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2013届高考英语二轮专题复习_语法 名词
高考英语二轮专题复习精品语法、名词 诊断与对策 Ⅰ.选择括号内的词填空 1. Then after receiving a______________(scholarship/degree) from Saint Francis University,she got a job at an insurance firm and eventually started her own company. 2.Dad was quite skilled in sailing,but not good at_____________ (boating/swimming). 3.He was_____________ (failure/a failure) as a teacher. 4._____________ (Women/Women’s) Day is in two (week’s/weeks’) time. 5.There are ten_____________ (man/men) doctors in this medical team. Ⅱ.单项填空 1.“Tommy,run! Be quick! The house is on fire!” the mother shouted,with _____clearly in her voice. A.anger B.rudeness C.regret D.panic 解析 根据“Tommy,run! Be quick! The house is on fire!”可知母亲话音里的“惊恐”, panic 符合句意。 2.—What’s that on the desk? —It’s a letter sent by ________. A.my father friend B.my father friend’s C.a friend of my father’s D.friends of my father 解析 考查双重所有格。句意为:——桌子上是什么?——那是我父亲的一个朋友寄来的一 封信。a friend of my father’s 强调“我爸爸的朋友中的一个”,friends of my father 强调“我爸爸的一些朋友”,单从选项中看不出这两个选项的对错,但是答语中是 It’s, 表示单数意义。 3.I had my hair cut at the ________ around the corner. A.barber B.barbers C.barber’s D.barbers’ 解析 表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格之后省去 shop,house,home 等名词。 4. In China,________ graduates go abroad to have further study every year. A.a great deal of B.many a C.a large amount of D.masses of 解析 句意为:在中国,每年都有很多毕业生到国外深造。masses of“许多的”,既可修饰 可数名词也可修饰不可数名词,符合题意。a great deal of 和 a large amount of 只修 饰不可数名词;many a 后只接单数名词。 备考策略 1.注重语境 利用特定的语境考查名词的用法是考查的重点,做题时要深入理解语境,结合句意作出最 佳选择。 2.辨析词义 平时学习中一定要努力扩大词汇量,更要特别注意同义词和近义词含义及用法的差别,把 握住各选项的真正内涵,才能作出正确的判断。 3.注意搭配 名词的固定搭配和习惯表达主要涉及“介词+名词”、“名词+介词”、“动词+名词” 等。学习中要注意积累,做好储备。同时还要掌握名词所有格以及名词的有关问题。 考点与考题 考点一 可转化为可数名词的不可数名词 1.抽象名词具体化时为可数名词,表示“某种人或事”。 beauty 美人或美丽的事物;failure 失败的人或事;success 成功的人或事;surprise 令 人吃惊的人或事;danger 令人感到危险的人或事;pity 令人遗憾的人或事物;honor 带来荣 誉的人或事;experience 体验;经历 The team’s performance has been a disappointment for the fans. 2.物质名词表示个体概念时常可数。 smoke 烟;a smoke 一缕烟;tea 茶;a tea 一杯茶;sweat 汗;a sweat 一身汗;paper 纸; a paper 一张报纸;一篇论文;light 光线;a light 一盏灯;rain 雨;a rain 一阵雨 下午时房间里光线很足。(翻译) The room gets a lot of lights in the afternoon.(×) The room gets a lot of light in the afternoon.(√) 3.有些不可数名词的复数形式有特殊的含义。 rains 大量的雨水,多场雨;snows 大量的雪,多场雪;winds 多场风,大风;waters 大 片水域;sands 沙滩;woods 森林;fruits 各种各样的水果;glasses 眼镜;forces 军队;brains 智力,聪明的人;looks 外表;manners 礼貌 做这件工作你得动脑子。(翻译) You have to use your brain in this job.(×) You have to use your brains in this job.(√) 考题印证 1.It’s______good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them______pleasure. A./;a B.a;/ C.the;a D.a;the 解析 句意为:上海世博会给人们带来的“乐趣”,使他们感觉良好。根据句意,此处 feeling 是指具体的感觉,故应是可数名词,应用 a;而给人们带来的“乐趣”是抽象概念,pleasure 此处为不可数名词,故不用冠词。 2.We all hold the belief that ________ 2012 London Olympic Games will be ________ success. A./;a B.the;/ C.the;a D.a;a 解析 第一空为特指,应用定冠词 the;第二空 success 为抽象名词具体化,意为“一件成功 的事”,应用不定冠词 a,类似的词还有 failure,pleasure 等。 3.—How do you like ______ speaker? —His attitude toward the event was ________ big surprise to me. A.the;a B.an;a C.the;the D.an;the 解析 第一空指说话双方都知道的人,表示特指,故用定冠词 the;第二空表示一个惊讶,表 示泛指,故用不定冠词。 4.—Can I help you,sir? —________. A.Two teas,please B.Two tea,please C.Two cup of teas D.Two cups of teas 解析 tea 作为物质名词是不可数的,但若表示“一杯茶”或“一种茶”时,则是可数的。Two teas,please,意为“请来两杯茶”。类似的有:Two beers,please.“请来两杯啤酒。” 考点二 名词的所有格 1.以“s”结尾的复数名词所有格只加“’”。 如:the 书 teachers’ reading room,ten minutes’ walk 2.特殊变化的复数名词后加“’s”。 如:Women’s Day,the Children’s Palace 3.名词并列时,所有格形式不同,意义不同。 如:Tom and Bob’s desk 汤姆和鲍勃的桌子(共有) Tom’s and Bob’s desks 汤姆的桌子和鲍勃的桌子(不共有) 4.表示店铺或某人的家时,常在名词所有格之后省去 shop,house,home 等。 如:the tailor’s,the doctor’s,my uncle’s He went to his uncle’s.他去了叔叔家。 5.双重所有格 (1)当 of 短语所修饰的名词前有表示数量的词如 a/two/some/any/no 等时,表示所有关系的 of 后加名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如:a friend of my brother’s/his,several students of Mr.Smith’s/mine。 (2)当 of 短语所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词表示赞赏、厌恶等情绪时,of 后也用名词所有 格或名词性物主代词。 That little son of Xiao Li’s/yours is really lovely. 小李的/你的那个小 儿子真可爱。 This invention of the professor’s/his is of great importance. 教授的/他的这项 发明很重要。 这是我妈妈本人的一张照片。 This is a photo of my mother’s.(×) This is a photo of my mother.(√) 考题印证 1.The_______shoes were covered with mud,so I asked them to take them off before they got into _______ car. A.girl’s;Tom’s B.girls’;Toms’ C.girls’;Tom’s D.girl’s;Toms’ 解析 由下文的 them 可知女孩不只是一个,所以所有格应该是 girls’的形式,可先排除___ 和___两个选项。再根据 Tom 的所有格是 Tom’s,选哪个最佳呢? 2.—Excuse me,is the supermarket far from here? —No,it’s about ________. A.7 minutes walk B.7 minute walk C.7 minutes’ walk D.7 minute’s walk 解析 本题考查名词所有格用法。当名词的复数以s 结尾时,其所有格形式只需在词尾加 “’”即可,则“7 分钟的距离”为“7 minutes’walk”。 3.Last Sunday I met ________ in the supermarket. A.a friend of Jim B.a friend of Jims C.a friend of Jims’ D.a friend of Jim’s 解析 a friend of 后用名词性物主代词或名词后加’s 形式。如:a friend of mine (我的 一个朋友),a friend of my father’s (我父亲的一个朋友)。 4.Don’t you think it interesting that her ________ birthdays both fall in the same day? A.husband and son’s B.husband and son C.husband’s and son D.husband’s and son’s 解析 句意为:你不认为她丈夫和儿子的生日在同一天很有意思吗?根据句意可知,指的是 “丈夫和儿子各自的生日”,所以要分别用所有格形式,哪个选项最佳显而易见了吧? 考点三 名词的修饰语 只修饰可数名词的修饰语有:(a) few,several,many (a),a number of,more than one 等; 只修饰不可数名词的修饰语有:(a) little,much,a good/great deal of,a bit of,a large amount of 等; 既能修饰可数名词也可修饰不可数名词的有:some,any,a lot of,lots of,plenty of, enough,most,a mass of,all,quantities of,a quantity of,the rest,masses of 等。 选词填空 A large ________ (number/amount) of money is spent on tobacco every year. 考题印证 1.He doesn’t have________furniture in his room—just an old desk. A.any B.many C.some D.much 解析 由于破折号后出现了 just an old desk,表示肯定含义,且 furniture 为不可数名词, 故空格处用 much。 2.Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving licence reached 200,000,a(n)________of 40,000 per year. A.average B.number C.amount D.quantity 解析 句意为:去年拿到驾照的学员数量达到了 20 万,平均每年 4 万。an average of...“…… 的平均数”;a number of,an amount of,a quantity of 均意为“许多,大量”。 考点四 常见的与名词有关的搭配 put...into practice;turn...into reality 实行;实施 spare no effort to do...不遗余力做…… keep/bear...in/into mind;learn...by heart 记住;熟记 take...into account/consideration 将……考虑在内 take measures/steps 采取措施 reach/come to/arrive at an agreement 达成协议或一致意见 keep sb.company 陪伴某人 make a difference 起作用;与众不同 find fault with sb.对某人吹毛求疵;找某人的岔子 attach importance/significance to 认为……很重要;强调 make/leave an impression on sb.给某人留下印象 make room for...为……让空 make a bargain 讨价还价 take a message for sb.给某人捎个口信 take advantage of 利用 take/run a risk;take a chance 冒险 考题印证 1.He and his partner made a ________ to share the latest information in business. A.sense B.judgment C.headline D.bargain 解析 句意为:他和他的生意伙伴讨价还价来分享最新的商业信息。make a bargain“讨价 还价”。 2.James took the magazines off the little table to make________for the television. A.room B.area C.field D.position 解析 句意为:James 从小桌上取走杂志,腾出空来放电视机。make room for...“为……腾 出空间”;make 与其他三项构不成固定搭配,含义上也讲不通。 3.The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients,so he has a very good________. A.expectation B.reputation C.contribution D.civilization 解析 句意为:这位医生在治疗心脏病方面技术精湛,并且从不接受病人的礼物,所以他获 得了非常好的名声。expectation“期望,预料”;reputation“名声”;contribution“贡 献”;civilization“文明”。 4.Everybody knows the saying that you may know a man by the ________ he keeps. A.partner B.neighbor C.company D.friend 解析 句意为:每个人都知道“察其友知其人”这个谚语。此处的 company 表示“同伴,朋 友”,(that/who/whom) he keeps 是定语从句,修饰这一先行词。 5.Always remember to put such dangerous things as knives out of children’s ________. A.touch B.sight C.reach D.distance 解析 句意为:永远都要记得把像刀子之类的危险品放在孩子们够不到的地方。out of one’s reach 固定短语,意为“在某人够不到的地方”。 题点与题组 命题点一 名词在具体语境中的应用 1.Giving up my job to go back to fulltime education was a big ________,but now I know it was the best decision I ever made. A.project B.commitment C.competition D.ambition 解析 commitment“承诺;投入;花费”; project“计划;工程”;competition“竞争”; ambition“野心;志向”,哪个义项更适合题干呢? 2.There’s a ________ in our office that when it’s somebody’s birthday,he/she brings in a cake for us all to share. A.tradition B.balance C.concern D.relationship 解析 句意为:在我们办公室有一个传统,那就是在某一个人过生日时,那个人就带一个蛋 糕到办公室和大家一起分享。tradition“传统”;balance“平衡”;concern“担心”; relationship“关系”。 3.What’s the___,in your opinion,of helping him if he doesn’t make an effort to help himself? A.sympathy B.theme C.object D.point 解析 考查固定句型:What’s the point of doing...?“做……有什么意义呢?”。 4.Donald doesn’t have much patience—he often loses his ________. A.courage B.mind C.balance D.temper 解析 courage“勇气”;mind“记忆,理解”;balance“平衡”;temper“脾气”。由上 句“他没有太多的耐心”可分析出他容易发脾气,选择哪个更佳呢?固定短语 lose one’s temper 的意思你知道吗? 5.His letter was so confusing that I could hardly make any ________ of it. A.explanation B.meaning C.sense D.guess 解析 make sense of 意为“明白,理解”。句意为:他的信那么令人费解,我几乎没弄明白。 命题点二 不可数名词的可数化 1.Ten years had passed.I found she had ________. A.a few white hairs B.a little white hair C.some white hair D.more white hair 解析 hair 可用作可数名词或不可数名词,用作可数名词时,指一根一根的头发,比如说 There’s a hair in my soup.(我的汤里有根头发);用作不可数名词时,则是整体地指一个 人的头发。 2.—She got her first science fiction published.It turned out to be ________. —When was that? —It was in 2008 when she was still in college. A.success B.a success C.successes D.succeed 解析 考查名词的用法。success 一般为不可数名词,意为“成功”;a success 表示“成功 的事或人”,在此是可数名词。 3.It is a great ________ for a person to be able to drive when he is seeking a job. A.advantage B.chance C.benefit D.fortune 解析 句意为:找工作时,对一个人来说会开车是一大优势。advantage“优势,有利条件”; chance“机会”;benefit“利益,好处”;fortune“运气;机会”。由句意可知 A 项正确。 4.One day Mary’s mother told her best friend of all her ________. A.hope and fear B.hope and fears C.hopes and fears D.hopes and fear 解析 表示人或物的特征、情感、情绪的抽象名词表示具体事物时,可用作可数名词,有单 复数变化。查看更多