【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题数词及主谓一致（17页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习语法专题数词及主谓一致（17页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习语法专题数词及主谓一致 ‎【考点解读】‎ 一、数词 ‎ ‎1. 基数词 ‎(1)注意几个不规则的基数词的写法。如eleven, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty等。‎ ‎(2)注意英语中的数量以三位为一个单位，一般对应阿拉伯数字的写法每三位加一个逗号，分别是thousand, million和billion。如：ten thousand＝10,000; one hundred million＝100,000,000。‎ ‎(3)数词hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score表示确切数目时不加s，但若表示不确切数目时，要用复数形式，与of构成短语。如：一万：ten thousand；成千上万的：tens of thousands of；两打鸡蛋：two dozen eggs。‎ ‎(4)年代表达方式有两种写法。如：20世纪90年代：in the 1990s或in the 1990’s。‎ ‎2. 序数词 ‎(1)序数词前面一般加the，多数序数词由基数词加th构成。如：the fifteenth; 以y结尾的基数词变化时，先把y改成i，再加eth。如：twentieth。注意几个不规则的序数词的写法。如：first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth等。　‎ ‎(2)序数词常可缩写，其形式为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最后两个字母。如：1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th。‎ ‎3. 小数 小数点用point表示，小数点后的数用个位基数词表示。如：0.567－zero point five six seven。‎ ‎4. 分数 分子用基数词，分母用序数词，如果分子大于1，分母须加s。如：1/5－one fifth/onefifth; 3/4－three fourths/threefourths。‎ ‎5. 百分数 百分号用percent(per cent)或%表示。如：19.56%－nineteen point five six percent。‎ ‎6. 倍数表达法 ‎(1)倍数＋as＋形容词/副词(原级)＋as。‎ This bridge is three times as long as that one.‎ ‎(2)倍数＋形容词或副词的比较级＋than。‎ This bridge is three times longer than that one.‎ ‎(3)倍数＋the size/length/weight ...＋of＋表示比较对象的 This bridge is three times the length of that one.‎ ‎(4)倍数＋what引导的从句。‎ The college is twice what it was 5 years ago.‎ ‎(5)倍数＋that＋of＋表示比较对象。‎ The money he earns is three times that of hers.‎ 主谓一致是指谓语动词在人称和数方面需和主语保持一致。主谓一致主要遵循语法形式一致、意义一致以及就近一致三个原则。‎ ‎1. 句子谓语用单数的情况 ‎(1)单数名词或代词、不可数名词、动词不定式或动词ing形式或单个从句等作主语时。‎ To go swimming is helpful for shaping your body.‎ ‎【点睛】　what引导的名词性从句作主语时，若表语是复数形式，则谓语动词用复数。‎ ‎(2)由and连接的两个名词若表示单一概念时。‎ A knife and fork is what you need when having a meal.‎ ‎(3)由and连接的并列单数主语前有every, each, no, many a时。‎ Each man and each woman was asked to give a performance at the party.‎ ‎(4)表示时间、重量、距离、长度、价格、金额、体积等名词的复数作主语或主语部分是一个算式时。‎ To me, 20,000 dollars is not a small sum of money.‎ One plus one is/equals two.‎ ‎(5)each, everyone, everybody, everything, someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing等不定代词作主语时。‎ Everyone has his own interest.‎ Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.‎ ‎(6) one (every one, any one, either, neither, each one, each)＋of＋名词复数时。‎ One of the guests in the party is from South Africa.‎ Every one of us likes the novel.‎ ‎(7)more than one/a＋单数名词作主语，尽管从意义上看是复数，但谓语须用单数形式。‎ More than one student was chosen to compete in the contest.‎ ‎2. 句子谓语用复数的情况 ‎(1)某些集体名词(如：people, police, staff, cattle等)作主语时，谓语通常用复数。‎ The police are searching the woods for the lost child.‎ ‎(2)由and, both ... and连接两个并列主语时。‎ What he says and what he does do not agree.‎ Both the president and the prime minister have attended the lecture.‎ ‎(3)当主语是clothes, trousers, shorts, shoes, jeans, glasses, scissors, compasses等只有复数形式的名词时。‎ My trousers have been washed already.‎ ‎【点睛】　若这类名词前有pair of修饰时，其谓语动词的单复数取决于pair的单复数形式。‎ ‎(4)“the＋形容词/过去分词”结构(如：the dead/old/rich/injured/unemployed等)多指某一类人。主语由该结构充当时，谓语动词一般用复数。‎ The blind were given aids by the volunteers outside the theatre.‎ ‎【点睛】　该结构也有表示一类事物的情况，此时谓语动词用单数。‎ The old always gives way to the new.‎ ‎3. 就近一致的情况 ‎(1)在there be结构中。‎ There is a pen and three books on the desk.‎ ‎(2)当or, either ...or, neither ...nor, whether ...or, not only ...but also ...等连词连接两个并列主语时。‎ Not only his brothers but also he is good at painting.‎ ‎4. 其他情况 ‎(1)主语后面有as well as, rather than, with, together with, along with, like, but, except等插入成分，谓语的数与主语保持一致。‎ The Smiths, together with their daughter, are to arrive on the evening flight.‎ Nobody but three students was in the laboratory at that time.‎ ‎(2)某些集体名词(如：family, team, audience, class, committee, crowd, government, group, party, public等)作主语时，若作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数；若指集体中所有的成员时，谓语用复数。‎ Her family is small, but the family are advanced workers.‎ ‎(3)以s结尾的名词(如：学科名词politics, 不可数名词news, 或单复数同形的means, works等)，要分清其数的关系，才可决定其谓语的单复数形式。‎ Physics seems to be very difficult to many girl students.‎ Different means of transport are available in the city.‎ ‎(4)none, some, all, the rest, half等作主语时，谓语动词根据其所指意义决定单复数。‎ The rest of the story was dull and all the students were bored.‎ 主谓一致是历年高考试题中的测试重点之一。一般与其它知识综合起来考察。近几年语境综合化程度越来越高。分数、百分数、不定式、动名词、定语从句等场合下的主谓一致问题仍将会是今后高考命题的热点。‎ ‎　　主谓一致是指一个句子的主语和谓语动词保持人称与数的一致关系。有些句子不易直接看出主语的单复数，需仔细推敲。处理主谓一致要注意语法一致，意义上一致和就近一致。‎ ‎　　高考重点要求：‎ ‎　　1. 根据主谓一致的三个原则 (语法一致,意义一致，就近一致), 判断和确定句子的主语和谓语在人称和数上保持一致 ‎　　2. 掌握固定词组作主语,谓语动词的数与主语保持一致 ‎　　考生在掌握主谓一致的基本原则的同时，也要特别注意语法一致的原则，而且分数、百分数、不定式、动名词、定语从句等场合下的主谓一致问题仍将会是今后高考命题的热点。‎ ‎　　复习时需注意的要点 ‎　　1、 集体名词看作整体时，谓语动词用单数，看作各个成员时，谓语用复数。‎ ‎　　例如：His family isn’t large.‎ ‎　　His family are all fond of music.‎ ‎　　2、 些名词如news, maths, physics等虽然有词尾“s”但意义上是单数，谓语动词要用单数。‎ ‎　　例如：The news is wonderful.‎ ‎　　Physics is an interesting subject.‎ ‎　　3、 由数词+表示重量、里程、时间、金钱等名词所构成的复数名词主语，是当作一个整体看待的，后面用单数动词。‎ ‎　　例如：Five minutes is too short.‎ ‎　　Ten dollars is enough.‎ ‎　　4、 主语后面跟有介词with或together with 引导的短语时，谓语动词一般与前面的主语的人称和数一致。‎ ‎　　例如：The teacher together with ten students is doing an experiment in the lab.‎ ‎　　5、 主语前有every或each修饰时，无论有几个主语，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎　　例如：Every teacher and every student in our school has been to the ‎ Century Park.‎ ‎【真题分析】‎ 一、单项选择 ‎1. (2017· 江苏卷) The publication of Great Expectations, which _______ both widely reviewed and highly praised, strengthened Dickens’ status as a leading novelist.‎ A. is B. are C. was D. were ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。先行词是Great Expectations，“Great Expectations”是书名，看做单数，所以定语 从句的谓语也要使用单数形式；根据“strengthened”可知，说的是过去，故选C。句意：《远大前程》的出版 获得了广泛的认可和高度的赞扬，这坐实了狄更斯作为前沿小说家的地位。‎ ‎2. (2017·天津卷) Nowadays, cycling, along with jogging and swimming, _______ as one of the best all-round forms of exercise.‎ A. regard B. is regarded C. are regarded D. regards ‎【答案】B ‎3. (2016·湖南卷) Listening to loud music at rock concerts _____ caused hearing loss in some teenagers. ‎ ‎     A. is            B. are              C.has              D. have ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查主谓一致以及时态语态。句意：在摇滚音乐会听嘈杂的音乐会会引起一些青少年的听力丧失。主语为动名词listening，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎4.（2016·四川）Such poets as Shakespeare ______widely read, of whose works, however, some _____ difficult to understand. ‎ A. are; are         B.is; is            C.are; is         D.is; are ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】前句的主语是poets，后句的主语是some (works)，都需要复数形式的谓语动词。‎ ‎5. (2015·湖南卷) It is important to remember that success ________ a sum of small efforts made each day and often ________ years of achieve.‎ ‎ A. is; takes B. are; takes C. are; take D. is; take ‎【答案】A ‎6. (2014·湖南卷) All we need a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.‎ A. are B. was C. is D. were ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】考查主谓一致及时态用法。句中的主语为代词all，代指的是物，故谓语动词用单数形式。再根据从句中的can可以判断用一般现在时。句意：我们所需要的是一小块土地，在整个一年的生长季节，我们能够种各种不同的水果树。故C正确。‎ ‎7. (2013·湖南卷) The university estimates that living expenses for international students ________ around $8，450 a year, which ________ a burden for some of them.‎ ‎ A. are; is B. are; are C. is; are D. is; is ‎【答案】A　‎ ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。句意：那所大学估计，对国际学生来说，一年的生活开销大约是8450美元，这对 他们中某些学生来说是一个负担。第一空的主语是 living expenses，是复数，因此谓语动词用复数；第二空的主语是 which，指代的是前面整个句子，因此谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎8. (2013·江苏卷) Generally, students' inner motivation with high expectations from others ________ essential to their development.‎ A. is B. are C. was D. were ‎【答案】A　‎ ‎9. (2013·福建卷) The famous musician, as well as his students, ________ to perform at the opening ceremony of the 2012 Taipei Flower Expo.‎ A. were invited B. was invited ‎ C. have been invited D. has been invited ‎【答案】B　‎ ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。 as well as, together with like等介词或介词逗语连接并列主语时，谓语动词应该与介词或介词短语之前的主语保持一致。此句复含介词前的主语是 musician，故可先排除B和C，句中有明确的过去时间，动词应用一般过去时，所以答案为B。‎ ‎10. Among the crises that face humans the lack of natural resources.‎ A. is B. are C. is there D. are there ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。这是个倒装句，主语是the lack，谓语动词用单数。‎ 二、单句填空 ‎1. (2018·新课标I卷) While running regularly cann't make you live forever, the review says it ____64____ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎【解析】考查动词的时态及主谓一致。医学报告显示：跑步比散步、骑车和游泳更能有效地延长寿命。这里叙述的是一个事实，故用一般现在时。故填is。‎ ‎2. (2017·新课标I卷) Fast food 67 (be) full of fat and salt;‎ ‎【答案】is ‎【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。此处是对客观情况的描述，应用一般现在时；分析句子结构可知，该句缺少谓语动词，又因主语为Fast food. 故填is。‎ ‎3. (2016·新课标II卷) Leaving the less important things until tomorrow 63 (be) often acceptable.‎ ‎【答案】is ‎4. (2016·新课标III卷) Confucius believed knives would remind people of killings and 69 (be) too violent for use at the table. ‎ ‎【答案】were ‎【解析】考查时态和主谓一致。根据句中的“believed”可知，此处描述的是过去的情况，应用一般过去时；从句主语为knives，谓语动词应用复数。故填were。‎ 三、单句改错 ‎1. (2018·新课标III卷) "The classroom is a place for learning and that include learning from textbooks, and mistake as well."‎ ‎【答案】includes ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。that作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数includes。‎ ‎2. (2018·新课标II卷) In the summer holiday following my eighteen birthday, I took driving lessons.‎ ‎【答案】eighteen→eighteenth。‎ ‎【解析】考查序数词。“我的18岁生日”, 应用序数词eighteenth。‎ ‎3. (2014·四川卷) Today, I am going to talk about what you should do when a fire alarm go off.‎ ‎【答案】go→goes ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。根据从句主语“a fire alarm”可知, 从句的谓语动词要用单数形式。故将go改为goes。‎ ‎4. (2016·浙江卷) He would ask who we was and pretend not to know us.‎ ‎【答案】was→were。‎ ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。根据we可知, 谓语动词应该用复数形式, 故改为were。‎ ‎5. (2014·陕西卷) Suddenly the arrows was flying down at us from the sky — they looked like rain!‎ ‎【答案】was→were。‎ ‎6. (2013·浙江卷) Good night and remember, you, dear diary, is my only souvenir from my past life and my only friend.‎ ‎【答案】is→are。‎ ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。此处主语是you, 所以系动词用are。‎ ‎7. (2012·陕西卷) What I liked best were the free high-speed Internet connection in the room.‎ ‎【答案】were→was。‎ ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。There be句型的就近原则, a student poll为单数。‎ ‎【对点测试】‎ 一、单项选择 ‎1. My family as well as I ________ glad to see you. A. am B. are C. is D. was ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】as well as连接两主语时，谓语与前面一个主语取得一致，此处family强调成员，选B。‎ ‎2. Of particular interest to visitors ________ the large number of bookstores that sell books in different languages. A. have been C. is B. are D. were ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】该句是倒装结构。“the number of ＋复数名词”作主语，谓语用单数。‎ ‎3. I think John, ________ you, ________ to blame. ‎ A. as well as；are C. rather than；is B. or；is D. except；are ‎【答案】C ‎ ‎【解析】as well as / rather than / except连接两主语，谓语一般与前面的主语一致。 ‎ ‎4. The students in our school each an English dictionary.‎ A. have C. have had B. has D. are having ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎【解析】此处each为同位语，谓语需与主语students相一致，可排除B，作“有”解的have一般不用进行时，可排除D，句中说的是现实情况，不用完成时，排除C。故选A。‎ ‎5. Both bread and butter ________ sold out in this shop yesterday. ‎ A. was C. have been B. were D. has been ‎【答案】B ‎【解析】both...and连接两并列主语时，谓语一般用复数，所以选B。注：如果将句中的both去掉，该选A。‎ ‎6. Thirty percent of the cattle ________ thin, but the rest ________ fat. ‎ A. are；are C. is；are B. is；is D. are；is ‎【答案】A ‎ ‎【解析】cattle为集合名词，谓语要用复数，故选A。‎ ‎7. What he says and does ________. ‎ A. resist to each other C. does not agree B. do not agree D. are seldom right ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎8. The secretary of the Party branch and director of that factory often ________ with the workers. ‎ A. works C. is working B. work D. are working ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】director前无冠词，说明and 连接的是同一个人，and可译为“兼”，谓语用单数。如选C，需将often置于is working之间。‎ ‎9. Large quantities of fruit ________ all over the world from China today.‎ A. is shipped C. has shipped B. are shipped D. have shipped ‎【答案】B ‎ ‎【解析】quantity of作主语时，谓语一般需根据quantity本身的单复数来决定。‎ ‎10. What he ________, to be frank, please us present. ‎ A. does do C. do do B. does does D. do does ‎【答案】B ‎13. —Have you heard about the new school?‎ ‎—No. When and where to build the new one ________ yet. ‎ A. isn't decided C. hasn't decided B. aren't decided D. haven't decided ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】此处应用被动，排除C、D，主语部分虽然有两个疑问副词when和where，但when and where to build the new one还只能算一个不定式，所以谓语该用单数，排除B。故选A。‎ 二、单句填空 ‎1. (2017·北京四校联考) Neither I nor Amy ________(be) to attend the business conference if we are busy. ‎ ‎【答案】is ‎ ‎【解析】句意：如果我们忙的话，我和埃米就都不去参加商务会议了。neither…nor…连接两个并列成分作主语时，谓语动词与最近的名词或代词保持一致。设空处的单复数形式应与Amy一致，根据从句的时态可知应用一般现在时。故填is。 ‎ ‎2. (2017·湖南十三校联考) Our school along with many other brother middle schools ____________(be) to take another joint test next month. ‎ ‎【答案】is ‎ ‎【解析】句意：我们学校连同其他很多兄弟学校下个月还要有一次联考。当主语后有along with连接的成分时，谓语动词的数应与主语保持一致，故应与Our school一致，所以谓语动词用单数。故填is。‎ ‎3. All we need ________ (be) a small piece of land where we can plant various kinds of fruit trees throughout the growing seasons of the year.‎ ‎【答案】is　‎ ‎【解析】we need是一个省略了关系代词that的定语从句。先行词all即句子的主语，是不定代词，且由设空后的a small piece of land可知，谓语动词需用单数形式is。‎ ‎4. Either you or one of your students ________ (be) to attend the meeting that is due tomorrow.‎ ‎【答案】is　‎ ‎5. Dr Smith, together with his wife and daughters, ________ (be) going to visit Beijing this summer. ‎ ‎【答案】is　‎ ‎【解析】句意：今年夏天，史密斯博士，要和他的妻子和女儿们一起游览北京。together with his wife and daughters短语补充说明主语，谓语动词应和主语保持一致。‎ ‎6. Mr Black, as well as the professor who ________ (come) from Beijing University, ________ (be) to attend our school meeting.‎ ‎【答案】comes; is　‎ ‎【解析】第一空为定语从句的谓语动词，应与先行词一致，the professor是单数，故谓语动词用单数；第二空是主句的谓语动词，主语是Mr Black，谓语动词用单数，且本句描述一般情况，应用一般现在时。‎ ‎7. The population of Jiangsu ________ (have) grown to more than twice what it was in 1949. The figure is now approaching 74 million. ‎ ‎【答案】has　‎ ‎【解析】The population of ... “……的人口”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎8. 40% of the students in our school ________ (be) from the other parts of Hunan, which ________ (be) a relatively large number.‎ ‎【答案】are; is　‎ ‎【解析】句意：我们学校百分之四十的学生来自湖南的其他地方，这是一个相对较大的数量。分数或百分数作主语时，谓语动词应依据分数或百分数所指代的名词而定，本句第一空40%指代的是the students，故谓语动词应用复数；第二空which指代的是先行词40%本身，故谓语动词应用单数，且句子描述一般事实，应用一般现在时。‎ ‎9. —Why is the chemical plant closed?‎ ‎—Because large quantities of waste water ________ (release) into the Yangtze River.‎ ‎【答案】have been released　‎ ‎10. A teacher of English and class teacher ________ (tell)us something about volunteer workers.‎ ‎【答案】is telling　‎ ‎【句意】句意：一位英语老师兼班主任将给我们讲一些关于志愿者的事情。本句的主语是A teacher of English and class teacher 这是一个老师，既是英语老师也是班主任。所以谓语动词使用单数形式。‎ 三、单句改错 ‎1. (2018·安徽合肥八中第一次段考) The airport bus leaves every 30 minute and will take you right to the Friendship Hotel. ________ ‎ ‎【答案】minute→minutes　‎ ‎【解析】minute前面有数词30修饰，应用复数形式。‎ ‎2. (2018·广东汕头高三质检) Friendship is very important to everyone, especially to me. Now, I would like to describe one of my best friends whose name are Petou. ‎ ‎【答案】are→is　‎ ‎【解析】考查主谓一致。whose引导的定语从句的先行词是代词“one”，因此谓语动词应该用单数。‎ ‎3. (2018·山西省太原市) In the early twenty century, homeless people were often brought up in orphanages, in that they received little love. ‎ ‎【答案】twenty→twentieth　‎ ‎【解析】考查数词。表示第几世纪要用序数词，故twenty改为twentieth。‎ ‎4. Large quantities of water is needed for irrigation.‎ ‎【答案】is→are　‎ ‎【解析】句意：灌溉需要大量的水。quantities ‎ of无论修饰不可数名词还是修饰可数名词复数，作主语时，谓语动词用复数，且此句描述一般事实，谓语动词应用一般现在时。‎ ‎5. Every possible means have been used to prevent the air pollution, but the sky is still not clear.‎ ‎【答案】have→has　‎ ‎【解析】句意：已采取了各种各样的措施预防空气污染，但天空还是不清亮。means单复数同形，但是当means由every, each或no修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎6. Hank as well as the other children who have no parents are being taken good care of in the center.‎ ‎【答案】are→is　‎ ‎7. The population of this city, forty percent of which are Germans, have risen by 15% in the last three years.‎ ‎【答案】have→has　‎ ‎【解析】句意：这个城市40%的人是德国人，其人口在过去的三年里已经增加了15%。population指人口多少，如用作主语，谓语动词用单数形式，且本句描述一般事实，应用一般现在时。‎ ‎8. I didn’t think it one of the best films that has ever been shown here this year.‎ ‎【答案】has改为have ‎【解析】主谓一致错误。当先行词为one of +可数名词复数时，定语从句的谓语用复数。 ‎ ‎9. The number of the passengers killed in the accident are surprising.‎ ‎【答案】are改为is ‎【解析】主谓一致错误。the number of作主语时，谓语用单数。‎ ‎10. The idea that, if your house is built in the right position, it might help you succeed in life, seem strange to many people.‎ ‎【答案】seem改为seems ‎【解析】主谓一致错误。本句的主语是 the idea，为单数，所以谓语要用单数。‎ 四、单句翻译（数词及主谓一致）‎ ‎1. 霍金斯就是这样的人，受了不少苦却取得了巨大的成就。‎ ‎【答案】Such is Stephen Hawing, who has suffered a great deal but achieved so much.‎ ‎【解析】such作主语时谓语动词的单复数形式应当根据其意义而定。如：Such are the difficulties that we are faced with.‎ ‎2. 整个村子他的家族最大。‎ ‎【答案】His family was the largest among the whole village.‎ ‎【解析】audience, army, class, company, enemy, family, group, public, government, population等集体名词作主语，若作为一个主体，谓语动词用单数；若着眼于成员或者个体，谓语动词用复数。如：My family are going on a trip this summer.‎ ‎3. 据报道这里十分之一的人患肺癌。‎ ‎【答案】It is reported that one in/ out of ten people here suffers from lung cancer.‎ ‎【解析】当用“one in”或者“one out of”表示几分之一时，谓语动词不看of后的名词，只用单数。‎ ‎4. 那个歌星兼舞蹈家会参加派对。‎ ‎【答案】The singer and dancer is to attend the party.   ‎ ‎【解析】两个名词共用一个冠词，用and连接，表示同一人、同一事或者同意概念，谓语用单数。试比较：The singer and the dancer are to attend the party. 歌星和舞蹈家都会参加派对。‎ ‎5. 不光是你，我也要对打破这扇窗户负责。‎ ‎【答案】I as well as you am to blame for breaking the window. ‎ ‎ ‎