初三英语被动语态

初三英语被动语态

课 题 被动语态的考点解析 教学目标 掌握被动语态的用法 教学内容 ‎【温故知新】‎ 批注：我们见过很多街头艺人，在大街上画出的立体画非常的逼真，很多人都会认为是真的，而从旁边绕过去，所以我们被欺骗啦！ We are cheated! 这样的表达，就是我们今天要讲的内容——被动语态 ‎【知识梳理】‎ 知识点1：被动语态的基本知识 ‎1. 语态：英语的语态是通过动词的形式表现出来的，用来表明主语与谓语动词之间的关系，英语的动词有两种语态形式，即主动语态和被动语态。如果主语是动作的执行者，谓语动词用主动语态。如果主语是动作的对象，谓语动词用被动语态。‎ ‎2. 主动语态与被动语态的转化：‎ ‎①将主动语态的宾语改为被动语态的主语；②将主动语态的谓语动词改为“be＋过去分词”结构；③将主动语态的主语改为介词by之后的宾语，放在谓语动词之后（有时可省略）。‎ 例： We visited that factory last summer. 主动语态 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 That factory was visited by us last summer 被动语态 ‎ 主语 谓语 宾语 状语 ‎3. 用法：‎ 被动语态常用于以下两种情况：‎ ‎（1）不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者；‎ 例：This cloth is made of cotton. ‎ ‎（2）强调动作的承受者。‎ 例：Her bike is stolen . ‎ 知识点2：被动语态在各种时态下的构成 时态 结构 例句 一般现在时 am/is/are +过去分词 We are taught English by her.由她教我们英语。‎ 一般过去时 was/were+过去分词 A present was given to me by Mary.玛丽给了我一件礼物。‎ 一般将来时 will/shall/be going to be+过去分词 The desk will be mended by him.这张桌子将由他修理。‎ 现在进行时 am/is/are +being + 过去分词 The walls are being painted now.正在粉刷墙壁。‎ 过去进行时 was/were +being + 过去分词 The talk was being given at this time yesterday.昨天这个时候正在作报告。‎ 现在完成时 have/has been+过去分词 The flowers have been watered.这些花已经被浇了。‎ 过去完成时 had been+过去分词 She said this lift had never been used.‎ 过去将来时 would/should/be going to be+过去分词 The film would be shown again sometime next week. 这部电影下周的某个时候又将上映。‎ 情态动词 情态动词+be+过去分词（其时态及句型的变化仅由情态动词完成，"be+过去分词"部分不变）‎ 例1：Tables can be made of stone.桌子可由石头制造。‎ 例2：Tables could be made of stone at that time. 那时桌子可由石头制造。（一般过去时）‎ 例3：Can tables be made of stone? 桌子能用石头制造吗？（疑问句）‎ ‎ 批注：这里可以跟学生一起回顾一下动词的原形、过去式和过去分词，避免混淆。‎ ‎【例题精讲】‎ 单选题 例1：(2012福建福州) — Our classroom____________every day.‎ ‎ — So it is. It's our duty to keep it clean and tidy.‎ A. cleans B. is cleaning C. is cleaned D. cleaning 解析：答案C。our classroom做主语，很明显是“被打扫”，并且根据语境是一般现在时态，所以用一般现在时态的被动is cleaned。‎ 例2：（2013陕西）The mobile phone has influenced people’s life a lot since it _________.‎ A. invents B. invented C. is invented D. was invented ‎ 解析：答案D。考查动词时态和语态。句意：自从手机发明后，它在很大程度上影响了人们的生活。根据句意判断用一般过去时，手机与动词invent在逻辑上是被动关系，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。‎ 例3：（2013江苏南京）It is said that an Asian Culture Village inside the AYG, Village in Nanjing in the coming Asian Youth Games period.‎ A. builds B. is building C. will be built D. was built 解析：答案C。考查动词的被动语态用法。an Asian Culture Village(亚洲文化村)与动作build构成被动关系，所以应使用被动语态，故排除A、B项；又据句中in the coming Asian Youth Games period可知为将来时间，所以选择答案C。‎ 例4：（2013内蒙古呼和浩特） People who ________ to the party are very excited. ‎ A. have invited B. has been invited C. will invite D. have been invited ‎ 解析：答案D。考查被动语态的用法。根据句意“已经被邀请去参加聚会的人非常激动。”可以判断须用现在完成时的被动语态。B和C选项为主动语态，但是动词invite没有宾语，故排除；而B选项中，has和主语people不能搭配。所以选择答案D。‎ ‎ ‎ 例5：（2013湖北黄冈）—How often do I need to feed the dog?‎ ‎ — It ___ food every day, or it will be hungry.‎ A. must give B. must be give C. must be given D. must be gave ‎ 解析：答案C。考查情态动词的被动语态。 它每天必须被喂食，应用被动语态，其构成是be+过去分词，故选C。‎ 例6： The new suspension bridge ___ by the end of last month.‎ A. has been designed　　B. had been designed C. was designed 　　D. would be designed 解析：答案B。根据“by the end of last month”，所以用过去完成时，又因为这座新桥是被设计的，所以综合来看，用过去完成时的被动语态。‎ 例7：用括号内动词的适当形式填空 ‎1.she _______________ (tell) the good news as soon as it arrived.‎ ‎2.A lot of work __________________(do) for the poor kids in the past few years.‎ ‎3.The book ________________ (write) by the young girl several years ago.‎ ‎4.All the tickets __________(sell) out when we got to the cinema.‎ ‎5.A new building __________(build) at our school now.‎ ‎6.I don't believe you've already finished reading the book which ________(lend) to you this morning！‎ 解析：‎ 1. 答案was told。首先根据“as soon as it arrived”，判断时态是一般过去时，而句意是“她被告知这个好消息”，所以用一般过去时的被动语态。  ‎ 2. 答案has been done。由时间状语可知需要用现在完成时态，句意是“大量工作已经被做”，所以用被动语态。 ‎ 3. 答案was written。“several years ago”，可判断时态为一般过去时，“书是由一个年轻女孩所写”，应用被动语态。 ‎ ‎4. 答案had been sold。“在他们到达电影院的时候，票已经卖完了”，这里“到达”已经是过去时，所以票卖完了是在到达之前发生的，所以用过去完成时的被动语态。  ‎ ‎5. 答案is being built。由now可知需用现在进行时态，新桥是“被建造”，所以用现在进行时态的被动语态。 ‎ ‎6. 答案 was lent。由this morning可知时态为一般过去时，而书“被借出”，用被动语态。‎ 例8：把下列句子改为被动句 1. John drew a beautiful horse last week.‎ 2. The children will sing an English song.‎ 3. People use metal for making machines.‎ 4. He asked me to do that for him.‎ 5. They sold out the light green dresses. ‎ 答案：1. A beautiful horse was drawn by John last week.‎ ‎ 2. A English song will be sung by the children.‎ ‎ 3. Metal is used for making machines by people.‎ ‎ 4. I was asked to do that for him.‎ ‎ 5. The light green dresses were sold out by them.‎ 例9：用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空。‎ ‎1.It's said that the long bridge______________（build）in two months． ‎ ‎2.Where to have the meeting ______________ （discuss）now． ‎ ‎3.Which language _______the most widely_______（speak）in the world？ ‎ ‎4.The lost boy_____________（not find）so far． ‎ ‎5.Last year a large number of trees______________（cut）down． ‎ 解析：‎ 1. 答案will be built。根据后面的in two months可判断时态为一般将来时，再根据主语是bridge，可知桥是被建造的，所以用一般将来时的被动语态。‎ ‎2.答案is being discussed。这里主语是疑问词引导的不定式做主语，谓语动词用三单形式， 再看最后的时间状语是now，所以用现在进行时的被动语态“is being discussed”。‎ 3. 答案is spoken。句意是“哪种语言在全世界最广泛的被说”，这是一种常识性的是奇怪，所以用一般现在时的被动语态。 ‎ 4. 答案hasn’t been found。首先根据后面的“so far”，判断时态为现在完成时，再根据主语是单数，可以判断用“hasn’t been found”。‎ ‎5. 答案were cut。时间状语“last year”，可判断时态为一般过去时，主语是很多树，所以用were cut，这里需要注意cut的原形、过去式和过去分词拼写是一样的。‎ 例10：单选题 ‎ ‎1. The decision about the price ______ in a few days. So they have to wait.（2013年白下区中考一模）‎ A. is made B. was made C. is being made D. will be made ‎ 解析：答案D。根据后面“in a few days”，判断是一般将来时。这个决定是“被做”，所以用一般将来时的被动语态。‎ ‎2. If city noises ____ from increasing，people will have to shout to be heard even at dinner．‎ A. are not kept　　B. are not keep C. do not keep　　 D. do not kept 解析：答案A。这里首先是条件状语从句，遵循“主将从现”原则，所以if从句里面用一般现在时态的被动。‎ ‎3. The fifth generation computers, with artificial intelligence, ____and perfected now.‎ A. developed　 　 B. have developed C. are being developed　　 D. will have been developed 解析：答案C。句意是“第五代电脑正在发展和完善”，有被动意思，而且有now这个时间状语，所以用现在进行时态的被动语态。‎ ‎4. --- ____ the sports meet might be put off．‎ ‎　--- Yes，it all depends on the weather．‎ A. I've been told B. I've told　 C. I'm told D. I told 解析：答案A。这里说的是运动会这个消息，我是“被告知”的，所以用被动语态，所以排除B和D。再根据句意，被告知这个事情已经发生了，强调对现在所造成的影响，所以需要用现在完成时态。‎ ‎5. I need one more stamp before my collection ___.‎ A. has completed B. completes　 C. has been completed D. is completed 解析：答案D。这里也需遵循“主将从现”原则，before引导的从句中需用一般现在时，所以用一般现在时的被动语态。‎ ‎6. Rainforests ___ and burned at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future.‎ A. cut B. are cut　　 C. are being cut D. had been cut 解析：答案C。句意是“雨林正在以很快的速度被砍伐和焚烧”，所以用现在进行时的被动语态。‎ ‎7. When a pencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it ____.‎ A. breaks B. has broken　 C. was broken D. had been broken 解析：答案C。这里的意思是“当铅笔一端被放在一杯水里的时候，看起来就好像被折断了”，又因为这里涉及as if后面需要用虚拟语气，所以时态需比主句往后退一格，因此用过去时态的被动语态。‎ ‎【举一反三】‎ 知识点1：‎ ‎①不及物动词不用于被动语态，如appear, rise, come out, happen, occur, lie, take place等不及物动词不能用于被动语态。‎ 例1：Great changes______________place. Many new schools ______________. A. have taken, have been opened　　　 B. take, are open C. are taken, open　　　　　　 　　　D. have been taken, are opened ‎ 解析：答案A。因为take place没有被动语态，所以排除C和D，又因后句中很多新学校开了，这里需要被动，而且表示到现在为止已经开了，所以用现在完成时态的被动语态。综合选择A。‎ 例2：A strange thing _____ in our school yesterday. A. was happened　　　 B. has been happened　　　 C. happened　　 D. was going to happen 解析：答案C。因为happen没有被动语态，所以排除A和B。又有yesterday，可判断时态是一般过去时，所以选C。‎ ‎②表状态动词不用于被动语态，常见的有：hold, have, cost, contain, become, look like等 例1：这本书花了我20元。（用cost翻译）‎ ‎____________________________________________________‎ 解析：答案The book cost me 20 yuan。因为主语是书，很可能有的同学会写成“The book was cost 20 yuan.” 可是cost这里表状态，不用于被动态。‎ 例2：That suit __ over 60 dollars.‎ A. had costed B. costed C. is costed D. cost 解析：答案D。因为cost这个词不需要用被动语态，所以这里的主语是单数，可以用costs（一般现在时）或cost（一般过去时），根据选项，只能选D。‎ 知识点2：主动形式表被动意义。‎ ‎1）某些感官动词和系动词接形容词可以表示被动意义。如：look, smell, taste, feel, prove, wear, sound等 例：Her bedroom looks very clean and tidy.她的卧室看起来非常干净和整洁。‎ ‎2)某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。‎ 例：The conversation is hard to understand.对这话很难理解。‎ ‎ The fish is not easy to fish.鱼不容易钓。‎ ‎ The passage is difficult to read.这段文章很难读懂。‎ ‎3)动名词的主动形式表示被动语态。如：need, require, worth等，并且可相互转化，如need doing = need to be done。‎ 例：The book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。‎ ‎ The children need looking after.孩子们需要照看。‎ 4) write, sell, wash和read和副词连用，主动语态表被动意义。‎ 例：The pen writes smoothly. 这笔写起来很顺手。‎ ‎ The article reads well. 这篇文章读起来很好。‎ 例1：--- Do you like the material?  ‎ ‎ --- Yes, it ___ very soft.  A . is feeling　B . felt　C . feels　D . is felt  ‎ 解析：答案C。这道题首先根据选项看出考查的是feel的用法，它属于系动词，无被动，无进行时，所以排除 A，D，然后根据前一句话的时态确定选择C。 ‎ 例2：It is difficult for a foreigner ____ Chinese．‎ A. write B. to write　 C. to be written D. written 解析：答案B。作表语的形容词difficult后不定式to write主动形式表示被动意义。‎ 例3：The composition doesn’t____any more. ‎ A. need to be correcting 　　 B. need to be corrected ‎ C. need be corrected 　 　 D. need be correcting 解析：答案B。因为need doing sth = need to be done，这里只有B正确，如果变成need doing sth，可以换成need correcting。‎ 例4：--- What do you think of the book?  ‎ ‎ ---Oh, excellent. It's worth ___ a second time.  ‎ A . to read　 B . to be read　 C . reading　 D . being read ‎ 解析：答案C。本题通过后面的回答可以很明显看出是be worth的考点，首先后面接doing，然后根据它的主动表被动的特点，排除D。‎ 例5：The kind of cloth ________ well.‎ A. wash B.is washed C.washes D.is washing 解析：答案C。本题的考点是wash后接副词，表示耐洗，主动形式表被动语态，因为cloth不可数，所以谓语动词用三单形式。‎ 知识点3：及物动词后跟双宾语的句子，被动语态有两种。‎ 常见的有：‎ 主动语态 被动语态 bring sb. sth. 把某物带给某人 sb be brought sth / sth be brought to sb ‎ lend sb. sth. 把某物借给某人 sb be lent sth/ sth be lent to sb offer sb. sth. 将某物给某人 sb be offered sth/ sth be offered to sb pass sb. sth. 把某物递给某人 sb be passed sth/ sth be passed to sb ‎ pay sb. sth. 付给某人某物（钱）‎ sb be paid sth/ sth be paid to sb ‎ send sb. sth.把某物送给某人 sb be sent sth/ sth be sent to sb sell sb. sth.把某物卖给某人 sb be sold sth/ sth be sold to sb show sb. sth. 拿某物给某人看 sb be shown sth/ sth be shown to sb ‎ teach sb. sth. 教某人某物 sb be taught sth/ sth be taught to sb ‎ tell sb. sth.告诉某人某情况 sb be told sth/ sth be told to sb buy sb. sth. 为某人买某物 sb be bought sth/ sth be bought for sb ‎ make sb. sth.为某人制作某物 sb be made sth/ sth be made for sb ‎ ‎ ‎ 例1：同义句转换 My parents gives me a birthday present every year! （变被动语态，两种表达）‎ ‎____________________________________________________________________‎ ‎____________________________________________________________________‎ 解析：答案I am given a birthday present by my parents every year. A birthday present is given to me by my parents every year. 分别把宾语me和a birthday作为主语。‎ 例2：He told us a story．（变被动语态，两种表达）‎ ‎_____________________________________________________________________‎ ‎_____________________________________________________________________‎ 解析：答案We were told a story（by him）或A story was told to us by him．分别以we和a story 做主语，主语谓语动词的形式以及时态。‎ 知识点4：感官动词see,hear,watch,feel,notice及使役动词let, make, have等，动词后省略to不定式，变为被动语态时，应加上不定式符合to.‎ 例：I always see the boys play in the park. (变成被动语态)‎ ‎ The boys are always seen to play by me in the park.‎ 例1：He was made ___ a lot of work. ‎ ‎ A. do B. to do C. did D. doing ‎ 解析：答案B。make的用法是make sb do sth，在被动的情况下，需把省略的不定式to还原。所以被动形式为be made to do sth。‎ 例2：He was seen something from the shop . ‎ A. steal B. to steal C. to be stolen D. stealed ‎ 解析：答案B。see的用法，see sb do sth和see sb doing sth，被动态是sb be seen to do sth和sb be seen doing sth，所以根据选项来看，这里选择B。‎ 知识点5：一些动词短语用于被动语态时，动词短语应当看作一个整体，而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 　　‎ 例：We can't laugh at him. →He can't be laughed at by us.‎ 例1：翻译 ‎1. 从来没有听说过这件事情。‎ ‎_______________________________________________________‎ ‎2. 我妹妹由奶奶照顾的很好。‎ ‎_______________________________________________________‎ 答案：1. Such a thing has never been heard of before.　‎ ‎ 2. My sister will be taken care of by Grandma.　‎ 例2：单选题 ‎1. I think much attention ____your pronunciation.‎ A. must be paid to 　　B. ought to paid to C. must pay to 　　D. should be paid ‎ 解析：答案A。首先attention作主语，后面需接被动语态，所以先排除B和C。又因为pay attention to这个动词短语，在被动语态时，后面的to不可以丢掉，所以选A。‎ ‎2. Our teacher ______ carefully. A. should be listened to B. should be listen C. be listened D. is listened 解析：答案A。首先our teacher作主语，后面表示“被听”，需接被动语态，又因为是单数，所以先排除C。又因为listen to这个动词短语，在被动语态时，后面的to不可以丢掉，所以选A。‎ ‎【课堂总结】‎ 我的收获：‎ ‎1、 ‎ ‎2、‎ 我的疑惑：‎ ‎1、‎ ‎2、‎ ‎【课后作业】‎ 一：选择题 ( )1._____ a new library _____ in our school last year? ‎ A. Is; built B. Was; built C. Does; build D. Did ; build ‎ ‎( )2. An accident ____ on this road last week. ‎ A. has been happened B. was happened C. is happened D. happened ‎ ‎( )3.Cotton（棉花） ____ in the southeast of China. ‎ A. is grown B. are grown C. grows D. grow ‎ ‎( )4.So far, the moon ____ by man already. ‎ A. is visited B. will be visited C. has been visited D. was visited ( )5.A talk on Chinese history _____ in the school hall next week. A. is given B. has been given C. will be given D. gives ( )6.How many trees ____ this year? A. are planted B. will plant C. have been planted D. planted ( )7.A lot of things ____ by people to save the little girl now. A. are doing B. are being done C. has been done D. will be done ( )8.--When ___ this kind of computers______? --Last year. A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used ( )9.The Great Wall ____ all over the world. A. knows B. knew C. is known D. was known ( )10.Who _____ this book _____? A. did; written B. was; written by C. did; written D. was; written ‎ Keys:1. B 2. D 3.A 4. C 5. C 6.C 7.B 8.B 9.C 10. B 二：用所给动词的适当形式填空 1. The students _____ often _____(tell) to take care of their desks and chairs. 2. The old man is ill. He must______ (send) to the hospital. 3. Vegetables, eggs and fruits_________ (sell) in this shop. 4. What _______ knives ______ (make) of ? They_______________(make) of metal(金属) and wood. 5. Can the magazine ________ (take) out of the library? 6. The room _____________ (clean) by me every day. 7. The stars can’t _____________ (see) in the daytime. 8. Some flowers _______________ (water) by Li Ming already. 9. This kind of shoes __________ (sell) well. 10. The whole mountain _________ (cover) by the snow.‎ Keys: 1.are told 2. be sent 3. are sold 4.are； made , are made 5. be taken ‎ 4. is cleaned 7.be seen 8. have been watered 9. sells 10. is covered 三、句子翻译 1. 残疾人不应被轻视。‎ 2. 这些孩子被照顾的很好。‎ 3. 安全的重要性必须被关注。‎ 4. 这个问题将会被讨论。‎ 答案：1. The disabled shouldn’t be looked down upon.‎ ‎ 2. The children are taken good care of.‎ ‎ 3. The importance of the safety must be paid attention to.‎ ‎ 4. The question will be talked about later. ‎ 四、用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空 ‎1 English _____(speak)all over the world. 2 The song ______(write) by him 2 yeas ago. 3 The pictures_____(take) by him tomorrow. 4 The film _____(show) here twice. 5 The computer _____(can use ) in the room. 6 The article _______(translate) into many languages since it was published. 7 The room ______(paint) now. 8 That clock ______(call) Big Ben. 9 Last week I ____(ask) about English culture.‎ ‎10.The food _____________ (smell) delicious.‎ 答案：1.is spoken 2.was written 3.will be taken 4.has been shown 5.can be used ‎ 6.has been translated 7.is being painted 8.is called 9.was asked 10.smells 五、单项选择 （ ）1. Good books ____ again and again. A. should be readed         B. should be read C. must read                 D. ought to read （ ）2. The children ____ by the nurse. A. were looked         B. looked after        C. were looked after         D. looked （ ）3. He ___ some pieces of advice, but he ____ to them. A. gave, didn't listen         B. was given, wasn't listened C. give, wasn't listened       D. was given, didn't listen （ ）4. When____ the accident _____ ? A. was, happen                 B. did, happen C. is, happen                 D. was, happened （ ）5. The question ____ by us soon. A. is going to discuss         B. will discuss C. is going to be discussed         D. has been discussed （ ）6. The lab ____ about five years ago. A. was builded         B. was built         C. builds         D. has been built ‎（ ）7. A lot of tall buildings _____ in his hometown in the last three years. A. have set up                 B. have been set up         C. were set up                 D. set up （ ）8. They ____ printing 500 copies by the end of last month. A. had finished                 B. have finished         C. had been finished         D. have been finished （ ）9. Rice ___ also _____ in their hometown. A. is…grown         B. is…grew         C. was…grew         D. was…grown （ ）10. He ____ by the teachers. A. is always praised         B. praises C. have been praised         D. always is praised （ ）11. The sports meeting ________ held until next week.‎ A. didn’t be B. won’t be C. isn’t D. doesn’t ‎ ‎（ ）12. The picture______  in October, 1996. A. was taking    B. had been taken     C. was taken    D. had taken （ ）13. We can't use the bridge now, because it______ .  A. has been repaired         B. is repairing     C. is repaired     D. is being repaired （ ）14. I ______the way to the railway station by a policeman. A. was shown         B. showed         C. have shown         D. was showing ‎ ‎（ ）15. The war______ in 1941. A. broke out         B. had been broken out C. was broken out         D. had broken out （ ）16. When water______ , it will be changed into vapor(蒸汽).  A. is heated         B. heating         C. has heated         D. heats （ ）17. We can't enter the room because its door______ . A. locked         B. locks         C. is locked         D. is locking （ ）18. They ______day and night. A. are made work         B. are made to work C. made to be worked         D. are making to work （ ）19. Chang'an Road is ______of people. A. filled         B. fill         C. full         D. fulled （ ）20. Man-made satellites ______into space by many countries. A. was sent up         B. is sent up C. have been sent up         D. has been sent up （ ）21. This English song _____ often _____ by the children. A. is, singing         B. is, sung         C. will, sing         D. was, sung （ ）22.The windows of our house _____once a week. A. must clean         B. have cleaned         C. is cleaned         D. are cleaned （ ）23. When ______ the People's Republic of China_____ ? A. was, found         B. was, founded         C. did, found         D. does, found （ ）24. Mary's radio ______ by my brother just now. A. will be mended         B. has mended         C. was mended         D. mended （ ）25. Your exercise books _____ after class. A. will hand in                 B. must hand in         C. handed in                 D. must be handed in （ ）26. Some trees may ______ at other times of the year. A. be planted                 B. plant         C. are planted                 D. will be planted （ ）27. The sun _____ at night as usual. A. can be seen         B. can't see         C. can't be seen      D. doesn't see （ ）28. A new English play _____ there next week. A. will put on                 B. will be put on         C. is going to put on         D. will be putted on ‎ ‎（ ）29. A strange thing _____ in our school yesterday. A. was happened        B. has been happened         C. happened          D. was going to happen （ ）30. The glass ______ . It _____ by little Tom this morning. A. broke, is broken         B. is broken, was broken C. was broken, broke         D. has been broken, broken ‎ 答案：1-5 BCDBC 6-10 BBAAA 11-15 BCDAA 16-20 ACBCC 21-25 BDBCD 26-30 ACBCB ‎ ‎