初中英语语法系列---非谓语动词

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初中英语语法系列---非谓语动词

Good afternoon! 非谓语动词 非谓语动词的考点 一 . 总述 四 . 动名词的用法 二 . 分类 五 . 分词的用法 三 . 不定式的用法 动词 谓语动词 非 谓语动词 还记得 , 动词第一讲时: 我们将动词按形式 , 划分为两类 谓语动词就是 能 在句子中作谓语的动词(独立做谓语,或者构成复合谓语皆可) 谓语动词就是 不能 在句子中作谓语的动词 非谓语动词 动词不定式 动名词 现在分词 分词 过去分词 非谓语动词的特点: 1. 由动词构成 2. 在句子中不做谓语 废 话 基本形式: to+ 动词原形 ( 有时可以不带 to ) 。 ● 动词不定式没有人称和数的变化 ● 在句子中不能作谓语 ● 但可以担任除谓语外的任何成分 —— 主语、表语、宾语、状语和宾语补足语。 动词不定式 基本形式: to+ 动词原形 各种形式 : 主动 被动 一般式 ___________ ______________ 进行式 ___________ ______________ 完成式 ____________ ______________ 完成进行式 ___________ ______________ to be done to be doing to have done to have been doing to do to have been done ( 未发生 ) ( 正进行 ) ( 已发生 ) ( 过去已开始 , 还在进行 ) 动词不定式 的各种形式 动词不定式 的句法功能 一:作主语 To learn English well is not easy. 但是,为了避免头重脚轻,常用“ it ” 作形式主语,吧真正的主语(动词不定式短语)放到后面。 It is not easy to learn English well . It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do sth. 与 of 连用的形容词常常用来 形容“人”: good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , possible It’s very kind of you to help me. 你能帮我,真好。 It’s clever of you to work out the maths problem. 你真聪明,解出了这道数学题。 It is + adj.+ for sb.+ to do sth. 与 for 连用的形容词常常用来 形容“物”: difficult , easy , hard , important , dangerous ,( im ) possible 等。 It’s very dangerous for children to cross the busy street. 对孩子们来说,穿过繁忙的街道很危险。 It’s difficult for us to finish the work. 对我们来说,完成这项工作很困难。 常考点注意: 动词不定式 的句法功能 二:作表语 动词不定式(短语)常用于 系动词 be 的后面作表语。 His work is to drive a car. My job is to feed animals. 动词不定式 的句法功能 三:作宾语 动词不定式(短语)可以放在一些动词后面作宾语。 这些动词很关键! 在一些动词的后面, 只允许接不定式作宾语: 后面只能接不定式作宾语的动词有: 三个 希望 两 答应 hope , wish , want , agree , promise 两个 要求 莫 拒绝 ask , demand , refuse 设法学会做决定 manage , learn , decide 不要 假装 在 选择 pretend , choose 提供帮助 的 计划 offer , help , plan 预期失败 要 发生 expect , fail , happen 看似 都接不定式 seem 四:不定式作宾语补足语 1 )不可省略 to 的: 2 )可省略 to 的: 3 )可以省可以不省的: ( 1 ) 动词后的宾补, 不可以 省略不定式符号 to 的: tell / ask / want / would like / wish / like / invite / encourage / teach + sb. to do sth. I want you to go now . His parents wish her to be a teacher . ( 2 ) 动词后的宾补,需 要省略 不定式符号 to 的动词: 一感 feel 二听 hear , listen to 三使 make , let , have The boy made the baby cry. 四看 notice , observe , see , watch I saw him play football on the playground yesterday. # 注意:变为被动语态时,不定式短语从宾语补足语变为主语补足语, to 还要重现到动词原形前。 例: The boy made the baby cry. ( 主动语态省略 to) The baby was made to cry by the boy. ( 被动语态:宾补变主补, to 要加回来 ) 特殊短语: would rather + do had better + do ( 3 ) . 作宾补时,省略不定式符号 to 或不省略均可的动词 : help sb. to do sth. & help sb. do sth. 例: I often help my mother (to) do housework. the food to live ______ the bus to come here ____ the pen to write _____ the room to live ____ the knife to cut _____ the person to write ____ on on with in with about 五:不定式作定语 不定式作定语的基本条件 不定式与它所修饰的名词在逻 辑上必须具备以下条件之一: 1. 主谓关系 2. 动(介)宾关系 3. 说明所 修饰词 的内容 多为抽象名词或序数词 分析下列句子 He has a lot of work to do . He is the right person to do it . It’s the best way to learn English . 主谓 动宾 说明内容 表原因(原因状语): I’m sorry to trouble you . 2. 表目的(目的状语): I went to the library to learn English . 五:不定式作状语 动词不定式 表将来 表目的 表某一次具体的动作 表示将来: I have a lot of work to do. 2. 表示某一次具体的动作: I like dancing, but I don’t like to dance today. 3. 表示目的: To learn English well, you must practise more. 先看几个例句,判断不定式在句中的成分。 1 . To learn a foreign language is difficult . 2 . His wish is to be a driver . 3 . Tom wanted to have a cup of beer . 4 . The teacher told us to do morning exercises . 5 . I have nothing to say . 6 . They went to see their aunt . 7 . It’s easy to see their aunt. 8 . I don’t know what to do next . 9 . I heard them make a noise . 1 . “ to” 是不定式符号还是介词,下列短语中的 to 都是介词。 agree to , object to , close to , come to , lead to , refer to ,equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be(get) used to 习惯于 , look forward to 渴望 , pay attention to 注意 , get down to 开始认真 ( 做某事 ) , devote oneself to 献身于 2 . 带 to 还是不带 to I have no choice but to give in. I cannot do anything but give in. I saw him enter the classroom . ( 但是 : He was seen to enter the classroom . ) 不定式的 常考点: 3 、不定式的否定形式: not to do sth.   例如: Tell him ___ the window.   A. to shut not   B. not to shut   C. to not shut   D. not shut   答案: B. tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为 tell sb not to do sth. 4 、动词不定式与疑问词连用: 疑问代词 who, what, which 和 疑问副词 when, where, how , why 等后面可以按动词不定式,构成动词不定式短语,可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语等成分。 例如: (1) He doesn’t know how to use the machine.   ( 不定式作宾语 ) (2) How to use the machine is a question. ( 不定式作主语 ) (3) The question is when to go there. ( 不定式作表语 ) 不定式的 常考点: 5 、 不定式的特殊句型: 1 ) too…to… : 太 … 而不能 … He is too excited to speak. 2 ) enough to do : 足以做 … The child is old enough to go to school. 3 ) " Why not + 动词原形 " 表达向某人提出建议,翻译为: " 为什么不 ……?" Why not take a holiday? 4 ) so as (not) to do : 表示目的 Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby. 不定式的 常考点: 动名词 动词的 -ing 形式用作动名词: ● 由动词原形加 -ing 构成 ● 它在句中起名词的作用 ● 可以在句子中用作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补语、状语和定语。 动 名 词 动名词的特点: ① 抽象 ② 习惯性 His hobby is painting . I’m proud of being a Chinese. 习惯 抽象 Learning English is very difficult . 学英语非常困难。 His job is driving a bus . 他的工作是开车。 I enjoy dancing . 我喜欢跳舞。 I have got used to living in the country . 我已经习惯了住农村。 Take some sleeping tablets , and you will soon fall asleep . 吃点安眠药 , 你很快就会入睡。 主 动 被 动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 语态 时态 动名词的时态和语态 1 )动名词作主语 Walking is good exercise. 走路是很好的运动。 2 )动名词作表语 My favorite sport is swimming . 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。 动名词 的句法功能( 4 点) 3 ) 动名词作宾语 Jim dislikes eating chocolate. 吉姆不喜欢吃巧克力。 She can’t help crying at a sad movie. 她看了忧伤的电影禁不住要哭。 [ 说明 ] 有些动词和动词短语后只能接动名词作宾语。 例如: admit, finish, forgive, give up, mind, practise, be good at, do well in, can't help, keep on, feel like, be used to, look forward to, prefer to, 等。 动名词 的句法功能 有些动词只能接 动名词 作宾语 , (动宾) 如 : appreciate, avoid, consider ( 考虑 ), enjoy, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practice, suggest ( 建议 )…… 还有些短语动词以一介词结尾 , 也只能接 动名词 作宾语 ( 尤其是介词 to 易出错 ): (介宾) 如 : depend on…, insist on…, feel like…, be used to ( 习惯于 )…, look forward to…, devote to…, pay attention to... 动名词 的句法功能 有些动词只能接动名词作宾语 ( 31 个 ) : 放弃享受可原谅 give up , enjoy , excuse/ pardon / forgive 保持练习必完成 keep , practice , finish 鼓励建议要考虑 encourage , advise/ suggest , consider 承认想象的感觉 admit , imagine , feel 错过后悔要介意 miss , regret , mind 不由自主去承受 can’t help , stand 理解冒险可避免 understand , risk , avoid 开始着手要注意 get down to , pay attention to 逃跑还要习惯于 escape , be (get) used to 还有: be good at 擅长 do well in 在 …… 某方面干得好 keep on 继续做某事 feel like 想做 ( 某事 ) look forward to 盼望,期待,预期 4 ) 动名词作定语 She is in the reading room. ( 阅览室 ) We should improve our teaching methods. ( 教学方法 ) 动名词 的句法功能 1 . It’s no use talking with him : It’s no good speaking to them like that . 2 . There’s some difficulty ( in ) doing … 在此句型中 ,difficulty 可以由以下单词替换 : trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time 动名词 的常用句型 1 . 下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语 意义相同的 , begin to do begin doing start to do start doing continue to do continue doing 动名词 的常考点 2 . 下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义 有区别 , forget to do … 忘记要做某事 forget doing… 忘记做了某事 remember to do… 记住要做某事 remember doing … 记着做了某事 mean to do … 有意要做某事 mean doing … 意味着做了某事 regret to do … 对要做的事表示后悔 regret doing … 对做过去的事后悔 can’t help to do… 不能帮助做某事 can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事 try to do … 尽力去做某事 try doing 试着做某事 learn to do … 学着去做某事 learn doing … 学会做某事 stop to do … 停下来去做 ( 另一件事 ) stop doing … 停止做某事 go on to do … 接着做 ( 另外一件事 ) go on doing … 继续做某事 used to do … 过去做某事 be ( get ) used to doing … 习惯做某事 3 . 动名词的逻辑主语 : 动名词的逻辑主语为 代词 或 名词的所有格 形式。 例如 : His coming made us very happy . 4 . 动名词主动形式表被动的情况 : need doing , want doing , require doing 例如 : This room needs painting . 这个房间需要粉刷。 还记得吗?实义动词 Need : 1. need to do sth. 需要做某事 I need to do my homework. 我需要做我的作业。 2. need doing sth. 需要(被)做某事 The flower needs watering. 花需要(被)浇水。 1 The story is interesting . I’m interested in it . 这个故事有兴趣 , 我对这个故事感兴趣。 2 . This is a moving film . 这是一部动人的电影。 3. The secretary worked late into the night , preparing a long speech for the president . 秘书工作到深夜 , 为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。 4. Given more time , I’ll do it well . 如果给我多一点时间 , 我会做的更好。 When he passed the back of the street , he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank . 当他后街时 , 看到小偷正从银行偷钱。 Participle 分词 ● 由动词原形加 -ing 构成现在分词 ● 动词过去分词 ● 可以在句子中用作定语、状语、表语、和宾语补足语。 1 )分词作定语 The swimming boy is Tom. ( 主动 ) Look at the broken glass. ( 被动 ) 2 )分词作状语 3 )分词作表语 The film is disappointing . ( 特征,性质 ) The boy was too frightened to move. ( 状态 ) 分词 的句法功能( 4 点) 4 )分词作补语(主补,宾补) Do not keep us waiting for a long time. ( 主动关系 ) He’ll have his hair cut after school. ( 被动关系 ) 分词 的句法功能( 4 点) 主 动 被 动 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done 语态 时态 现在分词的时态和语态 过去分词的时态和语态 过去分词 无人称和数的变化 , 也没有时态和语态的变化。 (done) 被动、完成、 感到 …… 的 主动、进行、 令人 …… 的 done doing 现在分词 与过去分词 区别 The swimming boy is Tom. ( 主动、进行) the room facing south (主动) The film is disappointing . (令人 …… 的 ) I have a radio made in China. (被动) Look at the broken glass. (被动、完成) The excited people shouted and cheered. (感到 …… 的) 1 . 现在分词 与 过去分词 的区别 Do you know the woman talking to Tom ? = Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ? The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor. = The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor. China is a developing country and America is a developed country. 3 . 现在分词、动名词 现在进行时的区别 The situation in our country is encouraging . ( 表语 ) The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 现在进行时 ) My job is looking after the little baby . ( 动名词 ) 能回答 how-question 的是现在分词 , 能回答 what-question 的动名词 , 即不能回答 how-question 也不能回答 what-question 的是现在进行时。 例如 : How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging . What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby . 现在分词的时态和语态: Having been to the Great Wall many times , he didn’t go there yesterday. 分词的动作发生在谓语动词 的动作之前 Not having received his father’s letter, he decided to make a call to him. 因为没收到他父亲的来信, 他决定给他打个电话。 The building being built is our new library. Not having been finished, the book can’t be returned at present. 注意:现在分词作状语的几个特性。 ① 时间性 。与谓语动词同时发生,用一般时,如发生在谓语动作之前时则用完成式 having done 。 ② 语态性 。与句子的主语之间的关系,是主谓关系或动宾关系。 ③ 人称一致性 。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。 1 、考查非谓语动词用作主语 不定式或动名词用作主语,而分词不能担任句子中的主语。 【 考例 】It's very nice pictures for me. of you to draw B. for you to draw C. for you drawing D. of you drawing 【考点诠释】 1 、考查非谓语动词用作主语 【 考例 】It‘s very nice pictures for me. A. of you to draw B. for you to draw C. for you drawing D. of you drawing [ 答案 ] : A 。 [ 解析 ] 考查 It's+ 形容词 +of/for sb. +to do sth. 句中 it 为形式主语, to do 是真正的主语,当形容词是表示品质意思时,应该用 of sb .,其他形容词用 for sb .,故此题答案为 A 。 【考点诠释】 2 、考查非谓语动词用作宾语 【 考例 】 一 It's a bit cold Would you mind my _____all the windows? 一 Do as you like , please . A . close B will close C . closing D . to close 【考点诠释】 2 、考查非谓语动词用作宾语 【 考例 】 一 It's a bit cold Would you mind my ______all the windows? 一 Do as you like , please . [07 淄博市 ] A . close B will close C . closing D . to close [ 答案 ]C [ 解析 ] 动词 mind 意为“介意”,后跟动词时,应使用 ing 形式。 【考点诠释】 3 、考查“疑问词 + 动词不定式”的用法 。 The menu has so many good things! I can’t decide__________. what to eat how to eat where to eat when to eat 【考点诠释】 3 、考查“疑问词 + 动词不定式”的用法 。 The menu has so many good things! I can’t decide__________. what to eat how to eat where to eat when to eat [ 答案 ] : A 。 [ 解析 ] 考查“疑问词 + 动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“我不能决定吃什么。”故选 A 。 【考点诠释】 3 、考查“疑问词 + 动词不定式”的用法 。 ---My dad bought me a new MP4, but I don’t know ______________. ---Let’s read the instructions.[ 河南课改试验区 ] what to use which one to use how to use it when to use it 【考点诠释】 3 、考查“疑问词 + 动词不定式”的用法 。 ---My dad bought me a new MP4, but I don’t know ______________. ---Let’s read the instructions.[ 河南课改试验区 ] what to use which one to use how to use it when to use it [ 答案 ] : C 。 [ 解析 ] 考查“疑问词 + 动词不定式”的用法。根据句意“我不知道如何使用。”故选 C 。 【考点诠释】 4 、考查具体词的用法 China will spend about 52 billion yuan ____new airports and __old ones in the west of China in the 11th Five-Year Plan period( 时期 ) . [07 临沂市 ] A . repairing; building B to build ; repair C . building ; repairing D . to repair ; build 【考点诠释】 5 、考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语 原则上,所有的非谓语动词形式均可用作宾语补足语,其区别是: 不定式表未来,现在分词表进行,过去分词表完成和被动 。 【 考例 】Alice asked me ______ another bag for her. [ 北京市课标卷 ] A. get B. got C. to get D. getting 【考点诠释】 5 、考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语 原则上,所有的非谓语动词形式均可用作宾语补足语,其区别是: 不定式表未来,现在分词表进行,过去分词表完成和被动 。 【 考例 】Alice asked me ______ another bag for her. [ 北京市课标卷 ] A. get B. got C. to get D. getting [ 答案 ] : C 。 [ 解析 ] ask sb . to do sth .表示让某人做某事,此句话的意思为 :“ 爱丽丝叫我给她再带一个包。” 【考点诠释】 5 、考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语 Our parents often tell us not alone in the river in summer. [ 长沙 ] swim B. to swim C. Swimming D. swam 【考点诠释】 5 、考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语 Our parents often tell us not alone in the river in summer. [ 长沙 ] swim B. to swim C. Swimming D. swam [ 答案 ] : B 。 [ 解析 ] 考查动词不定式作宾语补足语的用法。 tell sb . to do sth .表示告诉某人做某事, tell 后边要加不定式,否定形式是在 to 前面加 not ,根据题意,应选 B 。 【考点诠释】 5 、考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语 Betty is often seen _______the old man with his housework. [ 咸宁 ] help B. to help C. helped D. helps ---How do you feel when you see the national flag of China? ---It makes us ________proud. [ 包头 ] feel B. to feel C. felt D. feeling 【考点诠释】 5 、考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语 Betty is often seen _______the old man with his housework.[ 咸宁 ] help B. to help C. helped D. helps [ 答案 ] : B 。 [ 解析 ] 考查感官动词后接动词不定式的用法。在 make, let, have 等使役动词和 see, watch, notice, hear, listen to , look at , feel 等感官动词后的复合宾语中,动词不定式不带 to 。当使役动词和感官动词变为 被动语态 时,不定式就成了主语补语,作主语补语的不 定式必须加 to 。故选 B 。 【考点诠释】 5 、考查非谓语动词用作宾语补足语 ---How do you feel when you see the national flag of China? ---It makes us ________proud.[ 包头 ] feel B. to feel C. felt D. feeling [ 答案 ] : A 。 [ 解析 ] 考查感官动词后接动词不定式的用法。在 make, let, have 等使役动词和 see, watch, notice, hear, listen to , look at , feel 等感官动词后的复合宾语中,动词不定式不带 to 。故选 A 。 【考点诠释】 6 、 考查非谓语动词用作定语 【 考例 】 —Shopping with me? —Sorry. I have a lot of clothes . (南昌) A . to wash B . washed C . wash D . to be washed 【考点诠释】 6 、 考查非谓语动词用作定语 【 考例 】 —Shopping with me? —Sorry. I have a lot of clothes . (南昌) A . to wash B . washed C . wash D . to be washed [ 答案 ]: A [ 命题立意 ] :本题考查动词不定式作定语的用法。 [ 试题解析 ] :作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语是句中主语或宾语时,就用主动式的不定式来表被动意义。故选 A 。 【考点诠释】 6 、 考查非谓语动词用作定语 【 考例 】 —Shopping with me? —Sorry. I have a lot of clothes . (南昌) A . to wash B . washed C . wash D . to be washed [ 答案 ]: A [ 命题立意 ] :本题考查动词不定式作定语的用法。 [ 试题解析 ] :作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语是句中主语或宾语时,就用主动式的不定式来表被动意义。故选 A 。 【考点诠释】 7 、 考查非谓语动词用作状语 【 考例 】--Linda, I am very thirsty. --Let's go to the nearest supermarket some drinks, OK? [ 重庆 ] buy B. bought C. to buy D. buying In order ________the word a friendly place, one must show a friendly face.[ 乐山 ] makes B. making C. to make D. make 【考点诠释】 7 、 考查非谓语动词用作状语 【 考例 】--Linda, I am very thirsty. --Let's go to the nearest supermarket some drinks, OK? [ 重庆 ] buy B. bought C. to buy D. buying [ 答案 ] : C 。 [ 解析 ] 考查不定式作目的状语的用法。句意为:“咱们去最近的超级市场买些饮料。” In order ________the word a friendly place, one must show a friendly face.[ 乐山 ] makes B. making C. to make D. make [ 答案 ] : C 。 [ 解析 ] 考查动词不定式作目的状语的特殊结构。 in order to do sth. 表示“为了 ……” 的意思,不定式作目的状语。故选 C 。 【考点诠释】 7 、 考查非谓语动词用作状语 一 There goes the bell . 一 It's time for class. Let's stop_________.[ 福州市 ] A . talk B to talk C . talking D . not talk 【考点诠释】 7 、 考查非谓语动词用作状语 一 There goes the bell . 一 It's time for class. Let's stop_________.[ 福州市 ] A . talk B to talk C . talking D . not talk [ 答案 ]C[ 解析 ] 动词 stop 后既可接动词不定式作宾语,即: stop to do sth ,也可以接动词的一 ing 形式作定语,即: stop doing sth 。前者表示停下来 ( 开始 ) 做后面的动作,后者表示停止当前的动作。由语境“铃响了,到了上课时间,应停止交谈”可知,应选 C 项。 【考点诠释】 7 、 考查非谓语动词用作状语 一 There goes the bell . 一 It's time for class. Let's stop_________.[ 福州市 ] A . talk B to talk C . talking D . not talk [ 答案 ]C[ 解析 ] 动词 stop 后既可接动词不定式作宾语,即: stop to do sth ,也可以接动词的一 ing 形式作定语,即: stop doing sth 。前者表示停下来 ( 开始 ) 做后面的动作,后者表示停止当前的动作。由语境“铃响了,到了上课时间,应停止交谈”可知,应选 C 项。 【考点诠释】 1. We'd better ________off our mobile phones. The meeting will start in a minute. (2007) A. to turn B. turning C. turn D. turned 2. It's time for sports. Let's ________ bowling, shall we? (2006) A. go B. to go C. going D. goes 3. Tom likes cars. He enjoys ________model cars of all kinds. (2005) A. collects B. collecting C. to collect D. collected 4. The heavy snowstorm made the mountain climbers________ halfway. (2005) A. stop B. to stop C. stopping D. stopped 5. Internet bars mustn't let people under 18 in or let anybody ________bad things. (2004) A. watch B. to watch C. watching D. watches 【 真题 】 6. "Mr Zhu, you'd better ________too much meat. You are already over weight," said die doctor. A. not to eat B. to eat C. not eat D. eat (2003 ) 7. "Don't always make Michael ________this or that. He is already a big boy, dear," Mr Bush said to his wife. ( 2003 ) A. do B. to do C. does D. did 8. If the launch (发射 ) in 2005 is successful, China will be the third country ________its astronauts into space after Russia and the US. (2002) A. send B. sends C. sending D. to send 9. Yesterday morning I got up early________ be late for the exam. (2002) A. in order to B. in order to not C. so as not to D. so as to 10. The greedy inn-keeper once made the poor hero ________twice a day. (2001) A. dance B. dances C. danced D. to dance 【 真题 】 11. Our headmaster asked us_____ a report on how to protect wild animals. (08) A) write B) writing C) to write D) wrote 12 、 The woman feels that she should let her son _______his own decision this time. ( 09 ) A)makes B)make C)to make D)making 13 、 Susan finally became a popular singer after he practiced _________for years. ( 09 ) A)sing B)to sing C)singing D)sang 14 、 Richard turned off the computer after he had finished _________ the email. ( 10 ) A) write B) to write C) writing D) wrote 15. Before going to the History Museum, our teacher told us _________ the public rules. ( 10 ) A) obey B) to obey C) obeying D) obeyed 【 真题 】
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