专题05+生态环保类（模拟训练）-备战2018年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练

专题05+生态环保类（模拟训练）-备战2018年高考英语阅读理解话题分类解读与训练

专题05 生态环保类 模拟训练 Passage 1（2018届河南省许昌平顶山高三联考试题）‎ Four Wild Animal Species Were Endangered Maybe you can still see them at the zoo. But that doesn’t mean they’re doing alright in the wild.‎ Tigers All six tiger species are endangered, with Suatran tigers and South China tigers at a seriously endangered status. The main reasons for their population decline are illegal hunting and destroyed habitats, as humans clear forests to gather timber and build roadways. Only about 3890 tigers presently live in the wild.‎ Ground squirrels That’s right, even squirrels are endangered, specifically the San Joaquin ground squirrel. Native to California, USA, these guys have been disappearing since 1979 on account of the construction and human developments going through their habitat. Their total population is unknown, but it could be anywhere between 124000 and 4130000.‎ Giraffes The International Union for the Conservation of Nature recently put giraffes at a vulnerable status, the level just before endangered. The giraffe population has declined 40 percent in the last 30 years, primarily due to loss of habitat and illegal hunting. Some giraffes are killed just for their tails, which are considered status symbols in Africa.‎ Asian elephants The main threat to Asian elephants, one of the most intelligent animals, is their shrinking habitat. As the human population grows, people invade their land to build roads and railway tracks.‎ ‎ Elephants in Myanmar are at an especially high risk for being captured and traded or used illegally in the tourist industry. Fewer than 50000 are left on the entire continent.‎ ‎1.Why is the population of tigers becoming smaller?‎ A. People hunt illegally and destroy their living spots.‎ B. It is difficult for tigers to fit in with their environment.‎ C. The forests are not suitable for their living.‎ D. The tigers are a threat to the residents nearby.‎ ‎2.What’s the main reason why some animals are in danger according to the passage?‎ A. Climate changes. B. Human activities.‎ C. Lack of food. D. Serious pollution.‎ ‎3.The tails of ________ are regarded as status symbols in Africa.‎ A. tigers’ B. ground squirrels’‎ C. giraffes’ D. Asian elephants’‎ ‎4.What can we infer from the passage?‎ A. The giraffe population has increased greatly in the last 30 years.‎ B. The number of squirrels is between 124000 and 4130000.‎ C. Elephants in Myanmar are completely caught and even killed.‎ D. The present situation of endangered animals is worrying.‎ ‎【话题解读】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了四种濒危的野生动物：老虎，地鼠，长颈鹿和亚洲象。‎ ‎1.A 【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“The main reasons for their population decline are illegal hunting and destroyed habitats, as humans clear forests to gather timber and build roadways.”可知，选A。‎ ‎3.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第四段的句子“Some giraffes are killed just for their tails, which are considered status symbols in Africa.”可知，长颈鹿的尾巴在非洲被认为是社会地位的象征。故选C。‎ ‎4.D 【解析】推理判断题。纵观全文可知，文章主要介绍了四种濒临灭绝的动物，并分析了它们数量减少的原因，它们的野外生活状况不容乐观，因此推断濒危动物的现状是令人担忧的。故选D。‎ Passage2（2017届河北省衡水中学高三第二次模拟考试）‎ ‎ Illegally traded endangered species that escape, forming secondary populations, offer hope to their long-term survival, a study suggests. "This first came to my attention when I read a news story about the seizure of an illegal shipment of 23 yellow crested cockatoos(小葵花凤头鹦鹉)," said Luke Gibson, a college teacher. He learned that the species was critically endangered, which surprised him.‎ This encouraged Dr. Gibson and his colleague to investigate(调查)how a critically endangered species had become self-sustaining outside of its natural range. They discovered 49 cases of a globally threatened species becoming established as a separate population, which they hadn’t thought of, including the yellow-crested cockatoo in their city.‎ ‎"This is a species which is primarily threatened by wildlife trade," he told BBC News. "Poachers(偷猎者)go out into the forest in its native range in eastern Indonesia and capture the bird and then ship them off, usually up to our city where there is a strong demand for pet birds. This is what has fueled the decline of this species in its native range. But it's really interesting because that same cause also had another effect: some of the people who were keeping this species ‎ here accidentally or intentionally released them.” As a result of enough of the birds set free, it allowed a new self-sustaining population to be established in this city.‎ The government in of Dr. Gibson’s city has made it illegal to capture the species, even though it is a non-native species. Because the city is affluent and relatively well educated, the cases of people breaking the law are extremely rare, explained Dr Gibson, unlike in its native range in Indonesia, where capturing birds forms a major source of income.‎ However, there can be downsides(缺点) to the newly established population of endangered species, such as a limited genetic pool, and suffering from novel diseases. It did also present a possible “very interesting” opportunity for conservationists, Dr. Gibson suggested. This would involve "harvesting" some of the newly established secondary population, which may provide a way to help slow global biodiversity loss.‎ ‎1.What was beyond Gibson’s expectations according to the first paragraph?‎ A. The high rate of wildlife trade.‎ B. The preciousness of the birds.‎ C. The fact that the birds nearly disappear.‎ D. The news that the birds were poached.‎ ‎2.What happened unexpectedly when the birds were shipped abroad?‎ A. They formed a separate population. B. They were kept as pet birds.‎ C. They were traded illegally. D. They were killed for research.‎ ‎3.Which can replace the underlined word “affluent”?‎ A. Peace-loving. B. Rich.‎ C. Free. D. Environment –friendly.‎ ‎4.For what purpose did the author write the passage?‎ A. To appeal to everyone to stop the wildlife trade.‎ B. To explain the challenge the wild birds are facing.‎ C. To introduce a creative approach to wildlife conservation.‎ D. To raise people’s awareness of protecting endangered species.‎ ‎【话题解读】本文为说明文。讲述的是一项研究表明逃跑的非法交易的濒危物种形成了次级群体，为它们的长期生存提供了希望，也呈现了野生生物保护的一种可能的方法。‎ ‎1.C 【解析】细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句话 He learned that the species was critically endangered, which surprised him.可知他没有料到的是这些鸟是非常濒危的物种，与C项一致，故选C。‎ ‎2.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据第三段最后两句话可知有些养这种鸟的人偶然地或者故意地放了它们，由此在这个城市里形成了单独的自我维持数量的鸟，故选A。‎ ‎4.C 【解析】观点态度题。根据第四段最后两句话It did also present a possible “very interesting” opportunity for conservationists, Dr. Gibson suggested. This would involve "harvesting" some of the newly established secondary population, which may provide a way to help slow global biodiversity loss.可知本文作者是为了介绍野生生物保护的一种创新的方法，故选C。‎ Passage3（2017届江苏省如东高级中学等四校高三联考）‎ ‎ Fed up with constantly having to recharge or replace batteries in your ever-expanding electronic devices? The solution may be just a few steps away.‎ ‎“Energy harvesting” promises to power countless consumer devices, often with nothing more than your body’s movement or heat. Dozens of companies around the world already offer such products, but many experts believe the market for the technology could explode due to electronic devices being developed for the Internet of Things.‎ ‎“It’s huge，” said Graham Martin, CEO of the EnOcean Alliance, a San Ramon-based group of businesses that promotes wireless energy-harvesting technologies. With the Internet of Things expected to combine billions of devices, “if they are all battery-powered, we’ll have a problem because there’s not enough lithium(锂）in the world,” he added. “So a lot of them will have to use energy harvesting.”‎ Among the most basic forms of the technology is body power. When certain materials are squeezed or stretched, the movement of their atoms creates an electrical charge. Automatic watches have employed the concept for decades, for example, by winding themselves when their user moves their arm. Now, the concept is being considered for a number of other devices.‎ In a contest seeking visionary ideas for wearable technologies, Intel awarded $5,000 for a concept to change the temperature difference between a person’s body and a special piece of clothing they’d wear into electricity for mobile devices.‎ Using sound to power devices is another energy-harvesting variation. Stanford University engineers are testing smart microchips that create electricity from ultrasound to power implantable devices that can analyze a person’s nervous system or treat their diseases.‎ A textile research association in Spain is proposing to obtain electricity from radio waves that flow around everyone to power sensors sewn into clothes, which can monitor a person's heartbeat or other vital signs.    Research firm lDTechEx has estimated that annual global sales of energy-harvesting products could hit $2.6 billion by 2024, while WinterGreen Research predicts sales of $4.2 billion by 2019.‎ Obtaining stable energy from devices can be complex, however. For one thing, the motion that generates the electricity has to be constant to be useful. Moreover, the amount of power the devices produce depends on the person using them，according to a Columbia University study. It determined that taller people on average provide about 20 percent more power than shorter ones when walking, running or cycling.‎ It’s also unclear how eagerly consumers might welcome energy-harvesting products. While such devices are expected to cost less than battery-powered alternatives when compared over many years,‎ ‎ experts say, people may continue buying ones with batteries merely because those would be cheaper in the short term.‎ ‎1.Which “explode” in the following sentences has the most similar meaning to the word “explode” in  Paragraph 2?‎ A. They were clearing up when the second bomb exploded.‎ B. The continued tension could explode into more violence.‎ C. The population exploded to 40,000 during the last tourist season.‎ D. The boss exploded when he heard of the resignation of the secretary.‎ ‎2.What makes “energy harvesting” necessary according to the passage?‎ A. The waste of lithium in the world.‎ B. The increasing number of electronic devices.‎ C. The development of technology.‎ D. The pollution caused by batteries.‎ ‎3.It can be learned from the passage that ____.‎ A. energy-harvesting products save money in the long run B. taller people can surely produce a larger amount of power C. automatic watches harvest energy from the users’ body heat D. two ways of harvesting energy are mentioned in the passage ‎4.Which of the following might be the best title for the passage?‎ A. Energy harvesting: a low-risk technology B. Energy harvesting: a high-profit technology C. Energy harvesting: a problem-free technology D. Energy harvesting: an environment-friendly technology ‎【话题解读】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了一种能够代替锂电池为电子设备提供电源的能量采集产品，而且还有利于环保。‎ ‎2.B 【解析】根据第二段中的“’ Energy harvesting’ promises to power countless consumer devices, often with nothing more than your body’s movement or heat.”可知，能量收集为无数的电子设备提供能量，正是电子设备数量的激增使能量收集成为必要，故B项正确。‎ ‎3.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段中的“ IDTechEx has estimated that annual global sales of energy-harvesting products could hit $2.6 billion by 2024, while WinterGreen Research predicts sales of $4.2 billion by 2019.”可知，从长远来看，能量采集产品会节省很大一笔钱，故A项正确。‎ ‎4.D 【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了一种能够代替锂电池为电子设备提供电源的能量采集产品，而且还有利于环保，故D项正确。‎ Passage4（2017届浙江省杭州地区高三四校联考）‎ ‎ New York’s long awaited bike share program, which arranged the distribution of 10,000 bicycles along some of the city’s busiest street, will be sponsored by Citi financial group, Mayor Michael Bloomberg announced on Monday.‎ Citi Bike will be the largest public bike share system in the US, with bikes placed in 600 stations in Manhattan and Brooklyn. The program will be operated by Alta bicycle share, which runs similar projects in Washington D.C. and Boston.‎ ‎“The idea behind bike share is simple: give people one more way to get around the town,” Bloomberg said in a restaurant. “The new Citi Bikes will be an affordable transportation network that will help New Yorkers get where they’re going faster. When the walk seems a little far, New Yorkers can choose to skip the hike, and take a bike.”‎ The program was announced in September 2011, and the department of transport has spent the last eight months planning locations for the stations. Full details on the locations have not been released yet, but they will include Times Square, Penn Station and close to Central Park.‎ Annual membership of the program will cost $95, which entitles (授权) users to free journeys up to 45 minutes. For those unwilling to commit to a year’s cycling, seven-day subscriptions are available for $25 or 24-hour access for $9.95, with the first 30 minutes of any journey free. The official website for the program – citibikenyc.com – says the pricing strategy is likely to ensure that riders keep their trips short. Although short journeys are free, anyone wanting to take a bike for the day will face very high charges. People who do not sign up to an annual membership – tourists, for example, would pay $49 for a three-hour ride, plus the $9.95 24-hour access fee, making a total of $59.‎ The department of transport said the bikes and stations, which will begin to be fixed from “late July”, will be the same as in London, Montreal and Minneapolis; however, in one sense Bloomberg will be hoping the New York program differs from that of London. While the London program has ended up losing money since it launched in 2010, the mayor said New York City would “split system profits with the operator”, creating a potential new income program.‎ ‎1.According to the passage, the main purpose of setting up New York’s bike share system is to ________.‎ A. make profits from the bike users B. discourage people from going hiking C. reduce people’s expenses on transportation D. help people travel around the city more easily ‎2.According to the passage, which of the following locations is NOT available for the Citi Bike service?‎ A. Central Park B. Time Square C. Brooklyn Botanic Garden D. Penn Station ‎3.What can be learned from Paragraph 5?‎ A. It is wise of people to use the bikes for short trips.‎ B. Anyone can use the bike free of charge for 45 minutes.‎ C. Most people are unwilling to pay for the annual membership.‎ D. Tourists are charged more for the use of bikes than local people.‎ ‎4.In what sense does Bloomberg hope the New York program differs from that of London?‎ A. Better accepted. B. Better operated. ‎ C. More profitable. D. More widespread.‎ ‎【文章大意】文章介绍纽约建立自行车分享项目，为了让人们更容易地在城市旅游。‎ ‎1.D 【解析】细节理解题。根据文章第三段的句子“The new Citi Bikes will be an affordable transportation network that will help New Yorkers get where they’re going faster.”可知，建立纽约自行车共享项目的是帮助人们更容易地在城市旅游。故选D。‎ ‎3.A 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章第五段的句子“The official website for the program – citibikenyc.com – says the pricing strategy is likely to ensure that riders keep their trips short.”可知，人们使用自行车短途旅行是明智的。故选A。‎ ‎4.C 【解析】推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的句子“While the London program has ended up losing money since it launched in 2010, the mayor said New York City would “split system profits with the operator”, creating a potential new income program.”可知，Bloomberg希望纽约的项目和伦敦的项目不同的是它可以盈利。故选C。‎ Passage5（2017届开封一中、武邑中学、鹤壁高中、新乡一中、安阳一中高三尖子生联赛）‎ Long before the scientific world became concerned about the impacts of introducing nonnative species, a total of l00 starlings(八哥)were released in New York City’s Central Park. Eugene Schieffelin was a Shakespeare lover who wanted to bring to America as manv birds as possible mentioned by the Bard in his poems. He imported 60 starlings and released them on a March day in Central Park. A year later, he introduced an additional 40 birds.      Within 50 years, they had spread to every state, and today they number an estimated 200 million. In San Diego County, the starling seems at home in both urban and agricultural environments, frequently feeding on the ground, where it probes lawns and fields for insects, worms and snails.      Nesting begins in March and peaks in May when the young birds join large flocks in places like Lake Henshaw, dairy farms or Ramona Grasslands. They frequently take over the nest of other birds, and they don’t seem particular, having been observed nesting in many kinds of trees.      In addition to competing with native species for food and nesting locations, there have been estimates that starlings cause at least MYM800 million in crop damage annually. Much of the damage they cause is the result of their concentrations. Massive flocks of birds are, though beautiful, can be destructive, even dangerous to aircraft, with more than 800 incidents reported by the Federal Aviation Administration.      Despite their bad press, the starling is popular with bird—watchers and also the Shakespeare lovers, who often refer to the starling probably because the bird is quite an imitator. It can imitate the calls of up to 20 other species, including hawks, robins and flickers.      Love him or hate him, Schieffelin’s release of 100 European starlings had a lasting impact in the United States. He had no idea that he also proved the famous words of Shakespeare. “What’s done cannot be undone. ’’‎ ‎1.What made Eugene Schieffelin introduce starlings into New York City?‎ A. The descriptions in Shakespeare’s poems.‎ B. The intention to protect local environment.‎ C. The scientists’concern about the worsening environment.‎ D. The park visitors’curiosity about a new bird species.‎ ‎2.We can infer from the passage that_______ .‎ A. the starling’s arrival has benefited the local farming B. bird lovers have provided them with abundant food source C. the starling is not so aggressive as the local bird species D. the starling is highly adaptable to the local environment ‎3.As for the local eco—system, the gathering of a large number of birds in a location can be_____ .‎ A. amazing B. disastrous ‎ C. impressive D. disgusting ‎4.“What’s done cannot be undone” at the end of the passage can be best explained as “______ ”.‎ A. The early bird catches the worm B. Spilt water can’t be gathered up C. Time and tide wait for no man D. Curiosity killed the cat ‎【文章大意】Eugene Schieffelin是莎士比亚的忠实读者，他希望把莎士比亚诗中众多八哥的场景带到美国人民现实生活中。但是，他没有意识到这对于美国的长期影响，八哥的大量聚集对当地生态带来了破坏。‎ ‎2.D 【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段的叙述可知，八哥的适应能力很强。近50年以来，其数量急剧增加，达到了2亿，在城市和农业环境中它们都可以安家落户生活。故选D。‎ ‎3.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段的叙述可知，八哥的大量聚集给当地的生态特别是庄稼造成了极大的损失，破坏性极强，甚至威胁到航班的安全。故选B。‎ ‎4.B 【解析】推理判断题。根据前文的叙述，以及最后一段中“Love him or hate him, Schieffelin’s ‎ release of 100 European starlings had a lasting impact in the United States.”可知，Eugene Schieffelin对莎士比亚的热爱给当地生态带来了破坏，他没有意识到这对于美国的长期影响。但是，有些事情是无法挽回的。所以B项内容符合其意思。故选B。‎