2014年名校模拟试题分类汇编英语 专题18 阅读理解 科普类

2014年名校模拟试题分类汇编英语 专题18 阅读理解 科普类

2014 年名校模拟试题分类汇编英语 专题 18 阅读理解 科普类 【2013 届江苏扬州中学高三最后一卷】D (The Guardian)More UK universities should be profiting from ideas A repeated criticism of the UK's university sector is its noticeable weakness in translating new knowledge into new products and services. Recently, the UK National Stem Cell Network warned the UK could lose its place among the world leaders in stem cell research unless adequate funding and legislation could be assured, despite an annual £40m spent by the Department of Health on all kinds of research. However, we do have to challenge the unthinking complaint that the sector does not do enough in taking ideas to market. The most recent comparative data on the performance of universities and research institutions in Australia, Canada, USA and UK shows that, from a relatively weak starting position, the UK now leads on many indicators of commercialization activity. When viewed at the national level, the policy interventions (interference) of the past decade have helped transformed the performances of UK universities. Evidence suggests the UK's position is much stronger than in the recent past and is still showing improvement. But national data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities. The evidence shows that a large number of universities have fallen off the back of the pack, a few perform strongly and the rest chase the leaders. This type of uneven distribution is not strange to the UK and is mirrored across other economies. In the UK, research is concentrated: less than 25% of universities are receiving 75% of the research funding. These same universities are also the institutions producing the greatest share of PhD graduates, science citations, patents and license income. The effect of policies generating long-term resource concentration has also created a distinctive set of universities which are research-led and commercially active. It seems clear that the concentration of research and commercialization work creates differences between universities. The core objective for universities which are research-led must be to maximize the impact of their research efforts. Their purpose is not to generate funds to add to the bottom line of the university or to substitute other income streams. Rather, these universities should be generating the widest range of social, economic and environmental benefits. In return for the scale of investment, they should share their expertise (expert knowledge or skill) in order to build greater confidence in the sector. Part of the economic recovery of the UK will be driven by the next generation of research commercialization spilling out of our universities. On the evidence presented in my report, there are three dozen universities in the UK which are actively engaged in advanced research training and commercialization work. If there was a greater coordination（协调）of technology transfer offices within regions and a simultaneous (happening at the same time) investment in the scale and functions of our graduate schools, universities could, and should, play a key role in positioning the UK for the next growth cycle. 【小题 1】67. What does the author think of UK universities in terms of commercialization? A. They have lost their leading position in many ways. B. They still have a place among the world leaders. C. They do not regard it as their responsibility. D. They fail to change knowledge into money. 【小题 2】68. What does the author say about the national data on UK universities’ performance in commercialization? A. It masks the fatal weaknesses of government policy. B. It indicates their ineffective use of government resources. C. It does not rank UK universities in a scientific way. D. It does not reflect the differences among universities. 【小题 3】69. We can infer from Paragraph 5 that “policy interventions (in Paragraph 4)” refers to _____. A. concentration of resources in a limited number of universities B. compulsory cooperation between universities and industries C. government aid to non-research-oriented universities D. fair distribution of funding for universities and research institutions 【小题 4】70. What dose the author suggest research-led universities do? A. Fully use their research to benefit all sectors of society. B. Generously share their facilities with those short of funds. C. Advertise their research to win international recognition. D. Spread their influence among top research institutions. 解析： 本文介绍的是更多的英国大学应凭创意(科研成果转化成产品)获利。 【小题 1】B 推理判断题。该题问的是作者对英国大学在商业化方面的看法。首段提出人们 对英国大学由知识向产品服务转化过程方面的批评，第二段整体用调查数据证明首段对英国 的大学的负面观点，提出英国大学在干细胞研究领域将会失去世界领先地位。但这些都并非 作者观点，同时在第三段短首出现转折，然后引入作者方面的观点。可知作者观点与首二段 相反，他并不认为英国失去世界领先地位。第三段末句更提出英国大学在许多商业活动方面 仍领先全球。可知作者认为英国大学仍大体领先世界，总体持正面肯定态度。 【小题 2】D 推理判断题。该题问的是作者对英国大学商业化表现的国家统计数据的看法。 由 national data 可定位至第四段转折后，“But national data masks the very large variation in the performance of individual universities.”提到数据掩盖了单个大学之间表现的差距。masks(掩盖) 同义改写为 does not reflect，variation 同义改写为 differences。 【小题 3】A 词义猜测题。仅从字面意思“政策干预”还不足以选出答案，需要结合上下文。 该短语所在的第四段提到这种“政策干预”促进了英国大学整体表现的提高。但之后转折指 出，英国大学个体之间存在较大差异。第五段首更是将第四段强调的现象总结为“分配不平 均”(uneven distribution)。由此可知这种“政策干预”指的应是政府对一部分大学的偏向性支 持，而对更多的大学则支持不够，造成资源分配不均。对应 A 选项“资源集中在少数大学手 中”。 【小题 4】A 该题问的是作者对研究先导型大学的建议。由 research-led universities 可定位 至全文第六段。 该段中部用 rather 转折引出作者觉得这些大学应该(should)产生最广的社会、经济与环境等 各方面效益(widest range)，应该分享他们的专业技术资源，让整个领域(build greater confidence in the sector)都构筑起信心，此即为建议。对应 A 选项，仅有 A 选项说“充分利用 它们的研究成果使各行各业收益”。B 项提到的与缺乏资金的学校分享设施、C 项提到的扩 大国际影响与 D 项提到的扩大在顶级研究机构中的影响范围均太窄。 答案： 【小题 1】B 【小题 2】D 【小题 3】A 【小题 4】A 【2013 届江苏扬州中学高三最后一卷】C Rae and Bruce Hostetler not only work very hard,they also relax just as well. Numerous vacations help the couple to maintain their health and emotional well-being 一 and it’s no surprise to health care professionals. “Rest, relaxation, and stress reduction are very important for people’s well-being and health. This can be accomplished through daily activities, such as exercise and meditation, but vacation is an important part of this as well,” said primary care physician Natasha Withers from One Medical Group in New York. Withers lists a decreased risk of heart disease and improved reaction time as some of the benefits from taking some time off. “We also know that the mind is very powerful and can help with healing, so a rested, relaxed mind is able to help the body heal better,” said Withers. Psychologists confirm the value of vacations for the mind. “The impact that taking a vacation has on one’s mental health is great,” said Francine Lederer, a clinical psychologist in Los Angeles who specializes in stress and relationship management. “Most people have better life perspective and are more motivated to achieve their goals after a vacation, even if it is a 24- hour time-out.” The trips could be good for their health, good for their family and good for their businesses. The online travel agency Expedia conducted a survey about vacation time in 2010, and according to their data the average American earned 18 vacation days 一 but only used 14 of them. France topped the list, with the average worker earning 37 vacation days and using all but two of them. Americans’ responses may not be surprising in a culture where long hours on the job often are valued, but that’s not always good for the individual, the family or the employer. Psychologists have also found that people who don’t take enough time to relax may find it harder to relax in the future. “Without time and opportunity to do this, the nerve connections that produce feelings of calm and peacefulness become weaker, making it actually more difficult to shift into less-stressed states,” Mulhem said. 【小题 1】64. How did the author introduce the topic of the text? A. By making comparisons. B. By giving an example. C. By raising questions. D. By providing data. 【小题 2】65. Expedia’s survey shows that Americans _____. A. dislike family gatherings B. have the shortest vacation C. enjoy as many vacations as the French D. think much of spending long hours on the job 【小题 3】66. What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A. One should never wait to relax. B. Work and rest go against each other. C. Time and opportunity wait for no man. D. A relaxed mind determines everything. 解析： 文章介绍了人们通过休假可以对思维有好的影响，得到放松，对未来的工作有好的影响。文 章分析了具体的原因。 【小题 1】B 推理判断题。文章的主题是假期对人们的重要性，是通过 Rae and Bruce Hostetler 的例子引出这个话题的。 【小题 2】D 推理判断题。从第三段的句子“Americans’ responses may not be surprising in a culture where long hours on the job often are valued 美国人的反应可能是不足为奇。在美国文 化中，长时间的工作常常受到人们的看重”可知美国人很重视长时间的工作。 【小题 3】A 推理判断题。从最后一段的句子“Psychologists have also found that people who don’t take enough time to relax may find it harder to relax in the future.心理学家还发现不花时 间去放松的人会发现将来去放松更加难以做到”可推知人们现在就应该放松自己。 答案： 【小题 1】B 【小题 2】D 【小题 3】A 【2014 届四川省成都市高三摸底试题】E In the near future，we may be using our eyes to operate our smart-phones and tablets，even when it comes to playing popular games like Fruit Ninja. The Gaze Group has been developing eye-controlled computer technology for nearly 20 years.But those devices have been firstly designed to help those with disabilities，and are very expensive. “After a while，we figured out that probably the best way is to go for a mass-market way，” says Gaze’s Sune Alstrup Johansen.“where everybody would have this available." Johansen and some of his colleagues have formed a new company，the Eye Tribe，which is hoping to develop the technology on a mass commercial level. The technology works with the help of the computing device toward the user’s face. After making sure of the user’s eye movements，the technology is then able to easily find where a person’s eyes are moving，and then allow the eyes to control a cursor（光标）. “Our software can then determine the location of the eyes and know where you’re looking on the screen to make sure what you’re looking at，“reads an explanation on the Eye Tribe site. There has been a gradual change toward hands-free technology in recent years， particularly in the gaming world.Recently Xbox released the Kinect device，which lets users control their Xbox and play certain games using only their hands，legs and voices. But still，most of these devices have been more of a gimmick than a practical way to use one’s hands to control a mobile device.Johansen said a replaceable filter（滤光器）would be a cheap，convenient way for most consumers. And even as companies like The Eye Tribe work to create such a product for the average user, making the eye-controlled technology more accessible and less expensive will have similar benefits for physically disabled users. For more articles on modern science，please CLICK here. 47.Which of the following is the main idea of the passage? A.An introduction of a new device. B.An introduction of smart-phones. C.An introduction of eye-controlling technology. D.An introduction of a new technology for the disabled. 48.The underlined word“gimmick” probably means . A.a trick B.a way C.a lie D.a dream 49.According to the passage，we can learn that . A.the eye-controlling technology was first developed for the blind B.the present developing 0f the technology will bring no good C.there is no such a phone as we can use only with our eyes at present D.the eye-controlling technology is only intended for the disabled people 50.This passage is probably taken from . A.an experiment report B.a science fiction C.a school textbook D.a science website 解析： 这篇短文主要介绍了未来社会的一种科技发明，用眼睛操作手机或者电脑。 47.C 根据第一段 In the near future，we may be using our eyes to operate our smart-phones and tablets，及下文描述，可知本文主要介绍了一种用眼睛操作手机或者电脑的技术。故选 C。 48.A 联系下文 a practical way to use one’s hands to control a mobile device.描述，可知此处指 的是大部分这些装置都是一个骗人的把戏。故选 A。 49.C 根据短文第一段描述，可知目前我们还没有这样一部用眼镜控制的电话。故选 C。 50.D 这篇短文主要介绍了未来社会的一种科技发明，用眼睛操作手机或者电脑。根据短文 最后一段 For more articles on modern science，please CLICK here.描述，可知这是一篇网上的 文章，故有可能来自一家科学网站。选 D。 答案：CACD 【2014 届四川省成都市高三摸底试题】A Beautiful cars surrounded by even more beautiful models—it’s no secret why the 2012 Beijing Auto Show was popular. The exhibition was held between April 23 and May 2.Although renowned companies showed off their top models，it wasn’t just their expensive sports cars that grabbed people’s attention. Concept cars are a way for designers to test out their ideas on the public with complete freedom.They can try out cars with special features that could not be massively（批量）produced easily. Designers don’t have to follow industry rules；they don’t even need to worry about whether their cars would be followed on the roads. At the Beijing Auto Show，the@Ant by Chery was one concept car to draw a lot of attention.China Daily called it‘‘the very definition of a concept car”. The vehicle is powered by electricity and is capable of driving itself.But the magic doesn’t end there. The@Ant was inspired by actual ants.According to Car News China，with the help of automated telemetric systems，@Ants are able to“see” other@Ants and compare destination information. If two are heading the same way for a while, the vehicles connect, with one car’s rear (后面 的)wheels matching up with the front wheels of another car.Up to 10@Ants can be put together and will automatically connect to form a“train".This will help save energy while traveling, as well reducing traffic jams. The car sounds like a great idea.Further research will be needed to turn this concept car into something for the market，but concepts like Cherry’s show how carmakers are working for cleaner and greener vehicles.It’s like what the@Ant motto says，“Exploring future human beings’lifestyles”. 31.The concept car is getting popular because . A.it looks like an ant B.it is beautifully designed C.it is exhibited as a top model D.it conveys a new idea for the future 32.How can the@Ants help save energy while travelling according to the passage? A.By connecting each other and running together. B.By driving themselves without man’s control. C.By comparing their destination information. D.By reducing traffic jams on the roads. 33.What the designers of the concept car need to do at the Auto Show is . A.to test the safety of the concept car B.to follow the rules in the car industry C.to show their unique idea of complete freedom D.to see if concept cars can be massively produced 34.The best title of the passage is . A.Concept Cars Are Driving to the Future B.The@Ant Draws a Lot of Attention C.The@Ant Is a Top Model of Concept Cars D.Concept Cars Are Cleaner and Greener 解析： 这篇短文主要通过介绍了北京车展上的一种新概念的汽车,向我们展示了为了社会关于汽车 设计的新思想. 31.D 细节题:根据第二段 Concept cars are a way for designers to test out their ideas on the public with complete freedom.及下文描述,可知这种概念汽车主要是传达了对于未来生活的新思想. 故选 D. 32.A 细节题:根据倒数第二段. If two are heading the same way for a while, the vehicles connect, with one car’s rear (后面的)wheels matching up with the front wheels of another car.描述,可知他 们可以通过彼此连接在一起,一起前行来节约能量.故选 A. 33.C 推理题:根据短文描述,可知北京车展上的概念汽车主要是展示了一种新的设计思想,故 选 C. 34.A 主旨大意题:这篇短文主要通过介绍了北京车展上的一种新概念的汽车,向我们展示了 为了社会关于汽车设计的新思想,故选 A,驶向未来的概念汽车. 答案：DACA 【2014 届新余一中宜春中学高三联考】C “Just take a deep breath.” “Don’t think about it.” “You’re more likely to die in a car wreck on the way to the airport than you are in a plane crash.” These are just some words given to people with a fear of flying. But as Tom Cruise, playing Lt. Daniel Kaffee in the movie A Few Good Men, said, “I get sick when I fly because I’m afraid of crashing into a large mountain. I don’t think Daniel will help.” But there’s a new application that just may. Today, the VALK Foundation, a Dutch group that’s a partnership between KLM Royal Dutch Airlines and the University of Leiden, launches the app in the US. The VALK Foundation was one of the first centers for research and fear-of-flying treatment in the world and is the organizer of three world conferences on fear of flying. The foundation said the app, called Flight App VALK, is the first scientifically-developed, web-based treatment for people who suffer from mild to moderate fear of flying. “The fear of flying application we have created aims to transfer all of the knowledge we have developed through our program into a mobile application that will help ease travelers’ fears,” said Dr. Lucas van Gerwen, director of the VALK Foundation. Dr. van Gerwen is also a psychologist and professional pilot with more than 30 years experience. The foundation said up to 30% of adults are fearful fliers. The Flight App is designed to help relax passengers before and during flights by educating users about flight safety and turbulence. It explains the sounds and sensations they can expect during departure, flight and landing. And, if a passenger’s flight stress reaches a panic level, they press a special panic button which provides audio and written information to help decrease stress levels. Most importantly, the Flight App can be used during the flight in the airplane mode. Once downloaded, the program does not require Internet connection in the air. 【小题 1】By saying the words at the beginning of the passage, people are expected to ______. A. decrease their fear of flying B. get rid of their doubt about plane C. have a good time on their flight journey D. use some medicine to cure their fear of flying 【小题 2】According to the passage, the VALK Foundation ______. A. is a group focusing on psychology on the flight B. was the first center to do research into fear of flying C. organize the world conferences on fear of flying annually D. focuses on researching and offering treatment on fear of flying 【小题 3】Flight App VALK is aimed to ______. A. help passengers experience the fear of flying B. help relax passengers before and during flights C. treat people who suffer from mild fear of flying D. teach people the basic knowledge of taking flight 【小题 4】What does the last paragraph mainly tell us? A. Many adults are suffering from fear of flying B. It’s convenient for people to use the Flight App C. Many planes will be installed with the Flight App. D.The Flight App can decrease stress levels effectively 【小题 5】In which column of a newspaper can we read this passage? A. Culture B. Entertainment C. Technology D. Education 解析： 文章大意：本文介绍了一个旨在教育人们关于飞行的恐惧的苹果应用 Flight App VALK，并 介绍了具体的特点和信息。 【小题1】A 推理题。根据第一段前 3 行“Just take a deep breath.” “Don’t think about it.” “You’re more likely to die in a car wreck on the way to the airport than you are in a plane crash.” These are just some words given to people with a fear of flying.说明这些话都是人们安慰那些对飞行有恐 惧感的人的话，故 A 正确。 【小题 2】D 推理题。根据最后一段 3，4,5,6,7 行 It explains the sounds and sensations they can expect during departure, flight and landing. And, if a passenger’s flight stress reaches a panic level, they press a special panic button which provides audio and written information to help decrease stress levels. Most importantly, the Flight App can be used during the flight in the airplane mode. 说明这个应用专注于研究和主要告诉人们应该如何来处理这些恐惧，故 D 正确。 【小题 3】B 细节题。根据 The foundation said up to 30% of adults are fearful fliers. The Flight App is designed to help relax passengers before and during flights by educating users about flight safety and turbulence.”说明这个应用的目的是为了缓解人们对飞行的恐惧。故 B 正确。 【小题 4】B 推理题。本文的最后一段都是在描述这个应用的作用和特点，主要是说人们使 用这个苹果的应用是很方便的。故 B 正确。 【小题 5】C 推理题。本文主要讲述的就是对 VALK 这个苹果应用的作用具体特点的使用 的介绍，那么最可能出现在报纸上的技术部分。故 C 项正确。 答案： 【小题 1】A 【小题 2】D 【小题 3】B 【小题 4】B 【小题 5】C 【2014 届浙江温州十校第一次联考】C You’ve bought what you need. The grocery cashier asks, “Will that be paper or plastic? You reply “Plastic, please.” This seems like a simple question and there are plenty of reasons we choose plastic: easier to carry, lighter than paper bags, possibly less damaging to the environment, less expensive to the shop owners, able to be used as trash bag, and so on. There are different opinions on plastic and paper. Now let’s follow the travels of 3 plastic bags. It begins at the grocery store with the customer’s choice. Plastic Bag 1: As the waste engineer come by and pick up the trash, the first plastic bag falls out. It sits on a small street for a couple of hours until a car comes along and takes it down to the road. Then a gust of wind blows it across the road, then another car, then another gust of wind finally makes its way to the beach. Water fills the plastic bag and makes it look like a jellyfish. A seal(海豹) swims by, thinking it looks very interesting, and swallowed it. The plastic bag may stay in the seal’s stomach for months, maybe years. You see, our lovely animals have been living thousands of years in a world where everything can be eaten. Plastic Bag 2: This bag does make its way to landfill(垃圾场). Before they have a chance to cover up the thousands of pounds of daily waste, a strong wind comes up and blows these plastic bags out of the landfill. Once the wind stops, workers will be sent to collect thousands of bags around. But they can’t possibly get them all. So our little bag continues his adventure getting caught in trees, eaten by birds or making its way to our lakes or rivers. Plastic Bag 3: The last bag also blows away but is caught in a landfill where it sits for many years, as all the trash is wrapped in a big plastic bag, making natural degradation(降解) impossible. Although workers do much work to make sure water and air system won’t be polluted, some do. Guess what, plastic bags are made from petrol, a harmful waste material, which in one way or another makes its way to the environment. Another problem with putting plastic bags in out trash is that our landfills for most cities may be filled in about 20 years. More importantly, since we are running out of land to build homes, you might have the pleasure of one day living on top of your plastic bags! One of the best suggestions is not to use a bag at all or bring your own cloth bags. If you must, please choose paper bags, which, though not suggested, can be eaten by animals. And there are more opportunities recycle paper bags. It does take a little extra effort. But please have a thought about the little seal next time you say, “Plastic please.” 【小题 1】. According to the passage, what is NOT the reason for a customer to choose plastic bags? A. He can use plastic bags to carry trash later. B. He finds paper bags heavier than plastic bags. C. He finds plastic bags more convenient to carry. D. He can save money for plastic bags are cheaper. 【小题 2】. The author describes the travel of Plastic Bag 1 to show ______. A. seals like eating plastic bags around them. B. seals really have a good stomach. C. seals are potential victims of plastic bags. D. seals are not able to differ plastic from food. 【小题 3】Wrapped in a big plastic bag, Plastic Bag3_____. A. still does harm to the environment B. can hardly be harmful to the environment C. is much safer than Plastic Bag2 D. will end up being eaten by seals or some fish 【小题 4】What will the following part of this passage talk about? A. Suggestions on reducing harm of plastic bags. B. Disadvantages of using too many plastic bags. C. Persuading people into using paper bags. D. Other potential victims of plastic bags. 【小题 5】What is the overall tone of this passage? A. Excited B. Serious C. Ironical D. Casual 解析： 文章大意：本文是一篇议论文。通过对三个塑料袋的不同命运结局的描述，说明了塑料袋对 人类环境和自然界动物的影响，呼吁人们要注重这种白色垃圾，减少白色污染。 【小题 1】D 细节题。从文章第一段“ there are plenty of reasons we choose plastic: easier to carry, lighter than paper bags, possibly less damaging to the environment, less expensive to the shop owners, able to be used as trash bag, and so on.”可知，使用塑料袋是对店主来说要便宜，而不 是顾客。所以 D 选项正确。 【小题 2】C 推理判断题。第三段“You see, our lovely animals have been living thousands of years in a world where everything can be eaten. ”作者用貌似很轻松幽默的语言表达了一个很 严肃的话题。塑料被吃到肚子中，当然不会有好处的，所以 C 选项正确。 【小题 3】A 细节题。从文章第五段“ Although workers do much work to make sure water and air system won’t be polluted, some do. Guess what, plastic bags are made from petrol, a harmful waste material, which in one way or another makes its way to the environment.”可知，塑料是由 一种有害材料制成的，被埋到地下后仍然会对环境有害，所以 A 选项正确。 【小题 4】A 推理判断题。从文章最后一段“One of the best suggestions is not to use a bag at all or bring your own cloth bags. ”“And there are more opportunities recycle paper bags.”可知说完 塑料袋的危害后，作者又提到了一些建议，所以接下一段应该是和建议有关的，故 A 选项 正确。 【小题 5】C 推理判断题。文章整篇是用反语讽刺的语调写的。如第三段末尾“You see, our lovely animals have been living thousands of years in a world where everything can be eaten. ”和 第四段末尾“So our little bag continues his adventure getting caught in trees, eaten by birds or making its way to our lakes or rivers.”所以 C 选项正确。 答案： 【小题 1】D 【小题 2】C 【小题 3】A 【小题 4】A 【小题 5】C 【2014 届安徽池州一中月考】E A psychologist once said,“If you’ve conquered every one of your fears, congratulations — you’re dead.”This humorous quote points to a simple truth — no one can escape fear completely. However, fear can be a good thing. It is a natural, healthy reaction to danger. In fact, sometimes we are afraid of things that aren’t dangerous, such as public speaking, failing a test, or being rejected. These unhealthy fears can keep us from fulfilling our dreams. So how can we successfully face our fears? First, admit what you fear and then share it with someone you trust. Perhaps you worry that others would look down on you if they know what you fear, but you might be surprised at how many other people share the same fears. Learning you are not the only one who fears something will give you self-esteem(自尊心) a push. Second, ask yourself,“What is the worst-case scenario （最坏的情况）?”This question can help you gain perspective（洞察力）.If you think about it, the worst might not be that bad, after all. Compared with the fear of losing a contest or being turned down, the regret of having missed opportunities can be even harder to bear. Even worse, you will never know what you might have accomplished. Finally, take small steps toward conquering your fears. If you fear public speaking, start by giving a small talk to a few people. If your talk doesn’t go well, try again. Each small success will increase your confidence and persistence is one of the keys to success. You might never completely conquer your fear of certain things, but what is important is that you can bring yourself to do what you fear. True bravery is feeling afraid but doing what you have to do anyway. It’s also true that you struggle with fear and don’t let your fears stop you from getting the most out of life. 【小题 1】This passage mainly discusses . A. the harm of fear to success B. varieties of fear C. ways to handle fear D. necessity of fear 【小题 2】In the writer’s opinion, what might be even worse than losing a contest? A. Being turned down by others. B. Forgetting what to say in public speaking. C. Sharing ideas with others. D. Missing an opportunity. 【小题 3】According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true? A. Not everything we are afraid of is dangerous. B. It’s encouraged to share your fear with others. C. It’s difficult to overcome some fears. D. What you fear should be worse than what you think. 【小题 4】It can be learned from the passage that a really courageous person . A. does what is necessary to do B. always achieves what he or she wants C. has no fear in his or her life D. never loses a contest 解析： 本文叙述了每个人都有惧怕的心理，并且不能完全克服，那么怎样来处理恐惧心理呢?短文 给出了一些建议，一是承认自己有恐惧的心理并且可以与自己相信的人一起分担；二是自问 恐惧带来最坏的结果是什么？三是采取一些措施来克服恐惧的心理。 【小题 1】主旨大意题。根据 So how can we successfully face our fears?全文内容可知主要叙 述了如何处理恐惧的心理，故选 C。 【小题 2】细节理解题。根据 Compared with the fear of losing a contest or being turned down, the regret of having missed opportunities can be even harder to bear.错过机会比失去比赛更糟糕，故 选 D。 【小题 3】细节理解题。根据 In fact, sometimes we are afraid of things that aren’t dangerous 我 们害怕的事情并非都是危险的，选项 A 符合原文；then share it with someone you trust.和其他 的人一起分享害怕，选项 B 符合原文；no one can escape fear completely.克服困难是相当难 的，选项 C 符合原文；只有选项 D 没有提到，故选 D。 【小题 4】细节理解题。根据 True bravery is feeling afraid but doing what you have to do anyway. 勇敢的人去做不得不做的事情，故选 A。 答案： 【小题 1】C 【小题 2】D 【小题 3】D 【小题 4】A 【2014 届广东珠海市高三 9 月摸底】(A) Some scientists say that animals in the oceans are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings. The noise that affects sea creatures comes from a number of human activities. It is caused mainly by industrial underwater explosions, ocean drilling, and ship engines. Such noises are added to natural sounds. These sounds include the breaking of ice fields, underwater earthquakes, and sounds made by animals themselves. Decibels (分贝) measured in water are different from those measured on land. A noise of one hundred and twenty decibels on land causes pain to human ears. In water, a decibel level of one hundred and ninety－five would have the same effect. Some scientists have suggested setting a noise limit of one hundred and twenty decibels in the oceans. They have observed that noises at that level can frighten and confuse whales（鲸鱼）. A team of American and Canadian scientists discovered that louder noises can seriously injure some animals. The research team found that powerful underwater explosions were causing whales in the area to lose their hearing. This seriously affected the whales' ability to exchange information and find their way. Some of the whales even died. The explosions had caused their ears to bleed and become infected(被感染的). Many researchers whose work depends on ocean sounds are against a limit of one hundred and twenty decibels. They say such a limit would mean an end to important industrial and scientific research. Scientists do not know how much and what kinds of noises are harmful to ocean animals. However, many scientists don’t think that noise is a greater danger than they believed. They want to prevent noises from harming creatures in the ocean. 【小题 1】 According to the passage, which of the following is increasingly dangerous to sea creatures? A. The sound of cars. B. The sound of voices. C. Man-made noise pollution. D. The sound of steps. 【小题 2 】 According to the passage, natural sounds include all of the following EXCEPT________. A. sounds made by animals themselves B. ocean drilling C. underwater earthquakes D. the breaking of ice fields 【小题 3】Which of the following is discussed in the third paragraph? A. The same noise level produces a different effect on land and in the ocean. B. Different places may have different types of noises. C. The decibel is not a right unit (单位) for measuring underwater noise. D. Different ocean animals may have different reactions to noises. 【小题 4】 Which of the following is true of whales? A. They won't be confused by noises. B. They are deaf to noises. C. Their ability to reproduce will be lowered by high-level noises. D. Their hearing will be damaged by high-level noises. 【小题 5】According to the passage, what will scientists most probably do in the future? A. They will work hard to reduce ocean noise pollution. B. They will protect animals from harmful noises. C. They will try to set a limit of 120 decibels. D. They will study the effect of ocean noise pollution. 解析： 本文叙述了研究表明噪音污染引起了海洋生物的危险，科学家将来要采取措施拯救海洋生 物，阻止噪音对海洋生物的伤害，提醒我们也要意识到保护海洋生物的重要性。 【小题 1】细节理解题。由第一段 Some scientists say that animals in the oceans are increasingly threatened by noise pollution caused by human beings. 可知噪音污染引起了海洋生物的危险， 故选 C。 【小题 2】细节理解题。由第二段 These sounds include the breaking of ice fields, underwater earthquakes, and sounds made by animals themselves. 可知 ocean drilling 不是自然的声音，故 选 B。 【小题3】段落大意题，根据Decibels (分贝) measured in water are different from those measured on land. 这是中心句可知同一种噪音在陆地和水面产生的效果是不一样，故选 A。 【小题4】推理判断题。根据第六段The research team found that powerful underwater explosions were causing whales in the area to lose their hearing.可知水下巨大的爆炸声会使鲸失去听力， 故选 D。 【小题 5】推理判断题。由文章的最后一句话 They want to prevent noises from harming creatures in the ocean. 可知科学家将来要采取措施阻止噪音对海洋生物的伤害，故选 B。 答案： 【小题 1】C 【小题 2】B 【小题 3】A 【小题 4】D 【小题 5】B 【2013 届河南省六市高三第二次联考】C Sixty-five million years ago, an asteroid (小行星) that crashed on Earth led to the disappearance of the largest animals that have ever walked our planet – the dinosaurs. At least, this is what some scientists believe. But that accident happened so long ago. People have come to believe that we are free of threats from asteroids and everything else from space. However, what happened on Feb 15 , 2013 was a reminder that we’re just as vulnerable as the dinosaurs once were. Two objects from space – a meteor (陨石) and an asteroid called 2012 DA14 – visited Earth’s atmosphere on the same day. The former fell in Russia, injuring 1,200 people, while the latter passed by Earth at a record-setting close distance. Scientists had been expecting the asteroid since last year, but the meteor was a surprise. NASA’s telescope system only detects asteroids at least 50 meters in diameter (直径), which is just about the size of 2012 DA14. But the meteor was much smaller, which made it harder to spot. But what if we do spot an asteroid that is headed right for Earth? There are several possible ways in which dangerous asteroids could be made to change its orbit. Which method is best depends on several factors and most importantly – how much time we have to stop it. If there is enough time before the hit, we can send off a heavy spacecraft to travel alongside the asteroid. The gravity from the spacecraft would gradually change the rock’s orbit. Besides that, scientists could one day use sun-powered lasers to either make asteroids disappear or change their course. If there’s not enough time, we’ll have to go after the asteroid with a spacecraft and change its orbit with a crash. Finally, if things are truly desperate, there will be only one choice left – to use a nuclear bomb. That could turn the asteroid into a meteor shower, which would be even more dangerous. 【小题 1】The author mentioned the asteroid that led to the dinosaurs’ dying out to ______. A. show that asteroids fall from space frequently B. alert people about the possible danger of objects falling from space C. inform readers about the constant threats the Earth faces D. suggest that there are still many mysteries about the universe 【小题 2】The underlined word “vulnerable” in the second paragraph probably means ______. A. unprotected B. lonely C. stupid D. self-important 【小题 3】Which of the following statements is TRUE about the meteor that fell to the Earth in Russia? A. It passed by the Earth at a close distance. B. It was spotted by NASA’s telescope system a year ago. C. It is about the same size as the asteroid that passed by the Earth. D. It fell to the Earth and caused great damage to the local community. 【小题 4】What is the main idea of the article? A. Learning about asteroids and meteors. B. The threats of objects from space and possible solutions. C. NASA’s latest technology to discover visitors to the Earth from space. D. How to measure the damage of collisions from asteroids and meteors. 解析： 本文是一篇科技说明文。文章介绍了小行星和陨石可能对人类造成的伤害，以及人类为消除 危害可能采取的措施和方法。 【小题 1】考查推理判断。根据文章第一段中的 Sixty-five million years ago, an asteroid (小行 星) that crashed on Earth led to the disappearance of the largest animals that have ever walked our planet – the dinosaurs.可知，作者引用小行星撞击地球导致恐龙灭绝这个事实，来警示人们小 行星和陨石可能对地球造成严重危害的严重性。故选 B。 【小题 2】考查推测词义。根据文章第二段中的 we’re just as vulnerable as the dinosaurs once were.可知，我们就像从前的恐龙一样无助而灭绝。所以 A 正确。 【小题 3】考查细节理解。根据文章第二段中的 The former fell in Russia, injuring 1,200 people 可知，前一颗陨石落在了俄罗斯，造成 1200 受伤。因此和 D 项内容吻合。 【小题 4】考查主旨大意。纵观全文可知：第一段通过恐龙灭绝的事实，引起人们对小行星 和陨石对人类造成的危害重视；第二段谈下落在俄罗斯的陨石造成的危害；第三、四、五段 谈目前人类的观测技术及我们应对陨石危害的方法和措施。所以 B 项正确。 答案： 【小题 1】B 【小题 2】A 【小题 3】D 【小题 4】B 【2013 届黑龙江大庆市高三第二次模拟】D Google, the Internet search and mapping company, has developed a car that can steer without a driver. Sometimes the reality is stranger than science fiction: Google is road-testing cars that steer, stop and start without a human driver. The goal is to “help prevent traffic accidents, free up people’s time and reduce carbon emissions.” says Sebastian Thrun, who is the project leader for the driverless car, or Carbot. By developing the car and the software that drives it, Google wants to change how people get from place to p1ace. Eric Schmidt, one of the company’s top officials, said, “Your car should drive itself. It just makes sense.” So far, the driverless autos have gone about 140,000 miles on California roads without people taking over the driving. Many of the roads are very busy or full of curves that challenge human drivers. The autos’ software makes it possible to know speed limits, traffic patterns and road maps. The vehicles use radar, lasers and video cameras to find other cars and avoid people crossing streets. There has only been one accident during the testing. And in that case, the Carbot was hit from behind by a human driver when Goog1e’s car was stopped at a red light. Engineers say the driverless cars are safer than autos with people behind the wheel because the computers react much more quickly than humans. The Carbot is still in very early testing stages. Experts agree that it will be years before you will be able to buy one. But it is likely that one day you will be sitting in the driver’s seat of a driverless car. When the auto was first invented it was called a “horseless carriage”. Now it seems that it is time for the “driverless carriage” to be part of our 1ives. 【小题 1】67. What’s the main idea of the passage? A. An auto revolution is on its way. B. Google has developed a driverless car. C. The Carbot has passed its early testing stages. D. Science fiction has turned into reality. 【小题 2】68. The driverless car is safer than an auto with people because _______. A. it uses radar, lasers and video cameras B. it knows speed limits, traffic patterns and road maps C. the computer has a better sense of direction than drivers D. the software responds to emergencies faster than a human driver 【小题 3】69. The advantage of the Carbot is that _______. A. it can drive all by itself B. it can avoid any traffic accident C. it doesn’t pollute the environment D. it is the most fashionable car nowadays 【小题 4】70. The author’s attitude towards the Carbot is _______. A. unfriendly B. desperate C. critical D. optimistic 解析： 文章大意：文章介绍了 Google, the Internet search and mapping company 所发明的一种无人驾 驶汽车。同时表明了作者对这种无人驾驶汽车未来的乐观态度。 【小题 1】B 主旨大意题。文章第一句话就揭示了文章的主题。“has developed a car that can steer without a driver”与“has developed a driverless car”同义。 【小题 2】D 细节理解题。“Engineers say the driverless cars are safer than autos with people behind the wheel because the computers react much more quickly than humans.”句中“the computers react much more quickly than humans.”与 D 项“the software responds to emergencies faster than a human driver”同义。 【小题 3】A 细节理解题。根据“Your car should drive itself. It just makes sense.你的车可以自 动驾驶的。这是非常有意义的事情。”可以得出答案。 【小题 4】D 推理判断题。从文章最后一段的描述中，我们可以推断作者对于“Carbot”前景 的态度是“乐观的”。 答案： 【小题 1】B 【小题 2】D 【小题 3】A 【小题 4】D 【2014 届江苏六合高级中学第一次模拟】D People are being lured (引诱)onto Facebook with the promise of a fun, free service without realizing they're paying for it by giving up loads of personal information. Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages. Most Facebook users don't realize this is happening. Even if they know what the company is up to, they still have no idea what they're paying for Face book because people don't really know what their personal data is worth. The biggest problem, however, is that the company keeps changing the rules Early on you keep everything private. That was the great thing about facebook you could create own little private network. Last year. The company changed its privacy rules so that many things your city. Your photo, your friends' names-were set, by default (默认)to be shared with every one on the Internet. According to Facebook's vice-president Elliot Schrage, the company is simply making changes to improve its service, and if people don't share information They have a "less satisfying experience". Some critics think this is more about Facebook looking to make more money. In original business model, which involved selling ads and putting then At the side of the pages totally Who wants to look at ads when they're online connecting with their friends? The privacy issue has already landed Facebook in hot water in Washington. In April. Senator Charles Schumer called on Facebook to change its privacy policy. He also urged the Federal Trade Commission to set guidelines for social-networking sites."I think the senator rightly communicated that we had not been clear about what the new products were and how people could choose to use them or not to use them," Schrage admits. I suspect that whatever Facebook has done so far to invade our privacy, it's only the beginning. Which is why I'm considering deactivating(撤销)my account. Facebook is a handy site, but I'm upset by the idea that my information is in the hands of people I don't trust. That's too high a price to pay. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答。 【小题 1】71.What do we learn about Facebook from the first paragraph? A.It is a website that sends messages to targeted users. B.It makes money by putting on advertisements. C.It profits by selling its users' personal data. D.It provides loads of information to its users. 【小题 2】72.What does the author say about most Facebook users? A.They are reluctant to give up their personal information. B.They don't know their personal data enriches Facebook. C.They don't identify themselves when using the website. D.They care very little about their personal information. 【小题 3】73.Why does Facebook make changes to its rules according to Elliot Schrage? A.To render better service to its users. B.To conform to the Federal guidelines. C.To improve its users' connectivity. D.To expand its scope of business. 【小题 4】74.Why does Senator Charles Schumer advocate? A.Setting guidelines for advertising on websites. B.Banning the sharing of users' personal information. C.ormulating regulations for social-networking sites. D.Removing ads from all social-networking sites. 【小题 5】75.Why does the author plan to cancel his Facebook account? A.He is dissatisfied with its current service. B.He finds many of its users untrustworthy. C.He doesn't want his personal data abused. D.He is upset by its frequent rule changes. 解析： 文章大意：文章主要谈论脸书—著名社交网站修改规则，在用户不知情的情况下出售用户信 息以获取利润。并围绕此现象，讲述不同的人对此的不同反应。 【小题 1】C 主旨大意题：Facebook then attempts to make money by selling their data to advertisers that want to send targeted messages. Facebook 然后试图通过把他们的数据资料卖 给那些想发送有针对性信息的广告商来赚钱。 【小题 2】B 细节理解题：Most Facebook users don't realize this is happening. 大部分的脸书 的使用者并没有意识到在发生这样的事情。 【小题 3】A 细节理解题： According to Facebook's vice-president Elliot Schrage, the company is simply making changes to improve its service, 根据脸书的副总裁 Elliot Schrage,这家公司只 是在做一些改进服务的变动。 【小题 4】C 细节理解题：He also urged the Federal Trade Commission to set guidelines for social-networking sites." 他还敦促联邦贸易委员会为社交网站制定指导方针。 【小题 5】C 推理判断题：I suspect that whatever Facebook has done so far to invade our privacy, it's only the beginning. 我怀疑脸书到目前为止所做的侵犯我们隐私的事情，还只是刚开始。 答案： 【小题 1】C 【小题 2】B 【小题 3】A 【小题 4】C 【小题 5】C 【2014 届江苏六合高级中学第一次模拟】B Our risk of cancer rises dramatically as we age. So it makes sense that the elderly should be routinely screened for new tumors — or doesn’t it? While such vigilant(警觉的)tracking of cancer is a good thing in general, researchers are increasingly questioning whether all of this testing is necessary for the elderly. With the percentage of people over age 65 expected to nearly double by 2050, it’s important to weigh the health benefits of screening against the risks and costs of routine testing. In many cases, screening can lead to additional biopsies and surgeries to remove cancer, which can cause side effects, while the cancers themselves may be slow-growing and may not pose serious health problems in patients’ remaining years. But the message that everyone must screen for cancer has become so ingrained that when health care experts recommended that women under 50 and over 74 stop screening for breast cancer, it caused a riotous reaction among doctors, patients and advocacy groups. It’s hard to uproot deeply held beliefs about cancer screening with scientific data. Certainly, there are people over age 75 who have had cancers detected by routine screening, and gained several extra years of life because of treatment. And clearly, people over age 75 who have other risk factors for cancer, such as a family history or prior personal experience with the disease, should continue to get screened regularly. But for the remainder, the risk of cancer, while increased at the end of life, must be balanced with other factors like remaining life expectancy(预 期寿命). A recent study suggests that doctors start to make more objective decisions about who will truly benefit from screening- especially considering the explosion of the elderly that will soon swell our population. It’s not an easy calculation to make, but one that make sense for the whole patient. Dr. Otis Brawley said, “Many doctors are ordering these tests purely to cover themselves. We need to think about the rational use of health care and stop talking about the rationing of health care.” That means making some difficult decisions with elderly patients, and going against the misguided belief that when it comes to health care, more is always better. 【小题1】61. Why do doctors recommend routine cancer screening for elderly people? A. It is believed to contribute to long life. B. It is part of their health care package. C. The elderly are more sensitive about their health. D. The elderly are in greater danger of tumor growth. 【小题2】62. How do some researchers now look at routine cancer screening for the elderly? A. It adds too much to their medical bills. B. It helps increase their life expectancy. C. They are doubtful about necessity. D. They think it does more than good. 【小题3】63. What is the conventional view about women screening for breast cancer? A. It applies to women over 50. B. It is a must for adult women. C. It is optional for young women. D. It doesn’t apply to women over 74. 【小题4】64. Why do many doctors prescribe routine screening for cancer? A. They want to protect themselves against medical disputes. B. They want to take advantage of the medical care system. C. They want data for medical research. D. They want their patients to suffer less. 【小题5】65. What does the author say is the general view about health care? A. The more, the better. B. Prevention is better than cure. C. Better early than late. D. Better care, longer life. 解析： 文章大意：文章围绕年龄大的人应该进行常规检查防癌的这中传统做法的利弊以及最近研究 人员的观点及原因解释。 【小题1】D 细节理解题：Our risk of cancer rises dramatically as we age. So it makes sense that the elderly should be routinely screened for new tumors — or doesn’t it? 随着年龄增长，我们患 癌的风险急剧增加。因此老年人应该进行常规检查以防肿瘤是有道理的。 【小题 2】C 细节理解题：While such vigilant(警觉的)tracking of cancer is a good thing in general, researchers are increasingly questioning whether all of this testing is necessary for the elderly. 尽管总的来说对癌症这样警觉是好事，但研究者们越来越质疑对老年人来说，所有 这些测试是否必要。 【小题 3】B 推理判断题： But the message that everyone must screen for cancer has become so ingrained，但是每个人必须检查防癌的这个想法是如此根深蒂固。 【小题 4】A 推理判断题：Many doctors are ordering these tests purely to cover themselves. 许 多医生让进行这么多测试，纯粹是为了保护自己。cover,对应选项中的 protect, 是遮掩；掩 护；保护的意思。 【小题5】A 细节理解题：going against the misguided belief that when it comes to health care, more is always better. 违背这个被舞蹈的理念：当谈到卫生保健的时候，越多越好。 答案： 【小题 1】D 【小题 2】C 【小题 3】B 【小题 4】A 【小题 5】A 【2013 届山东实验中学第二次模拟】D Risk of death is 3.5 t0 5 times greater for obese smokers than it is for people who have never smoked and are at a normal weight, according to a study published in the November, 2006 issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. The study, which began with a self-administered questionnaire taken between 1983 and 1989, asked more than 80,000 radiologic technologists aged 22 t0 92 questions about age, height, weight and smoking behavior. BMI (body mass index) was calculated, with a BMI of 30 t0 34.9 being considered obese, and 35 and over being very obese. Smoking behavior was analyzed by looking at a person's tobacco consumption level, number of years smoked, and current smoking status. Researchers then followed participants through December of 2002, noting the number of deaths that occurred. The study in volved researchers from the National Cancer Institute, the University of Minnesota and the American Registry of Radiolegic Technologists. Key Findings: 20 percent of obese adults in the United States smoke. Obese smokers face a greater risk of death from cancer and circulatory disease. Current smoking is a greater risk factor for death by cancer than obesity is, generally speaking. The higher a person's pack-years (number of packs smoked per day times the number of years smoked) are, the greater the risk of death. Men and women of all ages faced an elevated risk of death due to circulatory disease as BMI increased. And for those who were both obese and currently smoking, risk of circulatory disease increased 6 to 11 times under the age of 65, as compared to their never-smoking, normal weight counterparts. While it's not surprising that obesity coupled with smoking is a recipe for trouble, it is important to highlight this growing health concern in America today. Taking Charge of Your Health Making healthy choices can be difficult when we're constantly bombarded with products that are hazardous to our health, but it's not impossible. With education and some motivation, we all have the ability to make lasting changes for the better. If you're an overweight smoker worried about gaining weight due to quitting, take heart. It's never too late to change your course and even reverse damage to some extent. 【小题 1】What is the probably the best title of the text? A. Obese smoking and death B. Key findings about smoking C Taking charge of your health D. Obesity and smoking 【小题 2】Which of the following is true according to the text? A. Obese smokers are less likely to suffer from cancer B. Obese smokers are more likely to suffer from cancer C. Obese smokers .tend to gain fewer body mass index. D. Obese smokers tend to get heavier than those Who never smoke 【小题 3】According to the author, it is________to get rid of smoking. A. easy and possible B. difficult and impossible C. easy ant worthwhile D. difficult but worthwhile 【小题 4】 What is the American Journal of Preventive Medicine? A.An medical institute. B A research center. C. A medical magazine D. A TV station 【小题 5】What is the purpose of the text? A. To inform the readers of the findings about obese smoking. B. To warn the readers of the danger of obese smoking. C. To tell us what obese smoking is. D. To call on the obese smolkers to quit smoking. 解析： 本文主要讲述一个研究发现：比起不吸烟的人和正常体重的人来说，肥胖吸烟者死亡的风险 更大。 【小题 1】纵观全文，结合文章第一段的主题句可知文章主要是讲肥胖吸烟者死亡的风险更 大，故选 A。 【小题 2】 从文章第一段的主题句 Risk of death is 3.5 t0 5 times greater for obese smokers than it is for people who have never smoked and are at a normal weight 可知选 B。本题也根据 AB 答 案是一对互为矛盾的选项，其中必有一个是正确选项，从而缩小选择范围。 【小题 3】根据最后一段第一句 Making healthy choices can be difficult when we're constantly bombarded with products that are hazardous to our health, but it's not impossible 可确定正确答案 为 D.而 B 答案错误在 impossible。 【小题 4】根据文章第一段第二行 according to a study published in the November, 2006 issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine 可以得知 American Journal of Preventive Medicine 是一本杂志。 【小题 5】从文章最后一段 If you're an overweight smoker worried about gaining weight due to quitting, take heart. It's never too late to change your course and even reverse damage to some extent 可知作者在号召那些肥胖吸烟者戒烟。 答案： 【小题 1】A 【小题 2】B 【小题 3】D 【小题 4】C 【小题 5】D 【2013 届浙江鲁迅中学适应性考试】A When people first walked across the Bering Land Bridge thousands of years ago, dogs were by their sides, according to a study published in the journal Science. Robert Wayne of the University of California, Los Angeles, and Jennifer Leonard of the Smithsonian Institute, used DNA material—some of it unearthed by miners in Alaska—to conclude that today’s domestic dog originated in Asia and accompanied the first humans to the New World about 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. Wayne suggests that man’s best friend may have enabled the tough journey from Asia into North America. “Dogs may have been the reason people made it across the land bridge,” said Wayne. “They can pull things, carry things, defend you from fierce animals, and they’re useful to eat.” Researchers have agreed that today’s dog is the result of the domestication(驯化) of wolves thousands of years ago. Before this recent study, a common thought about the precise origin of North America’s domestic dog was that Natives domesticated local wolves, the descendents(后代) of which now live with people in Alaska, Canada, and the Lower 48. Dog remains from a Fairbanks-area gold mine helped the scientists reach their conclusion. Leonard, an evolutionary biologist, collected DNA from 11 bones of ancient dogs that were locked in permafrost(永冻层) until Fairbanks miners uncovered them in the 1920s. The miners donated the preserved bones to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City, where they remained untouched for more than 70 years. After borrowing the bones from the museum, Leonard and her colleagues used radiocarbon techniques to find the age of the Alaska dogs. They found the dogs all lived between the years of 1450 and 1675 A.D., before Vitus Bering and Aleksey Chirikov who were the first known Europeans to view Alaska in 1741. The bones of dogs that wandered the Fairbanks area centuries ago should therefore be the remains of “pure native American dogs,” Leonard said. The DNA of the Fairbanks dogs would also expose whether they were the descendents of wolves from North America. Along with the Fairbanks samples, the researchers collected DNA from bones of 37 dog specimens(标本) from Mexico, Peru, and Bolivia that existed before the arrival of Columbus. In the case of both the Alaska dogs and the dogs from Latin America, the researchers found that they shared the most genetic material with gray wolves of Europe and Asia. This supports the idea of domestic dogs entering the New World with the first human explorers who wandered east over the land bridge. Leonard and Wayne’s study suggests that dogs joined the first humans that made the adventure across the Bering La nd Bridge to slowly populate the Americas. Wayne thinks the dogs that made the trip must have provided some excellent service to their human companions or they would not have been brought along. “Dogs must have been useful because they were expensive to keep,” Wayne said. “They didn’t feed on mice; they fed on meat, which was a very guarded resource.” 【小题 1】 The underlined word “remains” is closed in meaning to ______. A. leftover food B. animal waste C. dead bodies D. living environment 【小题 2】 According to the study described in Paragraph 4, we can learn that ______. A. ancient dogs entered North America between 1450 and 1675 AD B. the 11 bones of ancient dogs are not from native American dogs C. the bones discovered by the gold miners were from North American wolves D. the bones studied were not from dogs brought into North America by Europeans 【小题 3】 What can we know from the passage? A. Native Americans domesticated local wolves into dogs. B. Scientists discovered some ancient dog remains in 1920s. C. Latin America’s dogs are different from North America’s in genes. D. Ancient dogs entered North America across the Bering Land Bridge. 【小题 4】 The first humans into the New World brought dogs along with them because ______. A. dogs fed on mice B. dogs were easy to keep C. dogs helped protect their resources D. dogs could provide excellent service 【小题 5】What does the passage mainly talk about ______. A. the origin of the North American dogs B. the DNA study of ancient dogs in America C. the reasons why early people entered America D. the difference between Asian and American dogs 解析： 本文是科普性文章。说明了在几千年前狗陪同人们一起跨过白令大陆桥进入北美大陆，并且 在此繁殖起来。而通过检测发掘出的狗骨头的 DNA 也证实了这一点。 【小题 1】C 词意猜测题。根据第四段第二句话“Leonard, an evolutionary biologist, collected DNA from 11 bones of ancient dogs that were locked in permafrost(永冻层)”说明是在冰冻层发 现的狗的骨头，所以 remain 应该是尸体。C 选项正确。 【小题 2】D 细节题。根据“They found the dogs all lived between the years of 1450 and 1675 A.D before Vitus Bering and Aleksey Chirikov who were the first known Europeans to view Alaska in 1741..”判断可知被研究的骨头不是欧洲人带到北美来的狗的骨头。所以 D 项正确。 【小题 3】D 细节题。根据第一段“When people first walked across the Bering Land Bridge thousands of years ago, dogs were by their sides, according to a study published in the journal Science.”所以 D 选项正确。 【小题 4】D 细节题。根据第二段“Wayne suggests that man’s best friend may have enabled the tough journey from Asia into North America. “Dogs may have been the reason people made it across the land bridge,” said Wayne. “They can pull things, carry things, defend you from fierce animals, and they’re useful to eat.”这些都说明了人们之所以带着狗，是因为它们能为人们提供 服务，由用处。所以 D 正确。 【小题 5】A 推理题。文章第一段提到狗和人们一同跨过 the Bering Land Bridge，第二三四 五段研究狗的 DNA“ to conclude that today’s domestic dog originated in Asia”， “Researchers have agreed that today’s dog is the result of the domestication(驯化) of wolves thousands of years ago”所以文章中心是谈论狗的起源。 答案： 【小题 1】C 【小题 2】D 【小题 3】D 【小题 4】D 【小题 5】A