专题12+阅读理解——说明文+仿真测试-2019年高考英语高频考点名师揭秘与仿真测试

专题12+阅读理解——说明文+仿真测试-2019年高考英语高频考点名师揭秘与仿真测试

‎ ‎ ‎1.【成都外国语学校2018-2019学年度上学期开学考试试题C篇】‎ There’s a new frontier in 3D printing that’s beginning to come into focus: food. Recent development has made possible machines that print, cook, and serve foods on a mass scale. And the industry isn’t stopping there.‎ Food production With a 3D printer, a cook can print complicated chocolate sculptures and beautiful pieces for decoration on a wedding cake. Not everybody can do that — it takes years of experience, but a printer makes it easy. A restaurant in Spain uses a Foodini to “re-create forms and pieces” of food that are “exactly the same,” freeing cooks to complete other tasks. In another restaurant, all of the dishes and desserts it serves are 3D-printed, rather than farm to table.‎ Sustainability(可持续性)‎ The global population is expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels. Sustainability is becoming a necessity. 3D food printing could probably contribute to the solution. Some experts believe printers could use hydrocolloids (水解胶体) from plentiful renewables like algae(藻类) and grass to replace the familiar ingredients(烹饪原料). 3D printing can reduce fuel use and emissions. Grocery stores of the future might stock "food" that lasts years on end, freeing up shelf space and reducing transportation and storage requirements.‎ Nutrition Future 3D food printers could make processed food healthier. Hod Lipson, a professor at Columbia‎ ‎University, said, “Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins. So instead of eating a piece of yesterday’s bread from the supermarket, you’d eat something baked just for you on demand.”‎ Challenges Despite recent advancements in 3D food printing, the industry has many challenges to overcome. Currently, most ingredients must be changed to a paste(糊状物) before a printer can use them, and the printing process is quite time-consuming, because ingredients interact with each other in very complex ways. On top of that, most of the 3D food printers now are restricted to dry ingredients, because meat and milk products may easily go bad. Some experts are skeptical about 3D food printers, believing they are better suited for fast food restaurants than homes and high-end restaurants.‎ ‎8. What benefit does 3D printing bring to food production?‎ A. It helps cooks to create new dishes. B. It saves time and effort in cooking.‎ C. It improves the cooking conditions. D. It contributes to restaurant decorations.‎ ‎9. What can we learn about 3D food printing from Paragraphs 3?‎ A. It solves food shortages easily. B. It quickens the transportation of food.‎ C. It needs no space for the storage of food. D. It uses renewable materials as sources of food.‎ ‎10. According to Paragraph 4, 3D-printed food _____________.‎ A. is more available to consumers B. can meet individual nutritional needs C. is more tasty than food in supermarkets D. can keep all the nutrition in raw materials ‎11. What could be the best title of the passage?‎ A. 3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology B. A New Way to Improve 3D Food Printing C. The Challenges for 3D Food Production D. 3D Food Printing: From Farm to Table ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文是一篇科普类短文阅读。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎10. B。推理判断题。根据文章第四段Food printing could allow consumers to print food with customized nutritional content, like vitamins.（食品打印可以让消费者打印定制营养的食物），从而可以推断出3D打印出来的食物可以满足个人营养需求。故选B。‎ ‎11. A。主旨大意题。文章主要介绍了3D打印技术在食物上的应用取得了进展，但目前仍面临着许多方面的挑战。所以用标题3D Food Printing: Delicious New Technology，故选A。‎ ‎【名师点睛】科普类说明文历来是高考阅读理解命题的重点。本文是一篇3D 打印技术在食物方面的应用，文章运用一些小标题和对一些专业词汇作了多处中文注释，降低了考生的阅读难度。文章逻辑性强，条理清楚，主要考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力以及对特定细节的认读和处理能力。最后一小题考查主旨大意，为文章选择出最好的标题。考生做此题时一定要注意选择项必须要能概括整个文章的内容，不能以偏概全。如B、C、D选择项在文章中都有所涉及，但不足以概括全文，所以需要考生正确概括全文的主旨大意。‎ ‎2.【河北衡水中学2018-2019学年度上学期高三年级期中考试试题C篇】‎ Next month, I’m traveling to a remote area of Central Africa and my aim is to know enough Lingala — one of the local languages — to have a conversation. I wasn’t sure how I was going to manage this — until I discovered a way to learn all the vocabulary I’m going to need. Thanks to Memrise, the app I’m using. It feels just like a game.‎ ‎“People often stop learning things because they feel they’re not making progress or because it all feels like too much hard work,” says Ed Cooke, one of the people who created Memrise. “We’re trying to create a form of learning experience that is fun and is something you’d want to do instead of watching TV.”‎ Memrise gives you a few new words to learn and these are “seeds” which you plant in your “greenhouse”. When you practice the words, you “water your plants”. When the app believes that you have really remembered a word, it moves the word to your “garden”. And if you forget to log on (登录)，the app sends you emails that remind you to “water your plants”.‎ The app uses two principles about learning. The first is that people remember things better when they link them to a picture in their mind. Memrise translates words into your own language, but it also encourages you to use “mems”. For example, I memorized motele, the Lingala word for “engine”, using a mem I created — I imagined an old engine in a motel (汽车旅馆) room.‎ The second principle is that we need to stop after studying words and then repeat them again later, leaving time between study sessions. Memrise helps you with this, because it’s the kind of app you only use for five or ten minutes a day.‎ I’ve learnt hundreds of Lingala words with Memrise. I know this won’t make me a fluent speaker, but I hope I’ll be able to do more than just smile when I meet people in Congo. Now, I need to go and water my Vocabulary!‎ ‎9. What does Ed Cooke make an effort to do with Memrise?‎ A. Create memorable experiences.‎ B. Make progress with hard work.‎ C. Master languages through games.‎ D. Combine study with entertainment.‎ ‎10. What do the underlined words “water your plants” in Paragraph 3 refer to?‎ A. Learning new words. B. Being a Memrise user.‎ C. Logging on to the app. D. Taking care of your garden.‎ ‎11. How does Memrise work?‎ A. By linking different mems together.‎ B. By putting knowledge into practice.‎ C. By offering human translation services.‎ D. By applying an associative memory approach.‎ ‎12. What is the author’s attitude towards Memrise?‎ A. Positive. B. Doubtful. ‎ C. Uncaring. D. Disapproving.‎ ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文为应用说明文。作者介绍了一种学习应用程序Memrise，这是一种寓教于乐的学习单词的方法，主要运用联想记忆，通过游戏的方式来完成的。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎11. D。 推理判断题。根据第五段的The app uses two principles about learning. The first is that people remember things better when they link them to a picture in their mind…For example, I memorized motele, the Lingala word for “engine”, using a mem I created — I imagined an old engine in a motel (汽车旅馆) room.. 句意“应用程序使用两个关于学习的原则。首先，运用联想记忆，他们会记得更好…例如，我记住了motele，Lingala的“引擎”一词，使用我创建的一个mem——我想象着汽车旅馆（汽车旅馆）房间里的一个旧引擎 ”。由此可知Memrise是通过运用联想记忆的方法来进行学习的。分析选项可知D项符合题意。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【名师点睛】在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词。这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度、影响对语篇的整体把握。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。我们可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义。例如第2小题词意猜测题。根据第三段的内容可知，MeMeLead给你一些新单词来学习，这些是你在“温室”中种植的“种子”。当你练习单词时，你就是在“浇灌你的植物”。由此可知，练习单词，“就是浇灌你的植物” ，由引可推断出“water your plants”即在学习新单词，故选A。‎ ‎3.【2018学年浙江省高三“五校联考”第一次考试试题B篇】‎ Japan‎ has made a lot of noise in recent years about removing the traditional view that women should stay at home while men go out to work. So it was shocking when, on August 7th, Tokyo Medical University (TMU), a distinguished medical school, admitted marking down the test scores of female applicants to keep the ratio of women in each class below 30%.‎ Their defence was that women are more likely to drop out to marry and have children. To judge female applicants to medical school purely on their academic performance would leave Japan with a shortage of doctors, they said. The admission has caused outrage.‎ ‎“Doctoring has long been a male field. But it is not the only one. Discrimination is common in banks and trading firms, where stamina (耐力) and loyalty, qualities somehow associated with men, are prized,” says Mari Miura, a political scientist at Sophia University. All this embarrasses a government that has promised to make women “shine”. The policy seems based on the need for more workers rather than on genuine concern for women.‎ Shinzo Abe, the prime minister, says he wants to bring millions more women into the workforce to make up for a labour shortfall caused by its ageing and declining population. In the field of politics, the record under Mr. Abe’s premiership (首相任期) is disappointing. Just two members of his 20-strong cabinet are women, including Seiko Noda, in charge of women’s rights. Ms. Noda, who makes little secret of her ambition to beat Mr. Abe in a leadership contest next month, has just published a book called “Grab the Future”, her public declaration for pulling Japan into line with “global standards”. She has almost no chance of winning.‎ ‎4. According to the passage, what has aroused the public’s shock and rage in Japan?‎ A. Women being more likely to drop out of school to marry and have children.‎ B. TMU judging female applicants to medical school merely on their test score.‎ C. TMU putting a lower grade on female applicants to keep a low percentage of women in each class.‎ D. Japan tending to abandon the traditional view that women should stay at home while men go out to work.‎ ‎5. What do we know about Seiko Noda?‎ A. She is quite likely to win the leadership contest.‎ B. She never fails to show her ambition in public.‎ C. She is the only female member in Abe’s cabinet.‎ D. Her newly released book “Grab the Future” is a bit hit.‎ ‎6. What does the passage mainly talk about?‎ A. Doctoring has long been a male field in Japan.‎ B. Professions like banking and trading are tailored to men.‎ C. Shinzo Abe performed poorly in dealing with labour shortfall.‎ D. Discrimination against women in careers in Japan is a big concern.‎ ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文为说明文。主要叙述了最近的日本尤其是医药大学对女性性别的歧视，使社会一片哗然，这一性别歧视现象让日本政府陷入窘境。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎ ‎ ‎5. B。细节理解题。根据最后一段的最后部分Ms. Noda, who makes little secret of her ambition to beat Mr. Abe in a leadership contest next month, has just published a book called “Grab the Future”, her public declaration for pulling Japan into line with “global standards”可知，野田毫不掩饰她在下个月的竞选中击败安倍的野心。她刚刚还出版了一本名为《抓住未来》的书，根据她的言行可知，她在公众场合表达自己的雄心，分析选项可知B项（她在公众面前表达她的雄心）符合题意，故选B项。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎【名师点睛】细节理解题中的语言转述型。文章主题和中心思想的阐述往往需要大量细节信息的支持，这些细节对于理解全文内容至关重要，同时也是归纳和概括文章中心思想的基础。命题人往往会要求考生根据不同的要求阅读文章，以获得某些特定的信息，或准确地寻求所需的细节，并对细节进行直接或间接辨认和理解。本文中的第1小题就属于细节理解题中的语言转述型。这是一类间接事实细节题，答案与题目在意义上运用了词义之间的转述关系，即正确选项是原文有关词语和句子的另一种表达。文章中的“So it was shocking when, on August 7th, Tokyo Medical University (TMU), a distinguished medical school, admitted marking down the test scores of female applicants to keep the ratio of women in each class below 30%.”题目中的what has aroused the public’s shock就是对So it was shocking的转述。而TMU putting a lower grade on female applicants to keep a low percentage of women in each class.‎ 也是对文章中的marking down the test scores of female applicants to keep the ratio of women in each class below 30%的转述，因此C项正确。‎ ‎4.【2018--2019学年度辽宁省部分重点高中高三联考试题A篇】‎ The National Postal Museum is divided into galleries that explore America's postal history. Visitors will have a full picture of the creation and fantastic varieties of postage stamps.‎ World of Stamps Video images bring stamps to life and attract visitors who explore the surrounding displays. Visitors encounter the world’s first postage stamp — the 1840 Penny Black and learn how it revolutionized communication. Stamp images, including Dr. Martin Luther King’s “I have a dream” speech and the stamp that helped raise almost $72 million dollars for breast cancer research, explain how stamps have shaped history and honored people and places worldwide.‎ Gems of American Philately Visitors have the opportunity of examining 13 of the most rare and highly valued stamps in the world of the stamp collection, including the most famous American stamp of all, the 1918 Inverted Jenny. A video explains why the Inverted Jenny and other stamps displayed here are the most valuable. The treasures in this area are rarely available for public viewing. Each tells a story about an important event in US history.‎ Mail Marks History The markings on mail provide valuable clues to the surprising ways mail has been transported over time, including challenges and even disasters encountered along the way. You will understand these markings by following the journeys of three historic letters.‎ Connect with US Stamps Visitors explore their own connections with stamps. At three touch screen tables, they create their own stamp collection based on the topics that interest them most. They can also create their ‎ own stamp designs. Visitors have the chance to view videos in which stamp designers talk about their craft, stamp collectors explain what they collect and why, and footage(片段) shows the process of making stamps.‎ ‎1. What can you do at World of Stamps?‎ A. Photograph some nice stamps on display.‎ B. Learn more about the great importance of stamps.‎ C. Donate money to cancer research.‎ D. Listen to a speech by Martin Luther King on video ‎2. What can you see at Gems of American Philately?‎ A. Some famous designers in the US.‎ B. Some newly released stamps in the US.‎ C. Some of the most valuable US stamps.‎ D. Some important public reviews of stamps.‎ ‎3. Where can you see how stamps are created?‎ A. Connect with US Stamps B. Gems of American Philately C. Mail Marks History D. World of Stamps ‎4. Where does this text come from?‎ A. An official report. B. An exhibition guide.‎ C. An announcement. D. An art show review.‎ ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文是说明文，介绍了美国国家邮政博物馆几个展厅的展览内容。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎1. B。推理判断题。根据World of Stamps中Video images bring stamps to life and attract visitors who explore the surrounding displays.和下文列举世界上第一张邮票，马丁路德金演讲邮票和帮助乳腺癌研究筹钱邮票的例子，说明在这里人们能够更多了解邮票的知识和重要性。故选B.‎ ‎2. C。细节理解题。根据Gems of American Philately中Visitors have the opportunity of examining 13 of the most rare and highly valued stamps in the world of the stamp collection,可知游客们在这里能够有机会欣赏到世界上最珍贵的13枚邮票。故选C.‎ ‎ ‎ ‎4. B。推理判断题。本文介绍了美国国家邮政博物馆几个展厅的展览内容，此类文章不属于官方报告，公告，也不属于艺术展览评论。它属于展览指导，故选B.‎ ‎5.【2018年上海中学高三英语模拟试题 B篇】‎ Humpback Whales Humpback whales are sometimes calledperformers of the ocean.This is because they can make impressive movements whenthey dive.The name“humpback”, which isthe common name for this whale, refers to the typical curve shape the whale'sback forms as it dives.‎ Sometimes the humpback will dive with a fantasticmovement known as a breach.During breaching the whale uses its powerful tailflukes to lift nearly two-thirds of its body out of the ‎ water in a giant leap.A breach might also include a sideways twist with fins stretched out likewings, as the whale reaches the height of the breach.‎ A humpback whale breathes air at the surface of thewater through two blowholes which are located near the top of the head.It blowsa double stream of water that can rise up to 4 metres above the water.‎ The humpback has a small dorsal fin located towardsthe tail flukes about two-thirds of the way down its back.Other distinguishingfeatures include large pectoral fins, which may be up to a third of the bodylength, and unique black and white spots on the underside of the tailflukes.These markings are like finger prints: no two are the same.‎ Humpback whales live in large groups.They communicatewith each other through complex “songs”.‎ Quick Facts Size:‎ ‎14m-18m‎ in length; 30-50 tons in weight Living Open ocean and shallow coastline waters Environment From warm tropical waters, where they breed, to cold polar waters,‎ where they eat Diet:‎ Shellfish, plants and fish of small size Hunting:‎ Sometimes in groups, in which several whales form a circle under the water, blowing bubbles that form a “net” around a school of fish.The fish are then forced up to the surface in a concentrated mass.‎ Current state:‎ Endangered: it is estimated that there are about 5000-7500 humpback whales worldwide ‎40. According to Quick Facts, ahumpback whale _____.‎ A. cannot survive in waters near the shore B. doesn't live in the same waters all the time C. lives mainly on underwater plants D. prefers to work alone when hunting food ‎41. To make a breach, a humpback whale must _____.‎ A. use its tail flukes to leap out of the water B. twist its body sideways to jump high C. blow two streams of water D. communicate with a group of humpbacks ‎42. From the passage we can learn that a humpback whale _____.‎ A. has its unique markings on its tail flukes B. has black and white fingerprints C. gets its name from the way it hunts D. is a great performer due to its songs ‎【文章大意】‎ 本文是一篇说明文。Humpback whales有时被称为海洋的表演者。文章介绍了它的生活习性。‎ ‎【答案与解析】‎ ‎40. B。推理判断题。根据Quick Facts中Living：Open ocean and shallow coastline waters可知，根据Quick Facts,，humpback whale并不是一直生活在同一水域。故选B。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎42. A。推理判断题。根据第四段中unique black and white spots on the underside of the tailflukes可知从这篇文章中我们可以了解到humpback whales在它的尾巴上有它独特的标记。故选A。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎