2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三十)议论文之分总结构——把握分论点，关注结论是关键

2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三十)议论文之分总结构——把握分论点，关注结论是关键

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解阅读技能指导之(三十)议论文之分总结构——把握分论点，关注结论是关键 ‎“分总结构”类议论文一般在文章前半部分有相对一致的句式或相互照应的词语来表现分的关系，让文章思路清晰，使读者一目了然。结尾的“总”一般为文章的论点，是文章的结论及核心。把握住分论点并找到论点对理解全文大意至关重要，然后迅速浏览题干，根据题目要求回原文中找对应信息，便可准确解题。‎ ‎[高考典例]　2015•四川卷•E篇 ‎[读文划分结构]‎ 分 总 ‎[1]No one is sure how the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids near Cairo. But a new study suggests they used a little rock ’n’ roll. Longago builders could have attached wooden poles to the stones and rolled them across the sand, the scientists say.‎ ‎[2]“Technically, I think what they’re proposing is possible，” physicist Daniel Bonn said.‎ ‎[3]People have long puzzled over how the Egyptians moved such huge rocks. And there’s no obvious answer. On average, each of the two million big stones weighed about as much as a large pickup truck. The Egyptians somehow moved the stone blocks to the pyramid site from about one kilometer away.‎ ‎[4]The most popular view is that Egyptian workers slid the blocks along smooth paths. Many scientists suspect workers first would have put the blocks on sleds (滑板). Then they would have dragged them along paths. To make the work easier, workers may have lubricated_the_paths either with wet clay or with the fat from cattle. Bonn has now tested this idea by building small sleds and dragging heavy objects over sand.‎ ‎[5]Evidence from the sand supports this idea. Researchers found small amounts of fat, as well as a large amount of stone and the remains of paths.‎ ‎[6]However, physicist Joseph West thinks there might have been a simpler way, who led the new study. West said, “I was inspired while watching a television program showing how sleds might have helped with pyramid construction. I thought, ’Why don’t they just try rolling the things？’”A square could be turned into a rough sort of wheel by attaching wooden poles to its sides, he realized. That, he notes, should make a block of stone “a lot easier to roll than a square”．‎ ‎[7]So he tried it.‎ ‎[8]He and his students tied some poles to each of four sides of a 30kilogram stone block. That action turned the block into somewhat a wheel. Then they placed the block on the ground.‎ ‎[9]They wrapped one end of a rope around the block and pulled. The researchers found they could easily roll the block along different kinds of paths. They calculated that rolling the block required about as much force as moving it along a slippery (滑的) path.‎ ‎→论点1：滚动移石(可解50题)‎ ‎ ——建造困难　　　‎ 论点2：滑动移石 ‎ (可解46题)‎ ‎ ——实例论证　　　‎ ‎ —以事例论述论点的可行性 结论：滚动移石比滑动 移石有优势(可解49题)‎ ‎[10]West hasn’t tested his idea on larger blocks, but he thinks rolling has clear advantages over sliding. At least, workers wouldn’t have needed to carry cattle fat or water to smooth the paths.‎ ‎[定区间•细比对]‎ ‎46．It’s widely believed that the stone blocks were moved to the pyramid site by ________.‎ A．rolling them on roads B．pushing them over the sand C．sliding them on smooth paths D．dragging them on some poles ‎49．Why is rolling better than sliding according to West?‎ A．Because more force is needed for sliding.‎ B．Because rolling work can be done by fewer cattle.‎ C．Because sliding on smooth roads is more dangerous.‎ D．Because less preparation on paths is needed for rolling.‎ ‎50．What is the text mainly about?‎ A．An experiment on ways of moving blocks to the pyramid site.‎ B．An application of the method of moving blocks to the pyramid site.‎ C．An argument about different methods of moving blocks to the pyramid site.‎ D．An introduction to a possible new way of moving blocks to the pyramid site.‎ ‎[答案]　46.C　49.D　50.D ‎46．普遍的移石观点――→定位　第4段，由论点2比对即可得出答案。‎ ‎49．滚动移石的优势――→定位最后一段，由结论归纳得出答案。‎ ‎50．文章主旨――→定位全文结构，由分论点和结论归纳可得出答案。‎ ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 ‎(2019•南宁高三毕业班联考)It used to be one of the world’s most splendid train stations, sitting on the FrenchSpanish border — but then it fell into disrepair. Now, writes Chris Bockman, the building is showing new signs of life.‎ The train station was built in iron and glass, complete with a hospital, a restaurant and living quarters for customs officers from both France and Spain. At the time it was nicknamed the “Titanic of the Mountains”．‎ But after the day the station was opened in 1928 by the French president and the Spanish king, flaws quickly became obvious. The rail gauges (轨距) were different, so passengers still had to change trains. It made transporting goods too slow. In the early 1930s, as few as 50 passengers a day were using the station. And then things got worse. During the Spanish Civil War, the tunnels on the Spanish side were sealed off to prevent Republican rebels (反叛者) from bringing weapons in. Later, the French lost interest in the line. When a train derailed on the French side in 1970, that signaled that France abandoned the line.‎ The grand building itself went to rot. The tracks rusted, the ceilings fell in with the severe winter weather and vandalism (故意破坏财物的行为) did the rest.‎ But a few years ago the local government in Aragon decided to buy the place and restore it, claiming it was a major part of Spanish history. The French government has agreed to reopen the ‎ line on its side too. If all goes to plan, the “Titanic of the Mountains” could be back in business within five years before the end of 2022. It is reported that the massive wooden ticket counters at the station have already been restored.‎ 语篇解读：本文讲述了法国和西班牙边境的一座火车站的历史变迁。‎ ‎1．The following factors contributed to the shutdown of the train station EXCEPT________.‎ A．its poor appearance　　 　B．different gauges C．the Spanish Civil War D．slow transporting speed 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第三段中的“The rail gauges (轨距) were different, so passengers still had to change trains. It made transporting goods too slow.”可知，轨距不同和运输速度慢是造成火车站关闭的原因；根据第三段中的“During the Spanish Civil War ...from bringing weapons in.” 可知，西班牙内战是造成火车站关闭的原因。故选项A不是造成火车站关闭的原因，所以选A。‎ ‎2．When the train station reopens, it may celebrate its ________ anniversary.‎ A．52nd B．72nd C．94th D．89th 解析：选C　推理判断题。根据第三段中的“But after the day the station was opened in 1928”和最后一段中的“If all goes to plan, the ’Titanic of the Mountains’ could be back in business within five years before the end of 2022.”可以计算出：2022－1928＝94(年)，当其恢复使用时应是庆祝其94周年纪念日，所以选C。‎ ‎3．What will probably happen to the train station?‎ A．It will be repaired.‎ B．It will be turned into a museum.‎ C．It will be knocked down.‎ D．It will be sold to the French government.‎ 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据最后一段首句“But a few years ago the local government in Aragon decided to buy the place and restore it”可知，几年前阿拉贡的当地政府要购买并且恢复该火车站。restore意为“使恢复，修复”，所以选A。‎ ‎4．What is the best title for the text?‎ A．The Design of a Train Station B．The War Between France and Spain C．The History of a Train Station D．The “Titanic of the Mountains” Coming Back 解析：选D　标题归纳题。根据全文尤其是第一段中的“the building is showing new signs of life”和最后一段中的“If all goes to plan, the ’Titanic of the Mountains’ could be back”可知，选项D能够概括全文，故作本文标题最佳。‎ Ⅱ.完形填空 ‎(2019•福州市适应性练习)Mary, 16, was suffering from cancer. As a father, Mitchell always stayed home to care for her. He said the __1__ left them financially worse off. Then a group called Growing Hope __2__ in with D|S1,800 to help with his living costs.‎ ‎__3__，he wanted to pay it back. In his __4__，he had been a __5__. So at age 40, Mitchell took up the __6__ again, participating in two fights in Fairfax. Mitchell was __7__ out in the first and second rounds, but he still __8__ to raise D|S20,000 that he gave to Growing Hope. During this time, he __9__ his daughter. And for six months, he did little but __10__.‎ One day, Mitchell __11__ a Mark Twain quote — The two most important days in your life are ‎ the day you are born, and the day you __12__ why.“After I read that quote, I was going to spend the __13__ of my life helping kids with cancer and their families，” he said.‎ Mitchell thought of creating a foundation, __14__ boxing did not seem practical anymore for fundraising, due to his age. Then he found that __15__ could be a source to raise money. In the Corps Marathon, he cut a striking figure on the course. __16__ by this success, he set his sight higher. He __17__ each of the miles of the race to a different child with cancer, and he carried their __18__ with him. Years after his daughter’s death, Mitchell now __19__ up in the morning knowing his __20__.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文。Mitchell在女儿去世后受到马克•吐温名言的启发，加入陆战队马拉松，并把钱都捐给身患癌症的孩子们，从而发现了自己在社会中的作用。‎ ‎1．A.atmosphere　　　　　　 　B．phenomenon C．situation D．poverty 解析：选C　根据空前的“As a father, Mitchell always stayed home to care for her.”可知，因为Mary患有癌症，父亲Mitchell要待在家里照顾女儿。这种情况(situation)使得家庭经济状况变得越来越糟糕，故选C项。‎ ‎2．A.brought B．stepped C．took D．broke 解析：选B　根据语境和下文可知，后来，一个名为“Growing Hope”的组织伸出援手(step in)，给他了1 800美元的生活费。‎ ‎3．A.Grateful B．Hopeful C．Sorrowful D．Helpful 解析：选A　根据空后的“he wanted to pay it back”可知，父亲对这个组织是非常感激的(Grateful)。‎ ‎4．A.life B．reality C．memory D．youth 解析：选D　根据下句中的“So at age 40”“fights”和第14空后的“boxing”可知，在他年轻时，他是一个拳击手。故选D。‎ ‎5．A.runner B．singer C．boxer D．fighter 解析：选C　参见上题解析。故选C项。‎ ‎6．A.helmets B．gloves C．boxes D．sneakers 解析：选B　根据空后的“participating in two fights in Fairfax”可知，Mitchell又开始接受挑战了。take up the gloves“接受挑战”，符合语境。‎ ‎7．A.knocked B．sent C．driven D．put 解析：选A　根据下文内容可知，Mitchell在第一和第二回合被击倒，但他仍然设法成功地筹集了20 000美元。knock sb.out“击倒某人”。‎ ‎8．A.managed B．persuaded C．failed D．tried 解析：选A　参见上题解析。‎ ‎9．A.cured B．accompanied C．comforted D．lost 解析：选D　根据下文“Years after his daughter’s death”可知，这个时候，他失去(lost)了 他的女儿。‎ ‎10．A.regret B．mourn C．burst D．work 解析：选B　根据上下文和常识可推知，当女儿去世后，父亲除了哀悼(mourn)几乎什么也不做。‎ ‎11．A.came upon B．agreed to C．looked at D．depended on 解析：选A　根据下文中的“After I read that quote”可知，Mitchell偶然(came upon)读到马克•吐温的话。‎ ‎12．A.consider B．ask C．discover D．make 解析：选C　根据语境可知，人生中另外一个重要的日子是你发现(discover)自己为何出生。‎ ‎13．A.forces B．rest C．energy D．resources 解析：选B　根据下文内容可知，Mitchell在余下的(rest)日子里开始帮助那些患有癌症的孩子。故选B项。‎ ‎14．A.yet B．so C．or D．although 解析：选A　Mitchell想创立一个基金会，但是(yet)由于他的年龄，拳击已经不再是一个实用的基金收入来源了。‎ ‎15．A.funds B．singing C．running D．projects 解析：选C　根据空后的“In the Corps Marathon”可知，然后Mitchell发现可以通过跑步来筹钱。故选C项。‎ ‎16．A.Depressed B．Moved C．Shocked D．Inspired 解析：选D　在此次马拉松比赛中，Mitchell在比赛场上崭露头角。在此成功的激励(inspired)下，他把眼光放得更高，故选D项。‎ ‎17．A.ran B．donated C．competed D．conveyed 解析：选B　根据空后的“to a different child with cancer”可知，Mitchell把比赛的每一分钱都捐(donated)给了身患癌症的孩子们。故选B项。‎ ‎18．A.smiles B．parents C．strengths D．pictures 解析：选D　Mitchell随身带着他们的照片(pictures)。故选D项。‎ ‎19．A.stands B．goes C．wakes D．climbs 解析：选C　根据空后的“in the morning”可推知，此处表示在早晨醒来的时候，故选C项。‎ ‎20．A.time B．what C．course D．why 解析：选D　根据上文中提到的马克•吐温的话中的“why”可知，选D项。‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 ‎(2019•银川检测)Rajesh Naik __1__ (transform) 120 acres of wasteland into an organic farm, providing an __2__ (inspire) example of the efforts to create a large lake.‎ ‎“I come from a family of agriculturalists and this land is my ancestral land, __3__ hard rock structures make it difficult to hold water. People thought it was impossible to farm this land and __4__ I was throwing away my career. However, I was determined to work on developing the water resources in the area，” says Rajesh.‎ It took a lot of financial resources and time __5__ (create) the lake, which is enough to irrigate(灌溉) the whole farm. This has not only encouraged plant ___6__ (grow) in the area, but also helped in increasing the water table (地下水位) in the surrounding areas __7__ the farm. Besides growing fruit and vegetables, Rajesh has also started a dairy farm that has __8__ (many) than 200 cows.‎ ‎“If this model __9__ (carry) out in every part of the country, the whole country will be able to solve its water problems and have agriculture __10__ (total) based on organic farming. What is important is the will of people and the support from the government，” says Rajesh.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇记叙文，主要介绍了Rajesh Naik 把120英亩的荒地变成了有机农场的过程及其对未来的期望。‎ ‎1．has transformed　考查动词的时态。此处为过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响，所以用现在完成时，即Rajesh Naik已经把120英亩的荒地变成了一个有机农场。‎ ‎2．inspiring　考查非谓语动词。为努力创造一个大型湖泊提供了一个鼓舞人心的例子。根据语境可知，此处应用现在分词作定语，意为“鼓舞人心的”。‎ ‎3．where　考查定语从句。坚硬的岩石结构使其难以蓄水。分析句子结构可知，空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作地点状语，故填where。‎ ‎4．that　考查连接词。人们认为耕种这片土地是不可能的，我正在浪费我的事业。分析句子结构可知此处为宾语从句，若动词后有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，第二个和后面几个从句的that不能省略，所以此处应填that。‎ ‎5．to create　考查非谓语动词。建成这个湖需要花费大量的财政资源和时间。此处it takes(sb.)＋时间/金钱＋to do sth.为固定结构，其中动词不定式为真正的主语。‎ ‎6．growth　考查名词。这不仅促进了该地区植物的生长，而且也提高了农场周边地区的地下水位。根据语境可知此处用名词growth意为“生长”。‎ ‎7．of　考查介词。根据语境可知the farm与the surrounding areas为所属关系，所以用of所有格。 ‎ ‎8．more　考查形容词比较级。Rajesh还创办了一个有200多头奶牛的牛奶场。此处more than意为“超过”，为固定结构。‎ ‎9．is carried　考查动词的时态和语态。根据语境可知，此处主语model与动词carry之间为被动关系；空处所在句描述的是将来的情况，又因为在含有条件状语从句的复合句中，从句应用一般现在时代替一般将来时，故此处用一般现在时的被动语态。‎ ‎10．totally　考查副词。此处修饰动词短语based on，用副词。‎ Ⅳ.短文改错 ‎(2019•郑州第三次质量预测)In the past two years, our school had organized many activities. What impressed me most was an activity calling “Learning to Farm”. In an autumn afternoon, we went to the farm, where we learned to plant potatoes. Having been in the city for such a long time, we are so happy to go to the countryside. After we got there, we were divided into three groups, we started to work. Some students cut potatoes into pieces, some dug hole, and the others put the pieces of potatoes into the holes, put the earth back and pushed them down hard. We were all busy working as all the work was done. Though we were tired out, we felt pleased on our way back to home. ‎ 答案：第一句：had→has 第二句：calling→called 第三句：In→On; the →a 第四句：are→were 第五句：第三个we前加and 第六句：hole→holes; them→it 第七句：as→until/till 第八句：去掉to