专题4-4+说明文类-2019高考英语卓越专项训练精英版

专题4-4+说明文类-2019高考英语卓越专项训练精英版

‎ ‎ ‎【命题趋势】‎ 说明文在高考中出现频率不高，但有一定分量和难度。说明文一般采用简练的语言，按一定的方法介绍事物的类别、性质、构造或事物的运动变化、发展的过程及规律。常见的说明文有自我介绍、人物介绍（传记）、地方介绍、习俗介绍、节目介绍、方法（步骤）介绍、产品说明、实验报告、读书报告、新闻报道等。‎ 说明型完形填空选材难度一般低于试卷中的阅读理解大题。在设空与选项设计方面充分体现了语言知识运用题的要求：以实词为主，名、动、形、副等词类占全部小题数的90%，绝大多数小题都要从全文角度进行判断。‎ ‎【文体特点】‎ 说明性完形填空用言简意赅的文字，按照一定的方法介绍事物、解释事理。最显著的特点是：‎ ‎1. 开头点题 做说明型完形填空时，要明确说明的对象是具体实物还是理论概念。因此，明确说明的对象是掌握说明细节的前提。在说明型填空中，作者一般会在首句直接提出说明的对象。‎ ‎2. 结构清晰 把握语篇特征对理解文意与答题极为有利。说明文的写作一般按时间顺序(指先后顺序)，空间顺序(从局部到整体，从上到下、从内到外)，逻辑顺序(前因后果，先果后因，先主后次)；认识顺序(由此及彼，由浅入深，由具体到抽象，由现象到本质)。‎ ‎3.语言简练 说明文的主要目的是帮助读者认清事物，明白事理，故语言通常较为浅显通俗，比较易于读者理解。其内容也很客观真实，它的用词总是贴近事物的本来面目，不会使用华丽的辞藻和夸张的写作手法，一般也不加描述和议论。‎ ‎4.多用现在时态 因为说明文通常是对客观事物或事理的一种介绍与理解，，所以不会随时间变化而变化，多用一般现在时。‎ ‎【解题方法】‎ 1. 确认说名对象，了解文章大意。‎ 文章的首句一般就明确了说名对象。对文章要进行粗读或略读，以对文章的大意有一个初步的了解。‎ ‎ 2. 用好语篇标志，理顺行文逻辑。‎ ‎ 说明文的首段往往是文章的主题段，每段的首句也是主题句，一定要把握好主题段和主题句，这是做好这类完型填空的前提。作者在对事物的步骤、过程等进行说明时，为了表达的需要，通常会运用并列、转折、递进等写作手法，这些信息是解题的重要依据。‎ ‎3.细读行文内容，清理事实细节。‎ 在阅读这类文章时，我们一定要仔细研读文章的开头和结尾，从主题句着手，找出支持句，然后寻找文章的结论，这时我们还要注意，不要被表面的一些细节所迷惑。‎ ‎4.注意上下文语境，客服思维定式。‎ 应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境做深入的理解，克服思维定式。‎ ‎【应试对策】‎ a. 通过短文抓主旨 一般情况下，完形填空短文都不给标题，不容易把握文章的主题和大意。但短文首句通常不设空格，这就为我们窥视文章全貌提供了一个窗口，而尾句往往是文章的总结、结论和点睛之笔，所以抓住开篇启示作用的首句和总结概括性的尾句是必要的。‎ b. 精读短文析文意 应逐句精读短文，逐题分析选项，对特定的语境作深入的理解，克服“定式思维”，根据全文大意和词不离句、句不离文的原则逐项填空。要吃透文意，理解到位，应做到以下几点：‎ 第一点：从上下文的角度考虑，注意其内在联系。‎ 第二点：从词汇意义及用法、惯用方式和搭配的角度去考虑，准确判断。‎ 第三点：从逻辑推理、常识等角度考虑，挖掘文章的寓意及隐含意义。‎ 第四点：从英汉两种语言的差异角度去考虑，避免错误。‎ c. 复读全文再检验 在做完一篇完形填空后，文章完整了，应从头至尾读一遍，根据复读的语感和对整篇短文的理解，再次将较明显的错误改正，个别需要推敲的再做调整，尽可能少出错。‎ ‎ 【得分捷径】‎ 背诵是最好的最有效的解决方案。笔者经常布置给同学们一个任务：高考到来之前，每周背一篇完形填空的真题。完形填空的文字因为其内部有复杂的关系、精妙的结构、地道的表达，是高考试卷中最有价值的语篇。在没有时间和水平充分开发真题价值的时候，背诵不失为一个很好的选择。‎ 如果能把这数十几套真题或从中挑选出二十篇左右的语段背下来，完形填空对你来说将不再是什么困难或障碍。而且，从真实语段中积累的词汇、句型都能潜移默化中变成自己的语言知识和技能，在再次面对完形的时候能够从容不迫游刃有余且在书面表达的时候更能给自己提供源源不断的灵感和原材料。 ‎ 总之，完形填空解题时要注意运用适当的技巧，克服急躁心理，试着从上下文角度、文化背景角度、生活常识角度、惯用法和固定搭配及语法和词义角度等多角度来进行分析，也就是把多种方法结合起来。‎ 专项训练 Cloze 1‎ Do you ever feel like you are studying a mad rush of one subject after another? When things happen at such a __1__ pace, it is easy to lose sight of what you are learning. It is important to __2__ every now and then to think about what you have been learning.‎ Self reflection (反思) means stopping the mad rush and__3__yourself so that your brain can evaluate what it has already __4__. Some people prefer to do their self reflections __5__， while others keep a journal. Either method can work, depending on what your own personal__6__ is.‎ School textbooks are often divided into units. This can make it __7__ for someone to begin the process of self reflection. Watch for the times when you complete a unit of study. Sometimes you are reminded that the unit is __8__because there is some kind of test or quiz. Use these natural __9__as opportunities to stop and reflect.‎ You should find a __10__ place—anywhere without noise is OK. This can even be sitting at your desk at school when you finish something __11__ and the other students are still working. If you are going to take notes, take out your journal and write down some notes on things that you__12__ learned in this unit. Let your mind think about the notes you have written and make some __13__.‎ Sometimes just pausing to think deeply allows your brain to make connections __14__ new information can quickly appear when you __15__ it again. Next, think about things that you still wonder about. __16__， maybe you learned about a certain body system, but you don't __17__ how it works with the other body systems. Maybe you learned a new way to solve a math problem, but you are not sure when to use it. Writing down your __18__ will help you remember to continue seeking answers the next time you __19__ the same topic.‎ Self reflection is an essential skill for a __20__ student. If you have never taken the time to reflect, try it now.‎ ‎1．A.fast B．steady C．relaxing D．unique ‎2．A.change B．check C．stop D．exercise ‎3．A.calming B．enjoying C．behaving D．helping ‎4．A.dealt B．forgotten C．found D．received ‎5．A.personally B．mentally C．slowly D．directly ‎6．A.pace B．grade C．style D．skill ‎7．A.quick B．possible C．suitable D．easy ‎8．A.finished B．divided C．interrupted D．covered ‎9．A.units B．tests C．breaks D．periods ‎10．A.quiet B．familiar C．safe D．remote ‎11．A.early B．correctly C．finally D．independently ‎12．A.actively B．newly C．rapidly D．carefully ‎13．A.choices B．decisions C．connections D．improvements ‎14．A.so that B．in case C．even if D．as though ‎15．A.seek B．share C．show D．need ‎16．A.In general B．Of course C．For example D．As usual ‎17．A.know B．doubt C．believe D．remember ‎18．A.opinions B．questions C．worries D．methods ‎19．A.come across B．get through C．think of D．take away ‎20．A.talented B．young C．serious D．successful ‎【答案解析】‎ finished“完成”；divided“分开”；interrupted“打断”；covered“覆盖”。 ‎ ‎9．答案：C 本空考查名词基本含义的辨析。根据前文的finish和test等判断，利用这种停顿。故选C。units“单位”；tests“测试”；breaks“停顿”；periods“时期”。‎ ‎10．答案：A 本空考查形容词基本含义的辨析。根据下文的without noise可知填A。quiet“平静的”；familiar“熟悉的”；safe“安全的”；remote“遥远的”。‎ ‎11．答案：A 本空考查副词基本含义的辨析。记下你以前学过的东西。故选A。early“早”；correctly“正确的”；finally“终于，最后地”；independently“独立地”。‎ ‎12．答案：B 本空考查副词基本含义的辨析。与前文的early对应，应填newly。故选B。actively“活跃地”；newly“新地”；rapidly“快速地”；carefully“仔细地”。‎ ‎13．答案：C 本空考查名词基本含义的辨析。这里是让新旧知识相连，也可参考下一段的connection。故选C。choices“选择”；decision“决定”；connections“连接”；improvements“改进，提高”。‎ ‎ ‎ Cloze 2‎ Visitors to the dry, hot Sonoran Desert of the southern Arizona and northern Mexico are amazed at the manyarmed giants. They are the saguaro cacti (树形仙人掌), a giant which gives the landscape its __1__ appearance. In the dry desert the saguaro cacti can live for more than 200 years, grow to a __2__ of 60 feet, and have as many as 50 arms.‎ More __3__， the saguaro cacti still persist despite the unbearable desert climate. Those that have grown to old age have __4__ droughts, freezes, flash floods, and bush fires as well as the __5__ caused by groups of rats that eat their seedlings (秧苗). Like all other desert __6__， these leafless giants can store water for use during the desert's long dry seasons by __7__ water through their long roots.‎ Naturally, the great saguaro cacti are a(n) __8__ part of the desert life. Actually the giants may be __9__ to many animals, including woodpeckers, owls, doves, bats and insects. In addition, after a saguaro __10__ the age of 50 or so, coldresistant flowers __11__ at the top of the plants once a year. These flowers __12__ birds, bats and bees, which come for the honey and for the tasty flowers with their black seeds.‎ ‎__13__ the splendid saguaros are plentiful in the Southwest, they are unfortunately __14__. These giant cacti have great value in landscape gardening, and the thieves can earn thousands of dollars by uprooting and __15__ them to nurseries (苗圃). To protect these southwestern __16__， agents for the Arizona Department of Agriculture go around and __17__ the desert. It's a most important job though a hard one. But without the saguaro cacti, many desert animals would suffer ‎ a lack of __18__ and loss of nesting sites. The Southwest, too, would __19__ something of unique importance, since these desert giants have become a __20__ of the dry region.‎ ‎1．A.general B．basic C．unique D．lovely ‎2．A.length B．height C．size D．width ‎3．A.pleasingly B．inspiringly C．interestingly D．amazingly ‎4．A.lived through B．broken through C．cut through D．got through ‎5．A.crisis B．damage C．destruction D．load ‎6．A.plants B．lives C．animals D．creatures ‎7．A.pouring B．squeezing C．pumping D．absorbing ‎8．A.independent B．vital C．original D．mysterious ‎9．A.spot B．field C．home D．camp ‎10．A.turns B．takes C．meets D．gains ‎11．A.come up B．come out C．show off D．show up ‎12．A.call B．trap C．fascinate D．stick ‎13．A.As B．But C．Although D．Yet ‎14．A.in danger B．in demand C．in need D．in control ‎15．A.exchanging B．trading C．offering D．selling ‎16．A.treasures B．decorations C．possessions D．creations ‎17．A.look over B．hand over C．watch over D．turn over ‎18．A.food B．scenery C．water D．flavor ‎19．A.affect B．abandon C．increase D．lose ‎20．A.signal B．sign C．mark D．symbol ‎【答案解析】‎ 本文是一篇环境类的说明文。文章从奇特的形状、生活特性、经济价值等方面介绍了Sonoran Desert(索诺兰沙漠)的标志性植物——树形仙人掌。‎ ‎1．答案：C 根据下文可知，树形仙人掌有多达50个手形分支，所以形状“独特”，故选unique“独特的”。general“普通的”；basic“基本的”；lovely“可爱的”。‎ ‎2．答案：B 根据前面的“giant”及后面的“60 feet”可知，此处表示的是“高度”，因此选height。length“长度”；size“尺寸”；width“宽度”。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎9．答案：C 根据最后一段的倒数第二句“But without the saguaro cacti...loss of nesting sites”可知，树形仙人掌可能是许多动物的栖息地。因此选home“家园”。spot“地点”；field“田地”；camp“营地”。‎ ‎10．答案：A 树形仙人掌长到50岁左右。此处选turn“到(某年龄或某个时间)”，其后直接跟数字。take“带走”；meet“遇到”；gain“获得”。‎ ‎11．答案：B 根据上下文可知，这里指树形仙人掌开花了，因此选come out“(花朵)开放”。come up“走近，被提出”；show off“炫耀”；show up“露面，到达”。‎ ‎12．答案：C 根据下文中的“which come for the honey”可知，树形仙人掌的花吸引了一些动物，因此此处选fascinate“迷住，深深吸引”。call“召集”；trap“困住”；stick“粘”。‎ ‎13．答案：C 尽管在西南这壮丽的树形仙人掌很多，但它们却面临着危险。逗号前后表示让步关系，although“尽管”，符合语境。as“因为”；but“但是”；yet“然而”。 ‎ ‎14．答案：A 根据上题解析可知，此处应选in danger“处于危险之中”。in demand“需求大，受欢迎”；in need“需要”；in control“掌管”。‎ ‎15．答案：D 根据空格前的“These giant cacti have great value in landscape gardening, and the thieves can earn thousands of dollars”可知，树形仙人掌被偷去卖钱，sell“卖”，符合语境。exchange“交换”；trade“从事贸易，以物易物”；offer“提供”。‎ ‎16．答案：A 根据全文可知，树形仙人掌是应该受到保护的沙漠珍宝，treasure“珍宝”，符合语境。decoration“装饰”；possession “拥有物”；creation“发明，创造”。‎ ‎17．答案：C 为了保护这些珍宝，Arizona农业部派代理人保护沙漠。因此选watch over“监督，保护”。look over“浏览，迅速地检查”；hand over“移交”；turn over“翻转”。‎ ‎18．答案：A 根据第三段的最后一句可知，树形仙人掌还是动物们的食物。没有了它们，就意味着“食物”的短缺，因此此处选food。scenery“风景”；water“水”；flavor“味道”。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎