【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题细节理解类型解题指导（9页）

【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题细节理解类型解题指导（9页）

‎2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题细节理解类型解题指导 ‎ [2017年全国卷考情导向]‎ 试卷类型 设题信息 命题角度 细节理解 主旨大意 推理判断 词义猜测 全国卷Ⅰ A篇为应用文，题材为广告宣传类，设3道题 ‎2‎ ‎1‎ B篇为记叙文，题材为故事轶闻类，设4道题 ‎3‎ ‎1‎ C篇为说明文，题材为文化教育类，设4道题 ‎1‎ ‎1‎ ‎1‎ ‎1‎ D篇为说明文，题材为科普知识类，设4道题 ‎2‎ ‎2‎ 全国卷Ⅱ A篇为应用文，题材为广告宣传类，设3道题 ‎3‎ B篇为记叙文，题材为人物传记类，设4道题 ‎1‎ ‎1‎ ‎1‎ ‎1‎ C篇为说明文，题材为新闻报道类，设4道题 ‎1‎ ‎2‎ ‎1‎ D篇为说明文，题材为生态环保类，设4道题 ‎1‎ ‎2‎ ‎1‎ 全国卷Ⅲ A篇为应用文，题材为广告宣传类，设3道题 ‎3‎ B篇为记叙文，题材为社会生活类，设4道题 ‎1‎ ‎3‎ C篇为说明文，题材为生态环保类，设4道题 ‎1‎ ‎2‎ ‎1‎ D篇为说明文，题材为科普知识类，设4道题 ‎2‎ ‎1‎ ‎1‎ ‎[试题特点]　‎ ‎1．就体裁而言，阅读材料所选择的文段涉及叙述体、论说体和说明体等多种文体,如上述三套卷后两篇均为说明文；选材风格保持连续性，既注重题材的多样化、现代化和生活化，又较为综合地反应了政治、经济、文化和生活的各个方面，贴近生活，贴近时代，体现了“语言是文化的载体”这一重要理念。‎ ‎2．从能力考查来看，整体上偏重对文章事实细节的考查，如全国卷Ⅰ设有8道细节考查题。归纳概括、词义猜测、推理判断和主旨概况等深层次试题仍占有很大比重。‎ ‎3．阅读材料更趋于“原汁原味”，富含语篇结构复杂的长句，材料中文化含量加大，行文风格更具英语语言特点。‎ Ⅰ.正确选项的命题方式和特征描述 命题方式 特征描述 同义转换 用不同的表达方式呈现原文内容。采用改变句子结构或替换原文关键词的方法，表达与原文相同或相近的意义。‎ 有据推理 用合乎逻辑的推理和判断呈现原文隐含的意义、观点或结论。采用对原文提供的已知信息，如事实、论点、例证等依据做出合理判断，有效推导出未知的信息。‎ 抽象概括 用简明扼要的表达方式呈现原文内容。采用对原文中的具体事实进行抽象概括的方法，表达与原文内容相同或相近的意义。‎ 正话反说/反话正说 用恰恰相反的表达方式呈现原文内容。采用与原文相反的句式，如主动代替被动、否定代替肯定，反之亦然。或使用与原文相反的逻辑关系，如原文强调的是原因，而选项表达的是结果。‎ Ⅱ.错误选项的命题方式和陷阱特征 命题方式 陷阱特征 颠倒是非 原文中本来有明确的说明作为依据，但是却设计成与之完全相反的选项。也就是睁着眼说瞎话。‎ 答非所问 提取原文中出现的原话或将原话加以改变设置成选项，但原话却不能回答题干所提出的问题，也就是回答不是所问的内容。‎ 断章取义 孤立地提取原文中的一句或几句话的意思，而不顾全篇文章的主旨或中心思想，以致引起与原文意思不符或歪曲了原文所表达的意思。‎ 无中生有 所述内容或是凭空捏造的信息，或是生活常识，或是普遍接受的真理，但都脱离了原文，在文中找不到支持的依据。‎ 偷梁换柱 选项用了与原文相似的句子结构和大部分相同的词汇，却在不经意间对细微处做了些许改动，造成意义出现了差别。‎ 因果倒置 凡事有因才有果，有果必有因。选项混淆了事物间的因果关系，或将某一结果产生的原因作为结果，或将结果作为原因。‎ 张冠李戴 选项所述内容弄错了事实和对象，把此人的事情或观点错加到彼人身上，或将此事物的特征错加到彼事物上。‎ 以偏概全 选项内容在原文中有提及，但只是细枝末节，不能代表全文的整体意思，犯了以局部代替整体，用片面的观点看待整体问题的错误。‎ 过犹不及 选项所述内容或对原文内容进行过度推理、概括，或对事情发生的范围过分扩大或缩小，或对某现象绝对肯定或否定。‎ ‎[真题例释]‎ ‎(2017·全国卷Ⅱ·B)I first met Paul Newman in 1968，when George Roy Hill，the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid，introduced us in New York City. When the studio didn't want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me. I don't know how many people would have done that；they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers.‎ The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference，we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV. We were respectful of craft(技艺)and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play. Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors：humorous，aggressive，and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core(核心)of our relationship off the screen.‎ We shared the belief that if you're fortunate enough to have success，you should put something back—he with his Newman's Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill，and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn't see each other all that regularly，but sharing that brought us together. We supported each other financially and by showing up at events.‎ I last saw him a few months ago. He'd been in and out of the hospital. He and I both knew what the deal was，and we didn't talk about it. Ours was a relationship that didn't need a lot of words.‎ ‎24．Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first?‎ 选项 正误 命题方式 A.Paul Newman wanted it.‎ ‎×‎ 颠倒是非 B.The studio powers didn't like his agent.‎ ‎×‎ 无中生有 C.He wasn't famous enough.‎ ‎√‎ 有据推理 D.The director recommended someone else.‎ ‎×‎ 无中生有 ‎25.Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship?‎ 选项 正误 命题方式 A.They were of the same age.‎ ‎×‎ 颠倒是非 B.They worked in the same ‎×‎ 无中生有 ‎ theater.‎ C.They were both good actors.‎ ‎×‎ 答非所问 D.They had similar characteristics.‎ ‎√‎ 有据推理 ‎26.What does the underlined word“that”in Paragraph 3 refer to?‎ 选项 正误 命题方式 A.Their belief.‎ ‎√‎ 有据推理 B.Their care for children.‎ ‎×‎ 偷梁换柱 C.Their success.‎ ‎×‎ 断章取义 D.Their support for each other.‎ ‎×‎ 因果倒置 ‎27.What is the author's purpose in writing the text?‎ 选项 正误 命题方式 A.To show his love of films.‎ ‎×‎ 以偏概全 B.To remember a friend.‎ ‎√‎ 有据推理 C.To introduce a new movie.‎ ‎×‎ 无中生有 D.To share his acting experience.‎ ‎×‎ 以偏概全 ‎【语篇解读】　本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者和一位著名演员Paul Newman之间的友谊。‎ ‎24．C[考查细节理解。根据第一段中的“When the studio didn't want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me.”可知，电影公司想要跟保罗一样出名的人，由此可以判断，“我”不够出名，故选C项。]‎ ‎25．D[考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors：humorous，aggressive，and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection. Those were also at the core(核心)of our relationship off the screen.”可知，“我”与保罗在荧幕前和荧幕后都很幽默、有进取心，‎ 并开对方的玩笑，即两人有相似的性格，故选D项。]‎ ‎26．A[考查词义猜测。根据第三段第一句“We shared the belief that...”以及下面对belief的具体解释可知，画线处是指共同拥有这种“信念”使“我们”两人更近了，故选A项。]‎ ‎27．B[考查推理判断。本文是按照时间顺序写的，从与保罗的最初相见，到友谊慢慢加深，以及几个月前去看生病的保罗，由此可知作者写此文的目的是回忆一位朋友，故选B项。]‎ 模式1| 细节理解题 事实认定 数字确定 顺序排列 图表鉴别 通过阅读，认定文中出现的who，what，when，where，which，how等具体事实信息。‎ 对文中所涉及的年代、年龄、数量、钱款等进行甄别、规整、计算、换算，得出试题所要求的答案。‎ 对文中所列举的事实、事项、事件等按照时间、空间或逻辑顺序的关系进行恰当排序。‎ 用图表代替具体事实，使文中的某些信息更直观、更形象地得以展现。‎ 解 题 技 巧 ‎1.略读、跳读，锁定与问题相关的信息范围，定位相关的词语或句子。‎ ‎2．读选项，理解各选项的意义，比较各选项的意义差别。‎ ‎3．通过直接信息认定、同义替换，筛选出正确答案。‎ ‎4．重点关注给出的例证、类比、顺序等重要信息点。‎ ‎[典题互动示法]‎ ‎[典题1]　(2017·全国卷Ⅱ·A)In the coming months，we are bringing together artists from all over the globe，to enjoy speaking Shakespeare's plays in their own language，in our Globe，within the architecture Shakespeare wrote for. Please come and join us.‎ National Theatre of China　Beijing |Chinese This great occasion(盛会)will be the National Theatre of China's first visit to the UK. The company's productions show the new face of 21st century Chinese theatre. This production of Shakespeare's Richard III will be directed by the National's Associate Director，Wang Xiaoying.‎ Date&Time：Saturday 28 April，2：30pm&Sunday 29 April，1：30pm&6：30pm Marjanishvili Theatre　Tbilisi|Georgian One of the most famous theatres in Georgia，the Marjanishvili，founded in 1928，appears regularly at theatre festivals all over the world. This new production of As You Like It is helmed(指导)by the company's Artistic Director Levan Tsuladze.‎ Date&Time：Friday 18 May，2：30pm&Saturday 19 May，7：30pm Deafinitely Theatre　London|British Sign Language(BSL)‎ By translating the rich and humorous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL，Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare's comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience.‎ Date&Time：Tuesday 22 May，2：30pm&Wednesday 23 May，7：30pm Habima National Theatre　Tel Aviv|Hebrew The Habima is the centre of Hebrewlanguage theatre worldwide. Founded in Moscow after the 1905 revolution，the company eventually settled in Tel Aviv in the late 1920s.Since 1958，they have been recognised as the national theatre of Israel. This production of Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice marks their first visit to the UK.‎ Date&Time：Monday 28 May，7：30pm&Tuesday 29 May，7：30pm ‎1．Which play will be performed by the National Theatre of China?‎ A．Richard III. B．Love's Labour's Lost.‎ C．As You Like It. D．The Merchant of Venice.‎ ‎[细节理解题之事实认定。可通过直接信息认定，筛选出正确答案。根据National Theatre of China Beijing | Chinese下面的第三句“This production of Shakespeare's Richard III will be directed by the National's Associate Director, Wang Xiaoying.”可知，将要在中国国家大剧院上演的是Richard III，故选A项。]‎ ‎2．What is special about Deafinitely Theatre?‎ A．It has two groups of actors.‎ B．It is the leading theatre in London.‎ C．It performs plays in BSL.‎ D．It is good at producing comedies.‎ ‎[细节理解题之事实认定。根据Deafinitely Theatre London | British Sign Language(BSL)下面的第一句“By translating the rich and humorous text of Love's Labour's Lost into the physical language of BSL...”可知，在Deafinitely Theatre中，戏剧是用BSL(英国手语)来演出的，故选C项。]‎ ‎3．When can you see a play in Hebrew?‎ A．On Saturday 28 April.‎ B．On Sunday 29 April.‎ C．On Tuesday 22 May.‎ D．On Tuesday 29 May.‎ ‎[细节理解题之事实认定。根据题干中的in Hebrew可以定位至Habima National Theatre处，根据最后一部分内容“Date & Time: Monday 28 May, 7：30 pm &Tuesday 29 May, 7：30 pm”可知，在5月29日是可以看戏剧的，故选D项。]‎ ‎[典题2]　(2017·北京高考·B·节选)SUBSCRIBE NOW Annual Subscription Europe ￡55　　Rest of World ￡65‎ Annual Subscription with Gift Pack Includes a Mammoth Map，a Passport Puzzle Booklet，and Subscription Europe ￡60 Rest of World ￡70‎ ‎4．How much should you pay if you make a 12month subscription to TOKNOW with gift pack from China?‎ A．￡55.　　　　　　　 B．￡60.‎ C．￡65. D．￡70.‎ ‎[细节理解题之数字确定。可通过定位相关句子，锁定与问题相关的信息范围。由题干的几个关键点12month(对应文中的annual)，with gift ‎ pack以及from China(对应文中的Rest of World)可锁定价格为70英镑，故选D项。]‎