高中英语语法精讲第2章被动语态

高中英语语法精讲第2章被动语态

高中英语语法精讲第二章被动语态 ‎ ‎ ‎ ‎ 语态也是动词的一种形式，表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态(active voice) 和被动语态(passive voice)。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，而被动语态则表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。‎ ‎ 一、被动语态的构成 ‎ 被动语态是由助动词be加及物动词的过去分词构成，如果有必要强调动作的执行者，动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示。助动词be随主语的人称、数、时态和语气的不同而变化。‎ ‎ A. 十种常见时态的被动语态 ‎ 1 一般现在时 ‎ 主动语态：do ‎ 被动语态：am/is/are done ‎ We clean the classroom every day. 我们每天打扫教室。‎ ‎ The classroom is cleaned by us every day. 教室每天都由我们打扫。‎ ‎ Such songs are usually sung by girls. 这些歌通常是女孩子们唱的。‎ ‎ Russian is not taught in our school. 我们学校不教俄语。‎ ‎ Are many goods shipped abroad every day 每天都有许多货物运往国外吗 ‎ 2. 一般过去时 ‎ 主动语态：did ‎ 被动语态：was/were done ‎ We cleaned the classroom yesterday. 昨天我们打扫了教室。‎ ‎ The classroom was cleaned by us yesterday. 昨天教室被我们打扫了。‎ ‎ The window was broken by my son. 窗子是我儿子打破的。‎ ‎ Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上种了许多树吗？‎ ‎ How much money was stolen in all 一共被偷了多少钱？‎ ‎ 3. 一般将来时 ‎ 主动语态：will/shall do ‎ 被动语态：will/shall be done ‎ We will clean the classroom soon. 我们很快要打扫教室。‎ ‎ The classroom will be cleaned soon. 教室很快要被打扫了。‎ ‎ The work will be done immediately. 这工作将马上做。‎ ‎ Will the school sports meeting be held next week？ 校运动会将在下星期举行吗？‎ ‎ When shall we be given a lecture on the Internet 什么时候给我们作有关因特网的讲座？‎ 16‎ ‎ 4. 一般过去将来时 ‎ 主动语态：would do ‎ 被动语态：would be done ‎ We told him that we would clean the classroom soon. 我们告诉他我们马上就打扫教室。‎ ‎ We told him that the classroom would be cleaned soon. 我们告诉他教室很快就会被打扫的。‎ ‎ He said that a new trade center would be built in the centre of the city. 他说一个新的贸易中心将在市中心建起来。‎ ‎ She asked whether their plan would be considered with great care. 她问他们的计划会不会得到仔细的考虑。‎ ‎ I wasn't told that I should be invited to the party. 没人告诉我要被邀请出席晚会。‎ ‎ 5. 现在进行时 ‎ 主动语态：am/is/are doing ‎ 被动语态：am/is/are being done ‎ We are cleaning the classroom now. 我们现在正在打扫教室。‎ ‎ The classroom is being cleaned now. 教室现在正在被打扫。‎ ‎ A hospital is being built in the centre of the town. 镇中心正在兴建一家医院。‎ ‎ Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse 这些婴儿正由这个护士照看吗？‎ ‎ How is the new teaching method being tried there 那里是怎样试行这种新教学方法的？‎ ‎ 6. 过去进行时 ‎ 主动语态：was/were doing ‎ 被动语态：was/were being done ‎ We were cleaning the classroom this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候我们在打扫教室。‎ ‎ The classroom was being cleaned this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候教室正在被打扫 ‎ The teaching plan was being discussed at that time. 那时正在讨论教学计划。‎ ‎ Was the TV set being fixed this time yesterday 昨天这个时候电视机正在被修理吗？‎ ‎ The house was being painted when we arrived at his home. 我们到他家时，他家房子正在粉刷。‎ ‎ 7. 现在完成时 ‎ 主动语态：has/have done ‎ 被动语态：has/have been done ‎ The classroom looks tidy. We have cleaned it. 教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫了。‎ ‎ The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned. 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫了 ‎ Many foreign films have been shown on TV since last month. 上个月以来，电视中播放了许多外国影片。‎ 16‎ ‎ The radio has not been turned on yet. 收音机还没开。‎ ‎ Has a new training centre been set up in our town 我们镇上新的培训中心建好了吗？‎ ‎ 8. 过去完成时 ‎ 主动语态：had done ‎ 被动语态：had been done ‎ The classroom looked tidy. We had cleaned it. 教室看起来很整洁。我们已经打扫过了。‎ ‎ The classroom looked tidy. It had been cleaned. 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫过了。‎ ‎ His newly written novel had been translated into English by the end of last month.上个月末，他刚写的小说已被翻译成了英语。‎ ‎ She told me that she had been dismissed by her boss. 她告诉我，她的老板已把她解雇了。‎ ‎ Her homework had not been finished when I got home. 我到家的时候，她的作业还没有完成。‎ ‎ 9. 将来完成时 ‎ 主动语态：will/shall have done ‎ 被动语态：will/shall have been done ‎ We will have cleaned the classroom by five o'clock. 我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。‎ ‎ The classroom will have been cleaned by five o'clock. 教室将在五点以前打扫完。‎ ‎ The new books will have been entered in the register before another parcel arrives. 这些新书在下一批书到来前将登记完毕。‎ ‎ How many expressways will have been completed by the end of next year 到明年年底将建成多少条高速公路？‎ ‎ Before you return my work will have been done. 你回来前我的工作将会做完。‎ ‎ 10. 过去将来完成时 ‎ 主动语态：would have done ‎ 被动语态：would have been done ‎ I said we would have cleaned the classroom by 500. 我说我们将在五点之前打扫完教室。‎ ‎ I said the classroom would have been cleaned by 500. 我说教室将在五点以前打扫完。‎ ‎ The headmaster said the article would have been translated by the end of next month. 校长说文章将在下月底翻译好。‎ ‎ The day was drawing near when the dam would have been completed. 大坝完工的日子不远了。‎ ‎ He told me that preparations would have been finished by 600. 他告诉我准备工作将在六点前完成。‎ ‎ B. “get+过去分词”结构 16‎ ‎ 被动语态除常用“be +过去分词”构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中，强调动作的结果。‎ ‎ The boy got hurt when he was riding to school. 那孩子骑车上学时受伤了。‎ ‎ Did your letter get answered 你收到回信了吗？‎ ‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 用“get+过去分词”结构时，其后的动作执行者（即by短语）一般不表示出来。‎ ‎ Finally his bike got repaired. 最后他的自行车得到了修理。‎ ‎ As I passed by, my skirt got caught on a nail. 我经过的时候，我的裙子被钉子挂住了。‎ ‎ C．“seem/appear +过去分词”结构 ‎ 有时“seem/appear +过去分词”也可以构成被动语态。‎ ‎ She seemed annoyed by his words. 她似乎被他的话搞得很恼火。‎ ‎ The house appears deserted. 这房子好像没人居住。‎ ‎ 提示：‎ ‎ 并不是所有的“be+过去分词”结构中的be都能被get或seem, appear等词代替。‎ ‎ 【误】She got born in a small village.‎ ‎ 【正】She was born in a small village. 她出生在一个小村庄。‎ ‎ 【误】The old man got offered a large sum of money.‎ ‎ 【正】The old man was offered a large sum of money. 这位老人获得了一大笔钱。‎ ‎ 【误】Colin got caught cheating in the exam.‎ ‎ 【正】Colin were caught cheating in the exam. 科林考试作弊被抓住了。‎ ‎ D．被动语态中常用的介词 ‎ 1．by表示动作的执行者或施加者 ‎ By whom is the book written 这本书是谁写的？‎ ‎ The children were driven indoors by the rain. 孩子们被雨赶进了室内。‎ ‎ 2．with表示用某种工具 ‎ The wolf was killed with a gun. 狼被枪打死了。‎ ‎ The field was spread with wild flowers. 田野里野花遍地。‎ ‎ 3．from表示源于某种物质（看不出原材料）‎ ‎ Good wine is made from grain. 好酒是粮食制成的。 ‎ ‎ 4．of表示用某种材料制成（看得出原材料）‎ ‎ The table is made of wood. 这张桌子是用木头做的。‎ ‎ 5．其他介词 ‎ You are wanted on the phone. 有电话找你。‎ ‎ He is known to everybody. 大家都认识他。‎ 16‎ ‎ She was caught in the rain. 她遭雨淋了。‎ ‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示，但被动语态句子中的by短语并不总是表示动作执行者。‎ ‎ A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. 警察可以通过他的服装辨认出来。（by表示方式）‎ ‎ He was much flattered by her asking him to dinner. 她邀请他吃晚饭，他受宠若惊了。（by表示原因）‎ ‎ The snow was piled high by the gate. 门口雪堆积得很高。（by表示地点）二、被动语态的用法 ‎ 英语中，大多数情况下用主动语态比较简练、有力。但是，被动语态也有其特殊的用途，它也是表达思想、描述事物的需要。人们通常在下列情况下使用被动语态：‎ ‎ A. 不知道或不必说出动作的执行者 ‎ How is this word pronounced 这个单词怎么发音？‎ ‎ Scientists say that work is done whenever a force moves. 科学家们说，力移动时就做了功。‎ ‎ A greater number of magic English books will be published next year. 明年将有更多的魔法英语书出版。‎ ‎ After war, everything had been destroyed. 战争结束后，一切都被毁坏了。‎ ‎ B. 强调动作的承受者 ‎ If you break the school rules, you will be punished. 如果你违反校规，你将受到惩罚。（强调you）‎ ‎ A new Hope School will be opened in our village. 我们家乡将开办一所新的希望学校。（强调a new Hope School）‎ ‎ She is liked by everybody. 大家都喜欢她。‎ ‎ Xiao Li was elected monitor of the class. 小李被选为班长。‎ ‎ C. 动作的执行者不是人而是无生命的事物 ‎ The bridge was washed away by the flood. 桥被洪水冲走了。‎ ‎ We were shocked by the news of his death. 我们听到他的死讯极为震惊。‎ ‎ Many accidents were caused by careless driving. 许多事故都是开车不小心造成的。‎ ‎ D. 修辞的需要，为了使句子更加简练、匀称 ‎ He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 他出现在舞台上，受到了观众的热烈鼓掌。‎ ‎ The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received. 这位老教授作了一个有关美国历史的讲座，受到大家的热烈欢迎。‎ 16‎ ‎ I was shown round the school campus by Sean, who had entered the school just a year before. 肖恩带我参观了校园，他去年刚进这所学校。‎ ‎ E. 为了表示委婉或礼貌，避免提及动作执行者或说话者自己 ‎ You've been told many times not to make the same mistake. 你已被多次告知不要犯同样的错误。‎ ‎ Everybody is expected to obey the following rules. 希望大家遵守以下规定。‎ ‎ The control room may not be entered without permission. 非经许可，勿入控制室。‎ ‎ F. 科技文献中为了客观地描述事情及其过程 ‎ The film is coated with light-sensitive chemicals, which are changed by the different shades and colors of light. 胶卷上涂了一层感光的化学物质，这些物质因光的不同色度与颜色而改变。‎ ‎ G. 新闻报道中为了体现新闻的客观性 ‎ The west-east gas pipeline project was kicked off on July 4, a big event in the nation's west development campaign. 西气东输工程7月4日全线开工，这是国家西部大开发战略的一件大事。‎ ‎ H．有些动词习惯上常用被动语态 ‎ He was born in this city. 他出生在这个城市。‎ ‎ The school is situated in the suburbs. 这所学校位于郊外。‎ ‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 被动语态中的by短语通常可以省去。但如果by短语是句子的重点所在，或者没有by短语全句的意思不完整时，则要保留by短语。‎ ‎ The vegetables didn't taste very good. They had been cooked too long. 蔬菜的味道不好，烧的时间太长了。（不需要动作的执行者）‎ ‎ He arrived at the airport, where he was met by his friend. 他到达了机场并受到朋友的迎接。（没有by his friend，句子的意思不完整）‎ ‎ Everybody was cast down by such news as that. 大家都被那种消息搞得很沮丧。（需要by短语）第二章 被动语态（二）‎ 三、主动语态变被动语态 ‎ 中国人的思维的着眼点在动作的施动者，英美人思维的着眼点在动作的承受者。‎ ‎ 中国人常这样说：I expect you to be there on time. 我希望你准时到那里。‎ ‎ 英美人常这样说：You are expected to be there on time. 希望你准时到那里。‎ ‎ 这就是英语中被动语态的使用比汉语中多的原因。由于英语句子的主动语态结构不同，因而变成被动语态的方式也各不相同。‎ ‎ A. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 ‎ “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”结构中只有一个宾语，变为被动语态时，将宾语变为主语：‎ 16‎ ‎ They will discuss the plan at the meeting. 他们将在会议上讨论这个问题。‎ ‎ -- The plan will be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题将在会议上讨论。 ‎ ‎ In the past the king possessed great wealth. 过去国王拥有巨大的财富。 ‎ ‎--In the past great wealth was possessed by the king. 过去，巨大的财富为国王所拥有。‎ ‎ B. 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 ‎ 在这个句型中，谓语动词跟有两个宾语。变成被动语态时，一般将通常指人的间接宾语转化成主语，但有时也可将指物的间接宾语转化成主语：‎ ‎ We gave the student some books. 我们给了这个学生几本书。‎ ‎ -- The student was given some books. 这个学生被给了几本书。‎ ‎ -- Some books were given to the student. 几本书被给了这个学生。‎ ‎ His father bought him a computer last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。‎ ‎ -- He was bought a computer by his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。‎ ‎ -- A computer was bought for him by his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。‎ ‎ 注意：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词(如to, for, of等)，以加强间接宾语的语气。‎ ‎ They awarded him the Nobel Prize. 他们授予他诺贝尔奖。‎ ‎ -- The Nobel Prize was awarded（to）him. 诺贝尔奖被授予给他。‎ ‎ The host had caught us some fish. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。‎ ‎ --Some fish had been caught for us by the host. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。（for不可省）‎ ‎ C. 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 ‎ 在这个句型中，谓语动词后有一个宾语和一个宾语补足语，变成被动语态时，宾语转化成主语，宾语补足语也随之变为主语补足语：‎ ‎ All the villagers painted the houses white. 所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。‎ ‎ -- The houses were painted white by all the villagers. 房子都被所有的村民都涂成了白色。‎ ‎ They kept us waiting for a long time. 他们让我们等了很长时间。‎ ‎ -- We were kept waiting for a long time. 我们等了很长时间。‎ ‎ We regarded him as the best doctor in town. 我们认为他是城里最好的医生。‎ ‎ -- He was regarded as the best doctor in town. 他被认为是城里最好的医生。‎ ‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 有些使役动词和感官动词,如make, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to等，在主动结构中跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语，在变为被动结构时，不定式应加上to。‎ ‎ We heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我们听见他向朋友们道别。‎ ‎ He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 他被听到向朋友们道别。 ‎ D. 含有情态动词的主动句变被动句 16‎ ‎ 含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+ be done”构成。‎ ‎ 情态动词 ‎ can/could ‎ ‎ may/might ‎ must ‎ have/had to ‎ will/would ‎ shall/should ‎ ought to ‎ 主动形式 ‎ can/could do ‎ may/might do ‎ must do ‎ have/had to do ‎ will/would do ‎ shall/should do ‎ ought to do ‎ 被动形式 ‎ can/could be done ‎ may/might be done ‎ must be done ‎ have/had to be done ‎ will/would be done ‎ shall/should be done ‎ ought to be done ‎ The machine must be operated with care. 这机器必须小心操作。‎ ‎ Such a sentence ought not to be used here. 这个句子不应该用在这里。‎ ‎ What's done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。‎ ‎ People had to be reminded of the danger that night. 那天晚上必须提醒人们当心危险。‎ ‎ E. 含有“be going to do”和“be to do”等结构的主动句变被动句 ‎ 含有“be going to do和 be to do 等结构的谓语动词，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to + be done”和“be to + be done”。在这两种结构中，be只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式。‎ ‎ The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题将在会上讨论。‎ ‎ This new film is to be shown on TV next week. 这部新片下周将在电视上放映。‎ ‎ F．含有宾语从句的主动句变被动句 16‎ ‎ 带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用it来作为被动句的形式主语，宾语从句保留不变。‎ ‎ They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他们说他出国学英语去了。‎ ‎ -- It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 据说他出国学英语去了。‎ ‎ We haven't decided when we should go camping. 我们还未决定什么时候去野营。‎ ‎ -- It hasn't been decided when we should go camping. 什么时候去野营尚未决定。‎ ‎ 提示：‎ ‎ 带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，为了简练，还可把从句的主语变为被动句的主语，从句的谓语部分还可以变为不定式短语。‎ ‎ We believed that he would succeed. 我们相信他会成功。‎ ‎ -- He was believed to succeed. 人们相信他会成功。‎ ‎ Father expected that I should become an engineer. 父亲希望我成为工程师。‎ ‎ -- I was expected (by my father) to become an engineer. （父亲）希望我成为工程师。‎ ‎ G．祈使句的被动语态 ‎ 肯定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词；否定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Don't + let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词（或Let + 宾语 + not + be + 过去分词）。‎ ‎ Move the desks into the corridor.‎ ‎ -- Let the desks be moved into the corridor. 把课桌搬到走廊去。‎ ‎ Don't trust her.‎ ‎ -- Don't let her be trusted.‎ ‎ -- Let her not be trusted. 不要相信她。‎ ‎ H. 动词短语构成的被动语态 ‎ 一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，因此就可以有被动语态。‎ ‎ The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well.‎ ‎ -- The patients are well looked after by the nurses in this hospital. 病人在这所医院里被护士们照料得很周到。‎ ‎ They have put off the meeting till next Saturday.‎ ‎ -- The meeting has been put off till next Saturday. 会议已推迟到下周六了。‎ ‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 在使用被动语态时，千万不要遗漏句末的介词或副词。‎ ‎ Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 这样的坏习惯应该改掉。‎ ‎ All the important matters have now been attended to. 所有重要的事情都得到了处理。‎ ‎ I. 双重被动结构 16‎ ‎ 双重被动结构指的是句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子的主语既是谓语动词的承受者，同时又是不定式动作的承受者。‎ ‎ They asked us to discuss the problem at once.‎ ‎ -- We were asked to discuss the problem at once.‎ ‎ -- The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 这个问题被要求立刻讨论。（双重被动）‎ ‎ She offered to buy a recorder for me.‎ ‎ -- A recorder was offered to be bought for me. 有人提出要帮我买一台录音机。（双重被动）‎ ‎ The teacher ordered that we should take the desk away.‎ ‎ -- The desk was ordered to be taken away. 课桌被要求搬走。（双重被动）‎ ‎ J．下列句子变成被动语态时，要用with，不用by ‎ Smoke filled the meeting room. 烟充满了会议室。‎ ‎ The meeting room was filled with smoke. 会议室里充满了烟。‎ ‎ A cloth covered the table. 一块布把桌子罩了起来。‎ ‎ The table was covered with a cloth. 桌子上铺着一块布。‎ ‎ K．不能变为被动语态的结构 ‎ 1．受动词的限制 ‎ ①表示状态的及物动词，只能用于主动语态。‎ ‎ 某些表示状态的及物动词，如have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become (适合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold等作谓语时，不能变为被动句。‎ ‎ She resembles her mother. 她像她妈妈。‎ ‎ He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。‎ ‎ This hall can hold 2,000 people. 这个大厅能容纳两千人。‎ ‎ ②当及物动词have表示“吃饭”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思时，没有被动语态形式。‎ ‎ Would you have a cup of tea 你要喝杯茶吗？‎ ‎ She had a bad cold yesterday, and now she is feeling much better. 昨天她得了重感冒，现在好多了。‎ ‎ ③当动词get，take表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe表示“欠”，cost表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思时，动词没有相应的被动语态。‎ ‎ Do you get me 你明白我的意思吗？‎ ‎ How do you take this passage 这段话你怎么理解？‎ ‎ I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你五十英镑。‎ ‎ His careless driving cost his life. 他粗心的驾驶使他丧了命。‎ ‎ 2．受宾语的限制 ‎ ①当宾语是相互代词、反身代词或具有类似相互代词的关系时，动词不能用于被动语态形式。‎ 16‎ ‎ They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他们简直无法抑制内心的喜悦。‎ ‎ He absented himself from a meeting yesterday. 他昨天缺席会议了。‎ ‎ For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年来两姐妹互相照顾。‎ ‎ ②当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时，谓语动词通常不能转换为被动语态。‎ ‎ I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。‎ ‎ The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words. 医生摇了摇头，一句话也没说就出去了。‎ ‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 动词的宾语是身体的一部分，一般不可变为被动语态，但也有例外。‎ ‎ He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他注视着这幅油画。‎ ‎ -- His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. 他的两眼注视着这幅油画。‎ ‎ ③当宾语起状语作用，表示数量、重量、大小或程度时，不能用被动语态。‎ ‎ This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 这种字典价值十美元。‎ ‎ The case weighs twenty kilos. 这箱子重二十公斤。‎ ‎ ④当宾语是同源宾语时，通常不能转换成被动语态。‎ ‎ He laughed a hearty laugh. 他由衷地笑了笑。‎ ‎ She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一个美梦。‎ ‎ ⑤如果宾语是动词不定式或动词的-ing形式时，谓语动词一般不能变换成被动语态。‎ ‎ He admitted having done wrong. 他承认做错了。‎ ‎ He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。‎ ‎ ⑥如果enter, leave, reach的宾语是地点、国家机关等，不能改为被动语态 ‎ He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。‎ ‎ She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就进入了大厅。‎ ‎ ⑦另外，不可拆开的短语动词，如take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change color等，也不能改为被动语态。‎ ‎ The book belongs to me. 这本书是我的。‎ ‎ She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。‎ ‎ 必背：一些常见的不能变为被动语态的动宾词组 ‎ catch a cold 感冒 ‎ eat one's words 食言 ‎ lose heart 丧失信心 ‎ lose patience 失去耐心 ‎ make a face 做鬼脸 16‎ ‎ make up one's mind 决心 ‎ make bed 铺床 ‎ make room for 为……腾出地方 ‎ keep watch 守望 ‎ keep silence 保持安静 ‎ ‎ speak one's mind 表明见解 ‎ take place 发生 ‎ take one's time 从容不迫，别着急 ‎ take office 就职 ‎ take one's leave 请假 ‎ take notes 作笔记 ‎ ‎ take up arms 拿起武器 ‎ take one's place 就位 ‎ ⑧含有would rather或情态动词dare的句子，不能改为被动语态。‎ ‎ I would rather do it now. 我宁可现在就干这件事。‎ ‎ He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。‎ ‎ 四、被动语态与系表结构 ‎ 所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词+用作表语的动词-ed形式”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。‎ ‎ A. 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，多强调状态。前者通常可用by+人或by+抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般不用。‎ ‎ The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花园门被那个女孩锁上了。（被动结构）‎ ‎ The gate to the garden was locked. 花园门锁了。（系表结构）‎ ‎ The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵树被大风吹倒了。（被动结构）‎ ‎ The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我们看到那棵树时，它已经被吹倒了。（系表结构）‎ ‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 少数“连系动词be + 用作表语的动词-ed形式”也带by短语。‎ ‎ The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子们团团围住。（被动语态）‎ ‎ Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周围都是山。（系表结构）‎ ‎ We were held up by fog. 我们因雾受阻。（被动语态）‎ ‎ The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么树。（系表结构）‎ ‎ B. 系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时等少数几种时态；而被动语态可用多种时态。‎ 16‎ ‎ The composition is well written. 这篇作文写得很好。（系表结构）‎ ‎ The composition is being written. 这篇作文正在写。（被动语态）‎ ‎ C. 系表结构中的过去分词可被very, too, so修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用much修饰。‎ ‎ The boy was too frightened to move. 这孩子吓得动也不敢动。（系表结构）‎ ‎ He was very excited.他很激动。（系表结构）‎ ‎ He was much excited by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构）‎ ‎ D. be + 不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构。‎ ‎ Her money is all gone. 她的钱都花光了。‎ ‎ The honored guests are arrived. 贵宾们到了。‎ ‎ The moon is risen. 月亮升起来了。‎ ‎ She is grown up. 她长大了。‎ ‎ The leaves are fallen. 树叶落了。‎ ‎ We are prepared for the worst. 我们已准备好应付最坏的情况。‎ ‎ E. 表示“充满”意思的“be + 过去分词 + with”结构多为系表结构。‎ ‎ The mountain is covered with snow all the year round. 这座山终年被积雪覆盖。‎ ‎ The classroom was crowded with pupils. 教室里挤满了学生。‎ ‎ The lake is dotted with fishing boats. 湖里渔帆点点。‎ ‎ The floor was piled with old books. 地板上堆满了旧书。‎ ‎ F. remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 become, grow 等词 + 过去分词结构多为系表结构。‎ ‎ The matter remained unsettled. 这件事悬而未决。‎ ‎ She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。‎ ‎ The road became crowded. 道路拥挤了。‎ ‎ G. 句中有时间状语和地点状语时，一般为被动语态，反之为系表结构。‎ ‎ The bank is closed. 银行现在关门了。（系表结构）‎ ‎ The bank is usually closed at six. 银行通常六点关门。（被动语态）‎ ‎ He is married. 他结婚了。（系表结构）五、主动形式表示被动意义 ‎ 英语中有些结构形式上是主动的，而表达的意义却是被动的。‎ ‎ A．某些不及物动词的被动意义 ‎ 英语中一般只有及物动词才用于被动语态，不及物动词不用于这种结构。但有些时候，某些不及物动词，其主动形式含有被动的意义。‎ ‎ When did the accident occur 事故是什么时候发生的？‎ ‎ Ice-cream always goes well in hot weather. 冰淇淋在暑天销路好。‎ ‎ Does life exist on the moon 月球上存在着生命吗？‎ ‎ B．一些表示“开始”、“结束”意思的动词 16‎ ‎ Class begins at eight. 八点钟开始上课。‎ ‎ The meeting ended up with warm applause. 会议在热烈的掌声中结束了。‎ ‎ C．一些表示“运转”意义的动词 ‎ The machine runs well. 机器运转良好。‎ ‎ His voice records well. 他的音录下来很好。‎ ‎ D．当read, write, translate等动词与表示行为方式的状语连用时 ‎ 动词read, write, translate, act, add, wash, wear, cook, lock, sell, tear, cut, keep, feel, burn, strike, last等常和表示行为方式的状语连用，表示被动意义。这些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。当主语是人时，是及物动词；当主语是物时，是不及物动词，即用主动形式表示被动意义。‎ ‎ The book sells well. 这书的销路很好。‎ ‎ My pen writes smoothly. 我的笔很好写。‎ ‎ The play reads more easily than acts. 这剧本易读不易演。‎ ‎ 提示：‎ ‎ 这些动词常和情态动词（多半是否定式）连用，表示被动。‎ ‎ His car can't move. 他的车不能开了。‎ ‎ E．表示状态特征的连系动词的被动意义 ‎ 有些表示状态特征的连系动词，如look, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear, turn out等主动形式表示被动意义。‎ ‎ Good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。‎ ‎ What he said proved to be correct. 他的话证明是正确的。‎ ‎ The flowers smell sweet. 这些花闻起来很香。‎ ‎ Your sentence doesn't sound right. 你这话听起来不大对头。‎ ‎ F．一些动词的进行时态可以表示一个被动的动作 ‎ The meat is cooking. 肉正在烧。‎ ‎ The book is printing. 这本书正在印刷之中。‎ ‎ G．有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的 ‎ She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。‎ ‎ The house is to let. 此房出租。‎ ‎ 六、被动形式表示主动意义 ‎ 英语的被动形式表示主动的意义，主要见于状态被动语态句中。一般说来有以下几种情况。‎ ‎ A．反身动词的被动形式表示主动意义 16‎ ‎ 反身动词（及物动词+反身代词）作谓语时，其宾语反身代词，表示动作返回到执行者本身，主语既是动作的执行者，又是动作的承受者。由于反身动词具有这一特点，在被动结构中动作的承受者，也就是动作的执行者，在句中表现出主动的意义。‎ ‎ He seats himself at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。‎ ‎ -- He is seated at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。‎ ‎ He lost himself in the forest.‎ ‎ -- He was lost in the forest. 他在森林中迷了路。‎ ‎ He dressed himself in a dark blue suit.‎ ‎ -- He was dressed in a dark blue suit. 他穿着一套深蓝色的衣服。‎ ‎ 注意：‎ ‎ 有些介词短语作定语或表语时，也有被动的含义。‎ ‎ The tall building under repair is an office building.‎ ‎ 正在修建的那座高楼是一座办公楼。‎ ‎ The result is now under consideration.‎ ‎ 结果现在正在考虑中。‎ ‎ 个别介词短语用冠词时表示被动的意义，不用冠词表示主动意义。‎ ‎ The children are in the charge of this nurse.‎ ‎ 孩子们由这位护士照管。‎ ‎ This nurse is in charge of the children.‎ ‎ 这位护士负责照看孩子们。‎ ‎ B．“引起……感情”等动词的被动形式表主动意义 ‎ The teacher is satisfied with what he said. 老师对他所说的感到满意。‎ ‎ We are opposed to unjust wars. 我们反对非正义的战争。‎ ‎ We are prepared to accept his proposal. 我们准备采纳他的建议。‎ ‎ He was tired with playing all day. 玩了一整天他感到很疲倦了。‎ ‎ C．某些表示定位、移位的动词 ‎ The earth is tilted a little. 地球有点儿倾斜。‎ ‎ Hundreds of soldiers were stationed around the prison. 数百个士兵驻扎在监狱周围。‎ ‎ The village is located at the foot of a hill. 这个村庄坐落在山脚下。‎ ‎ D．不及物动词的-ed形式与be连用表示主动意义 ‎ Spring is come. 春天来了。‎ ‎ The moon was set and it was very dark. 月亮落了，天很黑。‎ ‎ He is advanced in years. 他年纪很大了。‎ ‎ E．表示终止动词的-ed形式 ‎ He is done with it. 他做完了这件事。‎ ‎ My fever is gone, but I still have a cough. 我的烧已经退了，但还有点儿咳嗽。‎ ‎ F．一些习惯用法 16‎ ‎ He was graduated from Beijing University. 他毕业于北大。‎ ‎ You are mistaken. 你弄错了。‎ ‎ He is retired. 他退休了。‎ ‎ G．被动的祈使句 ‎ Do be seated. 请坐！‎ ‎ Be prepared, please. 请准备好。‎ ‎ Get washed. 洗吧。‎ ‎ Be concerned more about the well-being of the masses. 多关心群众的生活。‎ ‎ He was married in Beijing. 他是在北京结婚的。（被动语态） 。‎ ‎ ‎ 16‎