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2018届二轮复习短文语法填空两类设题方式解读课件（253张）
2018 届二轮复习 短文语法填空 两类出题方式解读 1. 无提示词探究 一、冠词 冠词 (article, art. ) 1. In the beginning, there was only _________ very small amount of unfairness in the world. 2. The parents were shocked by _________ news that their son needed _________ operation on his knee. 参考答案： 1. a 。 a very small amount of 一个非常小的数量。 2. 第一空填 the ，表示特指；第二空填 an ，表示泛指。 3. Marco Polo is said to have sailed on _________ Pacific Ocean on his way to Java in _________ thirteenth century. 4. Four and _________ half hours of discussion took us up to midnight, and _________ break for cheese, chocolate and tea with sugar. 参考答案： 3. 两个空都填 the ， on the Pacific Ocean 为固定搭配，在太平洋； in the thirteenth century 在 13 世纪，序数词前表特指用定冠词 the 。 4. 两个空都填 a ，第一空表示量指，“四个半”，英语用 four and a half ；第二空表示休息时刻。 5. But she quickly realized that it wasn’t her, it was probably the fact that she sat in _________ last row. 6. looked at _________ finished painting with _________ satisfaction. 参考答案： 5. 定冠词 the ，用在最高级前。 6. the. . . painting, 定指所谈论的画； with satisfaction, 零冠词，固定搭配。 7. He missed _________ gold in the high jump, but will get _________ second chance in the long jump. 8. I sat next to the man and introduced myself. We had _________ amazing conversation. 参考答案： 7. the gold, 独指 , 跳高项目唯一的金牌 ; a second =another, 量指 , 还有一次机会。 8. 不定冠词 an 表类指。 9.As he reached _________ front door, Jack saw _________ strange sight. 10.It is generally accepted that _________ boy must learn to stand up and fight like _________ man. 参考答案： 9. the 表示定指 , a 表量指。 10. 两空都填 a 表示类指。 11.—It’s said John will be in a job paying over $60, 000 _________ year. —Right, he will also get paid by _________ week. 12. Take your time—it’s just _________ short distance from here to _________ restaurant. 参考答案： 11. a 表量指 ; by the week “ 按周计算”，固定用法。 12. a 表量指 ; the 表定指。 13. As is known to all, _________ People’s Republic of China is _________ biggest developing country in the world. 14. Dr. Peter Spence, ______ headmaster of the school, told us, “_____ fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge. ” 参考答案： 13. the 用于专用名词前； the 用于最高级前。 14. the 表定指 ; The 用于序数词前。 讨论冠词的用法就是研究冠词与名词的搭配关系，这与名词的可数不可数，单数复数、语意上的泛(类)指、量指、定(特)指、独指四个属性以及名词的读音有密切的联系。 1 定冠词的基本用法 1. 表示“定指或特指”： 1) 表示某个或某些特定的人或物。例如： (1)Do you know the girl in a red skirt? 你认识那个穿红裙子的女孩吗？ ( 特指人 ) (2)Beijing is the capital of China. 北京是中国的首都。 ( 特指物 ) 2) 再次提到上文提到过的人或物。 例如： Tom has an apple. The apple is big and red. 汤姆有个苹果，这个苹果又大又红。 3) 指谈话双方都知道的人或物。例如： (1)Let’s go and give it to the teacher. 咱们去把它交给老师吧。 ( 双方都知道是哪位老师 ) (2)Open the door ， please! 请打开门。 ( 双方都知道是哪个门 ) 4) 用于某些固定词组中。例如： in the morning/afternoon/evening 等。 5) 用在形容词前表示一类人。 6) 用在表示“姓”的复数名词前，表示一家人或夫妇二人。例如： The Whites are spending their holiday in England. 7) 用在形容词最高级和序数词前。 the biggest country, the fourth runner 2. 表示“独指”：用于在一定范围内表示唯一的人或物的名词前。例如： the sun ， the moon ， the world ， the planet ， the earth ， the Milky Way ， the sky ， the universe ， the globe ， the Equator The moon is the nearest to the earth. 比较：若这类词前面有描绘性的定语，可用不定冠词表示量指。例如： a new moon 一弯新月 a red sun 一轮红日 用适当的冠词填空。 1. It was a cold winter night and _________ moon was shining brightly across _________ night sky. 2. Sam has been appointed manager of the engineering department to take _________ place of George. 参考答案： 1. the; the 2. the 3. We are said to be living in _________ Information Age, _________ time of new discoveries and great changes. 4. The Smiths don’t usually stay at hotels, but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by _________ sea. 参考答案： 3. the; a 4. the 5. I woke up with _________ bad headache, yet by _________ evening the pain had gone. 6. There are over 58, 000 rocky objects in space, about 900 of which could fall down onto _________ earth. 参考答案： 5. a; the 6. the 7. If we sit near _________ front of the bus, we’ll have _________ better view. 8. Many lifestyle patterns do such great harm to health that they actually speed up _________ weakening of the human body. 参考答案： 7. the; a 8. the 2 不定冠词的基本用法 1. 表示“类指或泛指”：指某人或某物属于某一种类，或者指某一种类的人或物中的任何一个或一件，但不具体说明是何人或何物。例如： (1)That is a pen, not a pencil. 那是钢笔，而不是铅笔。 ( 指属于某一种类 ) (2)Give him a pear, please! 请给他一个梨。 ( 指某一种类中的任何一个 ) (3)Listen! A boy is singing in the classroom. 听！有个男孩正在教室里唱歌。 ( 不具体说明是何人 ) 2. 表示“量指”：这种用法主要表示“一”的意思，但它并不强调数目概念，它所表示“数”的概念没有“ one” 强烈，它不能和 two, three 等形成对比关系。 例如： (1)There is a cat under the chair. 椅子下面有只猫。 ( 表示“一”的概念 ) (2)Kate has one ruler, but Meimei has two. 凯特有一把尺子，梅梅有两把。 ( 形成了对比关系， one 表“数”的概念较强，句中的“ one” 不能用“ a” 代替 ) 用适当的冠词填空。 1.India attained independence in 1947, after _________ long struggle. 2. Carl is studying food science at college and hopes to open up _________ meat processing factory of his own one day. 3. Being able to afford _________ drink would be _________ comfort in those tough times. 4. The development of industry has been _________ gradual process throughout human existence, from stone tools to modern technology. 5. First impressions are the most lasting. After all, you never get _________ second chance to make _________ first impression. 6.It’s _________ good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them pleasure. 7. The visitors here are greatly impressed by the fact that people from all walks of life are working hard for _________ new Jiangsu. 8.In most countries, a university degree can give you _________ flying start in life. 参考答案： 1. a 2. a 3. a; a 4. a 5. a; a 6. a 7. a 8. a 3 不定冠词 a, an 的用法 不定冠词 a 与 an 在意义上没有区别， a 用在以辅音音素开头的单词或字母前； an 用在以元音音素开头的单词或字母前，而且要与后面的单词连读 ( 连读用下划线表示 ) 。例如： a n i mportant meeting, a n e lephant, a n o ld woman, a n e nvelope 1. 元音字母开头的单词与 a, an 。 1) 除 a, e, i, o 外 , 注意以 u 开头的单词。例如： 2) 在课标词汇表中， u 在词首发 音的词有： ugly, umbrella, unable, uncertain, uncle, underground, understanding, underwater, undivided, unfair, unfolded, unhealthy, unknown, unlike, unpleasant, unreserved, unrest, unsold, unsuccessful, unusual, upstairs, upward 其余 u 在词首发 [ju:] 音的词有： uniform, union, unique, unit, unite, universal, universe, university, use, used, useful, useless, user, usual, usually 2. 辅音字母开头的单词与 a, an 。有的单词开头是辅音字母 , 但第一个发音是元音音素 , 加不定冠词时也是 an, 这就是字母的名称音和拼读音的区别。例如 : You missed a n“s ”in the word success. In the English exam, John got a“C”and missed a n“f ”in the word“suffer”. a n X -ray examination, a n hour , a n ho no(u)r, a n ho nest man 1 ）字母在字母表中的读音叫字母名称音；字母在单词中的读音叫字母拼读音。在单词或字母前加 a(n) 时，要特别注意这两个概念。 4 冠词的定指、泛指、量指和独指 冠词与名词的搭配与名词可数、不可数、单数、复数等不同性质有关，还与语意上的泛 ( 类 ) 指、量指、定 ( 特 ) 指、独指四个属性密切相连。我们将冠词的定指、泛指、量指和独指用法归纳如下。 表示语意 使用冠词 例 句 泛 / 类指 : 相当于 any 或 one of, 泛指一类人或事物 零冠词 不定冠词 定冠词 1. Fresh water is scarce in some countries. 2. Do you like art ? 3. A horse is a useful animal. 4. The horse is a useful animal. 5. Horses are useful animals. 量指 : 相当于 one, some, 指一类人或事物中的数量 不定冠词 零冠词 1. The flowers want a poured water . 2. Music is an art . 3. We need a horse to carry the box. 4. Doctors were badly needed in the front. 5. A red sun is rising from beyond the mountains. 表示语意 使用冠词 例 句 定 / 特指 : 相当于 this, that, these, those, 指一类人或事物中的具体对象 定冠词 1. He jumped into the water to save the boy. 2. Do you like the music of the film? 3. The horse is blind in the left eye. 4. Give me a list of the doctors . 独指 : 相当于 only, 指一定范围内唯一的人或事物 定冠词 零冠词 1. The moon moves around the earth . 2. Father likes to do things for people. 3. In 1860 Lincoln was elected president of the USA. Ⅰ. 单句填空 1. We can never expect _________ bluer sky unless we create _________ less polluted world. 2. Some people fear that air pollution may bring about changes in _________ weather around the world. 3. I left it early because I had _________ appointment later that day. 4. A young man, while traveling through a desert ， came across a spring of clear water. _________ water was sweet. 5.Besides ， shopping at this time of the year was not _________ pleasant experience. 参考答案： 1. a; a 2. the 3. an 4. The 5. a Ⅱ. 用适当的冠词补全短文 Elizabeth Rosemund Taylor was born in 1. _________ nineteen thirty-two to American parents living in London. Her father Francis was 2. _________ art dealer. Her mother Sara had worked as 3. _________ stage actress before her marriage. 4. _________ Taylors left England in nineteen thirty-nine and moved to southern California. Elizabeth’s beauty soon caught 5. _________ attention of movie studio officials. She made her first movie, “There’s One Born Every Minute, ” at 6. _________ age of ten. This was followed 7. _________ year later by “Lassie Come Home”. But it was 8. _________ nineteen forty-four film, “National Velvet” that made her 9. _________ star. Twelve-year-old Elizabeth Taylor starred as Velvet Brown, 10. _________ girl living in a village in England. She saves 11. _________ horse and trains him for 12. _________ important race, which she wins. During 13. _________ nineteen forties Elizabeth Taylor played many roles in movies about families. Not all 14. _________ child actors in Hollywood were successful later playing adult roles. But Taylor easily went from playing children to playing 15. _________ teenagers and adults. In nineteen fifty, she played the bride in the popular film “Father of the Bride”. 参考答案： 1. / 2. an 3. a 4. The 5. the 6. the 7. a 8. the 9. a 10. a 11. a 12. an 13. the 14. / 15. / 二、介词 介词 (preposition, prep . ) 也是名词前成分，又叫前置词，表示名词与句中其他句子成分之间从、往、在、当、把、对、同、为、以、比、跟、被等语意关系。介词往往在冠词前面。有时介词可以当副词使用，区别是：介词带宾语，副词不带宾语。 例如： He is in the room. (in 是介词，带名词作宾语 ) —Is he in? —No, he is out. (in, out 是副词，不带宾语 ) 1. The only reason a man would sell salt _________ a lower price would be because he was desperate for money. And anyone who took advantage of that situation would be showing a lack of respect _________ the sweat and struggle of the man who worked very hard to produce it. 参考答案 : 第一空填 at 。 at a lower price 以一个较低的价格。 第二空填 for 。那将表现出对辛苦生产盐的人的汗水与付出的不尊敬 。 a lack of respect for 对 …… 的不尊敬。 2. A serious study of physics is impossible _________ some knowledge of mathematics. 3. _________ everyone here, I wish you a pleasant journey back to your country. 参考答案 : 2. without 没有 3. On behalf of 代表 4. 100℃ is the temperature _________ which water will boil. 5. Do you think this shirt is too tight _________ the shoulders? 6. _________ passion, people won’t have the motivation or the joy necessary for creative thinking. 参考答案 : 4. at, 介词 + 关系代词，在这个温度 5. across, 肩膀处 6. Without, 没有激情 7. You can change your job, you can move house, but friendship is meant to be _________ life. 8. Nothing is so easy as _________ parents to raise their expectations of their children too high. 9. The Well Hotel stands in a quiet place _________ the main road at the far end of the lake. 参考答案 : 7. for, for life 终生 8. for, for sb. 对某人来说 9. off 10. I didn’t like leaving him _________ his own, either. 11. The new boy looked at the teacher _________ a few seconds. 12. The young man went home _________ a happy heart. 参考答案 : 10. on, on one’s own 独自地 11. for, 一段时间 12. with ，怀着 13.She found some good quality pipes _________ sale. 14. Her parents were already _________ table having supper. 参考答案 : 13. on, on sale 出售 14. at, at table 在吃饭 1 方位介词 ( 一 ) 方位介词图解 in 在 …… 里 , out 在 …… 外 , 旁边是 beside, 靠近为 by, on 在 …… 上 , under 在 …… 下 above 在上方 , below 在底下。 on, in, at 表地点 , on“ 在之上”接触面 , at 表示小地点 , in“ 在里面”和“中间” ( 二 ) above, over, on, below, under, beneath 详解 over 、 under 正上下， above 、 below 不垂直， 若与数量词连用，混合使用亦无关。 1. above 指水平面以上，不一定是正上方，反义词是 below; 2. over 指垂直的正上方，反义词是 under; 3. on 表示与表面的接触，反义词是 beneath 。 例如： 1)Be careful, there is a heavy box over your head. 2)The sun is above the mountain in the east. 3)There are some stamps on the desk. 4)The position he pointed to was below the sea level. 5)The little mouse is under the table, so it is not easy to find it. ( 三 ) across, over, through, past 详解 1. across 从平面上横越； 2. over 从上方跨越； 3. through 从空间穿越； 4. past 从旁边经过。 例如： 1)The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea. 2)The crowd of people walked past the City Hall to the Center Square. 2 时间介词 at 表示时间点 , 午夜黄昏黎明也相连 at dawn, at daybreak 在黎明时候 , at noon 在中午 , at night 在夜间 , at midnight 在午夜 , at six o’clock 在 6 点钟 , at 7: 30(seven thirty) 在 7 点半 , at half past eleven 在 11 点半 , at nine fifteen 在 9 点 15 分 , at ten thirty a. m. 在上午 10 点 30 分 , at the weekend 在周末 at 也在时分前 , “ 差”时用 to“ 过”用 past at 8: 00 in the morning 早上八点 , at 4: 00 in the afternoon 下午四点 , two to seven 七点差两分 , a quarter to eight 七点四十五分 , eleven past seven 七点十一分 , half past nine 九点半 on 用于某一天 on Children’s Day 儿童节 , on May the first 五月一日 in 表示段时间 , 用在年季月周前 in 1986 在 1986 年 , in 1927 在 1927 年 , in April 在四月 , in March 在三月 , in December 1986, 1986 年 12 月 , in July 1983, 1983 年 7 月 , in spring 在春季 , in summer 在夏季 , in autumn 在秋季 , in the third week 在第三周 午日晚上 in 常用 , 具体某日 in 变 on, early, late 变回来 in the morning 在早上 , in the afternoon 在下午 , in the evening 在晚上 , in the day 在白天 , on a cold(winter)evening 在一个寒冷 ( 冬天 ) 的晚上 , on Wednesday afternoon 在星期三下午 , on the morning of March 8th 在 3 月 8 日上午 , in the early morning 在清晨 , in the late afternoon 在下午很晚的时候 年月季周今明天 , 有词修饰介词省 tomorrow, yesterday 或 morning, afternoon, evening 前有 this, that, next, last, one 等代词、数词修饰时 , 不用介词。 this morning 今天早上 , one afternoon 一天下午 before, after 时间点 , before 起点在 ago 前。 ago, later 时间段 Wei Hua got up before 7 o’clock this morning. 今天早晨 , 魏华 7 点之前起床。 After that, no one should ever kill a seagull. 从那时起 , 任何人不得捕杀海鸥。 Her husband died 4 years ago. 她丈夫死于四年前。 He became Senator two years later. 两年后他当上了参议员。 from. . . to 起止 by 终止 through 一直 for 持续 The workers were made to work from 7 in the morning to 7 in the evening. 工人们被迫从早 7 点工作到晚 7 点。 By the time I arrived, she had already gone. 在我到达之前 , 她已经走了。 He slept right through the day. 他睡了一整天。 Florence often worked for twenty-four hours without rest. 弗洛伦斯常常工作 24 小时而不休息。 since 以来 , during 之间 , since 时态多完成 Since that time, my eyes had never been very good. 从那时起 , 我的眼睛一直不是很好。 During the lifetime of one man, North America and Europe will more further apart by nearly two metres. 在一个人的一生期间 , 北美洲和欧洲之间的距离将要增加差不多两米。 3 其他介词 beyond 超出 , 无 , 不能 It’s quite beyond me. (It is more than I can understand. ) 这我完全不懂。 Don’t stay out beyond 10 o’clock. 不要在外面待到 10 点以后还不回家。 against 靠着 , 对与反对 She leaned wearily against the railings. 她疲惫地靠着栏杆站着。 ( 靠着 ) A new president was elected by a majority of 274 votes against 110. 新总统以 274 票对 110 票的多数当选。 ( 对 …… ) We are totally against the plan. 我们完全反对这个计划。 ( 反对 ) besides, except 分内外 The design has many other advantages besides lower cost. 除费用低外 , 该设计还有许多其他优点。 ( 优点包括在内 ) Every one of us, except her, went to see the exhibition. 除她外 , 我们都去参观了展览会。 ( 不包括她 ) 同类比较 except, 加 for 异类记心间 He gets up early every day except Sunday. 除星期日外他每天早起。 She was all alone in the world except for an old aunt. 除了有一个老姑妈 , 在这个世界上她别无亲人。 His composition is good, except for some spelling mistakes. 他的这篇作文写得很好 , 只是有几处拼写错误。 ( 非同类比较用 except for) between, among 二三分 The differences between American English and British English are not very great. 美式英语和英式英语之间的差别不是很大。 There are some American students among us. 在我们中间有几个美国学生。 阳光 , 灯 , 影 , 衣 , 冒雨 in Don’t read in dim light. 切勿在暗淡的灯光下看书。 They are reviewing their lessons in the bright light. 他们在明亮的灯光下复习功课。 They are sitting in the shade of a tree. 他们坐在树荫下乘凉。 将来时态 in. . . 以后 They will come back in 10 days. 他们将 10 天以后回来。 Come and see me in two days’time. 两天后来看我。 ( 从现在开始 ) after. . . ( 从过去开始 ) 有形 with 无形 in, 方式、手段就用 by, 语言 , 单位 , 材料 in The teacher is correcting the paper with a new pen. 这位教师正用一支新钢笔批改论文。 ( 有形 ) The students are writing in ink. 学生用墨水写。 ( 无形 ) She has improved her English by reading a lot. 她通过大量阅读提高了英语 ( 水平 ) 。 ( 表示方式、手段、方法 ) I really can’t express my idea in English freely indeed. 我确实不能用英语流利地表达我的思想。 ( 表示某种语言用 in) The kilometer is the biggest unit of length in the metric system. 千米是米制中最大的长度单位。 ( 表示度量衡单位的用 in) This board was cast in bronze not in gold. 这个牌匾是铜铸的 , 不是金铸的。 特征、方面与方式心情成语惯用 in They found the patient in a coma. 他们发现病人处于昏迷状态。 He has not been in good health for some years. 他几年来身体一直不好。 in jest 诙谐地 , in joke 开玩笑地 , in fairness 公正地 , in revenge 报复 , in mercy 宽大 , in sorrow 伤心地 介词 at 、 to 表方向 , 攻击 , 位置 , 善 , 恶分 She came at me. 她向我扑过来。 She came to me. 她向我走过来。 She threw a bone at the dog. 她用一块骨头砸狗。 She threw a bone to the dog. 她把一块骨头扔给狗吃。 4 常考的介词短语 ( 一 ) 归类记忆 1. be on show/display/play/sale/strike/duty/trial 2. be of value/importance/use/no use/color/age/size/ height/weight/significance 3. to one’s joy/surprise/pleasure/astonishment/sorrow/delight 4. in surprise/wonder/alarm/terror/horror/delight 5. by air/bicycle/boat/bus/car/letter/post/plane/ telephone/train/wire 6. at daybreak/sunrise/dawn/noon/ dark/night 7. out of breath/control/question/sight 8. in fact/reality/substance/nature/practice/theory/short/ brief/a word/detail/all/full/ time/fashion/existence/turn/vain/haste/ appearance/common/sum/general/particular/ public/secret/order/part/power/stock/case/ bed/future/name/ addition/sight 9. on duty/shift/holiday/leave/business/purpose/time/ sale/show/board/hand/record/ request/earth/farm/principle/average 10. for example/instance/all/good/nothing/convenience/short/ fear/sale 11. by weight ( volume, size, number. . . )/profession/ definition/rule/turn/chance/ accident/ mistake/hand/train ( bus, taxi, ship, boat. . . )/ air/land/force/day/nature/sight 12. at most/least/best/worst/once/first/last/ home/school/will/work/night/midnight/daybreak/dawn/present/length/large 13. as above/below/following/over/usual/before/a matter of fact 14. above all/measure/normal 15. before all/long/time/now/then 16. after all/class/school 17. out of action/order/condition/use/ operation/step/joint/repair/ gear/balance/ range/doubt/date/danger/hand/shape/place/ question/stock 18. with caution/interest/difficulty/ease/ advantage/effect/reason/vigor/reserve/ success/confidence 19. beyond comprehension/conception/ description/expression/doubt/control/reach/ power/measure/ grasp/compare/controversy/ dispute/hope/example 20. under age/discussion/test/way/repair ( 二 ) 组合记忆 1. 由两个词组成的复合介词 (1) 以 of 结尾 ahead of, aside of, because of, east of, west of, instead of, short of, lack of, regardless of (2) 以 to 结尾 according to, as to, counter to, due to, owing to, next to, previous to, prior to, relative to, subject to, subsequent to, thanks to (3) 以 with 结尾 along with, together with (4) 以 for 结尾 as for, but for, except for, save for (5) 以 from 开头 from above, from below, from among, from between, from beneath, from behind, from over 2. 由三个或四个词组成的复合介词 (1) 以 in 开头 in addition to, in advance of, in agreement with, in case of, in charge of, in comparison with, in consequence of, in consideration of, in (the) course of, in contrast with, in the face of, in favor of, in front of, in honor of, in (the) light of, in the middle of, in the name of, in need of, in obedience to, in opposition to, in place of, in preference to, in (the) process of ， in regard to, in reply to, in respect of (2) 以 by 开头 by means of, by order of, by reason of, by virtue of, by way of (3) 以 at 开头 at the beginning of, at the cost of, at the end of, at the hands of, at mercy of, at the point of, at the risk of (4) 以 with 开头 with an eye to, with the exception of, with the purpose of, with reference to, with regard to, with respect to, with a view to, with the view of (5) 以 for 开头 for the benefit of, for fear of, for lack of, for the good of, for the sake of (6) 以 under 开头 under cover of, under pain of, under the present of (7) 以 on 开头 on account of, on behalf of, on the occasion of, on the part of, on the point of, on top of ( 三 ) 动词 + 介词短语 1. 以 break 为中心的词组 2. 以 catch 为中心的词组 3. 以 come 为中心的词组 4. 以 do 为中心的词组 5. 以 get 为中心的词组 6. 以 give 为中心的词组 7. 以 look 为中心的词组 8. 以 make 为中心的词组 9. 以 put 为中心的词组 10. 以 take 为中心的词组 11. 以 turn 为中心的词组 ( 四 ) 形容词 + 介词短语 1. “be+ 形容词 +for” 结构 2. “be+ 形容词 +from” 结构 3. “be+ 形容词 +in” 结构 4. “be+ 形容词 +of” 结构 5. “be+ 形容词 +to” 结构 6. “be+ 形容词 +with” 结构 7. “in+ 其他词 +of” 结构 用适当的介词或介词短语填空。 1. The Smiths are praised _________ the way they bring up their children. 2. I have an appointment _________ Dr. Smith, but I need to change it. 3. It was a real race _________ time to get the project done. Luckily, we made it. 参考答案： 1. for, praise sb. for. . . 因为 …… 表扬某人 2. with, have an appointment with sb. 和某人约会 3. against, a race against time 与时间的赛跑 4.This shop will be closed for repairs _________ further notice. 5. Nick, it’s good for you to read some books _________ China before you start your trip there. 6.With new technology, pictures of underwater valleys can be taken _________ color. 参考答案： 4. until, 一直到 5. on/about, 关于 6. in ，以彩色的形式 7.He was a good student and scored _________ average in most subjects. 8.I always wanted to do the job which I’d been trained _________. 9. Sometimes proper answers are not far to seek _________ food safety problem. 参考答案： 7. above ，在 …… 以上 8. for, train for the job 为 …… 培训 9. to ， the answers to. . . problem ，问题的答案 10. I’m sorry I didn’t phone you, but I’ve been very busy _________ the past couple of weeks. 11. Shirley, a real book lover, often brings home many books to read _________ the library. 参考答案： 10. for, 一段时间 11. from, 从 …… 借来的 12. The form cannot be signed by anyone _________ yourself. 13. _________ good service, the restaurant offers different kinds of traditional Fujian dishes. 参考答案： 12. other than, 除 …… 之外，没有 13. Apart from, 除 …… 之外，还有 Ⅰ. 用适当的介词填空 1. The wine industry in the area has developed in a special way, _________ little foreign ownership. 2. —How amazing it is that astronauts are exploring outer space! —It’s a challenge, I guess, _________ man against nature. 参考答案： with, 有一点外资 2. of, 有违本性的挑战 3. Most Americans would prefer to keep their problems _________ themselves, and solve their problems _________ themselves. 4. The house I grew up _________ has been taken down and replaced by an office building. 5. Everybody was touched _________ words after they heard her moving story. 参考答案： 3. to, 把问题留给自己 , by, 自己解决问题 4. in ， 在这间屋子里长大 5. beyond, 感动得说不出话来 6. It saves time in the kitchen to have things you use a lot _________ easy reach. 7. He invited me to a dance after the show _________ Christmas Eve. 参考答案： 6. within, 在够得着的范围内 7. on, 在圣诞前夕 8. Four Chinese models were _________ the 14 people awarded prizes on Friday at the World Supermodel Competition. 9. A great person is always putting others’ interests _________ his own. 10. Try on this red skirt; you will look great _________ it. 参考答案： 8. among, 在 14 人当中 9. above, 高于自己的利益 10. in, 穿着红短裙 Ⅱ. 用适当的介词补全短文 “ Can’t hold a candle to” is a popular expression. It is 1. _________ the time before electricity, when people used candles 2. _________ light. Someone who lived in a big house would have a servant light his way 3. _________ holding a candle. The expression meant that the person who cannot hold a candle 4. _________ you is not fit even to be your servant. Now, it means such a person cannot compare or compete. 5. _________ the following song. Singer Dolly Parton tells her new love that her old flames, her old lovers, cannot compare 6. _________ him. The expression “hold up” has several different meanings. One is a robbery. A man 7. _________ a gun may say, “This is a hold up. Give me your money. ” Another meaning is to delay. A driver late 8. _________ work may tell his boss, “I was held up 9. _________ heavy traffic. ” Someone who was robbed 10. _________ the way to work might say, “Sorry, boss, I was held up 11. _________ a hold-up. ” Our final expression is“hold the line”. That means to keep a problem or situation 12. _________ getting worse, to hold steady. 13. _________ example, the president may say he will hold the line on taxes. He means there will be no increase 14. _________ taxes. Now, I must hold the line 15. _________ this program. I have no more time left today. 参考答案 : 1. from the time 从 …… 开始 2. used candles for light 把 …… 用来 3. by holding a candle 用 …… 方式 4. hold a candle to you 为 …… 5. In the following song 在 …… 中 6. compare with him 把 …… 与 …… 相比 7. with a gun 拿着 8. late for work 对 …… 而言 9. by heavy traffic 被，因 10. on the way 在 …… 的途中 11. by a hold-up 被，因 12. keep. . . from getting worse 防止，以免 13. For example 例如 14. in taxes 在 …… 方面 15. on this program 关于 三、代词 代词 (pronoun, pron. ) 是指代上下文提到的或说话双方知道的人或物、代替名词或名词词组，以避免重复的词类。根据广东高考语法填空题的特点，我们把代词分为在名词词语中起修饰或限定作用的代词 ( 如代词所有格、作定语的不定代词 ) 和在上下文中指代名词而担当主语、宾语的代词 ( 如人称代词，物主代词主格、宾格及指示代词，不定代词，相互代词等其他代词 ) 两大类。 1. To her joy, Della earned first the trust of her students and then _________ of her colleagues. 2. It’s an either-or situation - we can buy a new car this year or we can go on holiday but we can’t do _________. 参考答案 : 1. 指示代词 that 指代上文的 trust 。 2. both 指两者都。 3.I’ve lived in New York and Chicago, but don’t like _________ of them very much. 4. The employment rate has continued to rise in big cities thanks to the efforts of the local governments to increase _________. 参考答案 : 3. either 指两者中的任何一个。 4. 人称代词 it 指上文的 The employment rate ，指原物。 5.To stay awake, he finished a cup of coffee and ordered _________. 6. The two girls are so alike that strangers find _________ difficult to tell one from the other. 参考答案 : 5. 相互代词 another 指不定数目中的另一个。 6. 人称代词 it 作形式宾语，指代后面的不定式。 7. Why don’t you bring _________ to his attention that you’re too ill to work on? 8. Surprisingly, Susan’s beautiful hair reached below her knees and made _________ almost an overcoat for her. 参考答案 : 7. 人称代词 it 作形式宾语，指代后面的宾语从句。 8. 人称代词 it 指上文 Susan’s beautiful hair ，指原物。 9. We have various summer camps for your holidays, you can choose _________ based on your own interests. 10.—Would you like tea or coffee? —_________, thank you. I’ve just had some water. 参考答案 : 9. 指示代词 one 指上文 various summer camps 中的一个，指可数名词单数。 10. “ 两样都不想要”，不定代词 neither 表示两者之间的全部否定。 11. We feel _________ our duty to make our country a better place. 12.—Would you get me a bar of chocolate from the kitchen, dear? — _________ one? 参考答案 : 11. 人称代词 it 作形式宾语，指代后面的不定式。 12. “ 还想要一支？”相互代词 Another 指不定数目中的另一个。 13. —Silly me! I forget what my luggage looks like. —What do you think of _________ over there? 参考答案 : 指示代词 that 指代不可数名词。 作定语的代词起限定名词的作用，作主语、宾语的代词起指代作用。在语法填空的所有考点中，代词考查比例最大，每年计 1. 5 × 2 = 3 分，占整个语法填空题的 2/10 。 1 人称代词、物主代词 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数 阳性 阴性 中性 人称 代词 主格 I we you he she it they 宾格 me us him her them 物主 代词 形容词性物主代词 ( 所有格 ) my our your his its their 名词性物主代词 mine ours yours hers theirs 格 人称 数 种类 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 单数 复数 单数 复数 单数 复数 阳性 阴性 中性 用法 1. 人称代词主格作主语 , 宾格作宾语、表语、同位语 2. 形容词性物主代词 ( 所有格 ) 作定语 ; 名词性物主代词相当于“所有格 + 名词”。例如 : mine = my book(s), yours=your sister(s). . . 格 人称 数 种类 2 不定代词、相互代词、指示代词、反身代词 1. 不定代词的基本用法 使用范围 肯定意义 否定、疑问意义 指代不可数名词及可数名词单数 some, every, each, other, another, one, a little any, no(not a/not any), little, much 指代可数名词 复数 some, other, another any, no 指代两者 both, either neither 指代两者以上 some, others, all, ones, another, a few any, few, many, none 1)some 可用于疑问句，表示希望得到肯定的答复； any 可用于肯定句，表示“任何一个 ( 一些 )” 。例如： A: Would you like some more tea, please? B: Yes, just a little. I don’t like any of these pictures. 2)all, both, every ～与 not 连用，无论 not 在句中什么位置都是表示部分否定。例如： Not all ants go out for food. =All ants don’t go out for food. = Some ants go out for food, some don’t. 部分否定 全部 否定 部分否定 全部否定 两者 之间 both not neither = not. . . either 两者以上 all not none every~ not none 3)every ～ , some ～ , any ～ , no ～ 可与 one, body, thing 构成复合不定代词。 复合不定代词 特殊用法 everyone, every one, everybody, everything everyone 只指人 , every one 既指人又指物 , 还可接 of someone, somebody, something; anyone, any one, anybody, anything anyone 只指人 , any one 既指人又指物 , 还可接 of none, no one, nobody, nothing no one 只指人 , none 既指人又指物 , 还可接 of 4) 不定代词的简略否定回答。 What is on the blackboard? Nothing. ( 不可数 ) Who is in the dining-room? Nobody/No one. ( 指人 ) How many students are in the room? None. ( 可数复数 ) How much petrol is left? None. ( 指物 ) 2. 相互代词的用法 单 数 复 数 作主语、宾语、定语 作定语 作主语、宾语 泛指 another( 两者以上的 ) 另一个 ( 些 ) other other(students) =others 定指 the other( 两者之间的 ) 另一个 ( 些 ) the other(students) =the others 3. 指示代词的用法 名词性质 不可数名词 可数名词单数 可数名词复数 指代原物 it it they 泛指 / one ones 定指 that that, the one, this those, these 4. 反身代词的用法 第一 人称 第二 人称 第三人称 阳性 阴性 中性 反身 代词 单数 myself yourself himself herself itself 复数 ourselves yourselves themselves 用法 反身代词作宾语、表语、同位语 , 不能作主语。常与反身代词连用的动词有 reach, call, express, dress, lose, find, seat, hide, imagine, present . . . 等 人称 种类 数 3 四种 it 的用法 ( 一 ) 指代 ( 后行 )it 1. it 的基本用法是用来指代上文所提到的事物。例如： Whatever you do or say, ask yourself whether it is in the interests of the people. A: Pass me a blue pen. B: Here it is. /Here you are. 2. it 指代上文提及的原物 ( 复数 they) ； one 指代上文提及的、泛指的可数名词单数 ( 复数 ones) ； that 指代上文提及的定指的可数名词单数或不可数名词 ( 复数 those) 。 There is a river along the village. It is a river with a long history. The red pen is on the desk and it is Tom’s. This pen is mine and that pen is Tom’s. This pen is mine and the one on the desk is Tom’s. Bikes made in Shanghai are better than ones made in Changsha. The bikes made in Shanghai are better than those/the ones made in Changsha. 3. 指代不明身份或性别的人也用 it ；指代喜爱的事物或宠物也可用 she/he 。 A: Who’s it (knocking at the door)? B: It ’s me. “I didn’t know it was you, comrade Lenin. ” said the guard. My car needs some more petrol. Let’s fill her up. ( 二 ) 虚义 it 虚义 it 指用作没有具体语意的主语，如表示时间、天气、距离、温度等概念的用法。 When spring comes, it is getting warmer and warmer. It is cooler in Tianjin than in Beijing. ( 三 ) 形式 it 由于句法结构的需要，常用 it 作形式主语，而把真正的主语后置。 1. 形式主语：不定式、动名词及主语从句作主语时，为避免句子“头重脚轻”，要将真正的主语后置。 It seemed impossible ( for him) to get back home . ( 不定式作主语 ) It was worthwhile searching for his “roots ”. ( 动名词作主语 ) It was obvious that his ancestor taught his younger generation little of his own language . ( 主语从句作主语 ) 1)It is/was difficult (easy, hard, important, necessary, useful, fit, possible, a pity, a pleasure. . . ) (for sb. ) to do sth. 2)It is/was kind (nice, wise, clever. . . ) (of sb. ) to do sth. 3)It is better (interesting, tiring, enjoyable, funny, fun, a bore, a waste of time. . . ) doing sth. 4)It is clear (plain, true, certain, sure, obvious. . . ) + that-clause + 陈述语气 5)It is important ( necessary, strange, a pity. . . ) + that-clause + (should ) do 6)It is a suggestion (my wish, 及与表建议动词有关的名词 ) + that-clause +(should) do 7)It is ordered ( 及与表建议动词有关的动词的被动语态 ) + that-clause +(should) do 8)It is high/very time that we should have lunch/ had lunch here. It is the first. . . last time that we have had lunch here (just). It is the third time that we shall have lunch here (in a moment). 2. 形式宾语：当不定式、动名词、 that 从句作宾语，又有自己的宾语补足语时，要用 it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语后置。例如： Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia . 能够用于形式宾语句型的动词有 think, make, find, consider, feel, take 等。 ( 四 ) 强调 it 为了强调句子中的某一成分，可以用“ It is/was ＋ 被强调部分 ＋ that/who ＋其他”句型。例如： It was because he liked music that he went to the college to learn to play the piano. I met an old friend in the street last week. → It was I who met an old friend in the street last week. ( 强调主语 ) It was an old friend that I met in the street last week. ( 强调宾语 ) It was in the street that I met an old friend last week. ( 强调地点状语 ) It was last week that I met an old friend in the street. ( 强调时间状语 ) 注意： 1) 一般强调时间不能用 when, 强调地点不用 where 。 2) 强调谓语用下列方式： I did meet an old friend in the street last week. 用适当的代词填空。 1. _________ can be good at something for 40 years if he doesn’t love it. 2. At our factory there are a few machines similar to _________ described in this magazine. 参考答案： Nobody 没有人 2. those 指代 machines 3. The traffic on the main streets has a longer green signal than _________ on the small ones. 4. Larry asks Bill and Peter to go on a picnic with him, but _________ of them wants to, because they have work to do. 参考答案： 3. that 指代 signal 4. neither, 两者都不 5.Sarah made _________ to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning. 6.Many people have donated that type of blood; however, the blood bank needs _________. 参考答案： 5. it, 到达，动词短语 6. more, 需要更多 7.When he took his gloves off, I noticed that _________ one had his name written inside. 8.Sophia waited for a reply, but _________ came. 9.—Have you figured out how much the trip will cost? —$4, 000, or _________ like that. 参考答案： 7. each, 两者当中的每一个 8. none, 两者以上的任一个 9. something, 大约这个样子 10.No matter where he is, he makes _________ a rule to go for a walk before breakfast. 11.—John, when shall we meet again, Thursday or Friday? — _________. I’ll be off to London then. 参考答案： 10. it, it 作形式宾语 11. Neither, 两者都不 12. (2012· 四川高考 )New technologies have made _________ possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost. 13. (2012· 江西高考 )My brother would like to buy a good watch but _________ was available from that shop. 参考答案： 12. it, it 作形式宾语 13. none, 三者以上的任一个 Ⅰ. 用适当的代词填空 1. Studying Wendy’s menu, I found that many of the items are similar to _________ of McDonald’s. 2. If you’re buying today’s paper from the stand, could you get _________ for me? 参考答案： 1. those, 指代 many of the items 2. one, 指代 a paper 3. I’ll spend half of my holiday practicing English and _________ half learning drawing. 4. Neither side is prepared to talk to _________ unless we can smooth things over between them. 5. The doctor thought _________ would be good for you to have a holiday. 参考答案： 3. the other, 两者中的另一个 4. the other, 两者中的另一个 5. it, it 作形式主语 6. You are the team star! Working with _________ is really your cup of tea. 7. When you introduce me to Mr. Johnson could you please say _________ for me? 8. Swimming is my favorite sport. There is _________ like swimming as a means of keeping fit. 参考答案： 6. others, 两者以上的其他人 7. something, 提及我的一些事情 8. nothing, 没有什么事情 9. The cost of renting a house in central Xi’an is higher than _________ in any other area of the city. 10. On my desk is a photo that my father took of _________ when I was a baby. 11. _________ in my life impressed me so deeply as my first visit to the Palace Museum. 参考答案： 9. that, 指代 the cost of renting 10. me, take a photo of sb. , 用代词宾格作宾语 11. Nothing, 没什么 12. He had lost his temper and his health in the war and never found _________ of them again. 13. If our parents do everything for us children, we won’t learn to depend on _________. 14. The fact that she was foreign made _________ difficult for her to get a job in that country. 参考答案： 12. either, 两者之一 13. ourselves, 指代主语 we 的反身代词 14. it, 作形式宾语 15. Helping others is a habit, _________ you can learn even at an early age. 16. _________ that’s important is that you are doing your best and moving in the right direction. 参考答案： 15. one, 指代 a habit 16. All, 所有 …… 的是 17. I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldn’t face _________ day like that. 18. Jane was asked a lot of questions, but she didn’t answer _________ of them. 参考答案： 17. another, 另一个像昨天那样的日子 18. any, 三者以上的任一个 Ⅱ. 用适当的代词补全短文 Sylvia never has time for me anymore. 1. _________ used to do things together. Now I have to do 2. _________ myself. If I want to go to a movie she says that 3. _________ is too busy or too tired or that the kids are sick. 4. _________ rarely go to the movies and if I do I go by 5. _________. 6. _________ seems that all I do is work and pay bills. 7. _________ married people seem to enjoy 8. _________ more than we do. She says she wants 9. _________ to help her with the housework but she really prefers to do 10. _________ herself because she doesn’t like the way I do things. She wants 11. _________ to see a marriage counselor but I don’t like to tell 12. _________ people about my problems. I like to solve 13. _________ problems myself. 答案解析 : 1. We ，人称代词主格作主语 2. everything ，复合不定代词作宾语 3. she ，人称代词主格作主语 4. I ，人称代词主格作主语 5. myself ，反身代词作介词宾语 6. It ，人称代词主格作形式主语 7. Other ，相互代词作定语 8. themselves ，反身代词作宾语 9. me ，人称代词宾格作宾语 10. everything ，复合不定代词作宾语 11. us ，人称代词宾格作宾语 12. other ，相互代词作定语 13. my ，形容词性物主代词作定语 四、连词 连词与从句的定义和分类列表如下 : 句子的种类 引导不同从句的连词 并列句 : 用并列连词连接的、结构相同的句子 and, but, or, nor, so, for, yet, however, as well as, both. . . and, not only. . . but also, either. . . or, neither. . . nor, still 句子的种类 引导不同从句的连词 状语从句 : 用从属连词连接的主谓结构 , 表示时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果等状语的句子 时间状语从句 since, when, after, as, while, before 地点状语从句 where, wherever 方式状语从句 as, (just)as. . . so. . . , as if, as though 目的状语从句 (so)that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case 原因状语从句 because, since, as 结果状语从句 so. . . that, such. . . that 条件状语从句 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 让步状语从句 though, although, as 句子的种类 引导不同从句的连词 定语从句 : 用关系词连接主谓结构作定语的句子 限制性定语从句 who, whom, whose, which, as, that, when, where, why 非限制性定语从句 句子的种类 引导不同从句的连词 名词性从句 : 用连接词连接主谓结构作主语、表语、宾语或同位语的句子 主语从句 that, whether, what, which, who, how, when, where, why, as, because 表语从句 宾语从句 同位语从句 1. Go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it: neither too much _________ too little. 2. I can understand why I shouldn’t pay too much, Father, but if I can pay less, _________ not save a bit of money? 参考答案 : 1. nor 。 neither. . . nor. . . 既不 …… 也不 …… 。 2. why 。要是我能少付一些钱 , 为什么不省些钱呢 ? why not 为什么不。 3. Nick’s guests, _________ had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could. 4. _________ he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong. 参考答案 : 3. who 。 who 引导非限制性定语从句 , 修饰先行词 guests, 且在从句中作主语。 4. If/Although 引导状语从句。 5. Behind him were other people to _________ he was trying to talk. 6. My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me _________ the bus arrived. 参考答案 : 5. 介词 to + 关系代词 whom 引导定语从句修饰 other people, whom 本身在定语从句中作宾语。从句动词搭配为 try to talk to sb. 。 6. until 引导时间状语从句修饰整个句子。 7. We understand this lesson best _________ we receive gifts of love from children. 8. He could bring some back to an elder _________ had been his teacher. 参考答案 : 7. when 引导时间状语从句修饰整个句子。 8. who 引导定语从句修饰 an elder, who 本身在定语从句中作主语。 9.Jane paused in front of a counter _________ some attractive ties were on display. 10.He was very tired after doing this for a whole day, _________ he felt very happy. 参考答案 : 9. where 引导定语从句修饰 a counter, where 本身在定语从句中作地点状语。 10. 并列连词 but 表示转折。 11. One day, he came up with an idea _________ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches. 12. The head of the village was tying up his horse to my car to pull it to a small town some 20 kilometres away _________ there was a garage. 参考答案 : 11. that 引导同位语从句说明 idea 的具体内容 , that 在从句中不担当成分。 12. where there was a garage, where 引导定语从句修饰 a small town, where 本身在定语从句中作地点状语。 13. The villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to _________ should have the honor of receiving me as a guest in their house. 参考答案 : who 引导宾语从句作介词宾语。 as to“ 关于 , 至于” , argue as to“ 关于 …… 而争论”。 连词可以引导并列句或并列结构、状语从句、定语从句和名词性从句。名词性从句又分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。 1 并列连词、并列结构和并列句 并列连词是连接并列结构或并列句的连词，常用并列连词用法如下： 并列连词 作 用 举 例 and, but, or 连接单词 My brother and I study in the same school. 连接短语 Our knowledge may come from the books and from practice. 连接句子 We are singing and they are dancing. nothing but 除了 , 只有 or 表示否则 I have a pen but no pencil. Will you go there by bus or on foot? I did nothing but watch it. Hurry up or you will be late. 并列连词 作 用 举 例 for 表示后面的句子是原因 He is good at math for he studies harder than others. still 表示后句概念由前句转折而来 The weather is very cold, still we needn’t wear more clothes. not only. . . but also 不仅 …… 而且。可并列主、谓、宾、表及句子。主语并列时 , 谓语就近一致 Not only he but also I am a teacher. 并列连词 作 用 举 例 as well as 以及 , 同样。并列单词、短语、句子。并列主语时 , 动词要随前面的主语变化 He as well as I works hard. either. . . or 既 …… 又 …… , 或 …… 或 …… , 并列主、谓、宾、表及状语 Either come in or go out. 并列连词 作 用 举 例 neither. . . nor 既不 …… 也不 , 并列主、谓、宾、表、状语 , 并列主语时 , 谓语就近一致 Neither you nor he speaks French. both. . . and 和 , 既 …… 也 , 并列主、谓、宾及表语 I can play both football and basketball. nor 也不 , 引导句子要倒装 He cannot speak English, nor can I. so 因此 , 所以 , 不和 because 连用 You like apples, so do I. 1. 并列结构：用并列连词并列两个短语，叫并列结构，并列结构可以是并列主语、并列谓语、并列宾语、并列状语等多种并列的句子成分。例如： (1)Both Mary and Peter are washing the dishes. ( 用 both. . . and 并列主语 ) (2)Mary not only washes the dishes but also dries them. ( 用 not only. . . but also 并列谓语 ) (3)The idea is unsound查看更多