【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题虚拟语气（11页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题虚拟语气（11页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题 虚拟语气 一、语气的概念及分类 语气是动词一种形式，是一种语法范畴，用以表示说话人的意图或态度。英语中有三种语气：陈述语气、祈使语气和虚拟语气。‎ ‎1、陈述语气：表示所说的话是事实。如：‎ Water flows to the lower place.‎ China lies in the east of Asia.‎ ‎2、祈使语气：表示请求、命令、号召、警告、禁止等。如：‎ Go out.‎ Don’t make noise.‎ Take it easy.‎ ‎3、虚拟语气：虚拟语气把动作动作一种只存在于讲话人想象中的“假设”或“推测”，而不是当作客观现实中的真实条件，表示说话人一种主观的想象、愿望和建设等。如：‎ I wish that I lived on the moon.‎ If I were a millionaire, I would buy anything I wanted.‎ He suggests that we should try another way.‎ 二、虚拟语气的形式分类 虚拟语气的形式有一些七种。‎ ‎1、动词原形。用于一切人称和数。如：‎ Only that he doesn’t work hard, he would be fired.‎ If that be so, what should we do?‎ ‎2、动词是过去式，用于一切人称和数，be的过去式用were。如：‎ If you told me it, I wouldn’t come.‎ If I were you, I would apologize to her.‎ ‎3、had +过去分词，用于一切人称和数。如：‎ If I had got up early, I would have caught the train.‎ I wouldn’t become sick if I hadn’t eaten that bad apple.‎ ‎4、should +动词原形（should可以省略，又称动词原形虚拟语气）用于一切人称和数。如：‎ He suggested that they (should) delay the meeting.‎ It is strange that he should pass the exam.‎ ‎5、助动词should（第一人称）或would（第二、第三人称）+动词原形。如：‎ If I witnessed the accident, I would call the police.‎ If I were you, I should face it out.‎ ‎6、助动词should + have +过去分词，用于一切人称和数。如：‎ I should have told you about the news.‎ It’s surprising that he should have done that thing.‎ ‎7、助动词should（第一人称）或would（第二、三人称）+have +过去分词。如：‎ If I had carried an umbrella, I shouldn’t have been caught in the storm.（但常用would代替should）‎ He would have earned a lot of money if he had continued to open the store.‎ 三、虚拟语气在条件句中的运用 英语中条件句中有两种：真实条件句和非真实条件句。真实条件句所表示的假设是可能发生的或实现的，从句和主语都用陈述语气。非真实条件句所表示的假设则是不可能或不大可能发生或实现的。虚拟语气用在非真实条件句中，条件从句与结果主句皆须用虚拟语气，非真实条件句包括虚拟条件句、错综时间条件句和含蓄条件句等。‎ ‎1、虚拟条件句 虚拟条件句可分为三大类：一是叙述与现在事实相反的情况，二是叙述与过去事实相反的情况，三是用来推测将来的情况，也称之为“推测条件句”，其构成列表如下：‎ ‎ 条件从句 结果主句 与现在事实相反 ‎ If I（we、you、he、she、it、they）+动词过去式（be动词的过去式须用were） I（we、you、he、she、it、they）+ would +动词原形 与过去事实相反 If I（we、you、he、she、it、they）+had +过去分词 I（we、you、he、she、it、they）+ would + have +过去分词 与将来时间相反 ①一般过去式（be的过去式须用were）‎ ‎②were +不定式 ‎③should +动词原形 ‎ Would（should）+动词原形 注：上表中的would有时可换用should、could或might。‎ ‎①与现在事实相反的非真实条件句。‎ If I knew the way to solve the problem, I would (should) be a genius.‎ What would you do if you saw the accident?‎ ‎②与过去事实相反的真实条件句。‎ If we had saved money, we should have afforded to buy a flat.‎ The soup would have been better if it had had more oil and less salt.‎ ‎③与将来事实相反的非真实条件句。‎ If I attended the party, I would sing a song.‎ If he were to finish his homework, he would go out to play.‎ If it should snow again, we would run into trouble.‎ 对上述虚拟条件句还应注意以下几点：‎ a、条件句通常放在主句前，但也可以放在主句后，有时也可放在句中。如：‎ If I had known the truth, I wouldn’t have been taken in.‎ I wouldn’t have been taken in if I had known the truth.‎ I, if I had known the truth, wouldn’t have been taken in.‎ b、如果条件从句中含有were、had、should时，可以省略if，把were、had、should提到主句前，用倒装结构。如：‎ Were it possible, I would continue.‎ Had you stopped me, I wouldn’t have made such a big mistake.‎ Should I go to the moon one day, I would live there for a long time.‎ c、虚拟语气中的主句通常是陈述句，但也可以是疑问句、感叹句或祈使句。如：‎ If you were very rich, would you be happiest?‎ If they had got married, how happy they would have been!‎ If you were anxious in public, take it easy.‎ d、虚拟条件中的谓语可用进行时，表示“如果正在…”等，主句中的谓语仍用would（或might、should、could）。如：‎ If he were being sick, we should take good care of him.‎ If the world were becoming more peaceful, human beings could be living happily.‎ If you had been pursuing your aim, you might realize it sooner or later.‎ e、could have +过去分词，也可用于虚拟条件句中，这里的could时情态动词，表示“能够”，相当于had been able to。如：‎ If I could have had more money, I would have made more conditions to my village.‎ If we could have prevented all kinds of pollution, we might have lived in a more fresh environment.‎ d、条件从句中不可用would，否则就犯了严重的语法错误。但是如果表示某种愿望，条件从句也可用would，常表示说话人不相信主语的愿望。如：‎ If he would have tried, he might have succeeded.（误）‎ If he had tried, he might have succeeded.（正）‎ ‎2、错综时间条件句 当虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致时，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间运用适当的虚拟语气形式，此语言现象称之为“错综时间条件句”。如：‎ If I had listened carefully that day, I would solve it smoothly now.（过去→现在）‎ If I were you, I would have come yesterday.（现在→过去）‎ If he had started out early this morning, he would arrive within one hour.（过去→将来）‎ If he should become an expert, he might have made a lot of great efforts in the past.（将来→过去）‎ If you had studied hard at a young age, you would be enjoying a good life now.（过去→现在进行）‎ 注意：在错综时间条件句中，主句和从句中都有相应的现在、过去及将来时间的暗示。如果出现现在时间或将来时间，则将没有相应时间状语时该用的时态向前推一步（如：过去将来完成时→一般过去将来，过去完成时→一般过去时）；出现过去时间时则向后退一步（一般过去时→过去完成时）‎ ‎3、含蓄条件句 非真实条件句中的条件从句有时并不表示出来，而暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。这种条件可暗含在词或短语中，常见的词有without、or、otherwise、but、with、but for、but that等及形容词短语、名词短语、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语及定语从句或上下文来体现。如：‎ He wouldn’t get such a result without your help.‎ But for your help, we couldn’t have succeeded.‎ He must have been there or he never could know the places so well.‎ She was ill, otherwise she could have been present at the meeting.‎ I told him to go there himself but perhaps I should have gone together with him.‎ She would have gone to the theater, only she had to attend to her baby.‎ I wouldn’t believe it but I see it.‎ I wouldn’t have believed it but I saw it.‎ 要注意but +表示条件的结构：‎ Would +动词原形+ but（except）+现在时陈述句→表示同现在事实相反的假设 Would have +过去分词+ but（except）+过去时陈述句→表示同过去事实相反的假设 But that I tried it, I couldn’t have realized its difficulty.‎ But that it rained heavily, we could have arrived home. (=but for the heavy rain)‎ 注意：but that只能表示虚拟条件，常放在句首，可同“but for +‎ ‎ 名词”互换；而but不仅可以表示虚拟条件，也可表示真实条件，但but只能放在句末。‎ A noble man wouldn’t have insulted others.（名词短语）‎ 相当于If he had been a noble man, he wouldn’t have insulted others.‎ Your disagreement would make her angry.‎ 相当于If you disagreed, she would be angry.‎ In that case we could have done the work better.（介词短语）‎ I should say so in your position.（介词短语）‎ With better modern equipment, the company could have earned more.（介词短语）‎ More efforts would have been made to make some progress.（相当于If you had wanted to make some progress）（不定式短语）‎ This same thing, happening in the past would lead to a disaster.（现在分词短语）‎ Given another chance, we would succeed.（相当于If we were given another chance）（过去分词短语）‎ To have watered the flowers, they would have grown well.（相当于If you had watered the flowers）（不定式短语）‎ Left to him, he could not have finished his work.（相当于If he had been left to him）（过去分词短语）‎ A country, which was often involved in conflicts and wars, would never develop.（相当于If a country were often involved in conflicts and wars）（定语从句）‎ He would be a fool who should believe that.（相当于If he should believe that, he would be a fool）‎ 四、虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用。‎ ‎1、动词wish后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气。‎ wish后的虚拟语气可分为如下三种：一、与现在事实相反，用were或动词的过去式。二、与过去事实相反，用had +过去分词或would/could + have +过去分词。三、表示将来没有把握或不大可能实现的愿望，用would（should、might、could）+动词原形。如：‎ She wishes that she were ten years younger.‎ I wish that I had a car.‎ He wishes that that accident hadn’t happened.‎ I wish that I had passed the driving test.‎ I wish you would stay a little longer.‎ His mother wishes he mightn’t be nervous in the exam.‎ ‎2、would rather、would ‎ sooner后的宾语从句要用虚拟语气，用一般过去时，表示一个现在或将来的愿望；用过去完成时，表示一个过去的愿望。如：‎ I would rather he went home now.‎ I would sooner he visited me next time.‎ He’d rather he hadn’t said that.‎ ‎3、虚拟语气用在suggest、demand等后的宾语从句中。常见的这类动词有：suggest、advise、propose、recommend、insist、demand、require、request、desire、decide、determine、arrange、ask、move、consent、intend、arrange、beg、resolve、prefer、argue、object、permit、direct、expedition、appoint、maintain、dictate、urge、advocate、instruct、perfect、specify、decree、vote等。这些动词一般表示“建议、要求、决定、命令、坚持、恳求”等，这时谓语动词用should +动词原形的形式，should通常省略。如：‎ He suggested that they (should) have a rest.‎ The officer ordered that army (should) advance 100 miles.‎ I insist that you (should) give my money back.‎ The doctor desires that the patient (should) stay in hospital for another month.‎ He decided that he (should) leave at once.‎ He prefers that his wife (should) not go to work.‎ It has been arranged that you (should) attend the meeting.‎ 要特别注意suggest和insist后宾语从句不用虚拟语气的情况：当suggest不表示“建议”而作“表明、暗示”解时，其后的宾语从句要用陈述句语气，不用虚拟语气。同样，当insist不表示“坚决要求”而作“坚决认为、坚持说”解时，其后的宾语从句用陈述语气，不用虚拟语气。如：‎ She suggested that her family (should) have a trip.（建议）‎ Her pale face suggested that she was ill.（暗示，表明）‎ He insisted that doing sports was good for health.（坚持认为，坚持说）‎ ‎4、think、allow、admit、accept、consider、grant、suppose、mean等意念动词也表示可能情况的意志或态度，后的宾语从句用虚拟语气，但只能用should +动词原形结构，不用be型结构。如：‎ I never thought that he should refuse my invitation.‎ I don’t suppose that you should stay up so late.‎ My parents promised that they should make a new plan for the whole family.‎ ‎5、regret、marvel、rejoice、wonder等表示强烈感情的动词，其后的宾语从句用should +动词原形结构的虚拟语气，一般不用be型结构。如：‎ He regretted that he should refuse her.‎ We marvel that he should win such wide fame.‎ ‎6、think、believe、expect、dream、suspect等动词用于否定句或疑问句，其后的宾语从句用should（间或用would）+动词原形式虚拟语气，这种结构中的should不可省略，表示“惊讶、怀疑、不满、恐慌”等感情。如：‎ Do you think it prefer that he should speak to his teacher in that way?‎ I didn’t except that I should meet you.‎ He couldn’t believe that his brother should change so much.‎ ‎7、动词imagine后的宾语从句常用虚拟语气，表示对现在或将来非真实想象时用were型结构，表示对过去非真实想象时用had +过去分词结构。如：‎ Imagine that you were on the desert alone.‎ Imagine that you hadn’t stopped him, what would have become of him?‎ ‎8、would rather…than和would…rather than这两个结构中，than后的从句要用should +动词原形式虚拟语气，than后的从句引导词that可省略。如：‎ The soldier would rather die than (that) he should give in to the enemy.‎ He would go begging rather than (that) he should beg for his father.‎ ‎9、if only和would that都表示“但愿…，如果…就好了”后用虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去式或过去完成时。如：‎ If only I were less nervous.‎ If only I got up earlier.‎ If only I had known the secret.‎ Would that I could fly like a bird.‎ Would that I were as young as you.‎ ‎10、虚拟语气用在以表示“建议、要求、命令”等动词为跟的名词后的主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句中。这时谓语动词用should +动词原形，should可省略。常见的这类名词有：advice、suggestion、proposal、order、decision、preference、desire、motion、plan、sentence、demand、necessity、idea、requirement、request、resolution、recommendation。如：‎ My suggestion is that we (should) send a few people to help the other groups.‎ He gave us the order that we (should) withdraw at once.‎ It is my plan that we (should) have a party to celebrate our victory.‎ 另外，还用于主语从句it is（was）suggested（desired、proposed、decided、requested…等）that…句型中。如：‎ It is desired the rule (should) be cancelled.‎ It has been decided that we (should) have a journey by train.‎ ‎11、虚拟语气用在important等形容词及a pity等名词后的从句中。‎ ‎①常见的这类形容词有important、necessary、essential、careful、advisable、anxious、ridiculous、unthinkable、resolved、eager、urgent、desirable、insistent、appropriate、proper、good、compulsory、vital、keen、pitiful、imperative等。可以构成“It is +形容词+ that”或“主语+be动词+形容词+ that”句型，其后的句子要用should +动词原形虚拟语气，should可省略。如：‎ It is important that we (should) take actions at once.‎ It is desirable that he (should) win the first prize.‎ She is eager that she (should) know the result of the exam.‎ ‎②在It is（was）strange（surprising、amazing、wrong、astonishing、incredible、shocking、frightening、dreadful、annoying、irritable、despicable、alarming、embarrassing、disappointing、perplexing、contemptible、lamentable、deplorable、a pity、a shame、thousand pities、to be regretted和be + surprised（ashamed、glad、happy、pleased、embarrassed、upset）等结构后的that从句，要用should +动词原形式虚拟语气，should一般不可省，意为“竟会，竟然”，表示惊讶、失望、恼怒等感情。如：‎ It is strange that he should tell the twins apart.‎ It is incredible that she should speak several foreign languages.‎ It is a pity that he should miss such a precious chance.‎ It is a shame that the best student should fail in the exam.‎ I’m surprised that the little boy should count from one to hundred.‎ 有时候，可以将句子前半部分省略，只保留that以后的部分成为虚拟式感叹句，如上述例句：‎ That she should speak several foreign languages!‎ That he should miss such a precious chance!‎ That the best student should fail in the exam!‎ That the little boy should count from one to hundred!‎ ‎12、It is（high、about）time that…从句中要求用虚拟语气，谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况表示“早该干某事了”。这种结构中可用should +动词原形，但should不能省略，因为should在此代表过去式，但不如用过去式普遍。如：‎ It’s time that we had dinner.‎ It’s time that we left.‎ It’s time that we should go to school.‎ It’s high time that she should get married.‎ It’s time that we were off.‎ It’s time that I was in bed.（这里不可用were）‎ ‎13、在in order that、so that、for hear that、lest引导的目的状语从句中，从句谓语动词用should（might、could）+动词原形。在以lest引导的从句中，谓语动词用should ‎ +动词原形，should可省去。如：‎ He explained his reasons many times in order that we should forgive him.‎ She sang loudly so that she might be heard clearly.‎ He took an umbrella for fear that it might rain.‎ She spoke in a low voice lest she (should) disturb others.‎ He tried his best to run fast lest he (should) lag behind.‎ ‎14、as if和as though引导的方式状语从句或表示从句有时要用虚拟语气。表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去时；表示与过去事实相反，用过去完成时；表示将来的可能性不大时，用would（might、could）+动词原形。如：‎ She loves us as if we were her children.‎ He looks as though he were fresh out of prison.‎ They talked as if they had known each other for many years.‎ It seems as if it would rain.‎ 当然as if和as though后面的从句也可用陈述语气，在从句法一章方式状语从句部分已详尽阐述，请参考相关章节。‎ ‎15、情态动词may和might用于虚拟语气。‎ 情态助动词may（might）是一种特殊的虚拟式，可用在从句中表示目的、让步或用在独立句中表示祝愿。如：‎ He studies hard so that he may live up to his parents’ expectation.（目的）‎ She dressed normally in order that others might look up to her.（目的）‎ However it may be, I shall trust you.（让步）‎ Come what may, we won’t stop.（让步）‎ However hard it may be, I shall try.（让步）‎ Long may you live! （祝愿）‎ May you be beautiful and young forever! （祝愿）‎ 五、虚拟语气的其它用法 ‎1、should条件句+祈使句结构 当条件句的谓语形式为should +动词原形时，主句往往是祈使句，且可将should提到句首把if省略。如：‎ If you should meet her, please tell her to call me.（相当于Should meet her, please tell her to call me.）‎ If you should visit me, please contact me ahead of time.（相当于S hould visit me, please contact me ahead of time.）‎ ‎2、if it were not for…表示“如果没有…”，表示同现在事实相反的假设，主句用should型虚拟语气。If it had not been for表示“如果当时没有…”，表示与过去事实相反的假设。如：‎ If it were not for you, I should (would) be locked in the room.‎ If it had not been for the doctor’s timely arrival, the injured driver would have died.‎ ‎3、suppose/supposing that可以表示真实条件（用陈述语气）；也可以表示非真实条件（用虚拟语气），表示对现在或将来的假设。如：‎ Suppose/supposing that it rains, we will stay at home.‎ Suppose/supposing that it rained, we would stay at home.‎ ‎4、in case引导的句子既可用陈述语气也可用虚拟语气，只不过陈述语气可能性更大些，虚拟语气由should +动词原形构成，should可省去。如：‎ He will leave ahead of time in case it snows.‎ He will leave ahead of time in case it (should) snow.‎ ‎5、独立条件句中的虚拟语气。‎ 在虚拟条件状语从句中，主句可以省略，只剩下条件句，仍用虚拟语气，独立存在表示“但愿…该怎么办”等。如：‎ If I were a girl!‎ If he were alive!‎ If I could live through it!‎ If it should rain!‎ If my parents didn’t promise!‎ ‎6、would think结构表示“会认为、会想到”。如：‎ Who would think you are his son.‎ He would not think of getting help from her.‎ ‎7、to think表示“真没想到”。如：‎ To think that he should be so selfish.‎ To think that she should have become a famous song star overnight.‎ ‎8、should…but结构表示“原来是…”。如：‎ Who should knock at the door but Tom.‎ What should I eat for breakfast but a piece of bread.‎ ‎9、表示“祝愿、愿望或诅咒”。如：‎ May you enjoy a long life.‎ ‎“God bless you”.‎ Heaven help me!‎ Heaven forbid!‎ So be it!‎ So be it then!‎