的代词。 不定代词是英语所有代词中 最重要 的一类，也是英语考试中最常考的一类，应注意以下几点： 1.some 和 any 的比较 2. 指两者和三者的不定代词。 注 ： each (常与of连用) 做主谓用单， 强调 个体 every(形容词)+单数名词作主谓语用单，强调 整体 两 者或以上的每一个人或物 三 者或以上每一个人或物 注意：在表示 请求、邀请或征求意见 的句子中，通常要用 some 而不用 any 。 用于 两者： both,either,neither 。 用于三者： all,any,none,every 3.(a) few 与 (a) little 当前面由 only 修饰，常用 a few或 a little . a little 可表示“有点，稍微” 肯定 否定 可数名词复数 a few一些 few几乎没有 不可数名词 a little一点儿 little几乎没有 eg : Would you please buy some salt for me,Tony? There is little left. 4.other, the other ,another,others,the others 的用法 意义 用法 other 另外的 常与复数名词连用，但如果前面有 the ， this ， that ， some ， any ， no ， one ， my ， your ， his 等则可与单数名词或不可数名词连用。 the other 两者中的另一个 常与 one 连用，构成 “ one...the other... ” ，作定语修饰复数名词时，表示 “ 其余的部分 ” 。 others 泛指 别的人或物 泛指 别的人或物（但 不是全部 ），不能作定语；常与 some 连用，构成 “some...others” 。 the others 特指 其余的人或物 是 the other 的复数形式， 特指 其余所有 的人或物。 another 另一个 指 三者或三者以上 的另一个 1. There are fifty students in Class One.Twenty of them are boys; ______ are girls. A.the other B.the others C.others D.another 2.I turned to bookshops and libraries looking for information and found ______ . A.none B.both C.one D.neither 3.Everyone knows Canada is the second largest country in the world. ---That is ,it is larger than ______ country in Asia. A.any B.any other C.other D.another 4 .______ of money will go to the Red Cross to help those who need help. A.Many B.Much C.A little D.A few 5. Recycling is one way to protect the environment;reusing is _______ . A.other B.the other C.another D.others 练一练 B A A B C 　 指人 肯定句 someone somebody 否定或疑问句 anyone anybody 通用 everyone everybody no one nobody 指物 肯定句 something 否定或疑问句 anything 通用 everything nothing 2 . 复合不定代词 no one,nobody,none, 的用法 no one 与 nobody 用法相似，均只用于指人不用于指物，且其后 不能接of短语 ，用作主语时谓语单数； none 既可用于 指人也可用于指物，其后通常 接of短语 ，用作主语时，若指不可数名词，谓语只能用单数，若指复数名词，则谓语可用单数（较正式）也可用复数（用于非正式文体）。 Exercises（ 自我检测题 ） 1.Though it rained heavily, ____ were still playing on the playground. A. they B. them C. their D. themselves 2 . He thought____a little difficult to work out this maths problem. A. there B. it C. this D. that 3. Sorry I have forgotten ____ telephone number. A. yours B. him C. you D. his 4-____ is your sister? -She is a nurse. A. What B. Which C. How D. Who 5. ____ one do you like, the blue one or the red one? A. What B. Which C. That D. This A B D A B 6. They all lost _____ in the beautiful music. A. them B. themselves C. their D. theirs 7. Listen to me. I have____ to tell you. A. anything new B. something new C. new something D. nothing new 8. -Are these two books interesting?  -Yes, ____ of them are interesting. A. both B. all C. either D. neither 9. Which would you like, a cup of tea or a glass of milk? -____, thanks. I think I'll just have a glass of water. A. None B. Neither C. Both D. Either 10.The film isn't interesting. ___ people like it. A. Few B. A little C. A few D. Little B B A B A 11.---Wow! What a nice computer! --My parents bought it for my sister and me. It ' s____. A.ours B. hers C. mine D. theirs 12. The old woman kept one black dog and two white _______. A. one B. ones C. those D. those 13.---She is too busy to help us finish the work. ---Let’s do it _____. A. herself B. myself C. ourselves D. itself 14. The students were all tired, but _______of them stopped to have a rest. A. none B. each C. either D. neither 15. There are many trees on ____side of the street. A. either B. both C. all D. every A B A A A T hank you! 专题四 数词 定义：表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫做数词。 数词有两种：表示数目多少的数词叫做基数词，如： one ， two ， three... ， ninetyfour 等；表示顺序先后的数词叫做序数词，如： first ， second ， third... ， fifteenth 等。 There are five people in my family. We live on the sixth floor in a tall building. 我家有五口人。我们住在一座高楼的第六层。 基数词 ( 一 ) 基数词的表示方法 1 ．基数词 1 ～ 12 是独立的词， 13 ～ 19 都是以 teen 结尾的词。 (1)1 ～ 12 要逐个记： 1 one /wʌn/ 　　　　　 2 two /tuː/ 3 three /θriː/ 　　　 4 four /fɔː/ 5 five /faIv/ 　　　　 6 six /sIks/ 7 seven / ' sevn/ 　　　 8 eight /eIt/ 9 nine /naIn/ 　　　　 10 ten /ten/ 11 eleven /I ' levn/ 　　 12 twelve /twelv/ (2)13 ～ 19 都 以 teen 结尾 ，都是 双重音 ： 13 thirteen / , θɜː ' tiːn/ 　 14 fourteen / , fɔː ' tiːn/ 15 fifteen / , fif ' tiːn/ 　 16 sixteen / , siks ' tiːn/ 17 seventeen / , sevn ' tiːn/ 　 18 eighteen / , eI ' tiːn/ 19 nineteen / , naIn ' tiːn/ 2 ．基数词 20 ～ 90 整十位数都是 以 ty 结尾 。 20 twenty / ' twentI/ 30 thirty / ' θɜːtI/ 40 forty / ' fɔːtI/ 50 fifty / ' fIftI/ 60 sixty / ' sIkstI/ 70 seventy / ' sevntI/ 80 eighty / ' eItI/ 90 ninety / ' naIntI/ 注： 13 ～ 19 的 teen/ ' tiːn/ 都是重读音，而 20 ～ 90 的 ty/tI/ 都是非重读音节； / ' tiːn/ 为长音，而 /tI/ 为短音。 3 ．基数词 21 ～ 99 都是由 “ 几十 ” 和 “ 几 ” 合起来构成， 词中间加连字符 ( 但音标里不加连字符 ) ，并分别重读。 21 twentyone / , twentI ' wʌn/ 23 twentythree / , twentI ' θriː/ 34 thirtyfour / , θɜːtI ' fɔː/ 45 fortyfive / , fɔːtI ' faIv/ 56 fiftysix / , fIftI ' sIks/ 67 sixtyseven / , sIkstI ' sevn/ 4 ．基数词 101 ～ 999 ，先说 “ 几百 ” ，再加 “ and” ，再加末两位数。 —How many days are there in a year? 一年有多少天？ —_________________________. 三百六十五天 . 5 ． 1,000 以上的数，先从后向前数，每三位加 “ ， ” ，第一个 “ ， ” 前为 thousand ，第二个 “ ， ” 前为 million ，第三个 “ ， ” 前为 billion( 美式 ) 或 thousand million( 英式 ) 。 —Can you write the number _______________________________________? 你会写数字 85,626 吗？ —Yes, it is 85,626. 会写，它是 85,626 。 Three hundred and sixtyfive eightyfive thousand ， six hundred and twentysix 6 ．百 (hundred) ，千 (thousand) ，百万 (million) 等词 与数字或 a(n) 连用时，词尾不可加 “ s” 。 The computer was cheap. ______________________________________ 那台电脑很便宜，我只花了两千元 . 7 ．百 (hundred) ，千 (thousand) ，百万 (million) 等词 与介词 of 连用时，须用复数形式 ，表示不确定数目，其前不可与数字连用。 —How many people went to Beijing for the Olympic Games in 2008? 有多少人去北京看 2008 年奥运会？ —_______________ ， I think. 上百万，我认为。 I spent only two thousand yuan on it. Millions of 8 ．表示 “ 几十 ” 的数词的复数形式可用来表示人的岁数，在表示 “ 几十年代 ” 时，可以用基数词的复数形式，也可用阿拉伯数字加 “ s” 或 “ 's” 。 She is ________________ but she looks young. 她五十多岁，但她看上去很年轻。 From_______________ to _______________ ， picturestory cartoons were very popular. 从 20 世纪 50 年代到 20 世纪 70 年代，图画故事的卡通片是很受欢迎的。 the 1950's(1950s) in her fifties the 1970's(1970s) 9 ．基数词可与其他词构成 合成形容词 。 Kate is an __________________ girl. 凯特是个 18 岁的女孩。 10 ．基数词可用 作主语、宾语、表语或同位语。 Give him three.( 宾语 ) 给他三个。 ___________ of the teachers in our school are women teachers.( 主语 ) 我们学校三分之二的老师是女老师。 eighteen 的读音以元音开头，故其前要用不定冠词 an 。 注：这种合成形容词的结构为： “ 数词＋单数名词＋形容词 ” 。复合形容词中，词与词之间要加 连字符 “ ” 。 eighteenyearold Two thirds 11 ．电话号码的读法为 顺次读出一个个数字 ， “ 0” 读作 “ o” 或 “ zero” 。数字连续重现时可用 “ double( 双 )” 。 62884405 读作 __________________________________ 或 _________________________________________ 。 six two eight eight four four o ( 或 zero)five six two double eight double four o ( 或 zero)five ( 二 ) 序数词 表示顺序的数词 称为序数词。序数词一般以与之相应的 基数词加词尾 th 构成 ；多个单词时，仅最后一个变为序数词。序数词前一般需 加 “ the” 。 1 ． “ 基数词 ” 变 “ 序数词 ” 的口诀： 基变序，有规律， 一、二、三特殊记， first ， second ， third ， 从四开始加 th ，八去 t ，九去 e 加 th ， 五、十二变 ve 为 f 加 th ， 整十后变 y 为 ie 加 th ，若想表示几十几，只变个位就可以。 2 ．序数词作主语、宾语、表语、定语、同位语或状语。 She was the _ fifth in the exam.( 作表语 ) The first of June is Children's Day.( 主语 ) 3 ．表 顺序 时， 基数词和序数词可互换 ，如： L esson F ive ＝ ____________________ ( 三 ) 分数 1 ．分数的表达与读法。 Two thirds of the students are girls in our class. 在我们班，三分之二的学生是女孩。 the fifth lesson 分子须用基数词，分母用序数词。 分子如果大于 1 ，分母须用复数形式。先读分子，再读分母。分子为 one 时可换用 “ a” 。 2 ． 1/2 读作 “ a(one)half” ( 而不是 a second“ 一秒钟 ” ) ； 1/4 既可读作 “ a(one)quarter” ，又可读作 “ a(one)fourth” 。 __________________________________________ are written in English. 世界上 3/4 的书和报纸是用英语写的。 Three quarters of the world's books and newspapers 3 ．较复杂的分数的读法为 “ 基数词分子＋ over ＋基数词分母 ” 。 带分数 的读法是在整数与分数之间加读 and 。 ( 四 ) 其他数的表达 1 ． 小数 的读法：小数点前的基数词与前面所讲的基数词读法完全相同， 小数点读作 “ point” ，小数点后只需将数字一一读出。 15 ． 67 读作 ________________________ 0 ． 009 读作 zero point zero zero nine 2 ． 百分数 的读法：先读基数词，再读百分号 “ %”( 读作 percent) 。 5% 读作 five percent 0 ． 5% 读作 _____________________ 200% 读作 ______________________ fifteen point six seven zero point five percent two hundred percent 3 ．年代的读法为 两位、两位地读 。 整百的后读 hundred ，整千的后读 thousand ，前常加 “ the year” 。 1937 读作 nineteen thirtyseven 　或： nineteen hundred and thirtyseven 1900 年读作 nineteen hundred 1905 年读作 nineteen and( 或 o)five 　或： nineteen hundred and five 2000 年读作 the year two thousand 4 ．表示 公元后 在年份前或后加 AD / ,eI ' diː/ 皆可， 公元前 一律在年份后加 BC / , biː ' ciː/ 。表 几十年代 时，前加 the ， 后加 's 或 s/z/ 。 from 200 BC to 500 AD/AD 500 从公元前 200 年到公元后 500 年 in the 1960's 或 1960s( 读作 nineteen sixties) 二十世纪六十年代 5 ．年、月、日的 英语顺序为 “ 月，日，年 ” 。 “ 日 ” 用序数词读和写 ( 写时也可用基数词 ) ； “ 日 ” 读在 “ 月 ” 前时要加读 “ of” 。 July 7(th) ， 2005 　 2005 年 7 月 7 日 读作： July the seventh two thousand and five 或 the seventh of July two thousand and five Today is Thursday ， September 19th. 今天星期四， 9 月 19 日。 7 ．一些数学公式的读法： “ 加 ” 用 plus/and ， “ 减 ” 用 minus ， “ 乘 ” 用 times ， “ 除 ” 用 divided by ，动词多用单数，如： 3 ＋ 5 ＝ 8 读作： 9 － 2 ＝ 7 读作： 6×5 ＝ 30 读作： 8÷4 ＝ 2 读作： Three plus/and five is eight. Nine minus two is seven. Five times six is thirty. Eight divided by four is two. 1.Now ， everybody ， please turn to Page________and look at the________picture. A ． Fifth ； five B ． Five ； fifth C ． Fifth ； fifth D ． Five ； five 2.—Do you have enough students to clean the laboratory? —No, I think we need ________students. A ． another B ． two others C ． more two D ． two more 3.The government of Chongqing is building________cheap and good houses for the people. A ． thousand B ． thousands C ． thousand of D ． thousands of 4.Nowadays ________of business letters are written in English. A ． two third B ． two thirds C ． two three D ． second three 练一练 5 ． —David, how old is your father this year? —________.And we just had a special party for his ________ birthday last weekend. A ． Fortieth ； forty B ． Forty ； forty C ． Forty ； fortieth D ． Fortieth ； fortieth 6 ． Nearly ________of the earth ______covered by sea. A ． three fourth; is B ． three fourths; is C ． three fourth; are D ． three fourths; are 7.The number of the students in our school is about nine ________. ________ of them are boys. A ． hundred; Two thirds B ． hundred; Two third C ． hundreds; Two thirds D ． hundreds; Two third Thank you ！ 专题五 形容词和副词 一、定义 说明人或事物的 特征、性质或状态 ，常用来修饰名词或不定代词的词叫形容词。 形容词 a beautiful castle She looks so happy. 1 ．作定语 There are many _ colourful _flowers in the park. The boy is old _ enough to go to school. He has something _interesting to tell his mother. 放在被修饰的名词前，不定代词或副词后。 二、用法及位置 注意：基数词可与名词 ( 用连字符相连 ) 构成复合形容词，用作定语。 如： a 5 year old girl ， five- minute walk 2 ．作表语 Mother looked happy when she received our presents. 一些表示情感的表语形容词后可接动词不定式。如： glad,happy,pleased sorry,sad,sure ready,afraid,able easy,difficult +to do sth. be 放在 系动词之 后。 系动词有： look,feel,taste,smell,sound 等。 常见形容词有good/ bad, rich/ poor, young/ old, deaf/ blind, black/ white, living/ dead 等。 4 ． “ the ＋形容词 ” 表示一类人或物。 The poor don't have their own houses. 3 ．作宾语补足语 You must keep your eyes closed _when you do eye exercise. 放在 宾语之 后。 5．☆常见形容词词尾： -n ...的人 -y 充满...的，多...的 -en ...材质的 -al 有...属性的 -ern ...方位的 -able 可能的，可以的 -ful ...的 -less 无...的 Indian,American rainy,snowy wooden personal,natural eastern,southern confortable helpful ,useful careless,endless anything else? （ 1 ）有些形容词 只能用作表语 ， 不能作定语 。 这类形容词主要有 afraid ， alone ， asleep ， alive ， awake ， ill 等。 （ 2 ）有些以 ly 结尾的词是 形容词 而 不是副词 。如： friendly ， lively ， silly ， lovely 等。 注意： （ 3 ）以 ing 结尾的形容词通常修饰物，以 ed 结尾的形容词通常修饰人。 如： interesting( 有趣的 ) ， interested( 感兴趣的 ) exciting ( 令人兴奋的 ) ， excited （兴奋的） （ 4 ）常见形容词的近义词归类。 large—big ， glad—happy/pleased ， clever—bright ， dear—expensive ， broken—worn out ， hard—difficult ， fine—well ， ill—sick ， nice—kind/fine/good/beautiful ， alone—lonely 1 .Mum has bought a lot of __________ food from the supermarket nearby. (freeze) 2 .I won ' t do business with such a(n) __________ man. (honest) 3 .The man was still __________ when he was sent to the hospital. (life) 4 .He went to Canada several years ago. Now he is a __________ citizen. (Canada) 5 .Drinking too much fruit juice can be ________ to children’s teeth. (harm) 6 .We have very ____________ __ weather here, especially in the winter. (change) 7 .We should save ____________ _ expenses. (necessary) 8 .Some parents choose ___________ _ presents for their children. (education) 词性变换 frozen dishonest alive Canadian harmful changeable unnecessary educational 副词是用来说明 时间、地点、程度、方式 等概念的词，主要修饰动词、形容词、其他副词或整个句子。 一、定义 副词 Horses run fast . He never goes to school early . (1) 时间副词。 如： now,often,usually,always,early,then,soon,before,ago 等。 (2) 地点副词。 如： here,there,out,above,below,outside,up,down 等。 (3) 方式副词。 如： hard,well,badly,fast,slowly,quietly 等。 (4) 频度副词： 如：always, often, frequently, seldom, never，sometimes 二、分类 (5) 程度副词。 如 :very,much,still,almost,quite,so,too 等。 (6) 疑问副词。 如 :how,when,why,where 等 ( 用于特殊疑问句句首 ) 。 (7) 关系副词。 如 :when,where,why ( 放在引导的定语从句句首 ) 。 (8) 连接副词。 如 :how,where,why,whether 等 ( 放在名词性从句句首，主要是宾语从句 ) 。 副词修饰动词作状语，位于 动词后 ; 修饰形容词作状语，位于 形容词前 ； 修饰副词作状语位于 另一副词前 。 例如：He walked quietly into his bedroom. You have a very nice watch. You are driving too fast. 三、用法及位置 位置 (1) 频度副词，如 always ， often ， sometimes ， usually 等 通常放在动词之前。但在句子里如果有助动词或情态动词，则要放在它们之后。如果有系动词 be ，也要放在系动词之后。 He usually has lunch in the factory. The boy is often late for class. (2)enough 作形容词修饰名词时，一般放在所修饰的词之前；作副词修饰形容词或副词时，应放在所修饰的词之后。 I have enough money to buy the book. He's tall enough to get the book down. (3) 时间副词和地点副词的位置一般放在句尾。如果这两种副词同时出现在句中，则把地点副词放在时间副词的前面，也可把时间副词放在句首。 They went swimming in the river yesterday. ＝ Yesterday they went swimming in the river. (4) 方式副词修饰不及物动词时放在被修饰词之后，修饰及物动词时，放在被修饰的动词之前或宾语之后，如果宾语较长，也可把副词放在动词和宾语之间。 My father works hard. Tom speaks Chinese very well. Mr Wang wrote carefully some letters to his friends. (5)“ 及物动词＋副词 ” 组成的动词词组有名词作宾语时，该名词放在副词前或后均可，如是代词作宾语，则必须将该词放在副词前。 Can I try on the shoes ， please? Don't cut it down! (6) 程度副词一般放在被修饰的形容词或副词前面，放在情态动词和助动词之后。 I'm very sad to hear that. (7) 某些副词为了强调上下句的衔接，放在句前。 Suddenly he had a good idea. (1) 说明人或事物自身的特征、性质和状态时用形容词原级。 The pictures on the wall are nice . (2) 有表示绝对概念的副词 very ， so ， too ， enough ， quite 等修饰时用形容词原级。 The man is very tall. 形容词、副词原级用法 (3) 表示 A 与 B 在某一方面程度相同或不同时用形容词原级。 ① 肯定句中的结构： “ A... ＋ as ＋形容词原级＋ as ＋ B” English is as important as Chinese. ② 否定句中的结构： “ A... ＋ not ＋ as/so ＋形容词原级＋ as ＋ B” I am not so fast as Lucy. ③ 表示 “ A 是 B 的 …… 倍 ” 时，用 “ A... ＋倍数＋ as ＋形容词原级＋ as ＋ B” 结构。 ( 两倍： twice ；三倍以上：数字＋ times) Our school is three times as big as his. This table is twice as long as that one. ④“half as ＋形容词原级＋ as” 表示 “ …… 是 …… 的一半 ” 。 His apples are half as many as his sister's. 1. 规则变化  1) 一般情况下，单音节或双音节的形容词（或副词）比较级＋er ， 最高级＋est  如： clever－cleverer－cleverest ,  few－fewer－fewest   small－smaller－smallest等。  2) 以e结尾的词，比较级＋r，最高级＋st 即可。 如： nice－nicer－nicest    cute－cuter－cutest     large－larger－largest  形容词、副词的比较级和最高级变化 3) 以辅音字母＋y结尾的变y为i＋er或est。如:  easy－easier－easiest   ,  happy－happier－happiest  再如：early, busy, heavy, dirty, lazy也如此。  4) 多音节词和部分双音节词,在其前加more,most 少数单音节词也是这样，如： pleased－more pleased－the most pleased    tired－more tired－the most tired  5) 中读闭音节词双写后面的辅音比较级＋er ，最高级＋est如： big-bigger-biggest , thin-thinner-thinnest 2. 不规则变化：  good —better — best   well —better — best  bad－worse － worst      many / much — more — most  far — farther —farthest       (距离远)    far — further — furthest      (程度深)  old — elder — eldest         (长幼)    old — older —oldest         (年龄) 用所给形容词和副词的适当形式填空。 1. Bob is _________ (young) than Fred but __________ (tall) than Fred.                            2. Tony is not as ___________  (tall) as Jack.                                             3. Almost all the students' faces are the same but Li Deming looks _______ (fat) than before.   4. He is __________(clever )boy in the class.                                               5 . Annie says Sally is the ________ (kind) person in the world.              6 . A dictionary is much _________ (expensive)  than a story-book. 7 . He is _______(bad) at math. He is much ______ (bad) at Chinese and he is the _______ (bad) at English.    ~er tall ~ t er the ~est ~est worse more ~ bad ~er worst (1) 表示两者进行比较时用形容词比较级，其结构为 “ A... ＋比较级＋ than ＋ B” 。 The oranges in this bag are bigger than those in that bag. (2) 有表示程度的副词 a little ， a bit ， a few ， a lot, much ， even ， still ， far ， rather ， any 等修饰时，用形容词比较级。 It is much hotter in Guangdong than that in Jilin. 形容词、副词比较级用法 (3) 表示两者之间进行选择 “ 哪一个更 ……” 时，用句型 “ Which/Who is ＋形容词比较级， A or B ？ ” 表示。 Which book is newer ， this one or that one? (4) 表示 “ 几倍于 ……” 时，用 “ 倍数＋比较级＋ than” 表示。 Her house is twice bigger than mine. (5) 表示 “ 两者之间较 …… 一个 (of the two)” 时，常用 “ the ＋比较级 ” 结构。如： Tom is the taller of the two boys. (6) 表示 “ 越来越 ……” ，用比较级重叠结构，即 “ 比较级＋ and ＋比较级 ” ，当形容词是多音节词和部分双音节词时用 “ more and more ＋形容词原级 ” 。 It's getting warmer _ and _ warmer in spring. Our school is becoming more _ and _ more _ beautiful . (7) 表示 “ 越 …… 就越 ……” 时，用 “ the ＋比较级， the ＋另一比较级 ” 结构。如： The _ more we get together, the _ happier we'll be. Test time   1 .Are you ____ to reach the picture on the top of the blackboard? A . very tall B . so tall C . too tall D . tall enough 2 .She is feeling ____ __ better than before. A . much, more B . far C . even more D . more 3 .Is Mr Smith ____ _____ the man? A . so strong as B . more strong than C . stronger than D . much stronger as 4 .In the exam, the ____ ____ you are, the ____ _____ mistakes you’ll make. A . carefully, little B . more careful, fewer C . more careful, less D . more carefully, fewer (1) 表示三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时，用最高级形式。形容词最高级前必须加定冠词 the ，句末常跟一个 in/of 短语来表示范围。 He is the youngest in our class. Mary's handwriting is the best of the three girls. 形容词、副词最高级用法 (2) 表示在三者或三者以上的人或物中进行选择时，用 “ Which/Who is ＋ the ＋最高级， A ， B or C ？ ” 结构。 Who is the oldest,Mary,Nancy or Lily? (3) 表示 “ 最 …… 的 …… 之一 ” 时用 “ one of the ＋形容词最高级 ” 结构，该形容词后面的名词要用复数形式。 The pen is one of the most beautiful pens. (4) 形容词最高级前面可以加序数词，表示 “ 第几最 ……” 。 The Yellow River is the second longest river in China. (5) 形容词最高级前面可以用物主代词、指示代词、名词所有格等修饰，但此时不能再用定冠词 the 。 Tomorrow will be my busiest day. (6) 形容词比较级结构可以表示最高级含义。 Li Lei is the _ tallest _student in his class. ＝ Li Lei is taller _ than_________________in his class. ＝ Li Lei is taller _than _________________ in his class. ＝ Li Lei is taller _than ______________ in his class. any other student the other student s anyone else 特别注意： (1)ing 形容词与 ed 形容词 ing 形容词表示 “ 令人 …… 的 ” ，表示主动意义，多指事物对人的影响，一般修饰或说明事物。如： surprising“ 令人惊讶的 ” ， exciting“ 令人兴奋的 ” ， interesting“ 有趣的 ” 等。 ed 形容 词表示 “ 感到 …… 的 ” ，表示被动意义，多指人对事物的感受，主语一般是人，常用于 “ sb. ＋ be ＋ ed 形容词＋介词 ” 结构。 如： surprised“ 感到惊讶的 ” ， excited“ 感到兴奋的 ” ， interested“ 感兴趣的 ” 等。 We are all excited about the exciting news. (2) 在同一范围内比较时，必须把主体排除在被比较的范围之外。 ( 在不同范围内比较时，主体可以和其中任意一个对象进行比较 ) 。如： China is larger than any_other country in Asia. China is larger than any country in Africa. Test time 1. --Where would you like to go on your summer holiday, Mike? --I ' d like to go ____________ . A.nowhere interesting B.interesting anywhere C.somewhere interesting D.interesting somewhere 2. As we all know, smoking is bad for us, _______ for children. A.especially 　　B.recently　　 C.probably 　　 D.nearly 3. If you don ' t work ______ enough, I don ' t think your dream will come ________ . A.hardly;truly B.hardly;true C.hard;true D. hard;truly 4. He said he would come to see us ____ the next afternoon. A.sometime B.some time C. sometimes D. some times 5 . Jack is good at drawing. I think no one draws ________ . A. better B.best C.worse D. worst 6 . It ' s too late to invite any more people. __ ___ , you know how Tim hates parties. A. Besides B. However C. Still D. Instead 7 . -- Do you often go to the gym? --No, _______ . I don ' t like sports at all. A.always B. never C. sometimes D. usually 8 . --Did Kate do best in the finally exam? --No, but of all the students she did ____ . A.the most careful B. more careful C. most carefully D.more carefully 9 . Our family has bought a car so we can travel _____ than before. A.  most easily           B. less easily    C. easily           D. more easily   10 . My father told me a story last night. It is ____ one I ' ve ever heard. A.  the funniest          B. funniest    C. funnier       D. the funnier    11 . The _____ friends you have, the ____ you will be. A. more, happy         B. many, happy   C. more, happier    D. many, happier  12 . When he heard a cry for help, he ran out as _______ as he could. A.  hardly                B. quickly       C. finally                 D. slowly   13 . This place is not big enough for Lucy ' s birthday party. We should find a _____ one. A.  big                     B. small          C. bigger                 D. smaller Thank you ！ 专题六 动词 Horses run fast . He is eating a drumstick( 鸡腿 ). 什么是动词？ 一、定义 表示动作或状态的词叫做动词。 二、分类 动词按 含义 及它们在句中的 作用 分为四类： 情态动词 行为 ( 实义 ) 动词 系动词 助动词 1 ．行为 ( 实义 ) 动词　 (1) 定义：实义动词意义完整，能够 独立作谓语 。 按其持续性可分为：延续性动词和非延续性动词 。 (2) 分类：根据其在句中是否需要宾语，又可细分为： 及物动词 vt. 不及物动词 vi. I like this book very much. Listen to the teacher carefully. He turned off the light when he left. We call the bird Polly. Please pass me the salt. She picked it up and gave it to me. He devoted his lifetime to the career. 辨别及物和 不 及物动词 We study English. We study hard. 有动词既是 及物 动词又是 不及物 动词吗？ Birds can fly. Look ! He is flying a kite over there. Shall I begin at once? She began working as a librarian last year. They left last week. When did they leave Chicago? (1) 及物动词 (vt.) 要求跟宾语。 I learn English every day.(English 是 learn 的宾语 ) (2) 不及物动词后面 不能直接 跟宾语。 We arrived at London at noon. 总结： (3) 有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成动词短语， 它的作用相当于一个及物动词。 pay attention to,go on with,turn off...... (4) 及物动词可以跟 “双宾语” ( 直接宾语和间接宾语 ) ，也可跟 “复合宾语” ( 宾语和宾语补足语 ) 。 People give me their money. In England ， people usually call me Jim for short. I found a small boy cry in the corner yesterday. 注： ① 带 省略 to 的不定式 或 现在分词 作宾补的动词有： make ， let ， have ， see ， watch ， notice ， hear 等。 ② 带 双宾语 的动词有： give, bring, buy, get, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, teach, tell, write, read ， return 等。 2 ．系动词 (1) 定义： 系动词本身有词义，但 不能单独作谓语 ，必须和表 语 一起构成谓语，说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份。 She is very young. The song sounds very beautiful. Jack always keeps his roon clean and tidy. The grass turns green in spring. (2) 分类 ： feel, smell, sound, taste be 动词 become, grow, turn, get, go, come, 状态 感官 变化 系动词 持续 keep, rest, remain, stay 表像 seem, appear, look 3 ．助动词 定义：助动词 (v.aux.) 本身无词汇意义或意义不完全， 不能单独用作谓语 。助动词在句中与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态以及否定和疑问结构。 He is eating a drumstick. He is eating a drumstick. (实义动词) (?动词) 1. 助动词 be (am,is,are,was,were) (1).be+ 现在分词 , 构成进行时； We are playing basketball. (2).be+ 过去分词 , 构成被动语态。 The book was written by Lu Xun. 2. 助动词 have/has/had+ 动词过去分词，构成完成时。 I have learned English for eight years. 3. 助动词 do/does/did 用于构成疑问、否定、倒装句， 加强语气 及代替前面刚出现的动词等。 Do you live in China? —Yes,I do . He didn't play football yesterday. Only then did I realize I was wrong. 4. 助动词 will 和 shall 用于 构成将来时。 ( shall仅用于第一人称 ) He asks me when we will leave. 4 ．情态动词 情态动词本身虽有意义，但 不完整 。它们 表示说话人的能力、语气或情态 等，如 “ 可能 ” 、 “ 应当 ” 。 它们 不能单独作谓语 ，必须与行为动词一起作谓语。情态动词 多数没有人称和数的变化 。主要有： can/could ， may/might ， must ， need ， dare ， will/would ， shall/should 等。 (1)can 的用法： ① 表示 能力 ，意为 “ 能、会 ” ； ② 表示 推测 ，意为 “ 可能 ” ； ③ 表示 请求允许 ，意为 “ 可以 ” 。 以 can 开头的一般疑问句，其肯定和否定回答分别用 can 和 can't 。 He can look after himself. (2)may 的用法： ① 表示 请求、许可 ，意为 “ 可以 ” ； ② 表示 猜测 ，意为 “ 可能、也许 ” 等。 can 与 may 均可用来 征求意见 或允许 ，意为 “ 可以 ” ，一般可互换使用； ③ 以 may 开头的一般疑问句，其肯定回答应用 may ，而其否定回答 则多用 mustn't ，而不用 may not 。 (3)must 的用法： ① 表示 “必须、应该” ； ② 表示 推测 ， “ 一定 ” 。 must 表推测时一般用于肯定句。在疑问句 和否定句中一般应用 can ，否定句中也用 may 。 否定句中， mustn't 表示 禁止 ，意为 “不允许” ； ③ 以 must 开头的疑问句，否定回答则常用 needn't ， needn't 表示 “ 不需要、不必 ” ，相当于 don't have to 。 You must tell your reason. (4)need 的用法： need 既可作情态动词，也可作实义动词。 need 作情态动词时，没有人称和数的变化，后跟动词原形，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。 而 need 作实义动词时，有人称、数的变化，后接带 to 的不定式。 You needn't come to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do. Does she need to come? 注： ① 比较 can 和 be able to 两者 表示能力时用法相同 ，但 can 只有现在式 can 和过去式 could 两种形式，其他时态要用 be able to 来表示。另外， be able to 常常 有做成了某件事的意味。 ②must 和 can't must 用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为 “ 一定 ” 。推测的否定形式， 疑问形式用can't, couldn't 表示。 如： He must be working in his office. Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 1. Mr Wang ____ be in Nanjing now, he went to Beijing only this morning. A. mustn’t B. may not C. can’t D. needn’t 2. -Must I stay at home, Mum? --No, you ______. A. needn’t B. mustn’t C. don’t D. may not 3 . -May I go to the cinema, Mum? --Certainly. But you _____ be back by 11 o’clock. A. can B. may C. must D. need 4 . To make our city more beautiful, rubbish ______ into the river. A. needn’t be thrown B. mustn’t be thrown C. can’t throw D. may not throw Test time 短语动词 常用的构成方式： 1 ．动词＋副词 可用作及物或不及物动词。如： ring up“ 打电话 ” ( 用作及物动词 ) ， look out“ 小心 ” ( 用作不及物动词 ) 。 宾语如果是 代词 ，必须放在 副词和动词之间 。 Please put on your coat. Let's think it over. 2．动词＋介词 无论宾语是名词还是代词，都应放在介词之后。 You'll look after her at home. I'm looking for my MP4. 3 ．动词＋副词＋介词 如： do away with“ 去掉 ” ， go back to“ 回到 ( 某处 ) 去 ” 。此种结构中， 宾语要放在介词之后。 The boy gets on well with his classmates. 4 ．动词＋名词＋介词 如： take care of“ 照顾 ” ， make use of“ 利用 ” 。此种结构中，宾语放在介词之后。 We'll take part in the meeting tomorrow. 注：有些 “ 动词＋副词 ” 结构和 “ 动词＋介词 ” 结构相当于一个及物动词。 go by ＝ pass 经过　 keep on ＝ continue 继续 call on ＝ visit 拜访　 ring up ＝ telephone 打电话 set out ＝ start 开始　 care for ＝ like 喜欢 5 ． be ＋形容词＋介词 形容词包括起形容词作用的分词，这类短语动词也相当于及物动词。如： be ready for“ 为 …… 做好准备 ” ， be fond of“ 喜欢 ” ， be afraid of“ 害怕 ” 。 We are good at swimming. She is satisfied with what I did. 1. Must we clean our classroom now? — No,you ______. A. mustn’t B. can’t C. don’t D. needn’t 2. I would like _______ your ten – speed bicycle. A. to see B. seeing C. see D. saw 3. I’ll lend you my dictionary, but you can only ______ it for one day. A. lend B. borrow C. have D. keep 4. ________ carefully and try to _______ what he says. A. Listen to, hear B. Listen, listen C. Hear, listen to D. Listen, hear 5. This kind of wine is made ______ wheat. A. of B. from C. in D. into Test time 6. We _______ Nanjing on Tuesday morning. A. got B. arrived at C. reach D. reached 7. They ______ the sick man to hospital at once. A. brought B. got C. carried D. took 8. Can you ______ it in English? A. speak B. say C. tell D. talk 9. The watch _______ me two hundred yuan. A. spent B. paid C. cost D. costed 1 0. It takes me 30 minutes _______ to school by bike. A. going B. to go C. on going D. go Thank you ！ 专题七 介词 I got there at eight this morning. 今天早上我八点到那。 Beijing held the Olympic Games in 2008. 北京 2008 年举办了奥运会。 The twin sisters were born on a Friday evening. 这对双胞胎姐妹在一个星期五的晚上出生。 2 ．表示 “ 在一段时间之后 ” 时， “in ＋时间段 ” 用于将来时， “after ＋时间段 ” 用于过去时。 My friend will be back from Beijing in two days. 1 ．表时间时， at 强调 “ 点 ” ， in 强调 “ 段 ” ， on 强调 “ 日 ” 和某日的早、中、晚。 我的朋友将在两天后从北京回来。 We finished the work after three months. 我们在三个月后完成了工作。 3 ．表示 “ 延续的一段时间 ” 时，可用 “ for ＋时间段 ” 或 “ since ＋过去的时间点 ” ，常与含延续动词的完成时连用。 —How long have you been in this city? 你在这座城市待了多久了？ —For ten years. 十年。 Mr Smith has lived here since 1998. 史密斯先生自从 1998 年就住在这。 4 ．表示 “ 直到 ……” 或 “ 直到 …… 才 ……” 时，用 “ until(till) ＋时间点 ” 。 注： till 多用于口语，且不能放在句首。 She won't be back until(till) July. 她到七月份才回来。 5 ． “ during ＋时间段 ” 表示 “ 在 …… 期间 ” ； “ by ＋时间点 ” 表示 “ 到 …… 为止 ” ， “ 在 …… 之前 ” ，常用于将来时和完成时中。 They taught there during 2005 ～ 2008. 他们在 2005 年至 2008 年期间在那教书。 The teacher had already started teaching by the time she got to class. 当她到班级的时候老师已经开始讲课了。 6 ．表地点时， in 表示 “ 范围较大的地方 ” ，强调 “ 空间 ” ； at 表示在 “ 范围较小的地方 ” ，强调 “ 点 ” 。 I live in China. 我居住在中国。 We often wait for the bus at the bus stop. 我们通常在公共汽车站等车。 7 ．表位置时， in 表示 “ 在 …… 内 ” ， on 表示 “ 在 …… 上 ” ( 接触表面 ) ， on 还可以表示 “ 在两边 ”“ 在左 / 右边 ” 。 They are putting up a picture on the wall. 他们正在往墙上张贴画。 The girl on the right is a famous actress. 右边的女孩是一个著名的演员。 8 ． over 表示在与某物不接触的 “ 正上方 ” ， under 与其相对，表示 “ 正下方 ” 。 The sky is over our heads. 天空在我们头顶上。 The cat is under the table. 那只猫在桌子底下。 9 ． above 表示 “ 在 …… 的上方 ” ， “ 高于 ” ； below 与其相对，表示 “ 在 …… 的下面 ” ， “ 低于 ” 。 The temperature will stay above zero in the day time ， but at night it will fall below zero again. 白天气温将保持在零度以上，但在晚上又将降到零度以下。 10 ． “ across ＋表面 ” 表示 “ 横过 ” ； “ through ＋空间 ” 表示 “ 穿过 ” 、 “ 贯穿 ” ； over 表示从上面 “ 越过 ” 。 The Changjiang River is too wide for so young a boy to swim across. 长江太宽了，这么小的孩子游不过去。 The plane flew over the high mountains. 飞机飞越了群山。 The sunshine got into the room through the glass. 阳光透过玻璃进入房间。 11 ． behind 表示 “ 在 …… 的后面 ” ，其反义词组 “ in front of” 表示 “ 在 …… 的前面 ” ，注意与 in the front of 的区别。 We must keep our hands behind our backs. 我们必须一直把手放在背后。 I was walking down the street when a friend of mine stood in front of me. 当一个朋友站在我面前时，我正沿着街道散步。 12 ． at/in the front of 表示 “ 在 …… 里面的前部 ” ， at the back of 表示 “ 在 …… 里面的后部 ” ， in the middle of 表示 “ 在 …… 的中部 ” 。 Xiao Ming sits at/in the front of the classroom. 小明坐在教室前面。 The twin sisters sit at the back of the classroom. 那对双胞胎姐妹坐在教室后面。 The teacher is standing in the middle of the classroom. 老师在教室中间站着。 13 ． between 表示 “ 在两者之间 ” ，包括两个以上的人或物中任何两者之间； among 表示 “ 三者或三者以上的人或物中间 ” 。 When we talk about the universe ， we mean the earth, the sun ， the moon ， the stars and the space between them. 我们谈论宇宙时，指的是地球、太阳、月球和星星以及它们之间的空间。 Some supermarkets open between 8 ： 30 a ． m. and 8 ： 00 p ． m.. 一些超市在早上 8 ： 30 到下午 8 ： 00 之间营业。 Do the students know the differences among the four words? 学生们知道这四个单词之间的区别吗？ 14 ．在与方位名词 east ， west ， south ， north 连用时， in 表示 “ 在内部 ” ， to 表示 “ 在外部 ” ， on 强调 “ 接壤 ” 。 Hunan lies on the south of Hubei. 湖南在湖北的南面。 Taiwan lies in the east of China. 台湾在中国的东部。 China lies to the west of America. 中国在美国的西部。 15 ．表示 “ 在 …… 上 ” 时，不是都用 “ on” ，有时须用 in 。 by the way 顺便说一下 They met each other on their way home/to school. 他们在回家 ( 去学校 ) 的路上相遇了。 By the way, who lost the money? 顺便问一下，谁丢了钱？ 17 ．表 “ 用 ” 时 “ with ＋工具、手段 ” ， “ by ＋交通工具 ( 单数 )” ， “ in ＋语言、嗓音 ” 。 As a middle school student, don't write with a pencil. 作为一个中学生，不要用铅笔写字。 He always goes to school by bus. 他总是坐公共汽车去学校。 He told us something interesting in Japanese. 他用日语告诉了我们一些有趣的事情。 18 ． be made of ＋从成品上看得出原材料 be made from ＋从成品上看不出原材料 be made in ＋产地　 be made by ＋制造者 It is said that this kind of cloth is made of silk and it is made in China. 据说这种布料是由丝绸制成的并且由中国制造。 This wine is made from grapes. 这酒是葡萄酿的。 This machine is made by Uncle Wang. 这台机器是王伯伯制造的。 19 ．介词和动词的固定搭配。 (1) 同一动词和不同介词的搭配： look at ( 看 ) 　　 look for( 找 ) look after( 照顾 ) look over( 检查 ) look out of ( 朝 …… 外面看 ) look (a)round( 环视 ) arrive in ＋大地方 ( 到达 ) arrive at ＋小地方 ( 到达 ) hear of ( 听说 ) hear from( 收到 …… 的来信 ) spend ＋钱＋ on sth.( 花钱做某事 ) spend ＋时间＋ (in) doing sth.( 花时间做某事 ) (2) 同一介词和不同动词的搭配： ask for ( 要求 ) 　　 leave for ( 动身去 ) send for ( 派人去请 ) 　 pay for ( 付钱 ) wait for ( 等待 ) agree with sb.( 同意某人 ) begin with ( 以 …… 开始 ) help with ( 在 …… 方面帮助 ) catch up with ( 赶上 ) get on/along with ( 与 …… 相处 ) make friends with ( 与 …… 交朋友 ) (3) 其他的介词和动词的搭配： listen to ( 听 ) 　 come from ( 来自 ……) fall off ( 从 …… 上摔下 ) 　 try out ( 试验 ) knock at/on ( 敲 ) prefer...to... ( 比起 …… 来还是 …… 好 ) learn by oneself ( 自学 ) take care of ( 照顾 ) stop...(from)doing ( 阻止 …… 做 ……) help oneself to ＋食物 ( 随便吃 ……) get to ( 到达 ) thanks to ( 多亏，由于 ) 20 ．介词和形容词的常见搭配： be good at ( 在 …… 方面好 ) be weak in ( 在 …… 方面差 ) be good for ( 对 …… 有好处 ) be bad for ( 对 …… 有坏处 ) be late for ( 迟到 ) be sorry for ( 为 …… 遗憾，抱歉 ) be full of ( 充满 ) be busy with ( 忙于 ) be angry with sb.( 对某人生气 ) be afraid of ( 害怕 ) be interested in ( 对 …… 感兴趣 ) be different from ( 与 …… 不同 ) be strict with sb.( 对某人严格 ) be strict in sth.( 对某事严格 ) be fond of ( 喜爱 ) 21 ． be used for( ＝ be used to do sth.) 意为 “ 被用来做 ……” 。介词 for 表示用途，后接名词或动词 ing 形式。 be used by 意为 “ 被 …… 使用 ” ，介词 by 后面接动作的执行者。 be used as 意为 “ 被用作 ……” ，介词 as 表示 “ 作为 ” ， be used to doing sth. 意为 “ 习惯于做 ……” ， to 是介词。 The stamp is used for sending letters. 邮票是用来邮信的。 English is widely used by travellers and business people all over the world. 英语被全世界的旅行者和商人广泛使用。 English is used as the second language in many countries. 英语在许多国家被当做第二语言使用。 I am used to getting up early every morning. 我习惯早晨早起。 22 ．介词是一种虚词，不能单独充当句子成分，但可以与名词、代词或其他词类、短语或从句组成介词短语，在句中作状语、定语、表语和宾语补足语。 1.If you sit in a chair ________a long time ， your back may begin to hurt. A ． at B ． in C ． on D ． for 2.Shanghai Disneyland has started to be built and it will be open ________five years. A ． in B ． for C ． from D ． before 3.Harriet is lost and her parents are really ________her. A ． interested in B ． afraid of C ． busy with D ． worried about 4.—When and where were you born? —I was born ________October 1st,1998________Suzhou. A ． on ； on B ． in ； in C ． on ； in D ． in ； on 自我检测 5.—Look! There are so many people in the park. —Nobody likes to stay at home ________Sunday morning. A ． in B ． on C ． at D ． to 6.I think drinking milk is good ________our health. A ． for B ． to C ． with D ． at 7..—Can a plane fly ________the Atlantic Ocean? —Yes ， but it needs to go ________the clouds for hours. A ． across ； through B ． through ； acrossC ． across ； across D ． through ； through 8.—Mr Hu ， can you tell us how to learn math well? —Sure.But remember nothing can be learned ________hard work. A ． by B ． at C ． without D ． for 9.—Your coat looks very nice.What's it made________ ？ —Cotton ， and it is made________Wuhan. A ． from ； in B ． of ； in C ． from ； on D ． of ； on 10.It's very friendly ________him to help me when I'm in trouble. A ． for B ． to C ． of D ． with 11.He had to retire( 退休 ) early ________poor health. A ． as a result B ． because C ． so D ． because of 12.It's time ________the weather report.Turn on the radio ， please. A ． to B ． in C ． at D ． for Thank you ！ 时态 专题八 时态 时态 时态 常见八种时态 一般 现在 过去 现在时：谓语动词用原形或第三人称单数形式 过去时：谓语用动词的过去式 将来时： will / be going to + 动词原形 进行时： am / is /are + 动词的现在分词 完成时 ： have / has + 动词的过去分词 进行时 ： were / was + 动词的现在分词 完成时 ： had + 动词的过去分词 将来时 ： would 或 was / were going to + 动词原形 时态 1 ．一般现在时 基本用法： (1) 表示 经常性、习惯性 的动作； He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。 (2) 表示现在的情况或状态； He is a teacher. 他是个老师。 (3) 表示 客观事实 和 普遍真理 。 The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东边升起。 构成形式： am/is/are 或实义动词的原形 ( 主语是第三人称单数时， 动词要用第三人称单数形式 ) 。 时态 与一般现在时连用的时间状语有： always ， often ， usually ， sometimes ， once a week ， every day 等。 动词第三人称单数形式的构成： ① 一般动词在词尾 直接加 s ，如 lives ， works 等。 ② 以 s ， x ， sh ， ch ， o 结尾的， 加 es ，如 goes ， does, washes, passes 等。 ③ 以 辅音字母＋ y 结尾 的，把 y 变为 i ，再 加 es ，如 fly—flies ， study—studies ， worry—worries ；以 元音字母＋ y 结尾 的，直接 加 s ，如 enjoy—enjoys ， play—plays 。 ④ 特殊情况： have—has ， am/are—is 时态 MidAutumn Day usually comes in September or October every year. 中秋节通常都在每年的九月或十月。 考查热点：如果主句为一般将来时， if ， unless 等引导的条件状语从句和 when ， until ， as soon as 等引导的时间状语从句 常用一般现在时表示将来。 What about going climbing if it doesn't rain tomorrow? 如果明天不下雨，去爬山怎么样？ 时态 2 ．一般过去时 (1) 概念：表示过去发生的动作，存在的状态或过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 (2) 构成形式： ① 肯定式： be(was ， were) ；行为动词 ( 过去式 ) ② 否定式： was/were ＋ not ；行为动词 didn't ＋动词原形 ③ 疑问式： was/were ＋主语＋其他；行为动词 did ＋主语＋动词原形 (3) 动词过去式的变化： 动词过去式有规则变化和不规则变化两种情况，不规则变化应特别记忆。规则变化有如下形式： ① 一般在动词后直接加 ed 。如： climbed ， worked ， asked 等。 时态 ② 以 e 结尾的动词在后面直接加 d 。如： lived ， described ， agreed 等。 ③ 以辅音字母＋ y 结尾的，先把 y 变为 i 再加 ed 。如： cry—cried ， copy—copied ， try—tried 等。以元音字母＋ y 结尾的，直接加 ed 。如 enjoy—enjoyed ， play—played 等。 ④ 以重读闭音节结尾的单词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，则先双写这个辅音字母，再加 ed 。如： stop － stopped ， plan － planned ， prefer － preferred 等。 (4) 与一般过去时连用的时间状语有： ago ， yesterday ， last week ， the day before yesterday, long long ago, once upon a time 等。 时态 (5) 一般过去时的用法： ① 表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态。 I bought the book last week. 我上周买的这本书。 ② 表示过去经常反复发生的动作，常与 always ， usually ， often, never ， sometimes 等连用 ( 过去常常做某事也可用 used to do sth. 来表示 ) 。 ③since 从句常用一般过去时。 It is ten years since I came here. 自从我来这已经有十年了。 时态 3 ．一般将来时 (1) 概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态以及打算、计划或准备要做的事。 (2) 构成形式： “ will/shall ＋动词原形 ” 或 “ am/is/are going to ＋动词原形 ” 。 (3) 与一般将来时连用的时间状语有： tomorrow ， next week ， in ＋一段时间等。 (4) 当主语是第一人称 I 或 we 时，问句中一般用 shall ，表示征求对方的意见。 When shall we finish homework? 我们应该什么时候完成作业？ 时态 (5)be going to ＋ v.( 动词原形 ) 表示计划、打算做某事，表示已决定的，很可能发生的事，或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。 Look at the clouds ， there is going to be a storm. 看那些云，将会有暴风雨。 (6) 下列几种情况只可用 shall(will) 表将来，而不可用 be going to 结构。 ① 表示有礼貌地询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时。 Will you please lend me your pen? 请把你的钢笔借我用一下，好吗？ ② 表示意愿时。 时态 We will help him if he asks us. 如果他愿意，我们会帮助他。 ③ 表单纯性的将来，与人的主观愿望和判断无关时。 The sun will set at 7 ： 30 this afternoon. 太阳会在下午 7 ： 30 落下。 (7) 当主句为一般将来时态时，在 if ， as soon as ， until, when 等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。 I will call you as soon as I get there. 我一到那就给你打电话。 (8) 位移词的进行时表将来。 时态 (9)there be 结构的一般将来时为 there will be/there is going to be 。 ① 一般将来时的基本结构为 “ will/shall ＋动词原形 ” ，表示一个将要发生的动作或状态。 ② be about to do 结构表示客观、马上就要发生的事，一般不与具体的时间状语连用。 ③be going to 结构表示必然或很可能发生的事情； be to do 结构表示按职责、义务和要求必须去做或即将发生的动作。 (10) will/shall, be about to do 与 be going to 的区别 。 时态 4 ．现在进行时 (1) 概念：表示现在或现阶段正在发生或持续的动作。 (2) 构成形式： am/is/are ＋动词的 ing 形式。 (3) 与现在进行时连用的时间状语及提示语有： now ， these days, right now, at present, at this moment ， look ， listen 等。 (4) 当时间状语为 now ， these days 等时或当句子中含有 look ， listen ， can you see ， can't you see 之类的暗示词时，要使用现在进行时。但应注意下列这些动词一般不用于现在进行时态的句子中： 表示感觉的动词。如： see ， hear 等。 表示喜欢或厌恶的动词。如： like ， love 等。 表示希望的动词。如： want ， would like 等。 时态 表示状态的动词。如： be 等。 表示归属的动词。如： have 等。 表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词。如： know ， think 等。 时态 5 ．现在完成时 (1) 概念： ① 表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 ② 表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。 (2) 构成形式： have/has ＋动词的过去分词。 (3) 与现在完成时连用的时间状语有 for a long time ， recently ， yet ， lately ， ever ， never ， already ， since ， by this time ， before ， just ， in the past/last few years ， since ＋过去的时间点， since ＋时间段＋ ago ， since ＋从句 ( 一般过去时 ) 。 时态 (4) 现在完成时与表示一段时间的 for 短语、 since 短语或从句等连用时，应注意句中的谓语动词须是延续性的，而不能是非延续性动词，如： come→be here ， go→be there ， die→be dead ， borrow→keep ， buy→have ， join→be in ， leave→be away ， begin to study→study 等。 (5) have been to ， have gone to ， have been in 的用法区别 ： have been to 表示 “ 过去曾去过某地 ” ，说话时已从该地回来或已从该地去了其他地方，总之，现在已不在该地； have gone to 则表示 “ 已去了某地 ” ，说话时不在说话地点，或在去某地的途中，或已到了 某地，总之现在还未回来； have been in 表示 “ 已在某地待了多久 ” ，后面跟副词时不用 in 。 时态 —Where is Mrs Smith? 史密斯夫人在哪？ —She isn't here.She_ has _ gone to England. 她不在这。她去了英国。 (6) 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别： 现在完成时强调过去某一动作与现在的关系，对现在造成的影响、结果等，不与表示过去的时间状语连用；一般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示与现在的关系，可与表示过去的时间状语连用。 时态 6 ．过去进行时 (1) 概念：表示过去某一时刻或某一时间段内正在进行的动作。 (2) 构成形式： was/were ＋动词的 ing 形式 ① 表示往返、位移的动词的过去进行时常可用来表示过去将来时。 We wanted to tell her that the train was _ leaving an hour later. 我们想告诉她火车将在一小时后开。 ② 注意区别：一般过去时表示在过去某个时间 “ 发生了的动作 ” 或 “ 存在了的状态 ” ，而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时刻或某一段时间 “ 正在进行的动作 ” 。 时态 Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。 ( 表明信写完了 ) Mary was _ writing a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。 ( 只表明 “ 一直在写 ” ，不清楚 “ 是否写完 ” ，也许信还没有写完 ) (3) 常与过去进行时连用的时间状语有两类：一类是表过去的 “ 某点 ” 时间，如： at that time ， this time ， last week ， “ when he came in” 类时间状语从句等；另一类是表过去的 “ 某段 ” 时间，如 yesterday morning 等。 What were you doing at nine o'clock last Sunday morning? 时态 上周日上午九点钟你在干什么？ While John was walking to school ， he saw a cat in a tree. 当约翰步行上学时，他看见一只猫在一棵树上。 时态 7 ．过去完成时 (1) 过去完成时表示在过去某个时间之前已经发生的动作或一直延续的动作或状态。它表示动作所发生的时间是 “ 过去的过去 ” ，常用 “ 助动词 had ＋过去分词 ” 构成。 By the time she got up ， her brother had already gone into the bathroom. 她起床的时候，她的弟弟就已经进了盥洗室。 (2) 过去完成时与现在完成时的主要区别是时间参照点不同：过去完成时的时间参照点是某个 “ 过去的 ” 时间；现在完成时的时间参照点是 “ 现在 ” 。因此现在完成时中的很多规则，也适用于过去完成时。 When I got to the cinema, the film had _ been _ on . 当我到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。 时态 (3) 常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有： by (the end of) ＋过去的时间， for ＋时间段， since ＋时间点， when 引导的时间状语从句 ( 从句中谓语动词用过去时 ) 等。 By the end of the match ， they had _ kicked two goals and we had kicked four. 到比赛结束时，他们已踢进两个球，我们进了四个球。 时态 8 ．过去将来时 (1) 概念：过去将来时立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来。 (3) 基本结构： ① 肯定形式： was/were going to ＋ do ； should/would ＋ do ② 否定形式： was/were ＋ not ＋ going to ＋ do ； should/would ＋ not ＋ do ③ 疑问形式： was 或 were 放在主语前； should/would 提到主语前。 ④ 过去将来时经常用在间接引语、宾语从句中。 Jim asked Lucy if she would buy the new book. 吉姆问露西她是否要买那本新书。 (2) 与过去将来时连用的时间状语： the next day (morning ， year...) ， the following month(week...) 等。 时态 自我检测 1.—Amy, I called you yesterday evening ， but nobody answered the phone. —Oh, I ________ a walk with my mother at that time. A ． take B ． took C ． am taking D ． was taking 2.—When ________you ________reading Jane Eyre? —It's hard to say.I'm busy recently. A ． did ； finish B ． have ； finished C ． will ； finish D ． do ； finish 3.—Alan ， it's late.Why not go to bed? —Jenny hasn't come back yet.I ________for her. A ． waited B ． have waited C ． am waiting D ． was waiting 时态 4.Our math teacher ________in our school for 20 years and he ________here when he was 23 years old. A ． has taught ； has come B ． taught ； comes C ． taught ； came D ． has taught ； came 5.There ________a basketball match between Class One and Class Three this afternoon. A ． is going to be B ． will have C ． are going to be D ． is going to have 6.The population of the world ________still ________now. A ． will ； grow B ． has ； grown C ． is ； growing D ． is ； grown 7.Yesterday evening ， I ________along the street when I suddenly met my maths teacher. A ． walk B ． walked C ． was walking D ． am walking 时态 8.If it had been fine yesterday ， we could have watched that air show.But it ________all day. A ． has rained B ． had rained C ． rained D ． rains 9.—How was your trip to Hangzhou ， Jim? —Great! We ________to Xixi National Wetland Park. A ． go B ． am going C ． will go D ． went 10.—I've got a ticket for the basketball game tonight. —Cool! How________you ________it? A ． had ； got B ． did ； get C ． were ； getting D ． will ； get 11.Mary isn't here at the moment.She ________later. A ． comes B ． came C ． has come D ． is coming 时态 12.I'm now in New York with my friend Jenny.We ______by plane on Monday. A ． arrive B ． arrived C ． are arriving D ． will arrive 13.—Please turn off the TV.The baby ________. —OK.I'll go out for a walk. A ． sleeps B ． slept C ． is sleeping D ． was sleeping 14.My sister wants a new dress.She ________it to the party. A ． wears B ． has worn C ． wore D ． is going to wear 15.I________my homework ， I guess I can't join you. A ． don't finish B ． didn't finish C ． haven't finished D ． won't finish 时态 Thank you ！ 专题九 被动语态 She eats an ice-cream. An ice-cream is eaten by her . 语态 一、定义 语态是动词的一种形式，表示 主语 和 谓语动词 之间的关系。 二、分类 主动语态 被动 语态 Many students study English . English is studied by many students . 动作的 执行者 动作的 承受者 by many students. Many students study English . English is studied 1. 一般现在时 am/is/are+ 过去分词 被动语态的结构 2. 一般过去时 was/were + 过去分词 They bought a computer last term ． by them last term. A computer was bought do/does d id will be / be going to be + 过去分词 1.They will finish the work in ten days. by them in ten days. The work will be finished 2.Tom is going to clean the room tomorrow . The room is going to be cleaned by Tom tomorrow. 3. 一般 将来 时 am / is / are + being ＋过去分词 Some workers are painting the rooms now ． by some workers now. The rooms are being painted 4. 现在进行时 was / were + being ＋过去分词 5. 过去进行时 He was watching TV at that time yesterday ． by him at that time yesterday ． TV was being watched am / is / are + being ＋过去分词 was / were + being ＋过去分词 “ be being done” 中的动词 be 应随主语作相应的变化. 如：The students are cleaning the classroom now. →The classroom now. be + being ＋过去分词 is being cleaned have / has ＋ been ＋过去分词 We have made a key ． by us. A key has been made We had finished our compositions . Our compositions had been finished by us. 6. 现在 完成 时 7. 过去完成 时 had ＋ been ＋过去分词 would ＋ be ＋过去分词 The School would hold a sports meeting next Thursday. by the school next Thursday. A sports meeting would be held 8. 过去将来时 含有情态动词的被动语态结构： 情态动词 + be + 过去分词 You should drink more water. More water should be drunk by you. 时 态 主动语态 被动语态 1 一般现在时 do/does am / is / are + 过去分词 2 一般过去时 did was / were + 过去分词 3 一般将来时 will/be going to+ 动词原形 will/be going to+ be + 过去分词 4 过去将来时 would+ 动词原形 would+ be + 过去分词 5 现在进行时 am/is/are+ 现在分词 am/is/are+ being + 过去分词 6 过去进行时 was/were+ 现在分词 was/were+ being + 过去分词 7 现在完成时　 have/has+ 过去分词 have/has+ been + 过去分词 8 过去完成时 had+ 过去分词 had+ been + 过去分词 9 含情态动词 情态动词 + 动词原形 情态动词 + be + 过去分词 主动和被动语态谓语结构对照表 1.Lucy does the homework in the evening. 2.They built the tall building last year. 3.We will hold a sports meeting next week. 4.The headmaster is going to give a talk this afternoon. Exercise 将句子改成被动语态 The homework is done by Lucy in the evening. The tall building was built by them last year. A sports meeting will be held by us next week. A talk is going to be given by the headmaster this afternoon. 5. They were building the bridge at this time last year. 6.Lucy may draw the pictures. 7. I have given you the new book. 8.He is drawing a picture. The picture may be drawn by Lucy. The new book has been given to you. The bridge was being built by them at this time last year. A picture is being drawn by him. Such books are written for children. （ 1 ）不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。 Many houses were washed away in the flood. （2）强调动作的承受者，这时应用by短语。 The cup was broken by David. （3）动作的发出 者不是人。 被动语态的用法 被动语态的几种类型 1. 把主动语态改为被动语态可按“ 、 、 ” 进行。 即： ① 变 －－－把主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语，把主 动语态 的主语改为被动语态的介词 by 的宾语。 　② 套 －－－根据原句的时态套用相应时态。 　③ 注意 －－注意人称的变化而引起的主谓一致问题。 例： He washed his shoes yesterday. were washed 一变 二套 三注意 His shoes by him yesterday. 2.带双宾语句子的被动语态. （指物的宾语叫直接宾语，指人的宾语叫间接宾语） 如： 1.He gave me a book. － I was given a book by him. － A book was given to me by Tom. give me a book 间 直 = give a book to me 直 间 2. I bought him a book. － － A book was bought for him by me. He was bought a book by me . 常见的双宾语动词： give, offer, pass, show, lend, send, bring, return, tell 等用介词 to ; buy, make( 制作 ), mend, cook, sing, get 等用 for . They take good care of my child. I turned off the radio. 3. 含有短语的主动语态变被动语态 --The radio was turned off (by me). --My child is taken good care of by them. 有哪些这样的短语？ 不可丢掉后面的介词或副词 如： listen to,look after,pay attention to,make use of...... 即 hear , watch , see , make , let , 这些词在主动句中，其后的动词不加 to ，但变被动句时 必须加 to . 1.I saw him play basketball last Sunday. He was seen to play basketball last Sunday. 2.The boss makes him work for 10 hours. He is made to work for 10 hours. 4. 感官动词和使役动词的被动语态 使役动词和感观动词主被动语态对照表 主动语态 被动语态 使役动词 make sb do sth sb be made to do sth have sb do sth sb be had to do sth let sb do sth sb be let to do sth 感观动词 see sb do sth sb be seen to do sth watch sb do sth sb be watched to do sth hear sb do sth sb be heard to do sth notice sb do sth sb be noticed to do sth 5. 主动结构表被动意义 (1) write,read,sell,keep,prove,wash,wear 等 , 尤其是有副词 well,easily 。 如： The book sells well. (2) 感官动词 (taste,feel ,smell,sound,look) 。 如： The ice-cream tastes nice. (3) 在 be worth doing 中 doing 表被动意义。 如： The book is worth reading. 无被动语态的动词： 不及物动词或短语无被动语态，常见的有： happen, take place ， belong to, last （持续） , break out （爆发） 例如： Great changes have taken place here since 1990. Great changes have been taken place here since 1990. Taiwan belongs to China. The meeting lasted two hours. What happened to him last night? SARS broke out in China that year. Exercise 填空（ 改为 被动语态） 1. They often clean their classroom after school. Their classroom _____ often ______ by them after school. 2. Li Lei gave Tom a new pen last week. A new pen _____ _____ ___ Tom last week. is cleaned was given by 3. A lot of people in China can speak English now. English _____ ___ ______ by a lot of people in China now. 4. I have learned English for about two years. English ______ _____ ______ for about two years. 5. They will read these story-books next month. These story-books _____ ___ _____ next month. can be spoken has been learned will be read 5. － Do you like the skirt ? － It _______ soft. A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt 6. Can you tell _______ ? A. when did it happen B. when was it happened C. when it happened D. when it was happened 7. _____ to know Professor Zhang. A. He said B. I said C. He is said D. It says 8. － I want to sit at the table near the window. － Sorry , ______ already. A. it took B. it takes C. it is taking D. it has been taken 9. The letter _______ three days ago and it_____ yesterday. A. had post , had arrived B. was posted , arrived C. posted , arrived D. had been posted , was arrived 10. He told me that the final examination ______ next Thursday. A. is given B. will be given C. would have given D. would be given 11. Water ______ into ice. A. will changed B. must be changed C. should change D. can be changed 12. The birds _______ fly away last Saturday. A. let to B. is let to C. was let D. were let to Thank you ！ 专题十 宾语从句 1.He usually plays basketball after school . 2.I don’t know what to do next . 3.She wanted to go to collage . 4.We think ( that)Mr Wang will teach us English . 5.They asked me if I had finished my homework . 6.Do you know where they played football yesterday ? 什么是 宾语 ？ 什么是 宾语从句 ？ 一、宾语从句的概念 在复合句中，充当主句的宾语的从句就叫作宾语从句 。 引导词（连接词） 语 序 时 态 二、宾语从句三要素 e.g. 1.I hear (that) ________________________. ( 一小时后他会回来 ) 2.He said (that) _____________________. ( 他非常想念我们 ) 3.The teacher told us (that) ______________________________________. （地球围着太阳转） he will be back in an hour he missed us very much the earth moves (goes) around the sun 注： that 在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语当中往往省略。 (1) 由从属连词 that 引导的宾语从句 (2) 由从属连词 whether,if 引导的宾语从句 e.g. 1. I want to know _________________________________. （他是否跟我们一起去公园） 2. Ask him _____________________. （他是否能来） 3. I don’t know ___________________________. （是否要下雨） 1 、 当句末为or not时，引导词只能用whether而不能用if. 2 、在不定式前， 引导词只能用whether而不能用if. 例如： I haven’t made up my mind whether to go there or not. if (whether) he will go to the park with us whether (if) he can come whether it is going to rain or not 注意： if 引导的宾语从句和条件状语从句 eg. We don't know if it will rain tomorrow.If it rains,we won't have a sports meeting. (1)if 有两个意思，作 “ 是否 ” 讲时，引导宾语从句，同 whether ，从句的时态由事实决定； (2) 作 “ 如果 ” 讲时，引导条件状语从句，此时若主句为一般将来时或祈使句，从句通常用 一般现在时 。 1. He asked . ( 谁能回答这个问题 ） 2. Do you know_________________________? （ 他们在等谁 ） 3. He asked ________________________________. （ 谁的书法是班上最好的 ） 4. Please tell me _________________________. （ 我们什么时候开会 ） 5. Could you tell me __________________________? 　 　　　　　　　 （ 我该怎么去车站 ） who could answer the question whom they are waiting for whose handwriting was the best in the class when we ' ll have a meeting how I can get to the station (3) 由连接代词 who, whom, whose, which, what 及 连接副词 when, where, how, why 引导的宾语从句 2. 语序： 1).Miss Li wants to know where my uncle will stay next week. 2).Do you know if he will join us? 3).He wants to know what time it is. 宾语从句的语序要用 陈述句 的语序 这三个句子的 相同点 ？ 请注意观察 红色字体 的语序        e.g  :    Could you tell me how I can get to the Science Museum ? He asked him where he came from . Please tell me where I can buy the beautiful flower . 3、主.从句的 时态 呼应 e.g: He says that he is reading a book now. He said that he would work hard. They said they had been to France. The students asked me if the earth goes a round the sun. 1. 主句是一般现在时，从句可以用任何时态。 2. 主句是一般过去时 , 从句用过去范畴的时态。 3. 主句是一般过去时，但从句表达的是客观真理或 自然现象时，仍然用一般现在时。 时态： 主 句 从 句 现在时态 （一般现在时，现在进行时， 现在完成时） 可根据需要而定 过去时态 （一般过去时，过去进行时） 过去的某种时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时） 过去时态 一般现在时 （表示客观事实或真理） 具体的时态的变化       1. 当主句是 一般现在时 ，宾语从句的时态不作限制，我们可以根据句子的意思来使用需要的 任何一种时态 。 e.g      I hear ( that ) Tom has been to Guilin twice .      I hear ( that ) she will come tomorrow .      I hear ( that ) Jim went to work an hour ago .      I hear ( that ) he is interested in English . 2. 当主句是 一般过去时 的时候，宾语从句必须运用相应的 过去的某一种时态 ，从而达到主句和从句的相互一致。  e.g      He said ( that ) he would go to Xi’an .      He said ( that ) he was ill yesterday .      He said ( that ) he was reading a book .       He said ( that ) he had had supper already . 3. 当宾语从句说明的是 客观存在的事实 或者是 客观存在的真理 时，就不用受到主句时态的限制，仍是用 一般现在时 。 e.g        He said that the sun is much bigger than the moon .      The teacher told the students that light travels faster than sound.       The PE teacher said that doing morning exercise is useful to our health . 宾语从句的 否定转移      e.g      I don't think he will come with you. I don't believe she has finished her homework.   在含宾语从句的复合句中，当主句的主语为 第一人称 ，谓语动词是 think ， believe ， suppose 等时，要将宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而宾语从句的谓语动词用肯定式 。 1.—Do you know ______tomorrow? —At 8 o’clock. A. when did she come B. when she came C. when will she come D. when she will come 2.—Do you know _____the Capital Museum? ----NextFriday. A. when will they visit B. when they will visit C. when did they visit D. when they visited 3.—Can you tell me _______? A. where Linda was B. where is Linda C. where was Linda D. where Linda is 4.—Do you know ______for Shanghai last night? —At 9:00. A. what time he leaves B. what time does he leave C. what time he left D. what time did he leave 单项选择 D B D C 5. Please tell me______. I have some good news for him. A. where Robert lives B. where does Robert live C. where Robert lived D. where did Robert live 6. —We don’t know ______ ． —It is said that he was born in Canada． A．what he is B．when he was born C．where he comes from D．if he lives here 7. —May I come in? I’m sorry I am late. —Come in, please. But could you please tell me ______? A. why you are late again B. what were you doing then C. who you talked with D. how do you came to school A Ｃ Ａ 8 . Could you tell me________? A. When will Mary come back B. When Mary comes back C. When Mary will come back 9 .—What did you say just now? —I asked _______. A. that I could open the door B. could I open the door C. how could I open the door D. how I could open the door 10 .—Do you know ________, Mike? —On May 12th,2008 A. when the earthquake took place in Wen Chuan B. when did the earthquake take place in Wen Chuan C. when the earthquake will take place in Wen Chuan Ｃ Ｄ Ａ The radio says it _________ cloudy tomorrow. (be) The headmaster hopes everything ______ well. (go) Tom says that they ________________ (play) basketball at six o’clock yesterday evening. I hear they _____________ (return) it already. He said that they _____________ members of the Party since 1948. (be) will be goes were playing has returned had been 动词适当形式填空 6.He asked what they _______________ at eight last night. (do) 7.The teacher told his class that light _______ faster than sound. (travel) 8.I think you _____________ about the relay race(接力赛） now. (talk) 9.I didn’t know whom the letters _________ from. (be) travels are talking were were doing Thank you! 专题十一 定语从句 概念 : 在复合句中 修饰 名词或代词的句子 . Mary is a beautiful girl. Mary is a girl who has long hair . 形容词作定语 句子作定语 , 修饰 girl, 叫做 定语从句 . The man is a manager. The man is speaking at the meeting. 合并句子 The man who is speaking at the meeting . The man is a manager . is speaking at the meeting. is a manager. 先行词 关系词 定语从句 Mary is a girl who has long hair . 关系代词 关系副词 which, that who, whom, whose Where, when,why 定语从句的用法 : 1. 当先行词是物时 , 用 which 或 that 引导 . These are the trees which were planted last year. 2. 当先行词是人时 , 用 who , whom , whose , that 引导 . A doctor is a person who looks after patients. 关系代词 who, whom, whose, that 用法区别 . who 作定语从句的 主语或宾语 . The man who is speaking at the meeting is a manager. The man is a manager. The man is speaking at the meeting. 分解 作主语 whom 作定语从句的 宾语 The woman whom they wanted to visit is a teacher. The woman is a teacher. They wanted to visit the woman . 分解 作宾语 whose 作定语从句的 定语 . I know the girl whose mother is a teacher . 分解 I know the girl. The girl’s mother is a teacher. 作定语 that 可以作定语从句的 主语和宾语 . 注意 : 关系代词作动词宾语时可 省略 . The woman (whom/ that) they wanted to visit is a teacher. 3. 只能用 that 的情况 ① 序数词 或 形容词最高级 修饰先行词时 Tom is the clever est boy that I have ever known. This is the first play that I have seen since I came here. ③ 　 everything, something, nothing, all, anything, little, much 等 不定代词 作先行词时 Everything that we saw in this film was true. ② 先行词被 every, some, no, all, any, little, much 等修饰时。 I’ve read all the books that you lend me. ④ 先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时。 This is the very book that belongs to him. ⑤ 主句已有 who 或 which 时 Who is the girl that is standing under the tree? Which is the machine that we used last Sunday. ⑥ 当先行词同时指 人 和 物 时 I’ve never heard of the people and things that you talked about just now. 1. when 表示 时间 I still remember the year when you graduated from the university. 关系副词 2. where 表示 地点 This is the school where I studied six years ago. 3. why 表示 原因 We don't know the reason why he was late for school. Exercise 1. I have a friend ________ likes listening to classical music. who/that which/that whose 3. The man ______ leg broke in a match used to be a football player. 2. Yesterday Emily was wearing thenew dress ________ I gave her. 4. My parents live in a house_________ is more than 100 years old. which/that 7. Is there anything ________ you want to buy in the town. 8. All ______ we can do is to study hard. 9. The first one _____ stands up is a little boy. that that that 5. The boy with _______ John spoke is my brother. whom 6. Kevin is reading a book _________ is too difficult for him. which/that 句子翻译 1. 这就是救了那个孩子命的医生 . This is the doctor who saved the boy’s life . 2. 正在跑步的那个人是我的叔叔 . The man who is running is my uncle. 3. 我喜欢可以随之而唱的音乐 . I like the music that I can sing along with. 4. 住在隔壁的那个女的是一名教师 . The woman who lives next door is a teacher. Thank you ！ 专题十二 状语从句 举例： Jim joined the army in 1989 . Jim joined the army when he was 20 . He picked up some French words in Paris . He picked up some French words when he was in Paris. I will help you if you ask me . He wears a T-shirt though it is cold . 一、概念 1. 定义： 在主从复合句中，用于修饰主句中 动词、形容词或副词 的句子，叫状语从句。 2. 类型：状语从句按其在句中的作用分为： 时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步、比较 状语从句九类。 3. 位置：由从属连词引导，可位于主句前，亦可位于主句后。 位于句首时，用逗号与其后的主句隔开。 语法导学 状语从句 1 、时间状语从句 2 、地点状语从句 3 、原因状语从句 4 、目的状语从句 5 、结果状语从句 6 、条件状语从句 7 、让步状语从句 状语从句 【 精讲 】 语法导学 状语从句 【 时间状语从句 】 1. 时间状语从句： 1 ）由 when 引导。 when 指的是“某一具体的时间”。 如： When I came into the room, he was writing a letter. We shall go there when we are free. 语法导学 状语从句 【 时间状语从句 】 1. 时间状语从句： 2 ）由 while ， as 引导。 while 指“在某一段时间里”，“在 … 期间”， while 引导的动作必须是持续性的。 as 引导持续性动作，强调主句和从句的动作同时发生，从句常译作“一边 … 一边 …” 。 如： While it was raining, they went out. He hurried home, looking behind as he went. 语法导学 状语从句 【 时间状语从句 】 when ， while ， as 的区别。 （ 1 ） when ， while ， as 引导的从句都可以使用延续性动词。 when ， as 都可以与 非延续性动词 连用，而 while 则不能。 （ 2 ） when 可表示 瞬间 ，也可表示 时间段 ，与主句所陈述的动作，事情可同时发生，也可有先后。 while 常用于连接同时进行的 两个延续性动词 相伴随而发生的动作。 as 不指先后 ，尤指两个动作或事件同时发生。 如： The film had been on when we arrived. My mother was cooking while I was doing my homework . As I left the house ,I forget the key. 语法导学 状语从句 【 时间状语从句 】 1. 时间状语从句： 3 ）由 before ， after 引导。 before 表示在 … 之前。 after 译为“在 … 之后”。 如： Be a pupil before you become a teacher. He arrived after the game started. 语法导学 状语从句 【 时间状语从句 】 1. 时间状语从句： 4 ）由 till ， until 引导。 till 表示主句动词是持续性动作，常用肯定式，表示 “直到 … 为止” 。亦可用 until 替换。 until 表示主句动词是非延续性动词，常用否定式，表示 “直到 … 才”“在 … 以前不” , 从句放在句首表示强调。 如： We waited till (until) he came back. She didn’t stop working until eleven o’clock. 语法导学 状语从句 【 时间状语从句 】 1. 时间状语从句： 5 ）由 since,as soon as 引导。 状语从句在主句之前时一般用逗号与主句分开，如从句在主句之后则不必用标点符号。 如： Great changes have taken place in China since 1978. 语法导学 状语从句 【 地点状语从句 】 2. 地点 状语从句： 由 where 引导。 如： Where there is a will, there is a way. There are plenty of sheep where I live. 语法导学 状语从句 【 原因状语从句 】 3. 原因 状语从句： 1 ）由 because 引导。 because 用来回答 why 的问题，语气最强，一般放在主句之后。 如： I came back late yesterday because I was on duty. 语法导学 状语从句 【 原因状语从句 】 3. 原因 状语从句： 2 ）由 since ， as 引导。 since 表示 既然或已知 的理由，稍加分析即可表明的原因 , 多放句首。 原因状语从句常放在句首 , 说明原因 , 主句说明结果 , 常用于口语中。 如： Since everyone is here, let’s begin our meeting. 语法导学 状语从句 【 目的状语从句 】 4. 目的 状语从句： 由 so that, in order that 引导。 目的状语从句中常用情态动词 may (might), can (could), should 等放在动词之前，从句往往放在主句之后 , 主从句之间不用任何标点符号。 如： I shall write down your telephone number so that I may not forget it. 语法导学 状语从句 【 结果状语从句 】 5. 结果 状语从句： 1 ）由 so that ， so…that 引导。 so that 前有逗号为结果状语从句。 so…that 的 so 后面跟形容词或副词。 如： We turned up the radio, so that everyone heard the news. 语法导学 状语从句 【 结果状语从句 】 5. 结果 状语从句： 2 ）由 such…that 引导。 such…that 的 such 后面跟名词，如果名词是单数就要用 such a /an…that, 还可以转换用 so…that ，语气较强。 如： It is such an interesting novel that all of us want to read it. = It is so interesting a novel that all of us want to read it. 语法导学 状语从句 【 结果状语从句 】 so...that 与 such…that 的区别。 注意：当名词前面有 many,much,little( 少 ),few 修饰时， 用 so 而不用 such 。 We have so much time that we can finish the work very well. so+形容词或副词+that such+a/an+形容词+单数名词+that such+形容词+复数名词+that such+形容词+不可数名词+that so+形容词+a/an+单数名词+that 语法导学 状语从句 【 条件状语从句 】 6. 条件 状语从句： 由 if ， unless ， as/so long as 引导。 unless 从句的谓语只能用肯定式。 unless 和 if…not 同义， unless 是书面语， if…not 是口语，通常二者可以换用。 条件状语从句中的谓语动词的时态一般要用 现在时或过去时代替一般将来时或过去将来时 。 如： We shall go there tomorrow unless it rains. =We shall go there tomorrow if it doesn’t rain. 语法导学 状语从句 【 让步状语从句 】 7. 让步 状语从句： 1 ）由 though ， although 引导。 在句子中一般用了“虽然”就不能再用“但是”（ but ），但可以与 yet 或 still 连用。 though / although 意义相同，用法基本一样，前者通俗，口语化，后者正式，多放主句的前面。 如： Although (Though) he was over sixty, (yet) he began to learn French. 语法导学 状语从句 【 让步状语从句 】 7. 让步 状语从句： 2 ）由 even if ， even though 引导。 even if 和 even though 的意思为“即使”“纵使”有退一步设想的意味 , 多用于书面语中。 如： I’ll go even if (though) it rains tomorrow. 语法导学 状语从句 【 让步状语从句 】 7. 让步 状语从句： 3 ）由 as 引导。 as 引出的状语从句多用于书面语，它比用 though 或 although 引导的从句语气强，更有表现力，从句常放在句首，语序部分倒装。 如： Child as he is , he knows a lot. = Though/Although he is a child , he knows a lot. B 语法导学 状语从句 【 精练 】 ［解析］ 应该允许孩子们发表自己的看法，即使这些看法会与你的不同。 even if 引导一个让步状语从句 , 意思是“即使”，相当于 even though 。 Allow children the space to voice their opinions ,______ they are different from your own. A.until B.even if C.unless D.as though 语法导学 状语从句 【当堂检测】 1 The meeting didn't start___ everyone was there. A. because B. until C. why D. if 2 The boy ___ to bed ___ his mother came in. A. went not; until B. didn't go; after C. went; until D. didn't go; until 3 I won't believe you___ I have seen it with my own eyes. A. before B. until C. after D. when 4 He ___ home ___ she was satisfied ___ his answer yesterday. A. didn't go; until; with B. wasn't go; after; to C. doesn't go; before; with D. didn't go; until; to 语法导学 状语从句 1 The meeting didn't start___ everyone was there. A. because B. until C. why D. if 2 The boy ___ to bed ___ his mother came in. A. went not; until B. didn't go; after C. went; until D. didn't go; until 3 I won't believe you___ I have seen it with my own eyes. A. before B. until C. after D. when 4 He ___ home ___ she was satisfied ___ his answer yesterday. A. didn't go; until; with B. wasn't go; after; to C. doesn't go; before; with D. didn't go; until; to 语法导学 状语从句 5 He ___ back until the work ___ done. A. isn't; will be B. isn't; is C. won't be; will be D. won't be; is 6 They didn't start the work ___ their teacher came back. A. until B. while C. as soon as D. if 7. Tom will call me as soon as he ___ Shanghai. A. arrives B. will reach C. arrives in D. get to8. I'm sure he'll come to see me before he ___ Beijing. A. will leave B. is leaving C. leave D. leaves9. I will tell him the news as soon as he___ back. A. come B. comes C. will come D. came 语法导学 状语从句 5 He ___ back until the work ___ done. A. isn't; will be B. isn't; is C. won't be; will be D. won't be; is 6 They didn't start the work ___ their teacher came back. A. until B. while C. as soon as D. if 7. Tom will call me as soon as he ___ Shanghai. A. arrives B. will reach C. arrives in D. get to 8. I'm sure he'll come to see me before he ___ Beijing. A. will leave B. is leaving C. leave D. leaves9. I will tell him the news as soon as he___ back. A. come B. comes C. will come D. came 语法导学 状语从句 10. Tom has got a watch. He ___ it for two years. It _______ by his father.A. has bought; was bought B. has got; is bought C. was bought; has bought D. has had; was bought 11. When he got to the station, the train ___.A. left B. had left C. leaves D. has left12. The boy told his father what he ___ in the street.A. saw B. have seen C. had seen D. see 语法导学 状语从句 10. Tom has got a watch. He ___ it for two years. It _______ by his father. A. has bought; was bought B. has got; is bought C. was bought; has bought D. has had; was bought 11. When he got to the station, the train ___.A. left B. had left C. leaves D. has left12. The boy told his father what he ___ in the street.A. saw B. have seen C. had seen D. see 语法导学 状语从句 13.We ___ TV when the telephone ____.A. watched; was ringing B. were watching; rang C. watch; rings D. are watching; rang14.By the end of last term, I___ ten books.A. had finished reading B. have finish reading C. had finish to read D. finish read15. I ___ you for a long time. Where ___ you ___?A. didn't see; did; go B. didn't see; have; gone C. haven't seen; have; been D. haven't seen; have; gone 语法导学 状语从句 13.We ___ TV when the telephone ____.A. watched; was ringing B. were watching ; rang C. watch; rings D. are watching; rang14.By the end of last term, I___ ten books. A. had finished reading B. have finish reading C. had finish to read D. finish read15. I ___ you for a long time. Where ___ you ___?A. didn't see; did; go B. didn't see; have; gone C. haven't seen; have; been D. haven't seen; have; gone Thank you ！ 专题十三 非谓语动词 312 313 You are interested in English. It is better to give than to receive . He is swimming in the river. What I like best is swimming . 两组动词有什么 区别呢？ 314 谓语动词 1.We can sing this song together. 2.He came back to Shenyang yesterday. 3.She has learnt 2000 English words. 4.They are playing on the playground. 5.It will rain tomorrow morning. 315 非谓语动词 1. To say is one thing and to do is another. 2. I want to study English well. 3. Looking after old men is my job. 4. Do you know the boy lying there? 5. I saw her mother beaten by a man. 316 在句中 是否独立用作谓语 ，可把动词分为 谓语动词和非谓语动词两种。 谓语动词 非谓语动词 不定式 动名词 分词 （现在分词、过去分词） 317 一、动词不定式的基本形式 He wanted to sit down.      Let him sit down.               二、不定式的基本用法 动词不定式虽然是动词的一种形式，但是它却具有 名词、形容词和副词的功能 ，因此在句中可以用作 主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语（宾补）、定语、状语 等。 带 to 的不定式 不带 to 的不定式 318 He began to read and write after lunch. 1. 用作宾语 (v. + to do ) need to do learn to do agree to do plan to do decide to do refuse to do wish to do start to do try to do forget to do remember to do like to do stop to do go on to do I want to buy a computer. She hopes to find a better job. 319 2. 用作宾语补足语： (v. + sb. + to do ) Edison’s mother taught him to read and write . want sb to do wish sb to do get sb to do order sb to do find sb to be like sb to do would like sb to do help sb to do She asked me to help her. The teacher told him to come on time. 320 作宾语补足语 不带 to 的情况： 常见动词有： 使役动词 : let, make, have 感官动词 : see, watch, hear, feel, listen to Let me do it. I saw him cross the street. 比较： I heard her singing in the next room. I heard her sing in the next room. 321 3. 用作状语： He came to show me his new CD player. I went there to see my teacher. She came back to get her English book. The boy was too frightened to move . ( 目的 ) ( 目的 ) ( 目的 ) ( 结果 ) 322 4. 用作主语 1. To be here at Christmas time is my dream. 2. To go abroad is his dream. 3. To say is easy, to do is difficult. （这时可将其用形式主语 it 来替换） It is my dream to be here at Christmas time . It is his dream to go abroad . It is easy to say , it is difficult to do. 323 5. 用作表语 His work is to feed the animals . Her job is to look after the patients . 翻译：我的梦想是成为一名科学家。 My dream is to be a scientist . 324 6. 用作定语 Give me something to drink . I have two books to read . They have much food to eat . （这时不定式与被修饰词有动宾关系。） He asked for a room to live in . I don’t have a pen to write with . The ice is hard enough to skate on . He bought a toy to play with . 若是不及物动词， 介词不能省略。 325 7. 疑问词 who, what, which, where, when, how 加 to do 可构成不定式短语，在句中可用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语等。 When to start has not been decided. I don’t know what to do . He can tell you where to get the book . The question is who(m) to ask . 主语 宾语 宾语补足语 表语 326 找出句子中的不定式，并说出作用： It takes you ten minutes to get there. I hope to see him soon. His wish is to become an artist. People eat to live, but not live to eat. I have a lot to tell you. It’s not right to be always thinking of oneself. We often see him play football. 定语 主语 状语 表语 宾语 主语 宾语补足语 327        Saying so much is useless.        It is useless saying so much.            Swimming in the sea is his favourite sport.      It is his favourite sport swimming in the sea. 二、动名词 或动名词短语具有名词的功能，在句中可用作多种名词性成分。 ⑴ 用作主语： 跟不定式一样，动名词作主语时常位于句末，而在其原来的位置用 it 作形式主语。例如： 328 ⑵ 用作表语： 动名词用作表语 表示主语是什么 ，而不是主语的性质或特征如何。 例如： My greatest pleasure is traveling. One of his bad habits is biting nails. 329 ⑶ 用作动词宾语： 只能接动名词而不能接不定式作宾语的动词有： enjoy, finish, keep, mind, miss, practise 等等。 例如： She enjoys going to the cinema. He keeps making the same mistakes. Do you mind my smoking here? 330 ⑸ 用作定语：动名词作定语时不带附加成分，通常前置，表示 该名词所表示的事物的用途。 如果用“ for ＋动名词”，则应后置。例如： a swimming pool   a teaching building ⑷ 用作介词宾语： 与介词一起用作状语等，也可用在部分形容词后。例如： After finishing my work, I took a short rest. 　　 They drove into town without talking to each other. 　　 All the students are sure of passing the examination. 　　　 = a pool for swimming   = a building for teaching   331 三、分词有 现在分词和过去分词 两种 。 　 　 现在分词由 “动词原形＋ -ing” 构成 （如： ask → asking, study → studying, live → living, stop → stopping ）。 现在分词短语具有形容词和副词的作用，在句中可用作多种句子成分。 过去分词的构成有两种：规则的变化由 “动词原形＋ -ed” 构成 （如： ask → asked, live → lived, study → studied, stop → stopped ）。 332 ⑴ 用作定语： a sleeping boy   = a boy who is sleeping   the rising sun  = the sun that is rising   He is a young man with pleasing manner.   The room was full of people waiting for the headmaster.   We need more trained nurses.   Things seen from behind seem a little different.   如果是短语，则为后置定语 ， 其作用相当于定语从句， 现在分词表示一个正在进行的主动行为，过去分词则表示被动的行为 。 如果是单词，则为前置定语 ，现在分词表示正在进行的行为，过去分词表示性质或行为所造成的结果状态； 333 ⑵ 用作表语： 分词用作表语时，已经完全形容词化了，可以被 very, rather 等副词修饰，而且可以有比较等级。例如： The story of his life sounds (very) interesting.   That was the most exciting film of the year. 　　　　请比较： This cup is broken. How about that one?   　　　　 The cup was broken by my brother .   　　　　 （被动语态） （系表结构） 334 ⑶ 用作宾语补足语： 分词作宾语补足语时，用于表示感觉、致使的动词，如： see, watch, hear, feel, smell, notice, find; have, get, leave, keep 等。 　　　 例如： I saw him talking with the doctor.   He kept the machine running for ten hours.   We have never seen the mountain covered in snow. 　　　 335 1.  The teacher told us _______ (not go) anywhere without his permission. 2.  We were made ______(make) so many paper flowers for the party that day. 3.  Your words made every one of us ____ (get) even angrier. 4.  Did you enjoy _______ (work) with us here? 5.  When they kicked another goal, we all shouted, “Well _____ (do)!” 6.  Nothing will stop us from ______  (make) things better and better. 7.  A mirror is used for ______ (look) at yourself. 8.  When I got to the entrance of the hall, I saw some young kids ______  (smoke) there. 用所给动词的适当非谓语形式填空： not to go to make get working done making looking smoking Exercise Thank you ！ 336 专题十四 主谓一致及倒装句 Bob Bob _____ a worker. is Mike Mike and Bob _____ workers. are Both Mike and Bob ____workers. are Neither Mike nor Bob ___a teacher. is Bill All of them_____ workers. are Fill in the blanks with “be”: Let’s think and do. Can you find out the rule between subjects and verbs? 英语句子中的主语与谓语动词应在 人称和数上 保持一致 —— 三原则 主谓一致 语法一致 意义一致 就近一致 单 单 复 复 形单意复 复 形复意单 单 neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, there be 句型 等 people police news, politics physics, maths 一、语法一致 　 例如 : 　 He often helps me learn English. 　　　 　　 My friends often help me learn English. 　　 主谓一致的原则是指 主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致。 　 1 、 不定式 , 动名词 , 以及从句 作主语时应看作单数 , 谓语动词用 单数。 具体情况具体对待 To be,or not to be—that is a question. To see is to believe. Reading aloud is helpful to learn English. What he said has been recorded . 　 2 、 不定代词 作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数 , 谓语动词用单数 . Neither of my sisters likes sports . 　　 Every boy and girl shows great interest in this book . 3 、 专有名词作主语 时应看作单数 , 谓语动词用单数 . One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories . 　　 　　 4 、 a kind of, the number of 等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数 , 谓语动词用单数 . 　 The number of workers in the factory is 400. 　　　 A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant. 　　 5 、由 some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语 , 或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数 , 谓语动词用复数 . 另外 , 由 and 连接两个主语 时 , 谓语一般用复数 . On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball . Both of us are fond of watching football games. A number of will-be graduates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 　 6 、有些表示数量的百分数 , 分数等后面加名词或代词作主语时 , 要根据这个名词或代词来决定其谓语动词的单复数形式 . 如 : a lot of, most of, any of, half of , three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of 等 A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday. A lot of students are from England in the school. 二、意义一致 　　 这一原则是指 , 从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题 . 有时主语形式上为单数 , 但 意义上却是复数 , 那么谓语依意义也用 复数形式 ; 而有时主语形式上为复数 , 但 意义上却是单数 , 那么谓语依意义亦用 单数形式。 　 1) 当主语后面接由 but, except, besides ,as well as, as much as, including,more than,no less than, rather than, together with 等引导的词组时 , 其谓语动词的单复数形式通常由 前面的词来决定 。 The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend. The students, together with their teacher , are going to have a picnic this weekend. 　　 　　 我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别 搬到句首或是放到句末 去 , 因为它们在句子里是状语 : 　 The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher. 　　 　　 2) 表示 时间 , 金钱 , 距离 , 体积 , 重量 , 面积 , 数字 等词语作主语时 , 谓语动词常用单数形式。 如： Eight hours of sleep is enough. Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life. 3) 形容词前加定冠词即 " the + 形容词 " 作主语时 , 其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数 , 谓语动词用单数 ; 指一类人则应该看作是复数 , 那么谓语动词也应该用复数 . 如 : The sick here are very well cared for. The true is to be distinguished from the false. 4) 由 and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数。 但如果在意义上指 同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念 时，谓语动词要用单数形式。 如： The writer and teacher is coming. The writer and the teacher are coming. 5) 集体名词作主语时 , 谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义。 这类 集体名词 常见的有 :army, class, club, crowd, family, government, group, people, police, public, team 等 . 如： The family are all fond of football. The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 6)一些 形式为复数,意思为单数 的名词,如:trousers, pants, 　 shorts,glasses, 等作主语时,谓语动词用复数. 如:Her glasses are new. 　 但当这类名词前有 a pair of 修饰时,谓语动词应用单数. 如: This pair of trousers is made in Hangzhou. 三、就近原则 这一原则是指 , 谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致，常出现在这类句子中的连词有 : or, either… or …, neither… nor … ,not only… but also … 等 . 例如 : Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 　　 Neither his family nor he knows anything about it. 　　 1. The old_____ taken good care of in this country. A. am B. is C. are D. was 2. Nobody but Sam and John ______ in the room. A. are B. had been C. were D. is 3. My family _____ having supper when suddenly the bell rang. A. is B. was C. are D. were 4. Swimming in the pool with friends _____ very interesting. A. has B. have C. is D. are 5. A number of children _____ for the teacher to come now. A. is waiting B. are waiting C. waits D. waited C D D C B Exercise 6. Two hours _____ not long enough for this test. A. has B. is C. are D. have 7. Two thirds of water___ from the Yellow River. A. are B. come C. were D. comes 8.Neither he nor I____ from Canada. We are from Austraila. A. is B. am C. are D. be 9. Not only Tom but also Alice and Mary _____ busy. A. has B. have C. is D. are 10. The news _____ exciting. We got excited at it. A. is B. are C. was D. were B D B D C 11.Both Li Lei and Han Meimei ___ fond of the TV program A Bite of China . A. is B. am C. was D. are 12.David,there _____ a dictionary and some books on your desk. Please put them away. OK,mum. I’ll do it right away. A. is B. are C. has D. have 13.Robert with his two kids _____ to the beach for vacation every year. A. go B. goes C. went D. are going 14.Either Mary or he _____ going to Paris. Only one person may go there. A. are B. is C. was D. were D A B B Let’s try. Good morning ! My name Shuai lihao .I three years old now. There 3 people in my family . My father tall . My mother (have) long black hair . Both of them teachers. And I am a good child. I often (get)up early. My hobbies listening to children’s song, watching cartoons ,eating cakes and so on . I (like) eating cakes best. This me. An active boy . Do you love me? Thank you very much ! Bye! is am are is has are get are like is 倒装句： 1 . 倒装是指为了强调某种成分而进行的 主语和谓语的倒装 。 2 . 倒装分为 全部倒装 和 部分倒装 。 3 . 全部倒装是指把 所有的谓语动词 放到主语之前。 4 . 部分倒装是指把 部分的谓语动词 提到主语之前。 be动词，情态动词，助动词，have/has 全部倒装： 1 . here，there，now, then等放在句首时。 eg. Here comes the bus. There went the bell. Then came the chairman. 2 . 表示运动方向的副词（up/down/in/out/away...）放在句首时。 eg. Out rushed the boy. Away went the young man. Down jumped the cat. 3 . 表示方位的介词或介词短语放在句首时。 eg. On the top of the mountain stands a school. In the forest lies a lake. In the river lived a special type of fish. 注： 当句子主语是人称代词时不倒装。 eg. Away he went. Out he rushed. 部分倒装： 1 . little, few, no, not, hardly, seldom, never 等否定或半否定的词放在句首。 eg. I will never forget the experience. Never will I forget the experience. 2 . only 放在句首时。 eg. I realized the truth only then. Only then did I realize the truth. I recognized him only when my friend told me. Only when my friend told me did I recognize him. 3, so / neither / nor 放在句首表示相同的情况时。so表示“也是”neither / nor表示“也不”。 eg. Tom has ever been to the Great Wall. --- So have I . (我也是) I don't know the answer. --- Neither / Nor does he.(他也不知道) 注： 若表示对所说内容表示肯定的情况时，则不需要倒装。 He will be late again. So he will. He is really hard-working. So he is. She never smiles in public. Neither does he. 若表示相同的情况超过一项时用： It is the same with... eg. He worked hard and won many prizes. It is the same with Linda. I am very tired and want to go home now. It's the same with my friends. 4 . 否定词放句首，但无否定意义的词放在句首。如： not only... but also... 不仅...而且 n ot until... 直到...才 h ardly .... when... 一...就... n o sooner .... th an... 一...就... eg. Not only did he know the truth but also he told everyone what he knew. Not until it was 10pm did his mother go to bed. 注：only / not until 等倒装应倒装 主句。 eg. Only when he went out did he find the secret of nature. Not until he came back did his mother go to bed. 补充： 1 . as 放在句首表“尽管”时。 Child as he is, he knows a lot. Hard as she tried, she never got good grades. 2 . so... that... / such... that...放在句首时。 eg. So angry was he that he had a fight with the man. Such a success was the display that the company made a lot of money from it. Thank you ！ 专题十五 句子成分 与结构 句子成份 ★ 句子一般由两个部分组成： 主语部分（ subject group ） 谓语部分（ predicate group ） ★ 句子成份： 主 · 谓 · 宾 · 表 补 定 · 状 · Members of sentence: S --- subject P --- predicative O --- object Attri.---attribute Adv.--- adverb Oc --- object complement 主 宾 表 宾补 定 状 1) 主语（ subject ） I like football. The boy needs a pen. 句子的主体，全句述说的对象。一般由担任 , 常置于句首。 2) 谓语（ predicate ） 说明主语的动作或状态。由 担任。 常置于主语后。 The train leaves at 6 o ’ clock. I want a ticket. , 动词不定式 , 动名词或从句 名词 , 主格代词 动词 3) 宾语 （ object ） 4) 表语 （ predicative ） He won the game. On the desk 表示 vt. 的动作对象或 prep. 所联系的对象。 由 n. 或相当于 n. 的词担任。置于 vt. 或 prep. 后。 Tome lost his life in the big fire. He is a student. 用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。 由 n. 或 adj. 担任。置于系动词之后。   除了 be 系动词外，还有一些动词也可以用作系动词， 1) 表 感官的动词 : 2) 表 转变变化 的动词 : 3) 表 延续 的动词 feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。 become, get, grow, turn, go, 等 remain, keep, stay 等 。 5) 宾补（ objective complement ） 补充说明宾语的情况 。 由 n. /adj. / 介宾 / 分词 / 不定式等担任。 They made him king. ‹ › I consider the book too expensive. ‹ › 6) 定语（ attributive ） 对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘ …… 的’表示 , 通常位于被修饰的成分前。 The black bike is mine. ( ) 说明 1 ：当定语修饰不定代词如： nothing , anything , everything , something 等时，定语要放在其后作后置定语 我告诉他一些有趣的事情。 I tell him something interesting. 说明 2 ： 不定式、短语或从句 作定语时，也放在被修饰的名词之后。 这间屋子里的男孩子们是 10 班的。 The students in the room are in Class Nine. 7) 状语（ adverbial ） 用以修饰 adj. / v. / adv. 及全句 , 位置灵活 。 通常在句子基本结构之后，强调时放在句首； 修饰 形容词或副词 时，通常位于被修饰的词之前； 表示 时间、地点、目的的状语 一般位于句子两头，强调时放在句首， 一些表示不确定时间（如： often ）或程度（如： almost ）的副词状语通常位于 be 动词、助动词、情态动词之后，动词之前。 I am very sorry. We often help him. When I grow up , I am going to be a teacher . （从句作时间状语 ) 八大句子成分 主语 谓语 宾语 宾语补足语 表语 定语 状语 同位语 冠词 名词 代词 数词 形容词 副词 介词短语 动名词 动词不定式 分词 十大词类 句子类型 简单句 并列句 复合句 Ⅰ. 简单句 1. Things changed. 2. Trees are green. 3. We don’t beat children. 4. He gave his sister the piano. 5. I found the book easy. 主 + 谓 主 + 谓 + 表 主 + 谓 + 宾 主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾 ‹ › 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 简单句的五个基本句型： 1、主语 ＋ 不及物动词       She came．/ My head aches.   2、主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语      She likes English. 3、主语 ＋ 系动词   ＋ 表语      She is happy． 4、主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语   She gave John a book． 5、主语 ＋ 宾补动词  ＋  宾语  ＋  宾语补语 She makes her mother angry． Nobody went. She became a doctor. The car caught fire. I will write you a long letter. I will let him go. Practice ‹ › 主 + 谓 主 + 谓 + 表 主 + 谓 + 宾 主 + 谓 + 间宾 + 直宾 主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 Ⅱ. 并列句 This is me and these are my friends. They must stay in water, or they will die. It’s not cheap, but it is very good. It was late, so I went to bed. and or but so He knocked at the door; there was no answer. You’re alive! And she’s dead. 名词性从句 状语从句 定语从句 主语从句 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 Ⅲ. 复合句 A plane is a machine that can fly. He said that he didn’t like her. 状语从句 分为九类： 时间、地点、原因、结果、 目的、条件、让步、方式、程度 1) 时间状语从句 Wait until you are called. When spring came, leaves turn green. 常用的关联词有： as, after, before, since, till/ until, when, while, as soon as, whenever 等 2) 地点状语从句 Put it where you found it. Sit down wherever you like. 常用的关联词有： where, wherever, anywhere 3) 原因状语从句 As I didn’t know the way, I asked a policeman 常用的关联词有： because, as, since 4) 结果状语从句 I was in the bath so that I didn’t hear the telephone. 常用的关联词有： so, so …that, such… that 5) 目的状语从句 I’ll show you so you will see how it’s done. 常用的关联词有： so, so that, in order that 6) 条件状语从句 If it snows tomorrow, we will build a snowman. 常用的关联词有： if, unless, in case that, on condition that… 常用的关联词有： though, although, even if, even though, 7) 让步状语从句 Though I’m fond of music,I can’t play any instrument. 常用的关联词有： as, as if, as though, how 常用的关联词有： so, so that, as far as, so long as 8) 方式状语从句 He did just as you told him. 9) 程度状语从句 So long as you need me, I’ll stay. 名词性从句 1) 主语从句 * What he said is not known. * That we shall be late is certain. * It is certain that we shall be late. * How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 2 ）表语从句 * That is what he wants to buy. * The problem is that who we can get to replace her? * The reason is that he has lied to me several times. 3) 宾语从句 * I understand that he is well qualified. * He said that he didn ’ t like her. * I don ’ t know if you can help me. = 注意！ * that 与 what 都可以引导名词性从句。 * what 在从句中充当句子成份（主 , 宾 , 表）。 * That 在句中只起连接作用，不充当成份。 * that 在引导名词性从句时不可省略（宾语从句除外） . That is what he wants to buy. That we shall be late is certain. He said (that) he didn ’ t like her. 引导词 that & what 练习： ( 一 ) 挑出下列句中的宾语 ①  My brother   doesn‘t   do   his homework . 　　 A B C D②  People   all  over  the world  speak  English . A B C D③ You must pay  good   attention  to  your   pronunciation . 　　 A B C D ④ How many new  words   do   you   learn  ? 　　　　　 　 A B C D⑤ Some of the  students  in the school want  to go swimming A B ,  how  about  you ? C D ( 二 ) 挑出下列句中的表语 ①  The old man   is   feeling  very  tired . A B C D② Why is  he   worried   about   Jim ? 　　 　 A B C D③  The leaves   have   turned   yellow . 　 A B C D④ Soon  They  all  become interested   in the subject . 　　　 A B C D⑤ She i s   the first   to learn   about it . 　 A B C D ( 三 ) 挑出下列句中的定语 ①  They   use  Mr. Mrs. with the  family   name . 　 A B C D ②  What   is  your  given   name ? 　 A B C D ③ On the  third   lap   are   Class 1 and Class 3 . 　 A B C D④ I am  afraid   some   people  forgot  to sweep  the floor. 　　 A B C D⑤  The man   downstairs  was  trying   to sleep . 　　 A B C D （四） 挑 出下列句中的宾语补足语 ① She  likes  t he children   to read newspapers and books   A B C in the reading-room . D ② He  asks   her   to take the boy   out of school . 　　　 A B C D ③ She  find   it   difficult   to do the work . 　　 A B C D ④ They  call   me   Lily   sometimes . 　　 A B C D⑤  I   saw   Mr. Wang   get on the bus . 　 A B C D ( 五 ) 挑出下列句中的状语 ①  There   is   a big smile   on her face . 　 A B C D②  Every night  he  heard   the noise   upstairs . 　　 A B C D③ He  began   to learn   English   when he was eleven . 　　　 A B C D④  The man   on the motorbike   is travelling   so fast . 　　 A B C D ⑤  With the medicine box under her arm ,  Miss   Li   hurried off . 　　　　 A B C D Thank you ！