2019届二轮复习短文语法填空专题词法篇—动词课件（189张）

2019届二轮复习短文语法填空专题词法篇—动词课件（189张）

　词法篇 — 动词 2019 届二轮复习短文语法填空专题 经典品味 　 洞察考向 专题精析 　 考点突破 内容索引 精选模拟 　 强化训练 经典品味　洞察考向 考查时态。文章叙述了熊猫妈妈对孩子的照顾，用了一般过去时，空格处也需用一般过去时且为主动形式，故用 drive 的过去式 drove 。 　 考点一 动词 的 时态 和 语态 Ⅰ . 语法填空考点聚焦 考向 1 　一般时的主动语态 1.However ， it stayed with her and learned about the ways of the forest . Then ， after two and a half years ， the mother ( drive) the young panda away.(2016· 四川 ) 典题 试做 drove 答案 解析 此处指这种循环日复一日地不断持续下去，由冒号后内容的时态可知这种情况是客观事实，故用一般现在时态 。 2.This cycle ( go) day after day ： The walls warm up during the day and cool off during the night and are thus always a timely offset( 抵消 ) for the outside temperatures.(2015· 全国 Ⅱ ) 答案 解析 goes 考查时态和被动语态。根据语境及 allow sb . to do sth. 这一用法可知，此处要用一般过去时的被动语态形式 。 考向 2 　被动语态 1.So it was a great honour to be invited backstage at the not -for-profit Panda Base ， where ticket money helps pay for research.I ___________ ( allow) to get up close to these cute animals at the 600- acre centre . ( 2016· 全国 Ⅰ ) 答案 解析 was allowed 根据句意筷子是被制造的。此处为含有情态动词的被动语态 might be done 。 2.Truly elegant chopsticks might ( make) of gold and silver with Chinese characters.(2016· 全国 Ⅲ ) 答案 解析 be made 考查时态和被动语态。大熊猫为世界各地的人们所喜爱是个客观事实，故用一般现在时； panda 与 love 之间是被动关系，所以用被动语态。故填 is loved 。 3.The giant panda ( love) by people throughout the world . ( 2016· 四川 ) 答案 解析 is loved 根据上下文语境可知此处要用一般现在时 。 Ⅱ. 短文改错考点聚焦 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 考向 1 　文中前后时态不一致 1.It is always crowded with customers at meal times . Some people even had to wait outside . My uncle tells me that...(2016· 全国 Ⅰ ) 答案 解析 have 考查一般现在时的用法。我认为这是一个好主意。根据上下文可知，此处并不是过去的看法，而是现在的看法 。 2.I thought that it is a good idea . It does not cost much ， yet we can still learn a lot.(2016· 全国 Ⅱ ) 答案 解析 think 根据上下文可知此处应用一般过去时态。 3.However ， my parents didn ’ t seem to think so . They always tell me what to do and how to do it.(2016· 全国 Ⅲ ) 答案 解析 told 根据主句内容 my father would lift my sister 可知 while 引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时。故 chat 改成 chatted 。 4.While they chat ， my father would lift my sister and me up to sit on the top of the fridge.(2016· 浙江 ) 答案 解析 chatted 5.Dad and I planned to do something on Mother ’ s Day . We get up early in the morning . Dad cleaned the house ， and then went shopping.(2016· 四川 ) 由前句中的 planned 和后句中的 cleaned ， went 可知此处用一般过去时 。 答案 解析 got studies 与 show 之间为主动关系， 所以 删除 been 。 考向 2 　谓语动词的结构形式错误 1.Lots of studies have been shown that global warming has already become a very serious problem.(2015· 全国 Ⅰ ) 答案 解析 句子的主语为 A woman ，谓语为 saw ， crying 为宾补， and 连接的是两个谓语，而不是两个宾补，所以 telling 改为 told 。 2.A woman saw him crying and telling him to wait outside the shop . ( 2015· 全国 Ⅱ ) 答案 解析 told was scared 与 begun 是由 and 连接的两个并列谓语，由 was scared 可知应用一般过去时， begin 的过去式是 began ， begun 是其过去分词，所以 begun 改为 began 。 3.Tony was scared and begun to cry.(2015· 全国 Ⅱ ) 答案 解析 began 因为句中已有谓语动词 was ，故此处要用非谓语动词形式。因 permit 与 reporter 之间为逻辑上的动宾关系，所以用过去分词形式作后置定语。 考点二　非谓语动词 Ⅰ. 语法填空考点聚焦 考向 1 　作定语 1.But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid -1980s ， when I was the first Western TV reporter _________ ( permit) to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016· 全国 Ⅰ ) 答案 解析 permitted 不定式 to eat 作定语，修饰前面的不定代词 something 。句意为： 25 天中，她寸步不离她的孩子，甚至不去找东西吃！ 2.For 25 days ， she never left her baby ， not even to find something ______ ( eat) ！ (2016· 四川 ) 答案 解析 to eat 句中已有谓语动词 arranges ，故应考虑此处填非谓语动词。由于 live 与其所修饰的名词 people 之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用表示主动意义的现在分词形式 。 3.Abercrombie&Kent ， a travel company in Hong Kong ， says it regularly arranges quick getaways here for people _____ ( live) in Shanghai and Hong Kong.(2015· 全国 Ⅰ ) living 答案 解析 由句子结构可知， include 后缺宾语，而 include 后需跟动名词作宾语。 考向 2 　作主语、宾语 ( 补足语 ) 或表语 1.My ambassadorial duties will include (introduce) British visitors to the 120- plus pandas at Chengdu and others at a research centre in the misty mountains of Bifengxia.(2016· 全国 Ⅰ ) 答案 解析 introducing 句中 it 是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式，该句结构为 It takes ＋时间＋ to do sth. 。 2.It took years of work (reduce) the industrial pollution and clean the water.(2014· 新课标全国 Ⅰ ) 答案 解析 to reduce 3.In addition to their simple beauty ， what makes the adobe dwellings admirable is their ability to “ air condition ” a house without (use) electric equipment.(2015· 全国 Ⅱ ) 介词 without 之后的动词要用动名词形式 。 答案 解析 using 4.I heard a passenger behind me shouting to the driver ， but he refused (1) ( stop) until we reached the next stop. Still ， the boy kept ( 2 ) (ride).(2014· 新课标全国 Ⅱ ) (1)refuse 后接动词作宾语时，要用其不定式形式，即 refuse to do sth. “ 拒绝做某事 ” 。 答案 解析 to stop ( 2)keep 后接动名词作宾语，意为 “ 继续做某事 ” 。故填 riding 。 答案 解析 riding 5.One morning ， I was waiting at the bus stop ， worried about _____ ( be) late for school.(2014· 新课标全国 Ⅱ ) 空格前面是介词 about ，后面的动词应使用 v .-ing 形式，因此应填 being 。 答案 解析 being 考向 3 　作状语 1.Skilled workers also combine various hardwoods and metal ________ ( create) special designs.(2016· 全国 Ⅲ ) 考查动词不定式作目的状语。句中已有谓语 combine ，故此处应考虑填非谓语动词， combine various hardwoods and metal 的目的是 to create special designs ，故填动词不定式。 答案 解析 to create 2.The Chinese have used chopsticks for five thousand years.People probably cooked their food in large pots ， ( use) twigs( 树枝 ) to remove it.(2016· 全国 Ⅲ ) 考查现在分词作方式状语。句中已有谓语 cooked ，且无其他连接词， use 与主句主语存在主动关系，故填现在分词形式作方式状语。 答案 解析 using 考向 4 　祈使句及其他固定句式结构 1.It could be anything—gardening ， cooking ， music ， sports—but whatever it is ， (make) sure it ’ s a relief from daily stress rather than another thing to worry about.(2016· 全国 Ⅱ ) 根据句子结构可知，此处为祈使句，故谓语要用动词原形。 答案 解析 make 2.If you find something you love doing outside of the office ， you ’ ll be less likely ( bring) your work home.(2016· 全国 Ⅱ ) 固定表达 be likely to do... 很可能做某事。 答案 解析 to bring 3.When a new day breaks ， the walls have given up their heat and are now cold enough ______ ( cool) the house during the hot day ； at the same time ， they warm up again for the night.(2015· 全国 Ⅱ ) “ 形容词＋ enough ＋动词不定式 ” 为一常用句式。 答案 解析 to cool Ⅱ . 短文改错考点聚焦 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 考向 1 　主动与被动的混用 Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables and high quality oil are using for cooking.(2016· 全国 Ⅰ ) 考查被动语态。 fresh vegetables and high quality oil 与 use 之间为被动关系。 be used for 被用于。 答案 解析 used 考向 2 　形容词化的现在分词与过去分词之间的混用 1.It was both excited and frightening to be up there ！ (2016· 浙江 ) it 为这句话的形式主语，真正的主语是 to be up there ，主语是物的时候，表语应该用现在分词形式的形容词。故 excited 改成 exciting 。 答案 解析 exciting 2.Mom was grateful and moving.(2016· 四川 ) 主语是 Mom ，故用 -ed 形容词作表语。 答案 解析 moved 考向 3 　固定结构以及平行结构中非谓语动词的形式错误 1.I showed them I was independent by wear strange clothes . ( 2016· 全国 Ⅲ ) 此处用动名词作介词 by 的宾语。 答案 解析 wearing 2.He would ask who we were and pretend not to knowing us . ( 2016· 浙江 ) pretend 后面接不定式作宾语，这里是否定式 pretend not to do 。故 knowing 改成 know 。 答案 解析 know 3.We can choose between staying at home and take a trip.(2016· 全国 Ⅱ ) 此处为 between...and... 结构，根据前面的 staying at home 可知，此处也要用动名词形式，与前面保持一致。 答案 解析 taking 4.The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming .( 2015· 浙江 ) make 后跟复合宾语，当宾补为动词且与宾语之间为逻辑上的主谓关系时，用动词原形。 答案 解析 feel 5.I enjoyed sit close to the windows and looking at the view.(2015· 浙江 ) 动词 enjoy 后要接动名词作宾语。 答案 解析 sitting 6.It ’ s been a month since I came to this new school and I really want share with you some of the problems I have been experiencing .( 2015· 四川 ) want 后跟带 to 的不定式作宾语。 答案 解析 ∧ to 7.We ’ ve been spending a lot of time sing in karaoke bars.(2015· 四川 ) spend some time (in) doing sth. 花费时间做某事。 答案 解析 singing 8.I might have to retire again next year just get some more of these biscuits .( 2015· 陕西 ) 句意为：我也许明年得再退休一次，只是为了能得到更多的饼干。故此处用动词不定式表示目的。 答案 解析 ∧ to 9.My favorite picture at the party is of my coach and me enjoy the biscuits with happy laughter ！ (2015· 陕西 ) 分析句子结构可知，本句谓语动词是 is ， enjoy 所表示的动作用来说明 my coach and me 的状态，且它们之间是主动关系，故用现在分词形式 。 答案 解析 enjoying 10. Have tea in the late afternoon provides a bridge between lunch and dinner ， which might not be served until 8 o ’ clock at night . ( 2013· 新课标全国 Ⅱ ) 分析句式结构可知句子的主语应为 Have tea in the late afternoon 这部分，动词原形不能作句子的主语，所以应该用动名词形式作主语。 答案 解析 Having 考点三　情态动词和虚拟语气 Ⅰ . 语法填空考点聚焦 考 向 1 　常见情态动词 Mum ： Are they there? Oh ， my goodness . I _____ have put them in there when the phone rang.(2014· 新课标全国样卷 ) 动词原形前常跟情态动词或助动词。根据句意，是对过去发生的动作的最有把握的猜测，故肯定句中用 must have done 形式。 答案 解析 must Ⅱ . 短文改错考点聚焦 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 考向 1 　情态动词后动词形式的错用 1.Then he and my mother would have had a drink while she prepared dinner and they would talk about his day and hers .( 2016· 浙江 ) 考查情态动词基本用法。根据语境知，此处是描述的过去的一种习惯，故用 would do 表示 “ 过去常常做 ” 。 would have done 表示对过去事情的假设，意思是 “ 本来会做 ” 。 答案 解析 2.We must found ways to protect our environment.(2015· 全国 Ⅰ ) 情态动词后面要接动词原形。 答案 解析 find 考向 2 　虚拟语气中情态动词或谓语动词形式的错用 1 . Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby . ( 2016· 全国 Ⅱ ) 考查虚拟语气。 suggest 表示 “ 建议 ” 时，后面的宾语从句的谓语动词要用 should do 形式， should 可以省略，故答案有两种改法。 答案 解析 should 或 Some classmates suggest we can go to places of interest nearby. 2.If you are me ， would you talk to them ？ (2015· 四川 ) 此处是虚拟语气，表示与现在情况相反，所以要把 are 改为 were 。 答案 解析 were 一、动词在语法填空中的考查 在语法填空中，动词的考查主要考虑时态、语态、非谓语动词、语气、主谓一致等。近三年全国卷最常考的谓语动词是一般过去时或者主语是第三人称单数的一般现在时，并会涉及到主谓一致与虚拟语气的考查，情态动词还未考过；被动语态常会涉及一般现在时或一般过去时的被动语态；而非谓语动词主要考查其基本形式： to do( 即 to ＋原形 ) ， doing( 即 - ing 形式 ) ， done( 即 -ed 形式 ) 。 完全 解读 应对策略 1. 句中若缺少谓语，注意要考虑所给动词的时态和语态。 (1) 判断时态首先要确定时间，然后根据动作发生的状态来判断应该运用哪种时态。有时也可以根据空格后和该句中已经存在的谓语动词的并列关系来确定时态。 (2) 句中缺少谓语，且与主语存在被动关系，考虑根据时间和动作存在的方式，确定相应时态的被动语态。注意：只有及物动词才有被动语态。 2. 如果句中已有谓语动词，并确定所给动词要填写为非谓语动词，就要考虑是 v .-ing 形式、过去分词形式还是动词不定式。 分析非谓语动词在句中作何成分，再根据各非谓语动词特点确定填哪种形式 。 (1) 对于不定式的考查，需注意不定式的时态和语态，熟记常考跟不定式作宾语的动词以及一些常考句式。 (2) 现在分词作状语，表示自然而然的结果或伴随，且与句子主语构成逻辑上的主动关系。另外，现在分词的一般式作状语，往往表示动作与谓语动词同时或相继发生；现在分词的完成式作时间状语，往往表示动作先于谓语动词发生。现在分词作定语表示动作的主动或正在进行；动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的或习惯性动作；此外，应熟记能用动名词作宾语的动词或动词短语 。 (3) 过去分词可作状语、定语或补语，表示被动与完成；若作表语常考的为形容词性化的过去分词；过去分词不可作主语或宾语。 (4) 独立主格和 with 复合结构的非谓语动词要考虑与复合宾语的逻辑关系。 3. 对于情态动词在语法填空中的考查，主要注意情态动词的一般用法以及 “ 情态动词＋ have done ” ；而对于虚拟语气的考查除了注意情态动词的选用，还需注意一般过去时与过去完成时在虚拟语气中的考查 。 二、动词在短文改错中的考查 短文改错中对于谓语动词的考查点常会涉及到考查上下文时态不一致、被动语态漏掉 be 或过去分词拼写错误，句中出现多个谓语动词且无连词的错误；非谓语动词形式错误常会涉及本该用不定式或动名词却用了原形，不定式符号 to 的多用或少用也常考，在介词或某些动词后本应接动名词的却用了原形、本应用现在分词的却用了过去分词等。 情态动词与虚拟语气在短文改错中的考查常涉及情态动词后的动词形式错误或 be 动词遗漏，情态动词混用或虚拟语气中情态动词以及时态的错用。 应对策略 做动词类改错题时，需注意以下几个方面： 1. 判断一般现在时与一般过去时是否错 用 ; 2.and ， but ， so ， or 等并列连词前后的时态是否一致； 3. 除了时态，还要注意主谓是否一致； 4. 看是否考查虚拟语气； 5. 看谓语部分是否缺少动词，特别是 be 动词 ； 6. 看动词的形式是否正确，尤其是第三人称单数形式是否错用； 7. 看主动语态和被动语态是否错用 ； 8. 作主语或宾语不能用动词原形，通常改为 -ing 形式或不定式。因在短文改错中，只能改一个词，如果主语是原形，就只能改为 -ing 形式了； 9. 熟记其后只能接 -ing 或只能接 to do 作宾语的动词； 10. 介词后要用动词的 -ing 形式。注意区分 to 是介词还是不定式符号； 11. 熟记一些固定短语或句式中的非谓语动词形式； 12. 根据非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系来确定 用 - ing 形式还是用 -ed 形式； 13. 别混淆谓语动词与非谓语动词； 14. 看句中情态动词是否运用正确； 15. 看是否考查虚拟语气；若是考查虚拟语气，注意分清主句与分句中的时态关系以及不同句式中的虚拟语气构成形式。 专题精析　考点突破 专题 1 　动词的时态和语态 专题 2 　非谓语动词 专题 3 　情态动词和虚拟语气 专题 1 　动词的时态和语态 ◆ 动词的时态和语态的形式   现在 过去 将来 过去将来 主动 被动 主动 被动 主动 被动 主动 被动 一般 do / does a m/is/ are done did was/were done shall / will do shall/will be done should/would do should / would be done 进行 am/is/are doing am/is/are being done was/were doing was/were being done shall / will be doing shall/will be being done should/would be doing should/would be being done 完成 have / has done have/has been done had done had been done shall/will have done shall/will have been done should/would have done should / would have been done 完成 进行 have / has been doing had been doing   shall/will have been doing   should/would have been doing   ◆ 动词时态的核心考点 1. 一般现在时考点分析 (1) 表示客观事实或普遍真理 ( 不受时态限制 ) 。 Time and tide wait for no man. (2) 表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。 Ice feels cold. These oranges taste good. They always care for each other and help each other . (3) 表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时，如 see ， hear ， smell ， taste ， feel ， notice ， agree ， believe ， like ， hate ， want ， think ， belong to ， seem 等。 He likes his bike. All the students here belong to No.1 Middle School . (4) 在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。 I ’ ll write to her when I have time . (5) 少数用于表示起止或转移等的动词如 come ， go ， leave ， arrive ， fly ， return ， start ， begin ， open ， close ， end ， stop 等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作。当 be 表示根据时间或事先安排肯定会出现的状态时，只用一般现在时。 The shop closes at 11 ： 00 p.m . every day. Tomorrow is Wednesday . 2. 一般过去时考点分析 (1) 一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的具体时间状语连用 ( 或有上下文语境暗示 ) ；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事。 We met her in the street yesterday. When he was young ， he took cold baths regularly. I didn ’ t expect to see you studying at the library. (2) 如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去时。 He told me he read an interesting novel last night . (3) 表示两个紧接着发生的动作，由以下词语连接，常用一般过去时。如： but ， and ， when ， as soon as ， immediately ， the moment ， the minute 等 。 He bought a watch but lost it. The moment she came in ， she told me what had happened to her. (4) 常用一般过去时的句型。 Why didn ’ t you think of that? I didn ’ t notice it. I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before. I didn ’ t recognize him . 3. 一般将来时考点分析 (1) 表示未来的动作或状态，常用 will/shall ＋动词原形，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如： tomorrow ， next week 等。 We will have a meeting tomorrow. We ’ ll die without air or water. (2) 表示趋向行为的动词如 come ， go ， start ， begin ， leave 等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。 The students are leaving on Sunday . (3) 一般将来时的其他表达方式 be going to do ， be to do ， be about to do 的用法及区别： ① be going to 在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排 要 做 的 事、必然或很可能发生的事，也可用来表示自然现象 。 The railway is going to be open on October 1st. ② be to do 表示按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。 A meeting is to be held at 3 ： 00 o ’ clock this afternoon. You ’ re to be back before five o ’ clock . ③ be about to do 表示 “ 即将，正要 ” ，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。 Autumn harvest is about to start. 注意： be going to do 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备； shall/will do 表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。 be going to 表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而 will 则能，表意愿 。 If it is fine ， we ’ ll go fishing. [ √ ] If it is fine ， we are going to go fishing . [ × ] 4. 现在进行时考点分析 (1) 表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是讲话时正在进行的动作；表示近期特定的安排或计划； go ， come 等表示移动的动词可用进行时代替将来时；与 always ， often 等频度副词连用，表示经常反复的行为或某种感情色彩。 He is working on a paper. She is teaching English and learning Chinese. I am meeting Mr . Wang tonight. We are leaving on Friday. The girl is always talking loud in public. (2) 下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。 ① 表示心理状态、情感的动词： like ， love ， hate ， care ， remember ， believe ， want ， mind ， wish ， agree ， mean ， need 等。 ② 表示存在状态的动词： appear ， exist ， lie ， remain ， seem ， belong to 等。 ③ 表示行为结果的动词： allow ， accept ， permit ， promise ， admit ， complete 等。 ④ 表示感官的动词： see ， hear ， notice ， feel ， smell ， sound ， taste ， look 等。 5. 过去完成时考点分析 (1) 常用过去完成时的几种情况。 ① 在 by ， by the end of ， by the time ， until ， before ， since 后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句的句子中。 By the end of last year ， we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. ② 表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用 had hop ed/planned/meant/intended/thought/wanted/expecte d 等或用上述动词的过去式接不定式的完成式，即： hoped/planned... ＋ to have done 。 We had planned to finish the work before dark ， but we were held up by a heavy rain. ③“ 时间名词＋ before ” 在句中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时； “ 时间名词＋ ago ” 在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时。 He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago. ④ 在 hardly/scarcely...when... ， no sooner...than... 句式中，主句常用过去完成时，表示 “ 一 …… 就 ……” 。当 hardly ， scarcely ， no sooner 置于句首时，其后要用部分倒装。 We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. ＝ No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. (2) 在 before 或 after 引导的时间状语从句中可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。 After he (had) left the room ， the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed. 6. 过去将来时考点分析 过去将来时表示从过去的观点来预计以后要发生的动作或存在的状态，这种时态常用于宾语从句中，主句常是一般过去时。 He always said that he would study hard at that time. 7. 过去进行时考点分析 过去进行时表示在过去某个时刻正在进行的动作或存在的状态。 He was reading an interesting book this time yesterday. 8. 现在完成时考点分析 (1) 现在完成时除可以和 for ， since 引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用： durin g/in/over the last(past) few years(months ， weeks...) ， in recent years ， so far ， up to now 等。 (2) 下列句型中常用现在完成时。 It is(has been) ＋一段时间＋ since 从句 This(That/It) is the first(second...) time that ＋现在完成时 This(Th at/It) is the best/fi nest/most interesting... ＋ that ＋现在完成时 (3) 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替将来完成时。 I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it. If you have done the experiment ， you will realize the theory better. Don ’ t get off the bus until it has stopped. 9. 注意几组时态的区别 (1) 一般过去时与现在完成时： ① 时间上有差异：凡含有过去时间的，如 ago ， last year ， just now ， the other day 等均用一般过去时，不能用现在完成时。 ② 结果上有差异：现在完成时强调的是对 “ 现在 ” 的影响和结果，动作到现在刚完成或还在继续；一般过去时强调的是动作发生在 “ 过去 ” ，和现在毫无关系。 (2) 过去完成时与一般过去时：过去完成时强调的是 “ 过去的过去 ” ；如出现同一主语连续几个动作 ( “ 连谓 ” ) 的形式则只用一般过去时即可。 Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 1.This proverb is saying we have to let things go in their natural course . Being too anxious to help an event develop often ______ ( result) in the contrary to our intention. 2.By the time you have finished this book ， your meal ( get) cold. 3.I ’ ll go to the library as soon as I finish what I ( do ). results will get am doing 题组 训练 1 4.Did you predict that many students (sign) up for the dance competition? 5.In order to find the missing child ， villagers ( do) all they can over the past five hours. 6.This is the first time we ( see) a film in the cinema together as a family. have been doing have seen would sign Ⅱ . 单句改错 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 1.As I tell you last time ， I made three new friends here. 2.My soccer coach retired last week . I wanted to do something special for him at his retirement party . My mum makes the best biscuits in the world ， so I decide to ask her for help.(2014· 陕西 ) 3.I was taking a train to London ’ s Victoria Station . I had noticed that the carriage was noisy and filled with people.(2014· 浙江 ) told decided 4.The teacher told us that the sun rose in the east. 5.Suddenly Mary ， my best friend ， asking me to let her copy my answers. 6.Do you want to know why we move last week ? rises asked moved 7.I knew that they will be worried about me because I was so far away ， and that my mother would not sleep if she knew. 8.Thank you for all you had done for me . Mom ， though I may not often say it ， I do love you. have would ◆ 动词被动语态的核心考点 动词的被动语态的构成方式： be ＋过去分词，口语中也用 “ get/become ＋过去分词 ” 表示。被动语态的基本用法：不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态；强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态 (by 短语有时可以省略 ) 。 1. 使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题 (1) 主动变为被动时双宾语的变化。 My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday. An interesting book was given to me (by my friend) on my birthday. I was given an interesting book (by my friend) on my birthday. (2) 主动变为被动时，宾语成主语； ( 作补语的 ) 不定式前需加 to( 位置不变 ) 。 The boss made him work all day long. He was made to work all day long (by the boss). (3) 短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉 “ 尾巴 ” 。 The children were taken good care of (by her). Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to. (4) 情态动词， be going to ， be to ， be sure to ， have to 等结构变为被动语态时，只需将它们后面的动词原形变为 “ be ＋过去分词 ” 。 We can repair this watch in two days. This watch can be repaired in two days. (5) 当句子的谓语为 say ， believe ， expect ， think ， know ， write ， consider ， report 等时，被动语态有两种形式： ① 谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。 ② 用 it 作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用主语从句来表示。 People say he is a smart boy. He is said to be a smart boy. It is said that he is a smart boy. People know paper was made in China first. Paper was known to be made in China first. It is known that paper was made in China first. 类似句型有： It is sa id/known/suggested/believed/hop ed/thought that... 2. 不能用被动语态的几种情况 (1) 所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。 (2) 表示状态的谓语动词，如： last ， hold ， contain ， fit ， cost 等。 (3) 表示归属的动词，如 have ， own ， belong to 等。 (4) 表示 “ 希望、意图、喜好 ” 的动词，如： wish ， want ， hope ， like ， love ， hate 等。 (5) 宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态，不能用被动语态。 (6) 宾语是同源宾语、不定式、动名词等，谓语动词不用被动语态。 3. 主动形式表被动意义 (1) 当 feel ， look ， smell ， taste ， sound 等后面接形容词时；当 cut ， read ， sell ， wear ， write ， wash 等作为不及物动词表示主语内在 “ 品质 ” 或 “ 性能 ” 时；当动词表示 “ 开始、结束、关、停、转、启动 ” 等意义时。 The fish smells good. This kind of cloth washes easily. These novels won ’ t sell well. My pen writes smoothly. The door won ’ t lock. (2) 当 break out ， take place ， shut off ， turn off ， work out 等动词表示 “ 发生、关闭、制定 ” 等意思时。 The plan worked out successfully. The lamps on the wall turned off. (3)want ， require ， need 后面的动名词用主动形式表示被动含义。 (4)be worth doing 用主动形式表示被动含义。 (5) 在 “ be ＋形容词＋ to do ” 中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。 This kind of water isn ’ t fit to drink. The girl isn ’ t easy to get along with. 注意： be to blame( 受谴责 ) ， be to rent( 出租 ) 也用主动形式表被动。 4. 被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况 be seated 坐着； be hidden 躲藏； be lost 迷路； be drunk 喝醉； be dressed 穿着 5. 被动语态与系表结构的区别 此处的系表结构指 “ 连系动词＋用作表语的过去分词 ” 结构，它与被动语态的形式完全一样。要注意它们的区别： 被动语态强调动作；系表结构表示主语的特点或状态。 The book was sold by a certain bookstore.( 被动语态 ) The book is well sold.( 系表结构 ) Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 1.If you listen to rap music ， you will notice how the lyrics( 歌词 ) __________ ( speak) in the background of the songs. 2.He was seen ( run) into the classroom by us. 3.Such a thing has never (hear) of before . 4.Don ’ t worry . The hard work that you do now ( repay) later in life. 5.You were warned not ( eat) too much meat . 6.Great changes ( take) place in our school since 2010 . are spoken to run been heard will be repaid to eat have taken 题组 训练 2 Ⅱ . 单句改错 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 1.A talk on American culture will be giving in the school hall this weekend. 2.When you get the paper back ， pay special attention to what have marked . 3.He has bought this bicycle since he attended middle school. given ∧ been had 4.They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house is rebuilt . 5.I still remember the soup made by my grandmother was tasted so delicious that the whole family enjoyed it. ∧ being Ⅲ . 语法 填空 ( 动词的 时态 和语态专练 ) A university graduate described as a “ respectable and intelligent ” woman 1 . ( seek) professional help after being convicted of( 证明有 …… 罪 ) shoplifting for the second time in six months. Aha Luz ， recently studying for PhD 2 . ( tell) she would end up behind bars unless she can control the desire to steal from shops. Luz ， who 3. (live) with her partner in Fitzwdliam Road ， Cambridge,4. (admit) stealing clothes worth 9.95 pounds from Lewis in Oxford Street ， London ， on March 9 . is seeking has been told lives admitted Philip Lomoyne ， prosecuting( 起诉 ) ， said Luz 5 . ( select) some clothes from a display and 6 . ( take) them to the ladies ’ toilet in the store . When she came out again she 7 . ( wear) one of the skirts she 8 . ( select) ， having taken off the anti- theft security alarm. She 9 . ( stop) and caught after leaving the store without paying ， Mr . Lomoyne said . He added that she was upset on her arrest and 10 . ( apologize) for her actions. selected took was wearing had selected was stopped apologized ◆ 书面表达中谓语动词易错点聚焦 1. 中式英语比比皆是 ( 误 )I very like listen music and every day I also will see some newspapers. ( 正 )I like listening to music very much and every day I read some newspapers as well.( 习惯性动作用一般现在时 ) ( 误 )I don ’ t know I should do what . ( 正 )I don ’ t know what I should do . 2. 句子没有谓语动词或一个句子中出现多个谓语 ( 误 )The windows broken . ( 正 )The windows broke . ( 正 )The windows are (were) broken . ( 误 )Today ， the largest number of people speak English may be in China. ( 正 )Today ， the largest number of people who speak English may be in China . ( 正 )Today ， the largest number of people speaking English may be in China . 3. 动词的时态、语态及系动词 be 的乱用 ( 误 ) Recently ， the CCTV and some TVs began to take some measures. ( 正 ) Recently ， the CCTV and some TVs have begun to take some measures . ( 误 )She liked it very much and reads it to the class. ( 正 )She liked it very much and read it to the class. ( 误 )People were used to believe that the earth was flat . ( 正 )People used to believe that the earth was flat . ( 误 ) Our village has taken place great changes . ( 误 )Great changes have been taken place in our village. ( 正 )Great changes have taken place in our village. 专题 2 　非谓语动词 ◆ 非谓语动词的形式及句法功能 种类 时态 主动 被动 主语 宾语 宾补 表语 定语 状语 不定式 一般式 to do to be done √ √ √ √ √ √ 进行式 to be doing × 完成式 to have done to have been done 动名词 一般式 doing being done √ √ × √ √ × 完成式 having done having been done 分词 现在 一般式 Doing being done × × √ √ √ √ 完成式 having done having been done 过去 一般式 done( v i .) 表完成 done( v t .) 表被动与完成 × × √ √ √ √ ◆ 非谓语动词的核心考点 1. 非谓语动词作状语 (1) 不定式作状语 ① 表示目的 I stopped the car to take a short break as I was feeling tired. ② 不定式作结果状语表示出乎意料的结果，动词不定式前常加 only 。 George returned after the war ， only to be told that his wife had left him. (2) 现在分词作状语 ① 一般式 doing 表示动作和谓语动作同时或几乎同时发生，与句子的主语是主动关系。 The sun began to rise in the sky ， bathing the mountain in golden light.( 主动关系 ) ② 完成式 having done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。 I got to the office earlier that day ， having caught the 7 ： 30 train from Paddington. ③ 被动式 having been done 表示动作发生在谓语动作之前，与句子的主语是被动关系。 Having been asked to work overtime that evening ， I missed a wonderful film.( 被动意义，非谓语动词的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前 ) (3) 过去分词作状语 过去分词作状语时，与句子主语之间是被动关系。 Seen from the top of the mountain ， the city is very beautiful.( 被动关系 ) 2. 非谓语动词作定语 (1) 现在分词作定语 现在分词 ( 短语 ) 作定语与所修饰的名词之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，表示该动作的主动和进行。 Laura was away in Paris for over a week.When she got home ， there was a pile of mails waiting for her. (2) 不定式作定语 不定式作定语表示未做的事情。 His first book to be published next month is based on a true story . 不定式作定语的特殊用法： ① 下列词语后常接不定式作定语： chance ， right ， courage ， promise ， time ， opportunity ， way ， the first ， the second ， the last ， the only 等 。 ② 不定式作定语和所修饰的名词在逻辑上有主谓关系。 There is no one to look after her. ③ 不定式与被修饰的名词在逻辑上有动宾关系。 She is now looking for a room to live in . (3) 过去分词作定语 过去分词 ( 短语 ) 作定语与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上有被动关系，表示该动作的被动或完成。 You cannot accept an opinion offered to you unless it is based on facts. His first book published last month is based on a true story. 注意：表示心理状态的 动词 - ing 形式，意为 “ 令人 …… 的 ” ；动词 -ed 形式，意为 “ ( 人 ) 感到 …… 的 ” ，也可修饰体现内心感受的 look ， expression ， tears ， smile ， voice 等名词。 3. 非谓语动词作宾语 (1) 动词 afford ， promise ， refuse ， expect ， hope ， learn ， offer ， wish ， want ， fail ， plan ， agree ， forget ， like ， prefer ， decide ， manage ， try ， arrange ， determine ， desire 等后面接不定式作宾语；动词 come ， get ， grow 后接不定式作宾语时，意为 “ 逐渐地 ……” 。 David refused to accept my invitation. She has a hot temper ， but you will grow to like her. 注意：下列单词或短语后可接 “ 疑问词＋不定式 ” 作宾语： teach ， decide ， wonder ， show ， learn ， forget ， ask ， find out ， advise ， discuss 等。 I don ’ t know how to deal with this kind of matter. (2) 动词 admit ， appreciate ， avoid ， consider( 考虑 ) ， delay ， dislike ， enjoy ， escape ， excuse ， finish ， imagine ， keep ， mind ， miss ， practise ， risk ， resist ， suggest 等后要接动词 -ing 形式作宾语。 Bill suggested holding a meeting on what to do for the Expo during the vacation. 动词短语 can ’ t stand ， give up ， feel like ， keep on ， insist on ， look forward to ， put off ， devote...to ， object to ， be busy (in) ， get down to ， have difficul ty/trouble (in) ， have a good/won derful/hard time (in) ， have fun 等后要接 动词 - ing 形式作宾语 。 I had great difficulty (in) finding the suitable food on the menu in that restaurant . 介词后要接 动名词 作宾语，如 what about ， how about ， be fond of ， be good at 等的介词后接动名词。注意 on/upon doing sth. ＝ as soon as 引导的从句，作此意讲时 on/ upon 后也可以接名词。 On his arrival/On arriving at the station ， he found the train had just started. 注意：表示一种倾向多接动名词作宾语；表示某一特定的或具体的行动，多接不定式作宾语。 I like listening to music ， but today I don ’ t like to . want ， require ， need 表 “ 需要 ” 讲，后用不定式时，要用其被动形式；用动名词时，用其主动形式 ( 表被动意义 ) 。 The patient required to be examined. The patient required examining. 4. 非谓语动词作主语 (1) 动名词作主语 Hearing how others react to the book you have just read creates an added pleasure. It is no use crying over spilt milk.( 动名词短语作主语， it 作形式主语 ) (2) 不定式作主语 To see is to believe. ＝ Seeing is believing. It is important to respect people.( 不定式短语作主语， it 作形式主语 ) 5. 非谓语动词作宾补 (1) 分词作补语的区别 ① 现在分词作宾补的两大特征：一是宾语与现在分词有主谓关系；二是现在分词所表示的动作正在进行。可接现在分词作宾补的动词 ( 短语 ) 常见的有： have ， see ， hear ， find ， get ， leave ， notice ， watch ， keep ， start ， set ， catch ， smell ， feel ， send ， listen to ， look at 等。 I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. I won ’ t have you speaking to your dad like that. I heard an English song being sung by a little girl when I passed by her room yesterday.( 被动，正在进行 ) ② 过去分词作宾补的两大特征：一是及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有动宾关系；二是不及物动词的过去分词作宾补与宾语有主谓关系，多用来表示动作已完成。可接过去分词作宾补的动词有： have ， see ， hear ， find ， leave ， want ， make 等。 Claire had her luggage checked an hour before her plane left. I was surprised to find my hometown changed so much . ( 2) 不定式作补语 ① 接带 to 的不定式作宾补，此类动词 ( 短语 ) 有： advise ， allow ， ask ， cause ， command ， encourage ， expect ， forbid ， force ， get ， hate ， invite ， leave ， like ， mean ， order ， permit ， persuade ， prefer ， request ， tell ， want ， warn ， wish ， call on ， depend on/upon ， long for ， wait for 等 。 I didn ’ t mean you to hear it. We ’ re all longing for the new term to begin. I ’ m sorry ， I can ’ t go out with you.I have an urgent thing to settle . ② 接不带 to 的不定式作宾补的动词 ( 短语 ) 有： make ， have ， let 等使役动词以及 see ， watch ， notice ， observe ， look at ， feel ， hear ， listen to 等感官动词。如果这些动词或短语用于被动语态，则 to 不可省略。动词 help 后的不定式符号 to 可以省略，也可以保留。 Let those in need understand that we will go all out to help them. She was seen to enter the manager ’ s office ten minutes ago. (3)with ＋宾语＋宾补 The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him. John received an invitation to dinner ， and with his work finished ， he gladly accepted it. With a lot of difficult problems to settle ， the newly elected president is having a hard time. 6. 非谓语动词作表语 (1) 动名词作表语时，说明主语的内容。 The queen ’ s work is laying eggs. (2) 不定式作表语时，说明主语尚未发生的动作，或表示将来的动作。 His ambition is to go to Harvard University. 注意：现在分词或过去分词作表语时，通常为分词化的形容词。 Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 1.He suddenly appeared in class one day ， ( wear) sunglasses. 2.She wished that he was as easy ( please) as her mother ， who was always delighted with perfume. 3 . ( build) in 1192 ， the bridge is over 800 years old. 4 . ( collect) stamps seems to be his main hobby. 5.I didn ’ t talk much to the man ( sit) next to me . wearing to please Built Collecting sitting 题组训练 6.She avoided ( answer) the teacher ’ s questions. 7.It has been his dream ( travel) round the world. 8.Weather ( permit) ， we ’ ll have an outing tomorrow. answering to travel permitting Ⅱ . 单句改错 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 1.I also shared with my friends many photos taking in Beijing. 2.Last year ， she decided study abroad. 3.He isn ’ t good at talk but he gets on well with other people. 4.I look forward to see her again in the near future. 5.Well ， I had better to stop now. taken ∧ to talking seeing 6.We sat by the fire ， have our barbecue. 7. Felt hungry ， we built a fire by the lake and barbecued a fish. 8.I tried hard to do it.Suddenly ， Mary ， my best friend ， asking me to let her copy my answers. having Feeling asked Ⅲ . 语法填空 ( 非谓语动词专练 ) There is a wonderful story about a young girl who had no family and no one 1 . ( love) her. One day,2 . ( feel) very sad and lonely ， she was walking through a grassland when she noticed a small butterfly 3 . ( catch) in a thorny bush.The young girl carefully released the butterfly.Instead of 4 . ( fly) away ， the little butterfly changed into a beautiful fairy . “ In return for your wonderful kindness ， ” the good fairy said to the girl ， “ I will give you any wish that you would like 5 . ( get). ” to love feeling caught flying to get The little girl thought for a moment and then replied ， “ I want to be happy. ” 6 . ( lean) toward her ， the fairy whispered in her ear and then disappeared. With the little girl 7 . ( grow) up ， there was no one in the land happier than she was.Everyone wanted to make themselves 8 . ( tell) the secret of happiness by her.She would only smile and answer ， “ The secret of my happiness is that I listened to a good fairy when I was a little girl . ” Leaning growing told When she was dying ， the neighbors all gathered around her,9. _______ (fear ) that her unbelievable secret of happiness would die with her.So they begged her 10 . ( tell) them what the good fairy said.The lovely old woman simply smiled and said ， “ She told me that everyone ， no matter how old or young ， how rich or poor ， had need of me. ” fearing to tell ◆ 书面表达中非谓语动词易错点聚焦 1. 缺少非谓语动词的主动与被动意识 ( 误 ) We thought it wrong for her to punish . ( 正 ) We thought it wrong for her to be punished . ( 误 ) The man lay on his back ， with his whole body burying in the sand . ( 正 ) The man lay on his back ， with his whole body buried in the sand. 2. 缺少搭配意识 ( 误 ) Would you please stop to watch TV ？ You have watched it for too long . ( 正 ) Would you please stop watching TV ？ You have watched it for too long. ( 误 ) Your suit needs to iron . ( 正 ) Your suit needs ironing . ( 正 ) Your suit needs to be ironed . 3. 缺少前后主谓一致意识 ( 误 ) Before handing in your test paper ， it is necessary to go over the whole paper. ( 正 ) Before handing in your test paper ， you should go over the whole paper. ( 正 ) Before you hand in your test paper ， you should go over the whole paper. 4. 缺少结构意识 ( 误 ) Time permits ， I ’ ll talk for another hour . ( 正 ) Time permitting ， I ’ ll talk for another hour. ( 误 ) Having not been in the city long ， I was still a stranger there . ( 正 ) Not having been in the city long ， I was still a stranger there. 专题 3 　情态动词和虚拟语气 ◆ 情态动词的核心考点 1.can/could 和 be able to 的用法 (1)can 和 be able to 都表示能力，意思上没多大区别。但 can 只有现在和过去时，而 be able to 则有更多的形式。但当成功地完成某一具体动作时，通常不用 could 而用 was/were able to 来表示。这时 was/were able to 相当于 managed to ，表示经过一番努力，终于能够完成某事。 Her mother can speak French. The wounded man was still able to get to the village and was saved by the villagers in the end. (2)can/could 表示猜测 “ 可能 ” ，一般用于疑问句和否定句。 —Can the news be true? —It can ’ t be true. Someone is knocking at the door.Who could it be? (3)can 可以表示理论上的可能性，指常有的行为或情形，意为 “ 有时会 ……” 。 Anybody can make mistakes . (4) 表示请求、允许 ( 表请求时，口语中常用 could 代替 can 使语气更委婉，回答时用 can) 。 Can I go now? —Could I come to see you tomorrow? —Yes ， you can.( 否定答语可用 No ， I ’ m afraid not.) (5) 表示惊异、怀疑、不相信的态度 ( 主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中 ) 。 How can that be true ？ I can ’ t believe my eyes and ears. How could you be so careless ? (6)can 的特殊用法。 can but 只有； can ’ t but 不得不； can ’ t...too 再 …… 也不为过，越 …… 越好 I can but wait. I can ’ t but wait. You can ’ t be too patient to the customers. 2.may 和 might 的用法 (1) 表示允许、请求， might 比 may 的语气更委婉一些。 —May I watch TV now? —Yes ， you may.(Yes ， please.) —No ， you mustn ’ t.(No ， you ’ d better not.) (2) 表示可能性时， might 比 may 的可能性小， may 表示的可能性比 can 小 ( 主要用于陈述句、肯定或否定句，疑问句用 can 代替 ) 。 The story may not be true. (3) 表示祝愿 ( 不用 might) May you succeed! (4)may/might as well 最好还是 …… ，不妨 You might as well do it now. (5)may/might well 很可能 He may well be late for class. 3.must ， have to 和 ought to 的用法 (1)must ① 表示 “ 必须，应该，一定要 ” 。强调主观看法，只有现在时形式，否定式是 must not(mustn ’ t) 。 must 开头的问句，其否定回答要用 needn ’ t 或 don ’ t have to 来表达。 We must do it now. —Must I hand in the paper today? —Yes ， you need. —No ， you needn ’ t/don ’ t have to. ② 表示必然的结果。 All men must die. ③ 还可表示主语固执、偏要做他人不希望做的事。 It can ’ t help ； he must do that. (2)have to 着重客观需要，能用于更多时态 ( 过去时或将来时 ) 。 He will have to be there before ten. (3)ought to 表示义务和责任，意为 “ 应该 ” ，比 should 语气要强。 You ought to take care of yourself. 4.need 和 dare 的用法 (1)need 表示 “ 需要，必要 ” ，只能用于否定句和疑问句。在肯定句中，常用 must 和 have to 代替。 You don ’ t need to do it at once. Need I come? (2)dare 表示 “ 敢 ” ，通常用于否定句、疑问句和条件状语从句中。 I daren ’ t ask her for a rise. Dare you go home alone at eleven in the evening? I don ’ t know whether he dare try. (3)need 和 dare 的特殊用法 ① need 表 “ 需要 ” 时，可用 want ， require 代替。 The desk needs repairing/to be repaired. ＝ The desk wants/requires repairing/to be repaired. ② dare 作实义动词时，在肯定句中要接 to ，在疑问句和否定句中 to 可省去。 He dares to catch a snake. I do not dare (to) complain. Do you dare (to) swim in the river? 5.will 和 would 的用法 (1)will ① 表示请求、建议，常用于第二人称。 Will you please go with me? ② 表示意愿、决定、允许。 I will never do that again. ③ 表示习惯性动作或某种倾向，意为 “ 总是，惯于 ” ，通常用于第三人称。 Rosa will always be late for school. (2)would ① 表示请求、建议，比 will 委婉，指现在时间，多用于第二人称。 Would you like a cup of tea? ② 表示过去习惯性动作或某种倾向。 We would play badminton on Sundays. 6.shall 和 should 的用法 (1)shall 用于第一、三人称，在问句中表示征求对方意见或请求。 Shall I come in? When shall he be able to leave the hospital? 用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表示命令、允诺或威胁。 You shall do as your father says. He shall have the book when I finish reading. He shall be punished . (2)should ① 表示责任、义务，意为 “ 应该 ” 。 You should listen to your doctor ’ s advice. ② 表示惊讶语气，意为 “ 竟然 ” 。 You should wear slippers in class. ③ 用于条件句，表示 “ 假如，万一 ” ；省去 if ， should 可提至句首。 Should you be late ， apologize to the teacher. 7. 情态动词表示推测或判断的用法 情态动词 对现在和未来的推测 对过去的推测 使用场合 must must ＋ do must have done 肯定句 may/might may/might ＋ do may/might have done 肯定句、否定句 can/could can/could do can/could have done 否定句、疑问句 (could 可用于肯定句 ) should 用来表示一种估计的情况，意为 “ 按理会 / 估计会 ” should do should have done 肯定句、否定句、疑问句 情态动词＋ have done 的用法： (1)should have done 表示 “ 本来应该做某事而实际上未做 ” ，而 shouldn ’ t have done 则表示 “ 本不应该做某事而实际上做了 ” 。 You should have told me about it earlier. You shouldn ’ t have said such words to your parents. (2)ought to have done 表示 “ 本应该做某事而实际上未做 ” ，而 ought not to have done 则意为 “ 本不应该做某事而实际上做了 ” 。 You ought to have told me about it earlier. You ought not to have said such words to your parents. (3)needn ’ t have done 表示 “ 本无必要做某事而实际上做了 ” 。 You needn ’ t have walked so quickly since time was enough. (4)could have done 表示 “ 本来有可能做某事而事实上未做到 ” 。 I could have come on time ， but my car broke down on the way. (5)may/might have done 表示 “ 过去可能发生过某事 ” 或 “ 本来应该 / 可以做某事 ( 实际上没做 ) ” 。 You might have given him more help ， but you were so busy. Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 1. I don ’ t know where she is ， she be in Wuhan. 2.The road is wet.It have rained last night. 3.You be punished if you cheat in the exam. 4.Don ’ t worry.I ’ ve just sent an ambulance to you.They be there any second. 5.If people eat natural plant poisons by mistake ， they _____ go to hospital without delay . 6.I have gone to the school library ， but it rained heavily ， so I did not . may must shall should must should 题组 训练 1 Ⅱ . 单句改错 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 1.You had better not to have stayed there ， but you did. 2.My punishment lasted a year.Meanwhile ， I found out that with more patience I must make my toys last.My attitude changed from then on. 3.I have been practising for three weeks now ， but I still couldn ’ t get used to it—in fact ， I ’ ve nearly killed three people . could/might can’t 4.Thank you for all you have done for me.Mom ， though I may often say it ， I do love you. 5.Judging from what you said ， he ought succeed . ∧ not ∧ to ◆ 虚拟语气的核心考点 1. 虚拟语气用于条件状语从句 (1) 表示与现在事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时 (be 动词用 were) ，而主句中的谓语动词用 “would/should/could/migh t ＋动词原形 ” 。 If I were you ， I would buy that house. If he had time ， he should go with you . (2) 表示与过去事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用过去完成时，主句中的谓语动词则用 “ would/should/might/c ould ＋ have ＋过去分词 ” 。 If he had taken my advice ， he would have succeeded in passing the examination . (3) 表示与将来事实相反的假设，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时或 “ should/were to ＋动词原形 ” ，而主句中的谓语动词则用 “ would/should/could/m ight ＋动词原形 ” 。 If it were to rain tomorrow ， the football match would be put off. (4) 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作相应调整。 If they had worked hard ， they would be very tired now.( 从句说的是过去，主句指的是现在 ) 2. 虚拟语气用于名词性从句 (1) 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的运用。 ①“ wish ＋宾语从句 ” 表示不能实现的愿望，译为 “ 要是 …… 就好了 ” 。表示现在没有实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用一般过去时；表示将来不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用 “ woul d/could ＋ 动词原形 ” ；表示过去不能实现的愿望，从句中的谓语动词用 “had ＋过去分词 ” 或 “could/shoul d ＋ have ＋过去分词 ” 。 I wish it were spring all the year round. I wish I had known the answer. I wish I could fly like a bird. ② 在表示 “ 建议、要求、命令 ” 等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 “ should ＋动词原形 ” ， should 可以省略。 常见的这类动词有： suggest ， advise ， propose ， demand ， require ， insist ， request ， command ， order 等。 She suggested we (should) leave here at once. The doctor ordered she (should) be operated on . (2) 虚拟语气在同位语从句和表语从句中的运用。 表示 “ 建议、要求、命令 ” 等的名词，如 advice ， idea ， order ， demand ， plan ， proposal ， suggestion ， request 等，其后的表语从句和同位语从句中谓语动词用 “ should ＋动词原形 ” ， should 可以省略 。 His suggestion that we (should) go to Shanghai is wonderful. My idea is that they (should) pay 100 dollars. ( 3) 虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用。 在主语从句中，谓语动词的虚拟语气用 “ (should ＋ ) 动词原形 ” 的结构，表示惊奇、不相信或理应如此等。 It is necessary that we (should) clean the room every day. It was a pity/a shame that you (should) be so careless. It will be desired that she (should) finish her homework this afternoon. 注意：这种从句表示的是事实。如果人对这种事实表现出惊奇的情感，就可用虚拟语气；反之，如果不表示惊奇等情感， that 从句也可用陈述语气 。 It is a pity that you can ’ t swim . 3. 虚拟语气在其他场合的运用 (1) 虚拟语气在 as if/though ， even if/th ough 等引导的表语从句或状语从句中，如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用一般过去时；指将来状况，则用 woul d/could/mi ght ＋动词原形。 He spoke as if he had known it. You look as if you didn ’ t care. Even if she were here ， she could not solve the problem. (2) 虚拟语气用于定语从句中。 这种从句常用于句型 “ It is (high) time (that)... ” 中，定语从句的谓语动词用一般过去时 (be 用 were) 或 “ should ＋动词原形 ” ，意为 “ ( 现在 ) 该 ……” 。 It ’ s time that I picked up/should pick up my daughter. (3) 虚拟语气用在 if only 引导的感叹句中，对现在的虚拟用一般过去时 (be 用 were) ；对过去的虚拟用过去完成时。 If only I were a pilot. If only I had taken his advice. (4) 虚拟语气在一些简单句中的运用。 ① 情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人谦虚、客气、有礼貌或语气委婉，常出现在日常会话中。 It would be better for you not to stay up too late. Would you be kind enough to close the door? ② 用于一些习惯表达法中。 Would you like something to drink? I would rather not tell you . (5)would rather 虚拟语气的用法。 would rather sb . did sth. 是对现在的虚拟； would rather sb . had done sth. 是对过去的虚拟 。 Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 1.He walked in as if he ( buy) the school . And the word quickly got around that he was from New York City. 2.If you ( tell) me the news yesterday ， I wouldn ’ t be so worried now. 3.Sorry ， I am too busy now.If I ( have) time ， I would certainly go for an outing with you . 4.If I were you I ( explain) to Harry what happened . had bought had told had would explain 题组 训练 2 5.It ’ s time that our government ( take) measures to improve the quality of the buildings. 6.Mr . Li insisted that the sports meeting ( put) off because of the bad weather . 7.She would have come here ， but she ( go) to the hospital to look after her sick mother. 8.He was very busy yesterday ， otherwise he ( come) to the party . took/should take (should) be put went would had come Ⅱ . 单句改错 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) 1.If I was 10 years younger ， I would start all over again. 2.If we had enough rain last year ， we could have gained a good harvest. 3.The expression on his face suggested that he be very tired. 4.George is going to talk about the geography of his country ， but I ’ d rather he focuses more on its culture. were ∧ had was focused 5.The chairman demanded that people present made every effort to protect the polar bear against dying out. 6. Was I to be a teacher in the future ， first of all ， I would try my best to give students lessons. make Were Ⅲ . 语法填空 ( 情态动词和虚拟语气专练 ) Lucy is an outgoing lady.She 1 . play many kinds of musical instruments.Actually ， she 2 . play the piano when she was 8 years old.Lucy also keeps taking exercise every day.She says that she has to do some sports because she 3 . keep slim. “ You 4 . get fat soon if you don ’ t take exercise every day. ” She usually says to her friends. As for her ， an elegant lady should try to keep fit . However ， last week ， she found that she 5 . put on weight and her husband can could must shall might suggested that she 6 . lose weight . And these days she ’ d rather that she 7 . ( take) more exercise every day . However ， she is always lacking in time because she ought to take care of her children. One night after supper ， she walked quickly in order to go dancing at the Tomorrow Park and she was late . On her way ， she thought that the dancing must 8 . ( begin) ， and the coach 9 . have taught or shown many new moves . She was afraid that her friends might 10 . ( leave) before she got there . She was regretful then . should took have begun could have left She 11 . have had supper earlier ， or she could have taken a taxi ， and indeed she needn ’ t 12 . ( take) a bath in advance . When she reached the park finally ， she found nobody was there . She remembered suddenly that it had been reported on the radio that there would be a heavy rain that night. should have taken ◆ 书面表达中情态动词与虚拟语气易错点聚焦 1. 表达的单调性 例如在写一封回信向好友表达建议时，重复使用 You should... 既显得单调，同时强硬的语气影响了交际效果。 我们可以灵活多样地表达建议，如 You ’ d better .../You might as well.../ Why not... ？等 。 —Need I tell him everything that has happened to his father ？ ( 误 ) —Yes ， you need . ( 正 ) —Yes ， you must . ( 误 ) The King was so hot -tempered that no one dared tell him the bad news . ( 正 ) The King was so hot -tempered that no one dare ( dared to ) tell him the bad news. ( 误 ) You ’ d not better quarrel with your neighbors whatever happens . ( 正 ) You ’ d better not quarrel with your neighbors whatever happens. 2. 情态动词搭配错误 3. 虚拟语气的表达错误 特别注意时间错综句的虚拟语气的表达错误：从句与主句或上下文所表达的时间不一致，部分考生仍照搬某种形式，因未按照句中所表述的时间关系，而用错虚拟形式。如： ( 误 ) If I were you ， I wouldn ’ t miss the film last night . ( 正 ) If I were you ， I wouldn ’ t have missed the film last night. ( 误 ) If she comes tomorrow ， I would tell her the news . ( 正 ) If she came tomorrow ， I would tell her the news ( 正 ) If she should come tomorrow ， I would tell her the news . ( 正 ) If she were to come tomorrow ， I would tell her the news. ( 误 ) If only she didn ’ t miss the train the other day . ( 正 ) If only she hadn ’ t missed the train the other day. ( 误 ) Without your help ， we didn ’ t make so much progress. ( 正 ) Without your help ， we wouldn ’ t have made so much progress. ( 误 ) It ’ s time that they go home . ( 正 ) It ’ s time that they went/should go home. ( 误 ) If his television set had not been stolen yesterday ， he would have watched TV now. ( 正 ) If his television set had not been stolen yesterday ， he would watch TV now. ( 误 ) If she didn ’ t miss the train ， she is here now . ( 正 ) If she hadn ’ t missed the train ， she would be here now. 精选模拟　强化训练 Ⅰ . 单句语法填空 ( 一 ) 1.Scientists have discovered that ( stay) in the cold could help us lose weight. 2.When the time came for me to say goodbye to my friends in the village ， I wanted to reward the old woman for the trouble I ( cause) for her.But she refused . 3.Animals that are able to copy sounds may enjoy (practice) new sounds.When they are kept outside of their natural environment ， they may copy unusual sounds. staying had caused practicing 4.A major accident in southern Sweden happened today.It ’ s reported that this afternoon a ship crashed into a bridge.Unluckily ， seven cars and six trucks are said ( fall) into the water. 5.It is an activity ( hold) by an American charity organization. 6.No physical cause could ________ find ).Finally the doctor said to the man ， “ Unless you tell me what ’ s on your conscience ， I can ’ t help you. ” 7.This allowed people ( have) a day or two out now and then ， which gave them a taste for leisure and seaside . to have fallen held be found to have 8.Mrs . Woo Mei Fong said that her husband had just left for work when she ( feel) that her house was moving . She ran outside at once with her children. 9.In the spring ， snow ( melt) and the workers start working again. 10.One day when Laennec was walking in the park ， he saw some girls _______ ( play) with a see- saw( 跷跷板 ). 11.In most cases ， a healthy diet can help you decrease the risk of _______ ( get) some diseases like diabetes and cancer . felt melts playing getting 12.He agreed to our suggestion that we ( put) on a play at the English Evening. 13.It is reported that his new book ( publish) by that company next year. 14.Though they did all they could ( help) them ， times were tough for them. 15.It remains ( see) whether you can get a better education ， even if you are in a private high school. (should) put will be published to help to be seen ( 二 ) 16.He drove in ， parked ， and ( hurry) home to go to bed. 17.In the movie After Earth ， Will Smith ’ s character _____ ( say) ， “ Fear is not real.It is a product of thoughts you create. ” 18.If it ( turn) cold again ， they ’ ll dive back down. 19.I learned that he was 21 years old ， ( study) Asian literature and history at Sydney University . 20.Starting a new school term is always exciting.It is a chance _____ ( see) your friends again . hurried says turns studying to see 21 . ( stress) to everyone the importance and value of these historic sites ， the government has strengthened regulations to protect them. 22.I ( think) about what you ’ ve said and I ’ ve decided to take your advice. 23.I wondered why John kept it a secret.It was not until he ________ ______( ask) three times that he told me the truth. 24 . ( attract) by the latest electronic toys ， the little boy stood in front of the windows ， without moving . 25.It was the fourth time she ( shop) online for hours . To stress have been thinking had been asked Attracted had shopped Ⅱ . 单句改错 ( 每小题 1 处错误 ) ( 一 ) 1.I saw with my own eyes that a doctor fights all night to save a baby ’ s life. 2.Apart from that ， “ Blurt Out ” is pretty good for Chinese students to learn English idioms and improving oral English. 3.I work really hard ， often study late into the night! fought improve studying 4. Take all these factors into consideration ， I sincerely hope that I can get help from you and expect the media to do something for this. 5. We could hear the sound of the rain and our footsteps mixing with our laughter. 6.Of course ， I know become a broadcaster calls for extra devotion and more time after school is necessary for a better performance . 或 Of course ， I know become a broadcaster calls for extra devotion and more time after school is necessary for a better performance . ∧ to Taking mixed becoming 7.A young woman passes by saw the little boy and could read the desire in his pale blue eyes. 8.First of all ， we should love our motherland ， caring about the development of our hometowns and take an active part in our school ’ s activities. 9.We should not leave the tap water run or waste any materials in the laboratory class. passing care running 或 I suggest that our school must take measures to encourage more students to take part in sports. 10.I suggest that our school must take measures to encourage more students to take part in sports. 11.This morning ， when I was walking on the street ， I saw that two travelers were reading a map ， looked puzzled. 12.I have just gone to British Museum and Hyde Park recently. should looking been 13.Though I speak to them only in simple English that day ， I believe in future I will make greater progress. 14.This afternoon ， our teacher asked us list what our parents had done for us. 15.Our school conducts a survey on reading last week.According to the results ， most students believe reading is important. ∧ to spoke conducted ( 二 ) 16.But now we often discuss and try to solve the problems raising by the teachers or ourselves. 17.I have told one more worker will be needed this year and I think you are fit for it.How about joining us? 18.The ability express one ’ s idea somehow decides how far one can get along in one ’ s college. ∧ been raised ∧ to 19.Even when it comes to shake hands ， ladies come first. 20.It has been a long time since we meet in China last time. 21.The express company will get all these goods received delivering to the customers today . 22.Every time my father finds me listening to rock music ， he always shouted ， “ Shut it off.It ’ s awful! ” shaking met delivered shouts 23.He called to tell me that she was in hospital ， otherwise I have known nothing about it. 24.I am writing to share my opinion on fashion with you ， for I had just heard that you are disappointed because you can ’ t afford famous brands. 25.A man immediately gave his first aid and I had joined in without hesitation. ∧ would have Ⅲ . 语法填空 A boy quarreled with his parents and ran away from home.He had a hard life 1 . any contact with his family for years.Later he wanted to go home 2 . he was afraid that his parents might not welcome him. 考查介词。根据句意 “ 他多年没和他的家人联系，过着艰苦的生活。 ” 可知应填介词 without 。 答案 解析 without but 答案 解析 考查 连词。根据句意 “ 后来他想回家，但是他害怕他的父母可能不欢迎他。 ” 此处表示转折，所以填 but 。 Finally he decided to write a letter to his father 3 . ( express) his desire to return home and begging his pardon.In his letter he asked his father to tie a white ribbon on the tree near his house by the side of the railway lines if he was ready to welcome him 4 . home.If he did not see the ribbon on the tree ， he would think that his family did not welcome him and then he would leave home forever. 考查非谓语动词。本句不缺少谓语动词，而 express 与句子的主语 he 之间是逻辑上的主动关系，故此处用现在分词 expressing 作定语。 答案 解析 expressing back 考查副词。根据句意 “ 如果他父亲准备欢迎他回家 ” 可知，应填 back 。 答案 解析 He boarded the train and waited very 5 . ( nervous) as the train was about to pass by his home . To his great surprise ， the tree 6 ( decorate) with hundreds of white ribbons , 答案 解析 考查词性转换。此处应用 nervous 的副词形式修饰动词 waited ，故填 nervously 。 nervously was decorated 考查时态和语态。 tree 和 decorate 之间是被动关系，且指的是过去的事情，所以用 was decorated 。 答案 解析 7 . danced in the wind.His family did not want him to miss 8 . ___ sight of the ribbon and the welcome signal ， 答案 解析 考查关系代词。本句是非限制性定语从句，先行词是 white ribbons ，从句中缺主语，故填 which 。 which the 考查冠词。此处表示特指，所以填 the 。 答案 解析 so 9 . covered the whole tree with ribbons to show their whole -hearted 10 . _________ ( happy) and willingness to welcome him back. 考查代词。句意为：所以他们用丝带覆盖了整棵树。 “ they ” 在这里指他的家人。 答案 解析 they happiness 考查词性转换。空格和 willingness 并列，所以填 happy 的名词形式 happiness 。 答案 解析 Ⅳ . 短文改错 (2016· 河北衡水中学一模 ) I believe anyone can make themselves something good to eat.Cooking is a lot of easier for us than most of us think.Last Sunday my parent were away on business.I left alone ， with no one to cook for me. As I had a good chance to cook myself a wonderful meal.Early in the morning I went to the market ， buying some beefsteak and tomatoes and then came back. parents ∧ was So bought Before cooking ， I put a few oil ， salt and sugar on the steak and mixed it together.When the pot was hotter enough I began to fry the steak.Then I cooked some tomato soup with the egg in it.The food tasted deliciously ！ little them hot an delicious 本课结束 更多精彩内容请登录： www.91taoke.com