2020届二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之词义猜测解题指导

2020届二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之词义猜测解题指导

‎2020届二轮复习阅读理解解题技巧之词义猜测解题指导 命题方式的特点 词义猜测是英语阅读的重要技巧，词义猜测题也是高考中常考的题型。考生要学会“顺藤摸瓜”，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索(各种已知信息)确定词义。要求猜测词义的词一般为实词(动词、名词、形容词等)。另外，这类题也包括对短语和句意的猜测。‎ 考试中经常考查的词汇有以下几种：‎ ‎(1)在特殊语言环境中具有特殊意义的常用词。 ‎ ‎ (2)专业化程度较高的词。‎ ‎(3)生僻词。 ‎ ‎(4)常用代词。‎ 命题方式的考法 ‎1.猜测单词或短语意义------巧用线索猜词义。‎ ‎（1）“定义同位”猜词义，主要包括定义释词和同位/举例 ‎（2）“逻辑关系”猜词义 ‎（3）根据构词法猜词义 ‎2.考查代词的指代意义---------“就近原则”猜词义 ‎3.句意猜测类-------“意义吻合”定句意 常见设问形式 ‎(1)The underlined phrase “___” in the second paragraph could be replaced by ______.‎ ‎(2)The underlined word “________” in the first paragraph probably means________.‎ ‎(3)What is the meaning of the underlined word in the second paragraph?‎ ‎(4)Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “________”？‎ ‎(5)What does the underlined word “________” in Paragraph 2 refer to?‎ ‎(6)What do you think the expression “________” stands for?‎ ‎(7)Which of the following words can best take the place of the underlined word “______” in Paragraph 3?‎ ‎(8)According to the passage, the underlined word “________” is known as ________.‎ 选项特点 ‎(1)正确选项的特点 ‎①相应词语的同义词语。‎ ‎②对相应语句的解释、复述或概括。‎ ‎(2)干扰项的特点 ‎①对原相应表达方式的不正确改写。‎ ‎②故意丢三落四。‎ ‎③包含该词或短语的基本意思，而非在文章中的含义。‎ ‎④望文生义项，即从原文表面理解该项为正确答案，但深层含义未在其中。‎ ‎⑤半对半错。‎ ‎⑥曲解原意。‎ 猜测词义题的解题方法 ‎(1)利用指代关系来猜测代词词义 代词词义的猜测即找出人称代词、指示代词或关系代词所指代的内容。对于代词所指代的内容的判断，首先我们要连读前后段落，了解前后两段文章的内容，然后判断所画线代词的类型。接下来仔细阅读前句，一般来说代词的词义推测主要是看前面句子所出现的名词及相当于名词的表达。‎ ‎(2)利用定义语来猜测词义 在许多情况下，作者预计到某个词一般读者不熟悉，则会在文章中给出该词的定义或解释。这种解释可能是一种重复说明或定义。通过阅读定义和解释部分，读者便可理解该词的基本含义。线索词有that，which，is等。‎ ‎(3)利用定语或同位语来猜测词义 通常引出该词同位语的词语有or，that is，in other words等，还有的同位语以括号或破折号的形式出现。在这些标记词后考生可较易找到同画线词意义相同或相近的词。‎ ‎(4)利用文章中的举例来猜测词义 在阅读理解中考生可以根据文章所举的例子，从具体到一般，猜出该生词的意思。‎ ‎(5)利用对比或比较的词语来猜测词义 当作者强调的事物之间有区别或对立时往往会运用对比的手法，即会用到对比的词语，例如反义词，也可以暗示出生词的含义。注意这些词语和内容则能帮助判断所需内容。能体现对比关系的词汇很多，主要有but，yet，however, while, unlike, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast with等。标点符号中的分号也可表示对比。‎ ‎(6)利用构词法知识来猜测词义 分析复合词：如果一个生词是由两个或两个以上的单词构成的复合词，可以从该词各个部分的特定意思及联系上猜出该词的意思。学生同时要了解构词法知识，掌握大纲所要求的对前后缀的理解。‎ ‎(7)利用上下文语境来猜测词义 通过对对应结构或平行结构中的同义词、反义词进行推断来猜测词义。‎ ‎(8)利用因果关系来猜测词义 因果关系是一种常见的、行之有效的提供生词词义信息的逻辑关系。一定的原因会导致一定的结果，某一结果总是由某种或某些原因引起的。作者在叙述原因的过程中就必然会把词或句子置于因果关系中。常见的表示因果关系的词汇有：since，as, because, for, so, thus, consequently, therefore, hence, due to, result in, result from, as a result, for this reason, accordingly, so that, so...that, such...that等。‎ 考法综述　此类题旨在考查考生在特定语境中理解词(短语、句子)的能力以及通过上下文或构词法猜测超纲词汇或表达方式的意义的能力。因此，考生所掌握的词汇量的大小直接影响到这类题的得分率。‎ 命题法1　词汇意义猜测题 典例1　　‎ Situation Ⅳ Q：If I remember my friend's birthday a day late, should I apologize or just wish her a happy birthday like nothing happened?‎ A：This is the reason why the word belated was invented. “Happy belated birthday！” is short for：“Well, I know I forgot, but then I remembered. Forgive me and happy birthday.”‎ The underlined word “belated” in Situation Ⅳ probably means ________.‎ A．predicted B．returned C．cancelled D．delayed ‎【解题法】　词汇意义猜测题的解题思路 ‎(1)结合上下文，读懂语境。‎ ‎(2)根据逻辑关系、构词法、定语从句、同位语等来猜测画线词的意义。‎ ‎(3)把答案代入原文，验证上下文语句是否合乎逻辑。‎ 命题法2　代词指代猜测题 典例2　　There are many places to go on safari (观赏野生动物) in Africa, but riding a horse through the flooded waters of Botswana's Okavango Delta must rank as one of the world's most exciting wildlife journeys.‎ Several safari camps operate as the base for this adventure, providing unique rides twice a day to explore deep into the delta. The camps have excellent horses, professional guides and lots of support workers. They have a reputation for providing a great riding experience.‎ What does the underlined word “They”refer to?‎ A．Flooded waters. B．Wildlife journeys.‎ C．Safari camps. D．Unique rides.‎ ‎【答案解析】推理判断题。根据本段的several safari camps...和第二句的the camps...可知，这里的they指的就是the camps。故选C。 ‎ ‎【解题法】　代词指代猜测题的解题思路 ‎(1)要知道代词one, it, that, they, them等用来指代上文中提到的事物，所以要从上文找。‎ ‎(2)有时代词与指代对象相隔较远，要认真查找。‎ ‎(3)有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事物。‎ 命题法3　短语或语句意义 典例3　In the mid1950s, I was a somewhat bored earlyadolescent male student who believed that doing _any_more_than_ necessary_was_ wasted_effort. One day, this approach threw me into embarrassment. ‎ In Mrs Totten's eighthgrade math class at Central Avenue School in Anderson, Indiana, we were learning to add and subtract decimals (小数)．‎ Our teacher typically assigned daily homework, which would be recited in class the following day. On most days, our grades were based on our oral answers to homework questions. ‎ Mrs Totten usually walked up and down the rows of desks requesting answers from student after student in the order the questions had appeared on our homework sheets.She would start either at the front or the back of the classroom and work toward the other end.‎ Since I was seated near the middle of about 35 students, it was easy to figure out which questions I might have to answer. This particular time, I had completed my usual two or three problems according to my calculations.‎ What I failed to expect was that several students were absent, which threw off my estimate. As Mrs Totten made her way from the beginning of the class, I desperately tried to determine which math problem I would get. I tried to work it out before she got to me, but I had brain freeze and couldn't function.‎ When Mrs Totten reached my desk, she asked what answer I'd got for problem No.14. “I...I didn't get anything，” I answered, and my face felt warm. ‎ ‎“Correct，” she said.‎ It turned out that the correct answer was zero.‎ What did I learn that day? First, always do all your homework. Second, in real life it isn't always what you say but how you say it that matters. Third, I would never make it as a mathematician.‎ If I could choose one school day that taught me the most, it would be that one.‎ What does the underlined part in Paragraph 1 indicate?‎ A．It is wise to value one's time.‎ B．It is important to make an effort.‎ C．It is right to stick to one's belief.‎ D．It is enough to do the necessary.‎ ‎【解题法】　短语或语句意义猜测题的解题思路 ‎(1)该类题主要通过上下文语境的定义、同位语、总结性话语来做出猜测。‎ ‎(2)有时也需要借助转折词或因果关系的词来对比猜测。‎ ‎(3)有时也需要借助举例来猜测。‎ 专项训练 A Would it surprise you to learn that, like animals, trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to the next generation?‎ UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined. Although Charles Darwin thought that trees are competing for survival of the fittest, Simard shows just how wrong he was. In fact, the opposite is true: trees survive through their cooperation and support, passing around necessary nutrition “depending on who needs it”．‎ Nitrogen (氮) and carbon are shared through miles of underground fungi (真菌) networks, making sure that all trees in the forest ecological system give and receive just the right amount to keep them all healthy. This hidden system works in a very similar way to the networks of neurons (神经元) in our brains, and when one tree is destroyed, it affects all.‎ Simard talks about “mother trees”， usually the largest and oldest plants on which all other trees depend. She explains how dying trees pass on the wealth to the next generation, transporting important minerals to young trees so they may continue to grow. When humans cut down “mother trees” with no awareness of these highly complex “tree societies” or the networks on which they feed, we are reducing the chances of survival for the entire forest.‎ ‎“We didn't take any notice of it，” Simard says sadly.“Dying trees move nutrition into the young trees before dying, but we never give them a chance.” If we could put across the message to the forestry industry, we could make a huge difference towards our environmental protection efforts for the future.‎ ‎1. What would be the best title for the passage?‎ A. Old Trees Communicate Like Humans B. Young Trees Are In Need Of Protection C. Trees Are More Complex Than You Think D. Trees Contribute To Our Society ‎2. In Simard's opinion, trees ________.‎ A. depend on each other ‎ B. protect their own wealth C. compete for survival ‎ D. provide support for dying trees ‎3. We can learn from the passage that ________.‎ A. “mother trees” are usually of no use to other trees B. Charles Darwin had the same thought as Simard C. people know much about the complex “tree societies”‎ D. if “mother trees” are cut down, the survival for the entire forest will be affected ‎4. The underlined word “it” in the last paragraph refers to ________.‎ A. how trees grow old B. how “tree societies” work C. how forestry industry develops D. how young trees survive ‎【答案解析】‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了树和树之间不是你死我活的竞争关系，而是相互依赖的互助关系。快要死的树会将自己的营养传给小树让它们更好地成长。如果人们知道这些现象，就可以更好地保护这些树。‎ ‎1．C　标题概括题。‎ ‎【关键句】①Would it surprise you to learn that，like animals，trees communicate with each other and pass on their wealth to the next generation？(第一段)‎ 译文：了解到跟动物一样，树和树之间也会互相交流，并把它们的财富传递给下一代，这会使你感到惊奇吗？‎ ‎②UBC Professor Simard explains how trees are much more complex than most of us ever imagined.(第二段第一句) ‎ 译文：UBC教授Simard解释了树是如何比我们大多数人想象的要复杂得多的。‎ ‎【解题思路】根据关键句可推断出，砍掉“母亲树”会影响整片森林的生存状况。故答案选D。‎ ‎4．B　指代判断题。‎ ‎【解题思路】画线词出现在第五段段首，所以应该到上一段段末寻找it所指代的内容。上段最后一句指出，砍掉“母亲树”会影响整片森林的生存状况，由此可推断出，it指的是“树的社会”是如何运转的。故答案选B。‎ B Whether it's joining a school club, going to a friend's birthday party, or travelling by train, we can meet new people anywhere and anytime in our lives. However, many of us feel awkward when meeting people for the first time, especially when we aren't quite sure what to say. The situation feels cold, even icy.‎ ‎“Breaking the ice” is a term widely used in the Englishspeaking countries to describe a small talk technique that can help rescue a conversation from certain failure.‎ So where do you even begin? Well, a good start is to accept that it is perfectly normal to feel a little nervous when talking to someone for the first time. They might look grumpy or scary, but they could turn out to be the nicest person you've ever met.‎ You might think that breaking the ice is difficult. But sometimes just a simple “hello”， followed by a threesecond smile, can make all the difference.‎ Complimenting someone on their garment or accessories (饰品) is also a great, easy way to break the ice. You might say, “I love your jacket. Where did you buy it from？”‎ Being in an uncomfortable or unpleasant situation with someone new might feel terrible, but it can actually be one of the best icebreakers. By focusing on the situation, you come together to fight the common enemy: The long bathroom queue, for example, or the overcrowded bus.‎ You can make observations too. “What kind of drink is that？”“That's a lovely name. What does it mean？”“Do you study here too？” There are opportunities all around you to ask questions that don't seem weird, as long as you have some followup questions in mind.‎ If you're feeling extra bold, make a joke. Jokes can be difficult to master but if you get them right, they show the likeable, witty side of your character. “What's your name？”“Well, people usually call me Mike, but you can call me tonight.”‎ ‎5. Which is the best title for the passage?‎ A. How to develop friendship with a stranger B. Advice on breaking the ice when we communicate with a stranger C. How to become a successful public speaker D. How to start a conversation with a person ‎6. The underlined word “grumpy” can be replaced by “________”．‎ A. easily annoyed B. gentle C. lowspirited D. cheerful ‎7. What can we learn from the passage?‎ A．“Breaking the ice” is a small talk technique widely used in our daily communication all ‎ over the world.‎ B. As long as you can smile at others, you will make some friends.‎ C. Realizing that it's normal to feel nervous in front of a stranger is a good start to break the ice.‎ D. Being in an uncomfortable situation with some strangers can be the best icebreakers.‎ ‎8. According to the passage, making a joke ________.‎ A. can be done with ease B. leads to many new friends C. can show your wisdom and lovely character D. makes you enjoy your life happily ‎【答案解析】‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一些与陌生人交流时打破僵局的建议。‎ ‎5．B　标题概括题。‎ ‎【解题思路】通读全文可知，本文介绍了一些与陌生人交流时如何打破僵局的建议。故选B。‎ ‎6．A　词义猜测题。‎ C The moment a college student arrives on campus, he or she is_bombarded_with credit card offers. Advertisements for student credit cards are everywhere: in bags at the bookstore, in the campus newspaper, in your regular mailbox, in the residence halls.‎ With so many college students graduating with large amounts of credit card debt (figures vary, but most are at least in the thousands), learning how to manage a student credit card can be ‎ an important lesson for any student. While using a card wisely can be an important part of building credit and making it through a difficult time, knowing how to use a card wisely can be the hard part.‎ Stick to the following rules when, and if, you need to use a credit card：‎ ‎•You can repay the charges within the card's next billing cycle.‎ ‎•You must meet your basic needs, like food, clothing and shelter, but set rules and be aware that you will need to repay those charges at the end of the month.‎ ‎•You can talk to the financial aid office in your school for an alternative in “emergency” situations.‎ If you do want a credit card, just be smart about it.(They let you into that school because of your brain, right？) Don't automatically get the first one you find. Shop around for a card that has the lowest interest rate possible, and consider places that may not be advertising on campus. Additionally, be aware of any card's repayment options: When will payments be due? How much will they be? A credit card is not like a loan that comes with a grace period(宽限期) after you graduate and waits until you are done with school. That new sweater and nice dinner out will need to be paid back right away.‎ ‎9. What does the underlined phrase in Paragraph 1 mean?‎ A. Be confused by. B. Be terribly hurt by.‎ C. Be attracted by. D. Be surrounded by.‎ ‎10. Which of the following statements is TRUE?‎ A. A college freshman should be careful when choosing a credit card.‎ B. Students should take a lesson about how to use a credit card wisely.‎ C. A credit card will be the only help for students in emergency situations.‎ D. The author doesn't appreciate the idea of having a credit card on campus.‎ ‎11. What's the best title for this passage?‎ A. Economic Tips for College Students B. Dos and Don'ts in Using Student Credit Cards C. Mistakes about Student Credit Cards Use in College D. Student Credit Cards—What You Need to Know ‎12. If this is a passage of a college newspaper, in which column can we read it?‎ A. Entertainment. B. Advertisement.‎ C. Economy. D. Education.‎ ‎【答案解析】‎