专题10状语从句（专题）-2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破

专题10状语从句（专题）-2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破

专题10状语从句（专题）‎ ‎2017年高考英语考纲解读与热点难点突破 ‎【2017年高考考纲解读】‎ 状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较和让步状语从句，共9种，是每年必考的语法项目，主要考查连词的判断选用，主句与从句谓语动词的时态运用。其中，以对时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句和结果状语从句的考查最为频繁。近几年，重点考查的连词有：when，while，as，before，unless，however等。近三年，高考有考查状语从句、宾语从句、名词性从句交叉运用的题型出现。‎ ‎【重点、难点剖析】‎ 一、时间状语从句 ‎(一)when，while与as引导的时间状语从句 ‎1．when，while与as引导时间状语从句的区别 连词 谓语动词 用法点津 when 延续性动词 非延续性动词 从句的动作和主句的动作可以同时发生，也可以先后发生 while 延续性动词 从句的动作与主句的动作同时发生 as 延续性动词 强调主从句动作相伴发生，可译为“一边……一边……；随着”‎ When they heard the news that Shenzhou Ⅸ had been sent up into space successfully，they jumped with joy.‎ 听到“神舟”九号成功发射的消息，他们高兴地跳了起来。‎ While I was reading，he came in.‎ 我正在看书时，他进来了。‎ The students sang as they walked.‎ 学生们边走边唱。‎ ‎2．while还可以作并列连词，表示对比，意为“而，却”。‎ Liu Wang is from Shanxi while Liu Yang comes from Henan.‎ 刘旺来自山西，而刘洋来自河南。‎ ‎3．when也可以作并列连词，意为“这时，那时”。‎ We were having a meeting when someone broke in.‎ 我们正在开会这时突然有人闯了进来。‎ ‎(二)before与since引导的时间状语从句 ‎1．before与since的常用句式 连词 词义 常用句式 before 在……之前，‎ 还未……就……；‎ ‎……才……；‎ 趁……，‎ 还没来得及……‎ It will (not) be＋一段时间＋before...(没有)过……时间才 It was not long before...‎ 不久……就 It was＋时间段＋before...‎ 过了……(时间)才……‎ since 自从……以来 It is/has been＋一段时间＋since...(从句用一般过去时)‎ It was＋一段时间＋since...(从句用过去完成时)‎ It will be two years before he leaves the country.‎ 再过两年他才会离开这个国家。‎ It wasn't two years before he left the country.‎ 不到两年他就离开了这个国家。‎ ‎2．since引导的从句如果用非延续性动词，所表示的动作自从句谓语动作算起；若用延续性动词，所表示的动作自动作或状态的完成或结束时算起。‎ It's two years since we arrived here.‎ 我们到这儿两年了。‎ It's three years since we lived here.‎ 我们不住在这里有三年了。‎ ‎(三)表示“一……就……”含义的词(短语)引导的时间状语从句 ‎1．引导时间状语从句，且表示“一……就……”含义的词或短语有：as soon as，the moment，the minute，immediately，directly，hardly/scarcely... when，no sooner... than...。‎ ‎2．hardly/scarcely... when，no sooner...‎ ‎ than...中主句应用过去完成时，从句应用一般过去时；当no sooner...和hardly/scarcely...位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。‎ ‎(四)until与till引导的时间状语从句 ‎1．until与till引导时间状语从句的区别 连词 位置 用法点津 until 可以放在句首 not...until可用于强调句型 till 不可放在句首 一般不用于强调句型 ‎2.not until位于句首时，主句要部分倒装。‎ ‎(五)引导时间状语从句的其他常见连词(短语)‎ ‎1．其他常见的引导时间状语从句的连词(短语)还有after，whenever，every time，each time，next time, the first/last time, any time, by the time, the day/year等。‎ Whenever we met with difficulties, they came to help us.‎ 每当我们遇到困难，他们就来帮忙。‎ ‎2．by the time引导的时间状语从句用一般现在时，主句用将来完成时；by the time引导的时间状语从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时。‎ By the time you come back, we'll have finished the job.‎ 到你回来的时候，我们将已经完成这项工作。‎ They had planted ten trees by the time we arrived.‎ 我们到的时候，他们已经种了10棵树了。‎ 二、条件状语从句 ‎1．引导条件状语从句的常见从属连词有if，unless，as/so long as，in case(万一)，once，on condition that，provided/providing (that)，supposing(that)等。‎ You'll fail the exam unless you study hard.‎ 除非你努力学习，否则你会考试不及格。‎ As long as you don't lose heart，you will succeed.‎ 只要你不灰心，你就会成功。‎ In case there is a fire，what will we do first?‎ 万一发生火灾，我们首先做什么？‎ ‎2．在条件状语从句中，用一般现在时代替一般将来时，一般过去时代替过去将来时。‎ 三、让步状语从句 ‎(一)although，though，as与while引导的让步状语从句 ‎1．although引导让步状语从句时，只能用正常语序；though引导让步状语从句时，可用正常语序，也可用倒装语序；as引导让步状语从句时只能用倒装语序，即从句中的表语、状语或动词原形置于句首，若表语是单数名词，前置时要省略冠词。‎ Although the sun is shining, it isn't very warm.‎ 尽管艳阳高照，天气并不是很暖和。‎ Happy as they were, there was something missing.‎ 尽管他们快乐，但总缺少点什么。‎ ‎2．although与though都可以与yet，still连用，但不能和but连用。‎ ‎3．though还可以作副词，意为“可是，然而”，置于句末。‎ I've a bit of cold.It is nothing much，though.‎ 我有点感冒，不过不太严重。‎ ‎4．while引导让步状语从句时，一般置于句首。‎ While I admit that there are problems，I don't agree that they cannot be solved.‎ 尽管我承认有问题存在，但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。‎ ‎(二)even if与even though引导的让步状语从句 even if与even though表示“即使，纵然”，有退一步设想的意味，多用于书面语中。‎ I'll do it, even if it takes me all the afternoon.‎ 我要做这件事，即使它将花去我整个下午的时间。‎ Even if I were in your place, I wouldn't take the job.‎ 即使我处于你的位置，我也不会接受这份工作。‎ ‎(三)“no matter＋疑问词”与“疑问词＋ever”引导的让步状语从句 ‎1．“no matter＋疑问词”相当于“疑问词＋ever”，二者都可以引导让步状语从句。‎ Don't trust him, no matter what/whatever he says.‎ 无论他说什么，不要相信他。‎ ‎2．whoever, whatever, whomever, whichever还可以引导名词性从句。‎ ‎(四)whether...or...引导的让步状语从句 Whether you believe it or not, it is true.‎ 不管你相信与否，那都是真的。‎ 四、地点状语从句 ‎1．引导地点状语从句的从属连词where, wherever指具体地点时，从句可位于主句之前或之后；表示抽象条件的含义时，从句需放在主句之前。如：‎ Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。‎ You are free to go wherever you like.‎ 你愿意去哪里就去哪里。‎ ‎2．注意区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句。如：‎ You'd better make a mark where you have any questions.(状语从句)‎ You'd better make a mark at the place where you have any questions. (定语从句)‎ 你最好在有问题的地方做一下标记。‎ 五、原因状语从句 ‎1．引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now that, seeing that, considering that，每个连词的含义不尽相同。‎ ‎　区别 项目　　‎ 位置 内涵 语气 能否回答why 能否被强调 because ‎(因为)‎ 主句 前或后 直接因 果关系 强 能 能 as(由于)‎ 主句 前或后 对方都知道的原因 弱 不能 不能 since/now That(既然)‎ 主句前 如：‎ She's studying because she has a test tomorrow.‎ 她正在学习，因为她明天有考试。‎ As it is raining, we shall not go to the park.‎ 由于在下雨，我们不去公园了。‎ Now that/Since everybody is here, let's begin our meeting.‎ 既然大家都在，我们开始开会吧。‎ ‎2．此外，when也可以表示原因，意为：since; considering that既然；考虑到。如：‎ It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could easily walk there in five minutes.‎ 既然步行5分钟能轻松到达那里，你却打车，你可真够愚蠢的。‎ 六、目的状语从句和结果状语从句 ‎1．目的状语从句 引导目的状语从句的从属连词有so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest等。如：‎ I'll speak slowly so that you can understand me.‎ 我会慢慢说，这样你就能理解我。‎ Take your raincoat in case/lest it should rain.‎ 带上雨衣以防下雨。‎ ‎2．结果状语从句 ‎(1)引导结果状语从句的从属连词有：so that, so...that..., such...that...在非正式语体中，由so...that...，such...that...引导的句子中的that可以省略，注意其结构形式：‎ 如：‎ Mike is such an honest worker that we all believe him.‎ ‎＝Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe him.‎ 迈克是一个如此诚实的工人，以至于我们都相信他。‎ It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.‎ 天气如此晴朗，以至于我们都想去公园。‎ He earned so little money that he couldn't support his family.‎ 他挣的钱如此少，以至于养不起家。‎ 当so或such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。如：‎ So clever a student was he that he was able to work out all difficult problems.‎ 他是如此聪明的学生，以至于能成功地解出所有难题。‎ ‎(2)除结果状语从句外，too...to...(太……而不能……)，enough to...(达到某种程度可以……)，so...as to...(那么……以至于……)等不定式结构同样可以表示结果。如：‎ He didn't get up early enough to catch the bus.‎ ‎＝He got up too late to catch the bus.‎ ‎＝He got up so late as to miss the bus.‎ 他起床太晚，以至于没赶上那班公共汽车。‎ 七、方式状语从句 引导方式状语从句的从属连词有as, as if, as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气，但如果从句中所述的情况很可能实现，也可用陈述语气。如：‎ Do as you are told to, or you'll be fired.‎ 告诉你怎么做就怎么做，否则你会被解雇。‎ The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own son.‎ 这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的儿子似的。‎ I feel as if I have a fever.‎ 我感觉像是发烧了。‎ ‎【题型示例】‎ 考点1、时间状语从句 ‎【例1】【2016·北京】33. I really enjoy listening to music ________ it helps me relax and takes my mind away from other cares of the day.‎ A. because B. before C. unless D. until ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】句意：我非常喜欢听音乐，因为它能让我放松，使我不去想其它的事情。前后是因果关系，故选A。学科&网 ‎ 【变式探究】‎ ‎【2016·北京】27.My grandfather still plays tennis now and then, ________ he’s in his nineties.‎ A. as long as B. as if C. even though D. in case ‎【答案】C ‎【解析】句意：即使是九十多岁了，我的爷爷仍然时不时地打打网球。A.as long ‎ as只要，引导条件句；B.as if似乎，引导方式状语从句或表语从句；C. even though即使，引导让步状语从句；D.in case以防，引导目的状语从句。这里是转折关系，故选C。‎ ‎【举一反三】(2014·陕西，24改编)The young couple, who returned my lost wallet, left______I could ask for their names. ‎ 立意与点拨：通过分析句子结构可知前后两个句子间缺少连词，根据两句话的时间关系可知主句动作先发生。 ‎ 答案：before　句意为：那对年轻夫妻把我丢失的钱包还给了我，我还没来得及询问他们的名字，他们就离开了。before意为“在……之前；还没来得及……”。根据句意可知填before。‎ ‎【举一反三】I have heard a lot of good things about you ________ I came back from abroad.‎ ‎【答案】since　‎ ‎【解析】考查时间状语从句。句意：自从我从国外回来，我听到了很多关于你的好消息。从题干中的“have heard”可知是“已经听说”，所以应该是“自从我从国外回来”，因此要用since引导时间状语从句。‎ ‎【变式探究】He smiled politely ________ Mary apologized for her drunken friends.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　‎ A．as B．if C．unless D．though ‎【答案】A ‎ 【变式探究】He had no sooner finished his speech________ the students started cheering.‎ A．since B．as ‎ C．when D．than ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查时间状语从句。此句含有一个固定句型，即no sooner...than...“一……就……”。句意：他的演讲刚结束同学们就欢呼起来。‎ ‎【变式探究】I'm sorry you've been waiting so long，but it'll still be some time ________ Brian gets back.‎ A．before B．since C．till D．after ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查状语从句。本题使用了“it be＋一段时间＋before引导的从句”句型，表示“在……之前还需要一段时间，一段时间之后发生某事”。后面句子的含义：不过Brian还要过一会儿才能回来。‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ ‎1．before的译法 before的基本意义是“在……之前”，但在不同的语境中可灵活翻译为“(没过多久)就……”，“(过多久)才……”，“还没来得及……就……”，“趁……(还没有)时”。例如：‎ It won't be long before the problem is solved.‎ 用不了多久这个问题就能解决。‎ It was two years before we met again.‎ 我们两年后才再次见面。‎ She shut the door before I could say a word.‎ 我还没来得及说句话，她就把门关上了。‎ We have to act quickly before things become worse.‎ 我们必须趁事态还没恶化时尽快采取行动。‎ ‎2．可引导时间状语从句的名词词组及副词 名词词组the moment，the instant，the minute，the first time，each time，every time等以及副词immediately，instantly等也可起从属连词的作用，引导时间状语从句。例如：‎ I felt bad the first time I talked to a group.‎ 第一次给旅行团作讲解时，我感觉很不好。‎ The fans cheered loudly the moment their favourite singer appeared on stage.‎ 喜欢的歌手一上台，歌迷们就大声欢呼。‎ I'll inform you immediately there's any change.‎ 如果情况有变，我会马上通知你。　　　‎ 考点2、让步状语从句 ‎【例2】(2015·高考福建卷，T31)________ the students came from different countries，they got along quite well in the summer camp. ‎ A．While B．Unless ‎ C．Since D．Until ‎ 解析：考查状语从句引导词的选择。句意：________‎ 学生们来自不同的国家，他们在夏令营相处得非常好。根据句意可知，本题前后为转折关系，所以应用while“尽管”来引导状语从句，表转折。故答案为A项。 ‎ 答案：A ‎ 【举一反三】(2014·江苏，21改编)Lessons can be learned to face the future ______history cannot be changed. ‎ 立意与点拨：对比分析两个句子的意思可知从句表达的意思是“虽然；尽管”。 ‎ 答案：though/although　句意为：虽然历史不能被改变，但是可以学习经验来面对未来。设空处引导让步状语从句，故填though/although。学科&网 ‎【举一反三】________ I have to give a speech, I get extremely nervous before I start.‎ ‎【答案】Whenever　‎ ‎【解析】考查让步状语从句。句意：每当我必须演讲时，在开始前，我都变得非常紧张。whenever“每当；无论什么时候”，引导时间状语从句。‎ ‎【变式探究】—Since you like the car so much，why not buy it?‎ ‎—________，I can't afford it.‎ A．As I like it much B．Much as I like it C．I like it as much D．As much I like it ‎【答案】B ‎ 【变式探究】 ________ hard you try，it is difficult to lose weight without cutting down the amount you eat.‎ A．However B．Whatever C．Whichever D．Whenever ‎【答案】A ‎【解析】考查状语从句。空格后面的hard是副词，所以选However，However在此引导让步状语从句。句意：不论你怎么努力，你如果不减少进食的量就很难减肥。‎ ‎【变式探究】 ________ volleyball is her main focus，she's also great at basketball.‎ A．Since B．Once C．Unless D．While ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】考查让步状语从句。根据主句内容可知，她也擅长打篮球，由此可知排球是她的强项，故选while“尽管”引导让步状语从句。不少考生不知while有此含义，容易误选其他选项。‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ as引导的让步状语从句 as引导让步状语从句时，要把作表语的形容词、名词，作状语的副词或谓语的一部分提到句首，如果是单数名词作表语，把它提到句首时，其前不用冠词。具体分为以下几类：‎ (1)“名词＋as＋主语＋其他”构成让步状语从句，单数名词前不加冠词。如：‎ Scientist as he is，he is still as modest as before.(不能用although，scientist前不用冠词) (2)“动词＋as＋主语＋其他”构成让步状语从句。如：‎ Struggle as he might，he was not able to get out.(不能用although) (3)“形容词＋as＋主语＋其他”构成让步状语从句。如：‎ Crazy as his ideas may sound，some people think there is something in them.(不能用although) (4)“副词＋as＋主语＋谓语”构成让步状语从句。如：‎ Much as I have traveled，I have never seen anyone who's as capable as John.(不能用although)　　‎ 题型3、条件状语从句 ‎【例3】(2015·高考北京卷，T28)You won’t find paper cutting difficult ________ you keep practicing it. ‎ A．even though B．as long as ‎ C．as if D．ever since ‎ ‎ 答案：B ‎【举一反三】 (2014·湖南，26改编)You will never gain success ______you are fully devoted to your work. ‎ 立意与点拨：根据句意可知主从句间是条件关系，且对比分析两句话间“主将从现”的时态及主句中的否定词never可知用表条件的unless(if...not)。 ‎ 答案：unless ‎　句意为：除非你完全投入到你的工作中，否则你永远无法取得成功。根据句意，应填unless，意为“除非，如果不”，引导条件状语从句。‎ ‎【举一反三】It's much easier to make friends ________ you have similar interests.‎ ‎【答案】when　‎ ‎【解析】本题需要根据题干的意思和前后两句之间的逻辑关系来判断使用哪个连词。when表示时间(有时兼有条件)。句意：当你们有相似的兴趣时，就更容易成为朋友。此处为时间兼条件，因此用when。‎ ‎【变式探究】I have a tight budget for the trip，so I'm not going to fly ________ the airlines lower ticket prices.‎ A．once B．if C．after D．unless ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意：我旅行的预算很吃紧，所以不打算坐飞机，除非航空公司降低票价。考查状语从句。unless相当于if...not，符合前后句的逻辑。学科&网 ‎【变式探究】One's life has value ________ one brings value to the life of others.‎ A．so that B．no matter how C．as long as D．except that ‎【答案】C ‎ 【变式探究】You can borrow my car ________ you promise not to drive too fast.‎ A．unless B．even if C．in case D．as long as ‎【答案】D ‎【解析】句意：只要你答应不开得太快，我就可以把车借给你。本题考查条件状语从句。unless＝if...not如果不；even if即使；in case以防，以上三项均不符合语境。‎ ‎【特别提醒】‎ ‎1．条件状语从句的引导词 引导条件状语从句的词(组)主要有if“如果”，unless“如果不，除非”，so/as long as“只要”，on condition that“只要，条件是”，providing/provided(that)“假如”，in case(that)“如果”。‎ 注意：条件状语从句中的if不能用whether替换。‎ ‎2．if only与only if之间的区别 ‎(1)if only意为“但愿，要是……就好了”，其后常用虚拟语气。‎ If only he had followed the doctor's advice，he would not suffer so much now.‎ ‎(2)only if意为“只要，只有”引导真实条件句。置于句首时，其后的主句要用部分倒装语序。‎ Only if you finish your work before nine can you go out to play.　‎ ‎ ‎