2021年高考英语语法核心考点复习：定语从句知识点

2021年高考英语语法核心考点复习：定语从句知识点

‎2021年高考英语语法核心考点复习：定语从句知识点 ‎   在复合句中作定语的从句叫定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般位于先行词之后，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间，引导定语从句，同时它又作定语从句的一个成分。使用什么样的关系词要根据先行词在定语从句中所作的句子成分而定。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略，作宾语时在限定性定语从句中可省略，但如果直接置于介词之后作宾语，则不可省略。关系代词which 或whom 在从句中作介词的宾语时，介词一般可放在 which 或whom之前，也可放在从句原来的位子上，在含有介词的动词固定词组中，介词只能放在原来位子上，而不放在 which 或whom 之前。‎ ‎ ‎ 关系代词:‎ ‎1.  who（指人，主格）在定语从句中who 作主语。如：‎ This is the doctor who saved the boy’s life.‎ 这就是救了那个男孩的医生。‎ The students who don’t study hard now will not work very well in the future.‎ 现在学习不努力的学生将来也不会很好地工作。‎ It is dangerous to let the children who aren’t old enough swim alone in the river.‎ 让那些年龄不够大的孩子们单独去河里游泳是危险的。‎ This is the girl who I think is a good student.‎ 这就是我认为是个好学生的那个女孩。‎ ‎（此处关系词只能用主格who，原因是先行词the girl在定语从句中作了I think的宾语从句的主语，还原为： I think the girl is a good student.可知是在定语从句中作主语。）‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2.  whom（指人，宾格）在定语从句中作宾语。在限定性定语从句中通常可以省略，但如果直接置于介词之后作宾语，则不可省略。如：‎ The professor (whom) they want to visit is president of the university.‎ 他们想拜访的那位教授是这所大学的校长。‎ The friend (whom) I was travelling with could speak French fluently.‎ ‎=The friend with whom I was travelling could speak French fluently.‎ 和我一起旅行的朋友会讲流利的法语。‎ In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person (whom)she could turn to for help.‎ ‎=In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person to whom she could turn for help.‎ 在漆黑的街上，她连一个求助的人都找不到。‎ In the factory there are more than three hundred workers, 50 per cent of whom are young people.‎ 在那家工厂有三百多个工人，其中百分之五十是年轻人。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3.  whose （一般指人，也可指物，所有格）在定语从句中作定语。指物时可用of which来替换。如：  ‎ Do you know the boy whose brother works in the government?‎ 你认识他的哥哥在政府部门工作的那个男孩吗？‎ Wei Hua is the student whose house caught fire last night.‎ 魏华就是昨天晚上他家着火的那个学生。‎ This is the man whose son I called on yesterday.‎ 这就是我昨天拜访过他儿子的那个人。‎ The building whose roof we can see from here is a hotel.‎ ‎=The building, the roof of which we can see from here, is a hotel.‎ ‎=The building, of which the roof we can see from here, is a hotel.‎ 从这儿我们可以看见它的屋顶的那幢建筑是一家旅馆。‎ Living in a house whose walls were all made of glass would be terrible.‎ ‎=Living in a house, the walls of which were all made of glass, would be terrible.‎ ‎=Living in a house, of which the walls were all made of glass, would be terrible.‎ 住在一幢所有的墙都是用玻璃建的房子里真可怕。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎4.     which  (一般指物)  在定语从句中做主语或宾语。作宾语时，在限定性定语从句中通常可以省略，但如果直接置于介词之后作宾语，则不可省略。如：‎ This is a book which refers to space rocket technology.‎ 这是一本论述宇宙火箭技术的书。‎ A chemist’s shop is a shop which sells medicine.‎ 药店就是卖药的商店。‎ The letter (which) I received yesterday is from an old friend of mine.‎ 我昨天收到的信是我的一位老朋友寄来的。‎ This is the car factory (which) we visited last month.‎ 在就是我们上一个月参观的那家汽车工厂。‎ From practice we can learn a lot which can hardly be learnt from books.‎ 通过实践我们可以学到在书本中我们学不到的很多东西。‎ He has made another wonderful discovery, which I think is of great importance to science.       ‎ 他有了一个新的发现，我认为这对科学非常重要。‎ The house (which) Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum.‎ ‎=The house in which Lu Xun once lived is now the LuXun Museum.‎ 鲁讯曾经住过的房子现在是鲁讯博物馆。‎ In my office I never seem to have time until after 5:30 pm, by which time many people have gone home.‎ 在我的办公室，我好象要等到五点半之后才有时间，而到那时很多人都回家了。‎ Alice received an invitation from her boss, which came as a surprise.‎ 艾丽丝受到了她老板的邀请信，这使她感到非常吃惊。‎ 注： Which用于引导非限制性定语从句，可以指代整个主语的内容。如：‎ John said he’d been working in the office for an hour, which was true. ‎ 约翰说他一直在办公室工作了一个小时，这是真的。‎ The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.‎ 结果那天天气很好，这超出了我们的预料。‎ He said the work would be done by October, which personally I doubt very much.‎ 他说十月之前就会把这个工作做好，我个人对此非常怀疑。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎5.  that （指人或指物），常可代替who , whom , which在定语从句中做主语或宾语。作宾语时，在限定性定语从句中通常可以省略，但不能直接置于介词之后作宾语。在非限定性定语从句中通常不能用that引导定语从句。如：‎ It is dangerous to let the children who/that aren’t old enough swim alone in the river.‎ 让那些年龄不够大的孩子们单独去河里游泳是危险的。‎ The professor (whom)/(that) they want to visit is president of the university.‎ 他们想拜访的那位教授是这所大学的校长。‎ This is a book which/that refers to space rocket technology.‎ 这是一本论述宇宙火箭技术的书。‎ The letter (which)/(that) I received yesterday is from an old friend of mine.‎ 我昨天收到的信是我的一位老朋友寄来的。‎ ‎ ‎ 注： a. 关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，介词不能放在它的前面，只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。如：‎ The friend (whom)/(that) I was travelling with could speak French fluently.‎ ‎=The friend with whom I was travelling could speak French fluently.‎ ‎(错： The friend with that I was travelling could speak French fluently.)‎ 和我一起旅行的朋友会讲流利的法语。‎ The house (which)/(that) Lu Xun once lived in is now the Lu Xun Museum.‎ ‎=The house in which Lu Xun once lived is now the LuXun Museum.‎ ‎(错： The houe in that Lu Xun once lived is now the LU Xun Museum.)‎ 鲁讯曾经住过的房子现在是鲁讯博物馆。‎ ‎ ‎ b. 在下列情况下只能用that 不能用 which引导定语从句：‎ I. 序数词或形容词最高级修饰先行词时，只能用that。如：‎ He is the first student that came to school today.‎ 今天他是第一个到校上学的学生。‎ The first English novel (that) I read was A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens.‎ 我读的第一本英语小说是狄更斯写的《双城记》。‎ This is the tenth bottle of beer (that ) you’ve drunk this evening.‎ 这已经是你今天晚上喝的第十瓶啤酒。‎ This is the longest bridge (that) I have ever seen.‎ 这是我见过的最长的桥。‎ This is the biggest tiger that has ever been shown in the zoo.‎ 这是动物园所展出的最大的老虎。‎ ‎ ‎ II. 当all （指物）, every（指物）, each（指物）, everything, something, nothing, anything, (a) few（指物）, (a) little（指物） , much 等不定代词作先行词或修饰先行词时，只能用that（例外： something后可用which引导定语从句）。如：‎ All (that) I want to say is written here.‎ 我想说的都写在这儿。‎ All wars that are progressive are just.‎ 所有进步的战争都是正义的。‎ Everything (that) we saw at the Industrial Exhibition greatly interested me.‎ 我们在工业展览会上所见到的一切我都非常感兴趣。‎ We’ll do everything that is necessary.‎ 我们将会做一切必要的事情。‎ Is there anything (that ) you want to buy in town?‎ 你有什么想在城里购买的吗？‎ Nothing (that) a teacher does doesn’t influence his students.‎ 一个老师所做是一切都会对他的学生产生影响。‎ Professor Lin told us something (that)/(which) we should do in the summer vacation.‎ 林教授给我们讲了我们在暑假中应该做的一些事。‎ ‎ ‎ III. 当先行词为 the only, the very , the last等词修饰时，只能用 that。如：‎ English is the only subject that interests me.‎ 英语是唯一使我感兴趣的科目。‎ This is the very book (that) I’m looking for.‎ 这正是我要找的那本书。‎ The last place (that) we visited was the Summer Palace.‎ 我们最后参观的地方是颐和园。‎ ‎ ‎ IV. 当先行词既包含人又包含物时，只能用 that。如：‎ The scientist and his achievements (that ) you told me about are admired by us all.‎ 你讲到的那位科学家和他所取得的成绩被我们大家所敬佩。‎ He talked of some writers and their works that interested him.‎ 他谈到了一些使他感兴趣的作家和他们的著作。‎ Denver and his songs that were famous in the United States are also popular in China.‎ 丹佛和他的歌曾经在美国非常著名，现在在中国也深受欢迎。‎ ‎ ‎ V. 当先行词之前有特殊疑问代词 who, which, what 等提问时，为了音润和谐及避免重复，只能用 that。如：‎ Who is the man that is sitting by the window?‎ 坐在窗子边的那个人是谁？‎ Which of the bags that are on the desk belongs to you?‎ 桌子上的哪一个包是属于你的？‎ ‎ ‎ VI. 当关系代词在定语从句中作“there be”句型的主语时，只能用 that。如：‎ I can still remember the trouble (that) there was about it two years ago.‎ 我仍然记得两年前就这事所出现的麻烦。‎ ‎ ‎ VII. 当关系代词在定语从句中作表语时，只能用that。如：‎ Mr Smith still talks like the man (that) he was ten years ago.‎ 史密斯先生谈起话来就跟他十年前一样。‎ She became a singer (that) she always wanted to be.‎ 她终于成了她一直想当的歌唱家。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎6.  当先行词被 so,  as,  such, the same 等词修饰时，关系代词通常只能用 as ，在定语从句中as 可作主语、宾语或表语。在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词as可以指代整个主句的内容，可以放在句首、句中或句末。如：‎ Let’s discuss only such problems as concern everyone of us.‎ 让我们只讨论与我们每个人有关的问题。‎ I should like to use the same instrument as is used in your lab.‎ 我想使用你们实验室所用的同样的实验设备。‎ As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.‎ 众所周知，月亮每个月绕地球运转一圈。‎ As is mentioned above, the number of the students in senior school is increasing.‎ 正如上面所提到的那样，高中生的人数正在增长。‎ Tom isn’t the same lazy boy as he was last term.‎ 汤姆不再是上学期的那个懒惰的孩子了。‎ As is reported in the papers, our country has launched another man-made satellite.‎ 据报纸报道，我国又发射了一颗人造地球卫星。‎ Hans Christian Anderson, as you know, wrote a lot of fairy tales.‎ 你都知道，安徒生写了许多童话故事。‎ ‎ ‎ 注：　as 与which的区别：　‎ a.  关系代词as引导非限制性定语从句，可以指代整个主句的内容，可以放句首、句中或句末；which 虽然也可以引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，但它只能放在句末。如：‎ Mr trump is now president of the United States, as is well known.‎ ‎=Mr Trump , as is well known, is now president of the United States.‎ ‎= As is well known, Mr Trump is now president of the United States.‎ 众所周知，如今美国的总统是布什。‎ He didn’t work hard, which made his very angry.‎ 他学习不努力，这使他父母亲非常生气。‎ ‎ ‎ b.  as和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句的内容，放在句末时，一般可以互换，但单个行为动词前只能用which。如：‎ Mr Trump is now president of the United States,as/which is well known.‎ 众所周知，如今美国的总统是布什。‎ He didn’t come to his girl-friend’s birth-day party, which surprised us most.‎ 他没有参加他的女朋友的生日晚会，这使我们感到过程吃惊。（此句只能用which）‎ ‎ ‎ 关系副词 ‎1.     when（时间），在定语从句中作时间状语，可以用“in/on/at which”替换。如：‎ I still remember the day when (on which) I first came to Beijing.‎ 我仍然记得我第一次来北京的那一天。‎ I’ll never forget the day when(on which) I joinged the league.‎ 我决不会忘记我入团的那一天。‎ He came at a time when(at which) we needed help.‎ 他来得正是时候，我们正需要帮助。‎ The film brought the days back to me when (in which) I was taken good care of in that far-away village.‎ 这部电影使我回想起了在那个遥远的村庄有人照顾的那些日子。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎2.  where（地点），在在定语从句中作地点状语，可以用“in/on/at which”替换。如：‎ This is the house where (in which) I lived ten years ago.‎ 这就是我十年前住过的那幢房子。‎ The factory where (in which) his father works is in the west of the city.‎ 他父亲工作的那个工厂在城的东面。‎ The hotel where (at which) we are staying is very big.‎ 我们要住的那家旅馆非常大。‎ After living in Paris for fifty years, he returned to the small town where(in which) he grew up as a child.‎ 在巴黎住了五十年之后，他又回到了他孩提时成长的那个小镇。‎ ‎ ‎ ‎3.  why（原因），在定语从句中作原因状语，可以用“for which”替换。如：‎ This is the reason why (for which) we must leave now.‎ 这就是我们现在要离开的理由。‎ The reason why (for which) he refused is not known yet.‎ 我们不知道他拒绝的理由。‎ We don’t know the reason why (for which) they didn’t complete their production plan according to schedule.‎ 我们不知道他们为什么没有按计划完成生产任务。‎ ‎ ‎ 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 ‎   限制性定语从句起限定作用，指特定的人或物，一般不可省略，否则意义不完整；非限制性定语从句仅对主句或主句中的一部分作补充说明，从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整，这种定语从句一般用逗号与主句隔开。主从复合句中的定语从句是限制性还是非限制性取决于全句的意思或上下文。非限制性定语从句的使用要注意：非限制性定语从句一般用逗号与主句隔开；一般不用that引导；即使关系代词在定语从句中作宾语也不能省略；which, as可以指代整个主句的内容。如：‎ Football, which is a very interesting game, is popular all over the world.‎ 足球，是一种非常有趣的体育运动，在全世界都受到欢迎。‎ She introduced me to her husband, whom I hadn’t met before.‎ 她向她的丈夫介绍了我，我以前还没有见过他。‎ These books, which you have just got, will give you much information.‎ 这些书，你已经得到了，会给你提供很多信息。‎ Ann, whose child is at school all day, is trying to get a job.‎ 安，她的孩子整天都上学，正在尽力找个工作。‎ We will put off the picnic until next week, when the weather may be better.‎ 我们打算把野炊推迟到下一周，那时天气可能要好些。‎ 试比较：‎ He has a sister who is a nurse.‎ 他有一个当护士的妹妹。（他可能有几个妹妹）‎ He has a sister, who is a nurse.‎ 他有一个妹妹，是个护士。（他可能只有一个妹妹）‎ In the class there’re ten students who speak English well.‎ 这个班有十个英语说得好的学生。（班里不只十个学生）‎ In the class there’re ten students, who speak English well.‎ 班里共有十个学生，他们英语说得都很好。（班里只有十个学生）‎ ‎ ‎ 注：在使用定语从句时还应注意以下几点：‎ a.  如果先行词在定语从句中作主语，定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数必须和先行词保持一致。如： ‎ She is one of the students who have passed the exam.‎ 她是考试及格是学生之一。‎ She is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.‎ 她是唯一一个考试及格的学生。‎ An old friend of mine who works in Beijiing University came to see me yesterday.‎ 我的一个在北大工作的老朋友昨天来看了我。‎ ‎ ‎ b.  注意 “介词 + 关系代词” 的用法。关系代词whom, which在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，可以跟介词一起放在主句和从句之间，为了使关系代词紧跟它所修饰的先行词，也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。但在含有介词的动词固定词组中介词只能放在原来的位置上，而不能放在whom, which之前。如：‎ The pencil (which) he was writing with broke.‎ ‎=The pencil with which he was writing broke.‎ 他写的笔坏了。‎ The person (whom) I spoke to just now is my English teacher.‎ ‎=The person to whom I spoke just now is my English teacher.‎ 我刚才跟他讲话的人是我的英语老师。‎ This is the magazine which/that you are looking for.‎ 这就是你在找的那本杂志。‎ The child whom/that Aunt Li takes care of is ill.‎ 李阿姨照看的那个孩子生病了。‎ ‎ ‎ c.  注意定语从句中关系代词的省略，关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语时往往可以省略。如：‎ Is this bridge the one (which) /(that) you paid a visit to three years ago?‎ 这就是你三年前参观过的那座桥吗？‎ Could you show me the TV set (which) / (that) you want to have repaired?‎ 你能让我看一下你想修的那台电视机吗？‎