【英语】2019届二轮复习专题短文语法填空难点解题指导教案（14页word版）

【英语】2019届二轮复习专题短文语法填空难点解题指导教案（14页word版）

‎2019届二轮复习专题短文语法填空难点解题指导 一、导入 教学建议：导入有很多种方法，一般控制在十分钟左右为宜，可以采用各种形式，比如：‎ ‎1、直接导入法。‎ ‎2、复习以往知识：可以从已学、已知的入手，与今天的教学进行对比。‎ ‎3、课前小测：可以针对学生学校里近期讲授的内容进行出题（以简单题和中档题为主，以10分钟左右为宜）进行测验，也可以针对基础知识进行复习提问，检查学生学校所学内容的掌握程度，进而展开教学。‎ ‎4、以近年来发生的重大事件为题导入。既考查了学生从社会生活中获取信息的能力，又激发了学生的学习兴趣，让学生马上进入学习状态等。‎ 以上的导入方法只是建议，大家选择其中一种或两种进行交叉使用即可。‎ 复习：‎ 引导学生复习上节内容：选修六unit 3-5，并引入本节课程内容：语法填空的做题技巧和方法指导，主要从三个步骤去进行：‎ ‎1、快速浏览全文，把握文章大意和作者写作意图，总体时态；‎ ‎2、分析句子结构---主谓结构;‎ ‎3、根据上下文把握空格意思。‎ 二、知识讲解 语法填空，旨在考察考生在阅读理解的基础上对语法和语言知识的运用的掌握情况。‎ 根据课标全国卷考试大纲语法填空的样题要求，深度剖析语法填空的考点以帮助教师和学生找到相应的备考策略。根据考试大纲对语法考查的重点和难点，分别从动词不定式、动名词、分词、形容词性从句、名词性从句、副词性从句、时态、语态、虚拟语气、形容词、副词、情态动词、代词、介词和名词分别加以热身练习、知识透析与强化练习来夯实考查的重难点。 ‎ 语法填空题常常在语境中考查考生对语言结构和语言知识的考查，这就要求考生要针对语境做细致的分析，以语境为切入点对测试题进行思考，分析，甄别和抉择。首要技巧是懂得如何分析句子成分，然后按提示词和缺词填空甄别考查的语法点和知识点。‎ 语法填空题的一般解题方法与步骤：‎ 建议：从篇章、句子、词汇三个层面去考虑 ‎1、 浏览全文，把握文章大意，了解特征，弄清文脉 ‎2、 确定句子成分，分析句型结构，边读边填，先易后难 填空的过程----判断空白处应填词语的语义（已给出词语的除外）和正确语法形式的思维过程。‎ 思维过程中，首先必须考虑句子结构的语法性，其次是上下文的连贯性。‎ 语法关系主要通过功能词（冠词、介词、连词）来实现。‎ 词形变化主要考察的是实义词（名词、动词、代词、形容词、副词）。‎ ‎3、 验证复查，清除难点。‎ 知识点1 提示词填空 1. 动词的形式 1） 谓语动词：如果动词在句中充当谓语，考查时态和语态、主谓一致或虚拟语气(*)。先判断谓语动词和主语之间是主动关系还是被动关系，然后根据时间状语和上下文谓语动词的提示进行判断时态（注意：熟记v+“-s”、v+“-ing”、v+“-ed”的规则）。时态和语态表如下：‎ 时态 主动语态形式 被动语态形式 一般过去时 was/were; did was/were done 过去进行时 was/were doing was/were being done 过去完成时 had done had been done 过去将来时 would do would be done 一般现在时 is/am/are; do/does is/am/are done 现在进行时 is/am/are doing is/am/are being done 现在完成时 have/has done have/has been done 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing ‎------‎ 一般将来时 will do will be done 1） 非谓语动词：如果动词在句子中不是充当谓语，考查非谓语动词。先判断动词在句中充当什么成分，再选择形式，参考下表：‎ 主动形式 被动形式 不定式（to do)‎ to do to be done to be doing（与谓语动词同时发生)‎ ‎---‎ to have done（发生在谓语动词之前）‎ to have been done doing（现在分词或动名词）‎ doing （与主句主语表主动关系）‎ being done having done（发生在谓语动词之前）‎ having been done 过去分词 done （与主句主语表被动关系）‎ ‎---‎ 主语 宾语 表语 宾补 前置定语 后置定语 状语 不定式（to do）‎ 表示具体一次动作（多用于真实主语）‎ 熟记可跟不定式的动词 说明主语的具体内容，表意向、打算、计划 由动词决定 表将来发生的动作或表用途 表目的、结果、原因 动名词（doing）‎ 表示习惯性动作(多放在句首)‎ 熟记可跟动名词的动词 说明主语的具体内容 表示被修饰语的功能或作用 分词 现 在 分词(doing 表示主语的性质,意为“令人...的”多指物；表正在进行的动作 与宾语表主动;正在进行 与被修饰语表主动或正在进行 与被修饰语表主动 与主句主语表主动 过 去 分词(done)‎ 表示主语的性质，意为“感到...的”,多指人；表被动或已完成的动作 与宾语表被动或完成的动作 与被修饰语表被动或已完成的动作 与被修饰语表被动 与主句主语表被动 1. 词形转换：考查构词法，四大实词（名词、动词、形容词、副词）的形式转化。掌握名词、形容词和副词在句子中充当的成分和位置。‎ 名词 在句中充当主语，动词或介词的宾语，同位语，表语，宾补，定语 形容词 在句中充当定语、表语、宾补 副词 修饰动词、形容词或整个句子等作状语 1） 名词：区分不可数名词以及可数名词，注意名词复数加”s”的规则；‎ 2） 形容词：原级、比较级、最高级形式以及习惯用法和搭配；‎ 3） 副词：考查词形转换和原级、比较级、最高级形式以及习惯用法。‎ 知识点2 缺词填空 1. 连词：考查并列句，复合句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、状语从句）的引导词。以下是常见引导词：‎ 1） 并列连词：（常放在句中连接两个独立句子；放在句首，连接上下文；有中文意思）‎ 并列连词 并列副词 并列或递进关系 and, both…and…, not only…but also…, ‎ then（然后，那时）‎ 转折或对比关系 but（但是，然而）, while（而，表对比）,‎ however（然而） ‎ 因果关系 for(因为，表原因)，so(所以，表结果)‎ therefore（所以）, thus, ‎ 选择关系 or（或者，否则）, otherwise（要不然，否则）, not…but...(不是…而是）, neither…nor… either…or…,‎ ‎ 2）从属连词（引导状语从句）：（常放在句首或句中，连接两个独立句子，有中文意思）‎ 时间状语从句 when, while, as, before, after, till/until, not…until, once, since, hardly…when, no sooner…than, scarcely…when, ‎ 地点状语从句 where,‎ 原因状语从句 because, since, as,‎ 目的状语从句 so that, in case,‎ 结果状语从句 so…that, such…that,‎ 条件状语从句 if, unless, providing/provided that 方式状语从句 ‎(just) as, as if/ though 让步状语从句 although/though, even if/though, n./adj./v + as +主谓,‎ wh-ever/no matter wh-+主谓 比较状语从句 as…原级…as/not so as, the same (+n.) as, 比较级…than, the+形容词最高级；‎ the+形容词比较级+主谓，the+形容词比较级+主谓（越…,越…）‎ ‎3）连接词（引导名词性从句）：①在主句中充当主、宾、表、同位语；‎ ‎②引导词在从句中可充当成分或不充当成分）。引导词列表如下：‎ ‎　‎ 连词 ‎(作为引导词,在从句中不充当任何成分)‎ 连接代词 ‎（在从句中充当作主语、宾语、定语）‎ ‎　‎ that whether if as if/‎ as though because who whom whose what which who(m)ever，‎ whatever,‎ whichever 主从 ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ 宾从 ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ 表从 ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ 同从 ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎　‎ 连接副词（在从句中作状语）‎ ‎　‎ when（时间）‎ 什么时候 where（地点）‎ 什么地方 how（方式）‎ 如何；多么 why（原因）‎ 为什么 主从 ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ 宾从 ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ 表从 ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ 同从 ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎●‎ ‎ 3）关系词（引导定语从句）：①形式：先行词+关系词+定语从句；②关系词在定从中一定充当主语、宾语、定语、表语或状语。关系词列表如下：‎ 关系代词 who 指人 作主语，宾语，表语 whom 指人 作宾语 whose 指人或物 作定语 that 指人或物（只用于限制性定从）‎ 作主语，宾语 which 指物，整个句子 作主语，宾语，表语 as 指代整个句子（只用于非限制性定从）‎ 作主语，宾语，表语 when 指时间=in,（on, at…）which 作时间状语(那时候…=then)‎ 关系副词 where 指地点= in, (at…)which 作地点状语(在那里…=where)‎ why 指原因=for which 作原因状语 1） 强调句: It is/was + 被强调部分(主语、宾语、状语) + that + 句子的其余部分 强调谓语动词：在谓语动词原形前加do/does/did 1. 代词：‎ ‎1) 人称代词: 主格充当主语;宾格充当宾语和表语 我 你 他 她 它 我们 你们 他们 主格 I you he she it we you they 宾格 me you him her it us you them ‎2) 物主代词: 形容词型物主代词作定语; 名词型物主代词作主语、宾语、表语 我的 你(们)的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 他们的 形容词型 my your his her its our their 名词型 mine yours his hers its ours theirs ‎3）反身代词：myself(我自己), yourself, himself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, ‎ 用作宾语、表语、同位语。‎ ‎4）指示代词：it, this, that, these, those起指代作用；such/so ‎5）不定代词：others, other+pl.(其他的), another+可数名词单数(另一), one, each, all, both, none, neither, either, much, many, little, few, every, everyone, everybody, everything; some, someone, somebody, something; any, anyone, anybody, anything; no, no one, nobody, nothing ‎ ‎6）疑问代词(引导特殊疑问句)：who, whom, whose, what, which, how, why, when, where 2. 冠词：熟记a/an, the 的基本用法和固定搭配 3. 介词：熟记常见介词的基本用法和固定搭配。如：with, as, by, from, for, at ,in, without, between, like etc.‎ 4. 倒装，省略，强调 三、例题精析 教学建议说明：此处内容主要用于教师课堂的精讲，每个题目结合试题本身、答案和解析部分。‎ 例题1‎ ‎【题干】Lessons 9_______(learn) in sports can help us in our dealing with other people.‎ ‎【答案】learned ‎【解析】通过分析句子，知道动词learn在句子中 不做谓语 ，而做定语，它与其逻辑主语lessons是被动关系，因此应当用过去分词形式。‎ 例题2‎ ‎【题干】But even more 10_________(value) are the lessons learned in extra-curricular activities in school: …‎ ‎【答案】valuable ‎【解析】通过分析句子，知道这个句子是个倒装句，其正常的句序是：But the lessons learned in extra-curricular activities in school are more________: …,因此，空格10题在句子中做“are”的表语，用形容词。‎ 例题3‎ ‎【题干】 5___ that team and that school must do is admit that it 6_____ (lose).‎ ‎【答案】What ；lost ‎【解析】通过分析句子结构，知道空格5题所在的是个主语从句，它应该是个做do的宾语；又通过分析句子结构，知道空格6题所在的句子是个宾语从句，动词lose在句中做谓语。‎ 四 、课堂运用 教学建议说明：在对课堂知识讲解完，把握了重点突破了难点以及练习精讲了之后，再用练习进行课堂巩固或检测，根据学生情况建议分3个难度层次：易，中，难。‎ 基础 1. ‎… Ms Chen (teach) me English since Junior 1, and to ‎ show my appreciation I decided to get her a present. ‎ 1. ‎… I was certain she would like it because I (tell) by my classmates that she loved hot food. ‎ 2. ‎… The exam, which was originally to be held in our classroom, __________ (change) to the library at the last minute. . ‎ 3. I had to leave work to take him to the hospital because he __________ (break) his finger. ‎ 4. The child, Nicole Hobson, (take) by her mother to Children's Memorial Hospital about 11 p.m., Wednesday to check …‎ 5. A transit spokesman said the driver should (make) radio call to the control center for help. ‎ 6. An official from the Ministry of Education said that China follows an educational policy that ‎ ‎(encourage) students to study abroad. ‎ 7. One of them was a visitor, saying he wouldn’t have been there if he ______ (watch)the weather forecast the day before. ‎ ‎9. We must also consider the reaction of the person (receive) the gift. ‎ ‎10 … With the problem (solve), I felt proud of my achievement.‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎1. has taught / has been teaching /had taught /had been teaching 2. was told/ had been told 3. was changed ‎ ‎4. had broken 5. was being taken 6. have made 7. encourages 8. had watched 9. receiving 10. solved ‎ 巩固 ‎1. … Many things must be considered such as 　　 the person is interested in and how old he is. ‎ ‎2. My face turned red on hearing __ my mother said. ‎ ‎3. She would point out they had mastered and declared firmly they ‎ could learn what they had missed. ‎ ‎4．The American Academy of Pediatrics (儿科) says children really need for health development is more good, old-fashioned playtime.‎ ‎5. I almost started to yell his name _____ I suddenly remembered he was in bed asleep. ‎ ‎6. children believe they can succeed, they will never become totally independent.‎ ‎7. Statistics show that China carried out the opening - up policy, a total of one million students have gone abroad for study. ‎ ‎8． we are satisfied with only a few rules we have memorized, we are not really learning the language. ‎ ‎9. Some people, however, maintain that this is precisely _________ the danger lies.‎ ‎【答案】 1. what 2. what 3. what 4. what 5. when 6. Unless 7. since 8. If 9. Where 拔高 ‎（一）‎ There was a woman who went to the airport 16 (hurry). She was so absorbed 17 her own thoughts that she was not aware they were going on a different route. Suddenly, a man went inside the cab and took her handbag 18 she placed her visa, passport, and all her money for the trip. She kept on thinking how unlucky she was to be in that situation. That very same night, she heard a piece of 19 (shock) news. Flight 230 crashed! It was the plane that she was supposed to board into. 20 she had not lost her precious belongings, she could have lost something far 21 important — her life!‎ ‎ Sometimes bad things really happen. We fail in our exams, or get rejected by others. There are times when nothing seems to go our way. So ‎ what do we do about it? We must take all these 22 (frustrate) out of our chest and start all over again with the consistent faith that we 23 (get) what are deserved(应得的).‎ If you failed in the exams, maybe you’d be more successful and much happier in 24 field. If you were rejected by your friend, there are plenty of others out there who are much more deserving of (值得的)your love and affection. Don’t waste your time and energy 25 things that can’t be changed. ‎ ‎（二） ‎ Stephen Hawking, who is the most famous physicist, was born in Britain on January 8th, 1942. As a child, he was enthusiastic about 16 (design) complicated toys but 17 (fortune), in his twenties, he suffered 18 a disease that was impossible to be cured, 19 was a great challenge for him. However, not only was he positive about the misfortunes 20 eventually he defeated all the obstacles but also he was 21 (absorb) in his research in the universe. In 1988, his best-seller A Brief History of Time was published, 22 which he put forward the idea 23 time itself has a beginning, and that it will have 24 end. In conclusion, he has made outstanding 25 (contribute) to the fields of cosmology and quantum gravity. ‎ ‎【答案】‎ ‎（一）16. hurriedly 17. in 18. where 19. shocking 20. If ‎21. more 22. frustrations 23. will get 24. another 25. on ‎（二）16. designing 17. unfortunately 18. from 19. which 20. and ‎21. absorbed 22. in 23. that 24. An 25. contributions 课堂小结 教学建议说明：教师对本节课应掌握的知识作一个小结，将本堂课应掌握的内容做一个概要陈述。‎ 结合前两次复习课中所讲的语法填空做题方法，进一步完善语法填空技巧和常见考点，通过练习，学会分析句子，从而做出正确的判断。‎ 课后作业 教学建议说明：讲解完本章的知识点，布置课后作业，让学生巩固知识，建议也分三个层次，每个层次3-5题。‎ 基础 ‎1 Follow the doctor’s advice, ______ your cough will be worse.‎ ‎2 Walk straight along the main road, ______ then you will reach the Grand Theater.‎ ‎3 You like sports, _______ I would rather read.‎ ‎4 I was about to jump into the river ________ the guide stopped me.‎ ‎5. This museum is not ______ it was ten years ago. ‎ ‎6. The reason for his success is _______ he worked hard. ‎ ‎7.She dresses well，but the trouble is________ the clothes she is wearing don’t go with each other very well. ‎ ‎8. Einstein's most famous theory is ____ we call the Theory of Relativity.‎ ‎9 Can you think of another example _______ this phrase can be used?‎ ‎10 This is the store ______ my father runs.‎ 巩固 ‎1. Remember to send me a photo of us next time you ______ (write) to me. ‎ ‎2. I first met Tom 10 years ago. He ______ (work) in a radio factory at that time. ‎ ‎3. I can guess you were in a hurry. You ______ (wear) your sweater inside out. ‎ ‎4. I know Mr. Brown; we ______(introduce) to each other at an international conference.‎ ‎5. They won’t buy new clothes because they ______ (save) money to buy a new house.‎ ‎6. ______ (attract) by the beauty of nature，the girl from London decided to spend another two days on the farm．‎ ‎7. Helen had to shout ______ (make) herself heard above the sound of the music．‎ ‎8. The old man，______(work) abroad for twenty years，is on the way back to his motherland． ‎ ‎9. Sarah，hurry up！I’m afraid you can’t have time to get ______(change) before the party．‎ ‎10. According to a recent U．S．survey，children spent up to 25 hours a week ______(watch)TV．‎ 拔高 ‎（一）‎ When times become difficult, remember a moment in your life that was filled with joy and happiness. Remember 16 it made you feel, and you will have the strength you need to get through any trial.‎ ‎ When life throws you one more obstacle 17 you think you can handle, remember something you achieved through 18 (persevere) and by struggling to the end. In doing so, you will find you have the ability 19 (overcome) each obstacle in our path.‎ When you find yourself 20 (exhaust), remember to find a place to rest.‎ Take 21 necessary time in your own life to dream your dreams and renew your energy, 22 you will be ready to face each new day.‎ When you feel tension 23 (build), find something fun to do. You’ll find that the stress you feel will fade away and your thoughts will become clearer.‎ When you 24 (face) with so many negative and draining situations, and you view your life 25 a whole and remember the positive things, you will realize how small problems may seem.‎ ‎（二）‎ In every school a “top” crowd sets the pace，while the others follow their lead. Let’s say the top crowd decides that it is smart to wear bright red sweaters. Pretty soon everybody is wearing 16 bright red sweater. There is nothing wrong with that, 17 the fact that on some people a bright red sweater is 18 (extreme) unbecoming(不得体的). The situation can even become dangerous，if the top crowd decides that it is smart to drink or to drive cars at seventy miles an hour. Then the people 19 (follow) the lead are endangering their lives. They are like the sheep’s 20 (lead) to the butcher. Now, chances are 21 you have come across situations like these more than once in life; your chances are that one time or 22 you probably did something you knew to be wrong. You may have excused yourself by saying，“Gee，the crowd does it.” Well，let the crowd do it，but don’t do it yourself. Learn to say，“No.”‎ Develop your own standards and your own judgment. 23 you know the crowd is planning something you 24 (agree) with，have the courage to bow out(辞职) politely. You’ll have the 25 (satisfy) of standing on your own two feet.‎ ‎【答案】‎ 基础：1 or 2 and 3 while 4 when 5 what ‎ ‎6 that 7 that 8 what 9 where 10 that/which 巩固：1 write 2 was working 3 are wearing 4 were 5 are saving ‎ ‎6 Attracted 7 to make 8 having worked 9 changed 10 watching 拔高：（一）16. how 17. than 18. perseverance 19.to overcome 20. exhausted ‎21.the 22. so/and 23. building 24. are faced 25. as ‎（二）16.a 17.except/but 18.extremely 19. following 20.being led ‎21.that 22.another 23.If 24.disagree 25.satisfaction