2020届二轮复习语法讲练专题八动词

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2020届二轮复习语法讲练专题八动词

‎2020届二轮复习语法讲练专题八 动词 ‎ 动词是表示动作或状态的词,在句中作谓语,是句子不可缺少的部分。根据不同的分类方式,动词分为不同的类型。‎ 根据句法功能分类 限定动词(谓语动词) 实义动词 ‎ 连系动词 ‎ 助动词 ‎ 情态动词 ‎ 非限定动词(非谓语动词) 不定式 ‎ 动词ing形式 ‎ 动词ed形式 ‎ 根据词汇意义分类 状态动词 ‎ 动作动词 一、实义动词 英语中的实义动词分为不及物动词和及物动词两类。‎ ‎1.及物动词 及物动词必须跟宾语,意义才完整。及物动词后可以跟名词、代词、数词、动名词、复合结构、从句等作宾语。‎ ‎(1)常用的跟单宾语的及物动词 accept接受  borrow借  bury埋  cover覆盖 defeat挫败 discover发现 eat吃 enjoy喜欢 excite使兴奋 forget忘记 guess猜测 interest使感兴趣 love热爱 please使高兴 put放 ride骑 surprise使惊讶 think想,认为 use运用 worry使担心 Do you intend to accept this gift?‎ 你打算接受这份礼物吗?‎ You can borrow one book at a time from the library.‎ 在图书馆你一次只能借一本书。‎ I'm sorry, I've forgotten your name.‎ 对不起,我忘记你的名字了。‎ ‎(2)可接双宾语的常用及物动词 ‎①直接宾语在前,间接宾语在后时需用介词to的常用动词:award, bring, give, hand, lend, mail, offer, pass, post, read, sell, send, show, take, teach, tell, write ...‎ ‎ Pass me the salt, please.‎ ‎= Pass the salt to me, please.‎ 请把盐递给我。‎ ‎②直接宾语在前,间接宾语在后时需用介词for的常用动词:buy, choose, cook, fetch, fix, get, keep, make, order, prepare, save, spare ...‎ He bought me a new book.‎ ‎= He bought a new book for me.‎ 他给我买了一本新书。‎ ‎(3)常用的跟复合宾语的及物动词 ‎①常用的跟形容词或形容词短语作宾语补足语的动词:‎ believe相信   consider认为   declare宣布 drive驱使 find发现 get使 imagine想象 judge判断 keep使保持 leave留下 make使 think认为 We all believe him honest and kind.‎ 我们都相信他诚实、善良。‎ We made a fire to keep the room warm.‎ 我们生起了火使房间保持温暖。‎ The manager considered Tom responsible for the accident.‎ 经理认为汤姆应对这次事故负责。‎ ‎②常用的跟名词或名词短语作宾语补足语的动词:‎ call叫     consider认为   choose选择 elect选举 find找到 keep使 make使变为 name命名 The parents named the baby Ella.‎ 父母给这个孩子取名埃拉。‎ We consider him a strange person.‎ 我们认为他是一个奇怪的人。‎ ‎2.不及物动词 不及物动词本身意义完整,后面不需要跟宾语。有些不及物动词和介词一起使用,此时后面可跟宾语。‎ 在英语中大多数动词既可作及物动词,也可作不及物动词,纯不及物动词很少。常用的不及物动词有:‎ apologize道歉   appear出现    arrive到达 come来 die死 fall落下 flow流淌 go去;进展 happen发生 lie躺 rise升起;站起 run跑 stay停留 sit坐 stand站 walk走 Accidents like this happen all the time.‎ 像这样的事故经常发生。‎ Everything goes well.‎ 一切进展顺利。‎ Listen to me carefully.‎ 认真听我说。‎ 二、持续性动词与终止性动词 ‎1.持续性动词 持续性动词又称延续性动词,表示一种可以持续的行为过程或状态。常见的有:‎ burn燃烧   drink喝   eat吃    fly飞 have有 keep保持 know知道 lie躺着 live住 play玩 rain下雨 read读 run跑 sing唱 sleep睡觉 smoke抽烟 snow下雪 stand站 study学习 talk说 wait等待 walk走 wear穿着 work工作 ‎2.终止性动词 终止性动词又称非持延性动词,表示行为或过程是短暂的、瞬间完成的。常见的有:‎ admit承认   arrive到达   begin开始 borrow借 buy买 break打破 close关闭 come来 die死 fall倒 go走 hit击中 join加入 jump跳 leave离开 lose丢 move迁移 marry结婚 open打开 put放 return回来 reach到达 start开始 stop停 ‎3.持续性动词与终止性动词的用法 ‎(1)持续性动词可以用表示一段时间的状语修饰,而终止性动词则不可。‎ How long can I keep the book?‎ 这本书我可以借多久?‎ They will work here till next Friday.‎ 他们要在这里工作到下周五。‎ ‎(2)有时终止性动词也可以用表示一段时间的状语修饰,但这种时间段 实质上是一段时间内的某个“时间点”。‎ The play will start in half an hour.‎ 这出戏半个小时以后开始。‎ The fire broke out during the night.‎ 火灾是夜间发生的。‎ ‎(3)持续性动词前加get/begin/come to时可以表示一时的动作。‎ When did you get to know him?‎ 你什么时候认识他的?‎ They began to see that they had made a serious mistake.‎ 他们开始认识到自己犯了一个严重的错误。‎ ‎(4)有时为了句子表达的需要,终止性动词需转换成持续性动词。常用的持续性动词与终止性动词的对照如下:‎ 词义 终止性动词 持续性动词 买 buy have 借 borrow keep 到达 arrive stay 得知 learn know 穿 put on wear 放置 put lie 结婚 marry be married 认识 get to know know 回来 come back be back 离开 leave be away 站 stand up stand 死 die be dead 坐 sit down sit 开始 start/begin be on I bought the car three months ago.‎ 我三个月前买的这辆车。‎ ‎→I have had the car for three months.‎ 我买这辆车三个月了。‎ The meeting began ten minutes ago.‎ 会议十分钟前开始了。‎ ‎→The meeting has been on for ten minutes.‎ 会议已经开始十分钟了。‎ ‎ ‎ 终止性动词作谓语的句子如果是否定句,可用表示一段时间的状语修饰。‎ We haven't come here for ages.‎ 我们多年没来这里了。‎ The rain hasn't stopped since three hours ago.‎ 三个小时了,这雨还没停。‎ 三、连系动词 连系动词用于连接主语和表语,说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份 等。‎ ‎1.状态连系动词 状态连系动词用来表示主语的状态,只有be动词。‎ They were very angry then.‎ 那时他们非常生气。‎ ‎2.持续连系动词 持续连系动词表示主语继续或保持的一种状态,主要有keep, rest, remain, stay, lie, stand等。‎ He always kept silent at meeting.‎ 开会时他总是保持沉默。‎ This matter rests a mystery.‎ 此事仍是一个谜。‎ ‎3.表象连系动词 表象连系动词表示“看起来”,主要有seem, appear, look等。‎ The park looks very beautiful.‎ 这个公园看起来很漂亮。‎ ‎4.感官连系动词 感官连系动词主要有feel,smell, sound, taste, look等。‎ This kind of cloth feels very soft.‎ 这种布料摸上去很软。‎ This flower smells very sweet.‎ 这花闻起来很香。‎ ‎5.变化连系动词 变化连系动词表示主语变成什么样,主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go等。‎ She grew rich within a short time.‎ 她没多长时间就变得富有了。‎ Slowly my eyes became accustomed to the darkness.‎ 我的双眼渐渐适应了黑暗。‎ ‎6.终止连系动词 终止连系动词表示主语已经终止了动作,主要有prove, turn out 等。‎ The rumor proved false.‎ 这谣言被证实是假的。‎ His plan turned out a success.‎ 结果他的计划很成功。‎ 四、助动词 助动词自身没有词义,不可单独用作谓语,只协助主要动词一起表示时态、语态、疑问、否定、强调等。常用的助动词有be, have, do, shall, will, should, would。‎ My heart is beating.‎ 我的心在跳。‎ I can speak English.‎ 我会说英语。‎ I have been to the Summer Palace.‎ 我去过颐和园。‎ My parents phoned that they would arrive the next day.‎ 我父母打电话说他们第二天会到的。‎ 五、短语动词 短语动词是由动词与介词、名词或副词结合在一起而组成的。有些短语动词相当于及物动词,有些则相当于不及物动词。主要有以下六种:‎ ‎1.动词+副词 break out爆发        break in打断 find out查出 give in屈服 give up放弃 go about四处走动 go by 经过 go ahead开始干 go on继续 look through浏览 pick out 选出来 put aside放在一边 put down放下;写下 put away收拾起来 turn on打开 set up搭起;创建 ‎2.动词+介词 ask for请求 arrive at到达 break into破门而入 believe in信任 come across偶然碰到 care for喜欢 care about关心 depend on依靠 go through从……穿过 go over复习 laugh at嘲笑 ‎3.动词+名词 lose courage丧失勇气     lose heart灰心 lose interest失去兴趣 lose patience失去耐心 lose weight减肥 make sense讲得通 make the bed整理床铺 make a bet打赌 make a bow鞠躬 make faces扮鬼脸 make fashion做做样子 take action采取行动 take advice征求意见 take aim瞄准 take breath歇口气 ‎4.动词+副词+介词 add up to 加起来;总共  break away from躲开;脱离 catch up with赶上;超过 do away with废除 go in for从事;参加 get along with与……相处;进展 keep out of使……不进入 look forward to 盼望 ‎5.动词+名词+介词 catch sight of 看见 make use of 利用 pay attention to 注意 show interest in 对……表现出兴趣 take the place of 代替 take pride in 为……自豪 ‎6.动词+介词+名词 bring ... to and end     使……结束 bring ... under control 使……在掌控下 have ... in mind 思念 keep ... in mind 牢记 keep ... in touch 使……保持联系 bear ... in mind 牢记 put ... at ease 使……放松 put ... into effect 使……生效 learn ... by heart 背熟 know ... by heart 熟记 take ... by surprise 使吓一跳 set ... on fire 点火烧 take ... into account 把……考虑在内 take ... into consideration 把……考虑在内 burst into tears 突然大哭起来 come into being 形成 come into power 执政 come into use 开始被运用 ‎[应用落实体验] ‎ ‎1.—I will have to think about it again.‎ ‎—If you ________, you may lose the opportunity to compete altogether.‎ A.hesitate           B.wonder ‎ C.continue D.fail 解析:选A ‎ 考查动词词义辨析。句意:“我必须再次好好考虑一下。”“如果你犹豫不决,你可能会失去这个比赛的好机会。”hesitate“犹豫;迟疑”;wonder“想知道”;continue“继续”;fail“失败”。‎ ‎2.In order to finish the work on time, the man in charge decided to ________ some more workers.‎ A.give up B.take on C.look after D.take up 解析:选B 句意:为了按时完成工作,这个负责人决定雇用更多的工人。take on “雇用”符合题意。give up “放弃”;look after“照顾”;take up“占用”。‎ ‎3.We were all agreed that the cottage would ________a perfect holiday home for the family.‎ A.make B.turn C.take D.have 解析:选A 考查动词词义辨析。句意:我们一致同意,这座小屋会成为这家人完美的假日之家。make在此处用作系动词,后接名词,表示“用作,起作用”。‎ ‎4.The new movie ________ to be one of the biggest moneymakers of all time.‎ A.promises B.agrees C.pretends D.declines 解析:选A 考查动词词义辨析。句意:这部电影有望成为有史以来最赚钱的电影之一。promise to be“有希望成为”,符合句意。‎ ‎5.We ________ to paint the whole house but finished only the front part that day.‎ A.set about B.set up C.set out D.set down 解析:选C 考查动词短语辨析。句意:我们开始着手粉刷整座房子,但是那天只完成了前面那部分。set out to do=set about doing“着手做”;set up“创建”; set down“写下,记下”。‎ ‎6.If she doesn't want to go, nothing you can say will ________her.‎ A.persuade B.promise C.invite D.support 解析:选A 考查动词词义辨析。句意:如果她不想去,你说什么都不会说服她的。根据语境persuade“说服”符合题意。‎ ‎7.Parents and children should communicate more to ________ the gap between them so that they can understand each other better.‎ A.open B.narrow C.widen D.leave 解析:选B 考查动词词义辨析。句意:为了缩小代沟,进而增进彼此间的理解,父母同子女之间应该多交流。根据语境中的gap“代沟”可知narrow“使变窄”符合题意。‎ ‎8.He had to pause from time to time to wipe the sweat from his forehead, because the airconditioning system ________.‎ A.broke in B.broke up C.broke out D.broke down 解析:选D 考查动词短语辨析。句意:他不得不不时地停下来擦额头的汗,因为空调系统坏了。根据语境break down“出故障”符合题意。break in “闯入;打断”;break up“打碎;散开”;break out“爆发”。‎
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